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Wang W, Li K, Xiao W. The pharmacological role of Ginsenoside Rg3 in liver diseases: A review on molecular mechanisms. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:129-139. [PMID: 38465219 PMCID: PMC10920009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are a significant global health burden and are among the most common diseases. Ginssennoside Rg3 (Rg3), which is one of the most abundant ginsenosides, has been found to have significant preventive and therapeutic effects against various types of diseases with minimal side effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant preventive and therapeutic effects of Rg3 on various liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, acute liver injury, nonalcoholic liver diseases (NAFLD), liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The underlying molecular mechanism behind these effects is attributed to apoptosis, autophagy, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive description of the potential molecular mechanisms of Rg3 in the development of liver diseases. The article focuses on the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and other related factors. Additionally, the review discusses combination therapy and liver targeting strategy, which can accelerate the translation of Rg3 from bench to bedside. Overall, this article serves as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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2
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Cui R, Zhang C, Pan ZH, Hu TG, Wu H. Probiotic-fermented edible herbs as functional foods: A review of current status, challenges, and strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13305. [PMID: 38379388 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, consumers have become increasingly interested in natural, health-promoting, and chronic disease-preventing medicine and food homology (MFH). There has been accumulating evidence that many herbal medicines, including MFH, are biologically active due to their biotransformation through the intestinal microbiota. The emphasis of scientific investigation has moved from the functionally active role of MFH to the more subtle role of biotransformation of the active ingredients in probiotic-fermented MFH and their health benefits. This review provides an overview of the current status of research on probiotic-fermented MFH. Probiotics degrade toxins and anti-nutritional factors in MFH, improve the flavor of MFH, and increase its bioactive components through their transformative effects. Moreover, MFH can provide a material base for the growth of probiotics and promote the production of their metabolites. In addition, the health benefits of probiotic-fermented MFH in recent years, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-neurodegenerative, skin-protective, and gut microbiome-modulating effects, are summarized, and the health risks associated with them are also described. Finally, the future development of probiotic-fermented MFH is prospected in combination with modern development technologies, such as high-throughput screening technology, synthetic biology technology, and database construction technology. Overall, probiotic-fermented MFH has the potential to be used in functional food for preventing and improving people's health. In the future, personalized functional foods can be expected based on synthetic biology technology and a database on the functional role of probiotic-fermented MFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng-Gen Hu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
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Wang P, Gao Y, Yang G, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Gao G, Zhao L, Li S. Enhancing the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in H22 hepatoma cells through biotransformation of notoginsenoside R1 by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 into 20( S/ R)-notoginsenoside R2. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29773-29783. [PMID: 37829710 PMCID: PMC10565556 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R2 is a crucial active saponin in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, but its natural content is relatively low. In this study, we investigated the biotransformation of notoginsenoside R1 to 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165, compared the inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation and conducted a mechanistic study. Notoginsenoside R1 was transformed using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 at 37 °C for 21 days. The fermentation products were identified using a combination of HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS, and 13C-NMR methods. The inhibition effects of 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 on H22 hepatoma cells were assessed by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays, and the underlying mechanism was investigated by Western blotting. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 could effectively transform notoginsenoside R1 to 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 with a conversion yield of 82.85%. Our results showed that 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 inhibited H22 hepatoma cells proliferation and promoted apoptosis. The apoptosis of H22 hepatoma cells was promoted by 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 through the blockade of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The biotransformation method used in this study resulted in the production of 20(S)-notoginsenoside R2 and 20(R)-notoginsenoside R2 from notoginsenoside R1, and the anti-tumor activity of the transformed substance markedly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Yansong Gao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Ge Yang
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Yujuan Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
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Zhang X, Miao Q, Pan C, Yin J, Wang L, Qu L, Yin Y, Wei Y. Research advances in probiotic fermentation of Chinese herbal medicines. IMETA 2023; 2:e93. [PMID: 38868438 PMCID: PMC10989925 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) have been used to cure diseases for thousands of years. However, the bioactive ingredients of CHM are complex, and some CHM natural products cannot be directly absorbed by humans and animals. Moreover, the contents of most bioactive ingredients in CHM are low, and some natural products are toxic to humans and animals. Fermentation of CHM could enhance CHM bioactivities and decrease the potential toxicities. The compositions and functions of the microorganisms play essential roles in CHM fermentation, which can affect the fermentation metabolites and pharmaceutical activities of the final fermentation products. During CHM fermentation, probiotics not only increase the contents of bioactive natural products, but also are beneficial for the host gut microbiota and immune system. This review summarizes the advantages of fermentation of CHM using probiotics, fermentation techniques, probiotic strains, and future development for CHM fermentation. Cutting-edge microbiome and synthetic biology tools would harness microbial cell factories to produce large amounts of bioactive natural products derived from CHM with low-cost, which would help speed up modern CHM biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of EducationZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Food Laboratory of ZhongyuanZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qin Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of EducationZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Food Laboratory of ZhongyuanZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Chengxue Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of EducationZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Food Laboratory of ZhongyuanZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jia Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life ScienceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Leli Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life ScienceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lingbo Qu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Food Laboratory of ZhongyuanZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Yongjun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of EducationZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Food Laboratory of ZhongyuanZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources IndustrializationNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
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Xu M, Su S, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Zhang J, Xu Y, Hu X. Two sides of the same coin: Meta-analysis uncovered the potential benefits and risks of traditional fermented foods at a large geographical scale. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1045096. [PMID: 36406420 PMCID: PMC9668881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1045096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional fermented foods, which are well-known microbial resources, are also bright national cultural inheritances. Recently, traditional fermented foods have received great attention due to their potential probiotic properties. Based on shotgun metagenomic sequencing data, we analyzed the microbial diversity, taxonomic composition, metabolic pathways, and the potential benefits and risks of fermented foods through a meta-analysis including 179 selected samples, as well as our own sequencing data collected from Hainan Province, China. As expected, raw materials, regions (differentiated by climatic zones), and substrates were the main driving forces for the microbial diversity and taxonomic composition of traditional fermented foods. Interestingly, a higher content of beneficial bacteria but a low biomass of opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes were observed in the fermented dairy products, indicating that fermented dairy products are the most beneficial and reliable fermented foods. In contrast, despite the high microbial diversity found in the fermented soy products, their consumption risk was still high due to the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and transferable antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, we provided the most comprehensive assessment of the microbiome of fermented food to date and generated a new view of its potential benefits and risks related to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shunyong Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shuaiming Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanqing Xu,
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xiaosong Hu,
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Chen Y, Guan W, Zhang N, Wang Y, Tian Y, Sun H, Li X, Wang Y, Liu J. <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> Lp2 improved LPS-induced liver injury through the TLR-4/MAPK/NFκB and Nrf2-HO-1/CYP2E1 pathways in mice. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:5459. [PMID: 35903291 PMCID: PMC9287763 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.5459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory liver diseases present a significant public health problem. Probiotics are a kind of living microorganisms, which can improve the balance of host intestinal flora, promote the proliferation of intestinal beneficial bacteria, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, improve immunity, reduce blood lipids and so on. Probiotics in fermented foods have attracted considerable attention lately as treatment options for liver injury.
Objective: The aim of this study was selected probiotic strain with well probiotic properties from naturally fermented foods and investigated the underlying mechanisms of screened probiotic strain on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury, which provided the theoretical foundation for the development of probiotics functional food.
Design: The probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum Lp2 isolated from Chinese traditional fermented food were evaluated. Male KM mice were randomly assigned into three groups: normal chow (Control), LPS and LPS with L. plantarum Lp2. L. plantarum Lp2 were orally administered for 4 weeks before exposure to LPS. The liver injury of LPS-induced mice was observed through the evaluation of biochemical indexes, protein expression level and liver histopathology.
Results and discussions: After treatment for 4 weeks, L. plantarum Lp2 administration significantly reduced the LPS-induced liver coefficient and the levels of serum or liver aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and LPS, as well as decreasing the histological alterations and protein compared with the LPS group. Western-blotting results showed that L. plantarum Lp2 activated the signal pathway of TLR4/MAPK/NFκB/NRF2-HO-1/CYP2E1/Caspase-3 and regulated the expression of related proteins.
Conclusions: In summary, L. plantarum Lp2 suppressed the LPS-induced activation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative injury and apoptosis has the potential to be used to improve liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wuyang Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyue Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Xia Li Tel: +86 0431 84533312; fax: +86 0431 84533312 E-mail:
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
- Xia Li Tel: +86 0431 84533312; fax: +86 0431 84533312 E-mail:
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
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Hu Q, Liao W, Zhang Z, Shi S, Hou S, Ji N, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Liao Y, Li L, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Chen J, Yu F, Yang Q, Xiao H, Fu C, Du H, Wang Q, Cao H, Xiao H, Li R. The hepatoprotective effects of plant-based foods based on the "gut-liver axis": a prospective review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9136-9162. [PMID: 35466839 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the "gut-liver axis" in the pathogenesis of liver diseases has been revealed recently; which promotes the process of developing preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, considering that there are still many challenges in the medical treatment of liver diseases, potential preventive dietary intervention may be a good alternative choice. Plant-based foods have received much attention due to their reported health-promoting effects in targeting multiple pathways involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases as well as the relative safety for general use. Based on the PubMed and Web of Science databases, this review emphatically summarizes the plant-based foods and their chemical constituents with reported effects to impact the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway of gut-liver axis of various liver diseases, reflecting their health benefits in preventing/alleviating liver diseases. Moreover, some plant-based foods with potential gut-liver effects are specifically analyzed from the reported studies and conclusions. This review intends to provide readers an overview of the current progress in the field of this research topic. We expect to see more hepatoprotective measures for alleviating the current prevalence of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongdan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shuguang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ningping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Linghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fangkun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hongtao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Heping Cao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
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Yue Q, Wang Z, Tang X, Zhao C, Li K, Su L, Zhang S, Sun X, Liu X, Zhao L. Hypolipidemic Effects of Fermented Seaweed Extracts by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772585. [PMID: 34867907 PMCID: PMC8633411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of food materials with suitable probiotic strains is an effective way to improve biological activities. In this study, seaweed extracts were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and the hypolipidemic effects of the fermentation products were investigated. In vitro experiments suggested that fermented seaweed extracts have a high capacity for bile acid-binding. Additionally, a significant inhibitory effect against pancreatic lipase was observed. Furthermore, effects in hyperlipidemic mice were determined. Fermented seaweed extracts can alleviate lipid metabolism disorder. The administration of fermented seaweed extracts to mice showed decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Combined, these results suggest that fermented seaweed extracts perform a potent hypolipidemic action, thus providing an effective method for the preparation of functional foods to combat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xueyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research and Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Jinan Hangchen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Le Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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9
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Jeon JH, Lee J, Park JH, Lee CH, Choi MK, Song IS. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1496. [PMID: 34575573 PMCID: PMC8469489 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on in vitro and in vivo metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in mice. When the in vitro fermentation test of RGE with LAB was carried out, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxadiol (PPD), which are final metabolites of ginsenosides but not contained in RGE, were greatly increased. Compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rh1 (GRh1), and GRg3 also increased by about 30%. Other ginsenosides with a sugar number of more than 2 showed a gradual decrease by fermentation with LAB for 7 days, suggesting the involvement of LAB in the deglycosylation of ginsenosides. Incubation of single ginsenoside with LAB produced GRg3, CK, and PPD with the highest formation rate and GRd, GRh2, and GF with the lower rate among PPD-type ginsenosides. Among PPT-type ginsenosides, GRh1 and PPT had the highest formation rate. The amoxicillin pretreatment (20 mg/kg/day, twice a day for 3 days) resulted in a significant decrease in the fecal recovery of CK, PPD, and PPT through the blockade of deglycosylation of ginsenosides after single oral administrations of RGE (2 g/kg) in mice. The plasma concentrations of CK, PPD, and PPT were not detectable without change in GRb1, GRb2, and GRc in this group. LAB supplementation (1 billion CFU/2 g/kg/day for 1 week) after the amoxicillin treatment in mice restored the ginsenoside metabolism and the plasma concentrations of ginsenosides to the control level. In conclusion, the alterations in the gut microbiota environment could change the ginsenoside metabolism and plasma concentrations of ginsenosides. Therefore, the supplementation of LAB with oral administrations of RGE would help increase plasma concentrations of deglycosylated ginsenosides such as CK, PPD, and PPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jaehyeok Lee
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jin-Hyang Park
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Chul-Haeng Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea;
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea;
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
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10
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You Y, Liu YL, Ai ZY, Wang YS, Liu JM, Piao CH, Wang YH. Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng ameliorates alcohol-induced liver disease in C57BL/6N mice through the AMPK and MAPK pathways. Food Funct 2021; 11:9801-9809. [PMID: 33079125 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02396e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng was fermented using Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3, and the levels of the minor ginsenosides were measured. Then, the effect of fermented ginseng on alcohol-induced liver injury was investigated. C57BL/6N mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups: pair fed (PF), alcohol fed (AF), alcohol with non-fermented ginseng (AF + NFG) and alcohol with fermented ginseng (AF + FG) groups. After treatment for 8 weeks, fermented ginseng intervention significantly reduced the levels of serum ALT, AST, LPS, TG and TC compared with the AF group. The western-blotting results showed that fermented ginseng activated the adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to inhibit de novo lipogenesis in the liver and inhibited phosphorylation of p38 through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway to alleviate hepatic inflammation, and these effects were superior than those of non-fermented ginseng. Furthermore, fermented ginseng reduced alcohol-induced liver oxidative damage by upregulating the levels of antioxidant enzymes. These findings suggested that the L. fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng product may be used as a potential dietary nutraceutical for alleviating alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying You
- College of Food science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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11
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Yoon SJ, Kim SK, Lee NY, Choi YR, Kim HS, Gupta H, Youn GS, Sung H, Shin MJ, Suk KT. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:380-389. [PMID: 34025131 PMCID: PMC8134847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a clustering of at least three of the following medical conditions: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, and high serum triglycerides. MS is related to a wide range of diseases which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There remains an ongoing need for improved treatment strategies for MS. The most important risk factors are dietary pattern, genetics, old age, lack of exercise, disrupted biology, medication usage, and excessive alcohol consumption, but pathophysiology of MS has not been completely identified. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) refers to steamed/dried ginseng, traditionally associated with beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. KRG has been often used in traditional medicine to treat multiple metabolic conditions. This paper summarizes the effects of KRG in MS and related diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on experimental research and clinical studies.
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Key Words
- ACC, Acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AG, American ginseng extract
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BMI, body mass index
- C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CPT, current perception threshold
- CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DEN, diethyl nitrosamine
- EAT, epididymis adipose tissue
- EF, ejection fraction
- FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4
- FAS, Fatty acid synthase
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FR, fine root concentration
- FS, fractional shortening
- GBHT, ginseng-plus-Bai-Hu-Tang
- GLUT, glucose transporter type
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, ginsenoside
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- GST-P, glutathione S-transferase placental form
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCEF-RG, hypotensive components-enriched fraction of red ginseng
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, High fat diet
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- I.P., intraperitoneal injection
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Lex, lower extremities
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, Matrix metallopeptidases
- MS, Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF-кB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cell, Natural killer cell
- NMDA-NR1, N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1
- NO, nitric oxide
- NRF1, Nuclear respiratory factor 1
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OLETF rat, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat
- PCG-1α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- Panax ginseng
- REKRG, Rg3-enriched KRG
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rg3-KGE, Rg3-enriched KRG extract
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SCD, Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase
- SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat
- SREBP-1C, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- STAT5, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5
- STZ, streptozotocin
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UCP, Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- t-BHP, tert-butyl hyperoxide
- tGST, total glutathione
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Choi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seob Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hotaik Sung
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ai Z, You Y, Li W, Fan J, Wang Y, Huang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu J. Enhanced uronic acid content, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory activities of polysaccharides from ginseng fermented by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
GIW‐1. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Ai
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Ying You
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Wancong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology Changchun China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing Changchun China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing Changchun China
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13
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Lee H, Kong G, Tran Q, Kim C, Park J, Park J. Relationship Between Ginsenoside Rg3 and Metabolic Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:130. [PMID: 32161549 PMCID: PMC7052819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is an important public health issue and is associated with a more affluent lifestyle. Many studies of metabolic syndrome have been reported, but its pathogenesis remains unclear and there is no effective treatment. The ability of natural compounds to ameliorate metabolic syndrome is currently under investigation. Unlike synthetic chemicals, such natural products have proven utility in various fields. Recently, ginsenoside extracted from ginseng and ginseng root are representative examples. For example, ginseng is used in dietary supplements and cosmetics. In addition, various studies have reported the effects of ginsenoside on metabolic syndromes such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. In this review, we describe the potential of ginsenoside Rg3, a component of ginseng, in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gyeyeong Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, Hyehwa Liberal Arts College, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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14
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Teng Y, Wang Y, Tian Y, Chen YY, Guan WY, Piao CH, Wang YH. Lactobacillus plantarum LP104 ameliorates hyperlipidemia induced by AMPK pathways in C57BL/6N mice fed high-fat diet. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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15
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Wu C, Tian Y, Yu J, Zhang R, Zhang X, Guo P. The pandanus tectorius fruit extract (PTF) modulates the gut microbiota and exerts anti-hyperlipidaemic effects. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 58:152863. [PMID: 30836215 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota plays a key role in the maintenance of human health and mediates the beneficial effects of natural products including polyphenols. Previous studies have demonstrated that the polyphenol-rich Pandanus tectorius fruit extract (PTF) was effective in ameliorating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidaemia, and polyphenols can significantly change the structure of the gut microbiota. PURPOSE In this study, we assessed whether the modulation of the gut microbiota plays a key role in the PTF-induced anti-hyperlipidaemic effects. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were induced with hyperlipidaemia by consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. Then, the mice were orally administered PTF, antibiotics (ampicillin+ norfloxacin), PTF+antibiotics or vehicle for another 6 weeks. Body weights and 24-h food intake were assessed weekly. At the end of the experiment, fresh stools were collected for 16S RNA pyrosequencing, and blood and liver and fat tissue were collected for pharmacological analysis. RESULTS PTF was effective in ameliorating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidaemia and significantly changed the structure of the gut microbiota. However, the anti-hyperlipidaemic effect of PTF was not influenced by the co-treatment with antibiotics (ampicillin+norfloxacin). A microbiological analysis of the gut microbiotas revealed that PTF selectively enhanced the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Alistipes. A correlation analysis between biochemical indexes and individual taxon showed that Lactobacillus was negatively associated with serum lipids and glucose while Bacteroides and Alistipes were positively associated with serum lipids and glucose. The modulatory effect of PTF on Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Alistipes was not disturbed by the administration of antibiotics. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that the polyphenol-rich PTF as a unique gut microbiota modulating agent and highlighted the richness of Lactobacillus and the decreased abundance of Bacteroides and Alistipes as an effective indicator of the therapeutic effect of medicinal foods on hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yu Tian
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, PR China
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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