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Chiappini V, Casbarra D, Astolfi ML, Girelli AM. Investigation on solvent-free esterification of oleic acid by hemp tea waste-immobilized Candida rugosa lipase. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:118-127. [PMID: 38969178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed at Candida rugosa lipase immobilization on a low-cost and readily available support. Among agro-industrial crops, hemp tea waste was chosen as the carrier because it provides higher immobilization performance than hemp flower and leaf wastes. Support characterization by ATR-FTIR, SEM and elemental analysis and the optimization of the adsorption immobilization process were performed. The lipase adsorption immobilization was obtained by soaking the support with hexane under mild agitation for 2 h and a successively incubating the enzyme for 1 h at room temperature without removing the solvent. The esterification of oleic acid with n-decanol was tested in a solvent-free system by studying some parameters that influence the reaction, such as the substrates molar ratio, the lipase activity/oleic acid ratio, reaction temperature and the presence/absence of molecular sieves. The biocatalyst showed the ability to bring the esterification reaction to equilibrium under 60 min and good reusability (maintaining 60 % of its original activity after three successive esterification reactions) but low conversion (21 %) at the optimized conditions (40 °C, 1:2 substrates molar ratio, 0.56 lipase/oleic acid ratio, without sieves). Comparing the results with those obtained by free lipase form at the same activity (1 U) and experimental conditions, slightly higher conversion (%) appeared for the free lipase. All this highlighted that probably the source of lipase for its carbohydrate-binding pocket and lid structure affected the esterification of oleic acid but certainly, the immobilization didn't induce any lipase conformational change also allowing the reuse of the catalytic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Debora Casbarra
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Girelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
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2
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Cherni O, Carballares D, Siar EH, Abellanas-Perez P, de Andrades D, de Moraes Polizeli MDLT, Rocha-Martin J, Bahri S, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Tuning almond lipase features by the buffer used during immobilization: The apparent biocatalysts stability depends on the immobilization and inactivation buffers and the substrate utilized. J Biotechnol 2024; 391:72-80. [PMID: 38876311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The lipase from Prunus dulcis almonds was inactivated under different conditions. At pH 5 and 9, enzyme stability remained similar under the different studied buffers. However, when the inactivation was performed at pH 7, there were some clear differences on enzyme stability depending on the buffer used. The enzyme was more stable in Gly than when Tris was employed for inactivation. Then, the enzyme was immobilized on methacrylate beads coated with octadecyl groups at pH 7 in the presence of Gly, Tris, phosphate and HEPES. Its activity was assayed versus triacetin and S-methyl mandelate. The biocatalyst prepared in phosphate was more active versus S-methyl mandelate, while the other ones were more active versus triacetin. The immobilized enzyme stability at pH 7 depends on the buffer used for enzyme immobilization. The buffer used in the inactivation and the substrate used determined the activity. For example, glycine was the buffer that promoted the lowest or the highest stabilities depending on the substrate used to quantify the activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Cherni
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain; LMPB (LR16ES05), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis-El-Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - El Hocine Siar
- Agri-food Engineering Laboratory (GENIAAL), Nutrition and Food Technology Institute (INATAA), University of Brothers Mentouri Constantine 1, Algeria
| | | | - Diandra de Andrades
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | | | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Sellema Bahri
- LMPB (LR16ES05), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis-El-Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
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3
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Venturi V, Presini F, Trapella C, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Lerin LA. Microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geraniol esters in solvent-free systems: optimization of the reaction parameters, purification and characterization of the products, and biocatalyst reuse. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1665-1679. [PMID: 37368203 PMCID: PMC11269508 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Various geraniol esters act as insect pheromones and display pharmacological activities, especially as neuroprotective agents. Therefore, the search for synthetic strategies alternative to traditional chemical synthesis could help designing ecofriendly routes for the preparation of such bioactive compounds. Hence, this work aims at the microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geranyl esters in solvent-free systems. The process variables were optimized for the synthesis of geranyl acetoacetate, achieving 85% conversion after 60 min using a 1:5 substrates molar ratio (ester to geraniol), 80 °C and 8.4% of Lipozyme 435 lipase without removal of the co-produced methanol. On the other hand, a 95% conversion was reached after 30 min using 1:6 substrates molar ratio, 70 °C and 7% lipase in the presence of 5Å molecular sieves for the methanol capture. In addition, the lipase showed good reusability, maintaining the same activity for five reaction cycles. Finally, under the above optimized conditions, other geraniol esters were successfully synthetized such as the geranyl butyrate (98%), geranyl hexanoate (99%), geranyl octanoate (98%), and geranyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (56%). These results demonstrate the microwave-assisted lipase-catalyzed transesterification in a solvent-free system as an excellent and sustainable catalytic methodology to produce geraniol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venturi
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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4
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Monteiro RRC, de Melo Neta MMF, Rocha WS, Soares JB, de Luna FMT, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Vieira RS. Optimizing the enzymatic production of biolubricants by the Taguchi method: Esterification of the free fatty acids from castor oil with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol catalyzed by Eversa Transform 2.0. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 175:110409. [PMID: 38335559 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The solvent-free esterification of the free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained by the hydrolysis of castor oil (a non-edible vegetable oil) with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (a branched fatty alcohol) was catalyzed by different free lipases. Eversa Transform 2.0 (ETL) features surpassed most commercial lipases. Some process parameters were optimized by the Taguchi method (L16'). As a result, a conversion over 95% of the FFAs of castor oil into esters with lubricants properties was achieved under optimized reaction conditions (15 wt% of biocatalyst content, 1:4 molar ratio (FFAs/alcohol), 30 °C, 180 rpm, 96 h). The substrates molar ratio had the highest influence on the dependent variable (conversion at 24 h). FFAs/2-ethyl-1-hexanol esters were characterized regarding the physicochemical and tribological properties. Interestingly, the modification of the FFAs with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol by ETL increased the oxidative stability of the FFAs feedstock from 0.18 h to 16.83 h. The biolubricants presented a lower friction coefficient than the reference commercial mineral lubricant (0.052 ± 0.07 against 0.078 ± 0.04). Under these conditions, ETL catalyzed the oligomerization of ricinoleic acid (a hydroxyl fatty acid) into estolides, reaching a conversion of 25.15% of the initial FFAs (for the first time).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolpho R C Monteiro
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maria M F de Melo Neta
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Wesley S Rocha
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jorge B Soares
- Departamento de Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - F Murilo T de Luna
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo S Vieira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil.
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5
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Spalletta A, Joly N, Martin P. Latest Trends in Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Ester Carbohydrate Surfactants: From Key Parameters to Opportunities and Future Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3727. [PMID: 38612540 PMCID: PMC11012184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based surfactants are amphiphilic compounds containing hydrophilic moieties linked to hydrophobic aglycones. More specifically, carbohydrate esters are biosourced and biocompatible surfactants derived from inexpensive renewable raw materials (sugars and fatty acids). Their unique properties allow them to be used in various areas, such as the cosmetic, food, and medicine industries. These multi-applications have created a worldwide market for biobased surfactants and consequently expectations for their production. Biobased surfactants can be obtained from various processes, such as chemical synthesis or microorganism culture and surfactant purification. In accordance with the need for more sustainable and greener processes, the synthesis of these molecules by enzymatic pathways is an opportunity. This work presents a state-of-the-art lipase action mode, with a focus on the active sites of these proteins, and then on four essential parameters for optimizing the reaction: type of lipase, reaction medium, temperature, and ratio of substrates. Finally, this review discusses the latest trends and recent developments, showing the unlimited potential for optimization of such enzymatic syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources, ULR7519, Université d’Artois-UniLaSalle, F-62408 Béthune, France; (A.S.); (P.M.)
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6
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Rodrigues CA, Santos JCB, Barbosa MS, Lisboa MC, Souza RL, Mendes AA, Pereira MM, Lima ÁS, Soares CMF. Extending the computational and experimental analysis of lipase active site selectivity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:313-323. [PMID: 38438572 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Molecular docking is an important computational analysis widely used to predict the interaction of enzymes with several starting materials for developing new valuable products from several starting materials, including oils and fats. In the present study, molecular docking was used as an efficient in silico screening tool to select biocatalysts with the highest catalytic performance in butyl esters production in a solvent-free system, an eco-friendly approach, via direct esterification of free fatty acids from Licuri oil with butanol. For such purpose, three commercial lipase preparations were used to perform molecular docking studies such as Burkholderia cepacia (BCL), Porcine pancreatic (PPL), and Candida rugosa (CRL). Concurrently, the results obtained in BCL and CRL are the most efficient in the esterification process due to their higher preference for catalyzing the esterification of lauric acid, the main fatty acid found in the licuri oil composition. Meanwhile, PPL was the least efficient because it preferentially interacts with minor fatty acids. Molecular docking with the experimental results indicated the better performance in the synthesis of esters was BCL. In conclusion, experimental results analysis shows higher enzymatic productivity in esterification reactions of 1294.83 μmol/h.mg, while the CRL and PPL demonstrated the lowest performance (189.87 μmol / h.mg and 23.96 μmol / h.mg, respectively). Thus, molecular docking and experimental results indicate that BCL is a more efficient lipase to produce fatty acids and esters from licuri oil with a high content of lauric acid. In addition, this study also demonstrates the application of molecular docking as an important tool for lipase screening to achieve more sustainable production of butyl esters with a view synthesis of biolubricants.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A Rodrigues
- Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Jefferson C B Santos
- Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Milson S Barbosa
- Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Milena C Lisboa
- Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Ranyere L Souza
- Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia E Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Prédio Do ITP, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Adriano A Mendes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, MG - CEP: 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Matheus M Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II - Pinal de Marrocos, 3030-760, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Álvaro S Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, UFBA, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Aristides Novis 2, Federação, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Cleide M F Soares
- Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil.
- Instituto de Tecnologia E Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Prédio Do ITP, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil.
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7
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Ma G, Nian B, Hu Y. Octadecyl and sulfonyl modification of diatomite synergistically improved the immobilization efficiency of lipase and its application in the synthesis of pine sterol esters. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300615. [PMID: 38472086 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Phytosterols usually have to be esterified to various phytosterol esters to avoid their disadvantages of unsatisfactory solubility and low bioavailability. The enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters in a solvent-free system has advantages in terms of environmental friendliness, sustainability, and selectivity. However, the limitation of the low stability and recyclability of the lipase in the solvent-free system, which often requires a relatively high temperature to induce the viscosity, also increased the industrial production cost. In this context, a low-cost material, namely diatomite, was employed as the support in the immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) due to its multiple modification sites. The Fe3 O4 was also then introduced to this system for quick and simple separation via the magnetic field. Moreover, to further enhance the immobilization efficiency of diatomite, a modification strategy which involved the octadecyl and sulfonyl group for regulating the hydrophobicity and interaction between the support and lipase was successfully developed. The optimization of the ratio of the modifiers suggested that the -SO3 H/C18 (1:1.5) performed best with an enzyme loading and enzyme activity of 84.8 mg·g-1 and 54 U·g-1 , respectively. Compared with free CRL, the thermal and storage stability of CRL@OSMD was significantly improved, which lays the foundation for the catalytic synthesis of phytosterol esters in solvent-free systems. Fortunately, a yield of 95.0% was achieved after optimizing the reaction conditions, and a yield of 70.0% can still be maintained after six cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangzheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Shehroz H, Ali S, Bibi G, Khan T, Jamil S, Khan SR, Hashaam M, Naz S. Comparative investigation of the catalytic application of α/β/γ-MnO 2 nanoparticles synthesized by green and chemical approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1081-1091. [PMID: 36288459 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2137437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Three phases (α, β, and γ) of manganese dioxide (MnO2) are successfully stabilized in a single entity for the first time. For this purpose, Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple) extract is used as a natural surfactant in green synthesis. MnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence and absence of plant extracts under the same conditions. The morphology of both products is analysed by SEM and STEM to understand the role of plant extract in controlling the morphology of particles. The crystallinity and composition are analysed by XRD and confirmed that the product is composed of multiple phases α, β, and γ. The reduction of dyes and nitroarenes is studied using MnO2 nanoparticles (green and chemical products) as catalysts. The apparent rate constant, a percentage reduction, time reduction and reduced concentration compare the activities of both catalysts. After comparative data analysis, the catalytic reduction of picric acid is found fastest among all the substrates. All the results are analysed based on structure, functional group and affinity towards catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Shehroz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarmed Ali
- Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway
| | - Guria Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saba Jamil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shanza Rauf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hashaam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saman Naz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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9
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Martinez-Garcia M, Van Hecke W, Peeters H, Gabriels D, Van der Weeën P, Dejonghe W, Satyawali Y. Methyl oleate for plant protection products formulations: Enzymatic synthesis, reaction kinetics and application testing. J Biotechnol 2024; 379:78-86. [PMID: 38072327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a solvent-free enzymatic approach for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), such as methyl oleate, for their application as adjuvant in plant protection products (PPP) formulations. The direct esterification between free fatty acid and methanol was optimized to achieve 98% acid conversion. The kinetics of this conversion was accurately described by a simple second order mechanism and non-linear regression was applied to calculate the rate constants of the forward and backward reactions based on full progress curves data. The rate constant of the forward reaction (synthesis) was one order of magnitude higher than the backward reaction (hydrolysis) and favored formation of the target methyl ester product, rendering the removal of water unnecessary. Enzymatically synthesized methyl oleate was benchmarked against the chemically synthesized compound, showing matching results in terms of stability, spreadability and emulsifying capacity in plant care formulations. The enzymatic synthesis of FAMEs under solvent free conditions allows to achieve a safer and more sustainable character for carrier solvents in PPP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martinez-Garcia
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Hecke
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Oleon, Avril group, Assenedestraat 2, Evergem 9940, Belgium
| | - Dries Gabriels
- Oleon, Avril group, Assenedestraat 2, Evergem 9940, Belgium
| | | | - Winnie Dejonghe
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Yamini Satyawali
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium.
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10
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Huang Y, Li H, Wang Z, Fu Y, Chen Y, Wang X. Enzymatic synthesis of branched chain fatty acid-enriched structured triacylglycerols via esterification with glycerol. Food Chem 2023; 429:136943. [PMID: 37517224 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
While branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA)-enriched triacylglycerols (TAG) has various health benefits, its preparation has not been reported. This study aimed to synthesize high-purity BCFA-enriched structured TAG. First, BCFA was enriched from lanolin through saponification, calcification, and urea complexation. Next, BCFA-enriched TAG was synthesized by enzymatic esterification of BCFA and glycerol. Then, lipases were screened by molecular docking and practical experiments, which suggested that Lipozyme 435 was the best lipase for esterification since it had the lowest binding energy. Structured TAG containing 92.23% BCFA was synthesized under conditions optimized by single-factor experiments. Furthermore, molecular distillation was adapted to remove excess fatty acids and small molecule impurities. Finally, high-purity BCFA-enriched structured lipid containing 70.26% TAG was obtained. Overall, this study successfully developed a method for synthesizing BCFA-enriched structured TAG, which holds great promise for applications in value-added foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Houyue Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yijie Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yang Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaosan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Ma G, Wang S, Nian B, Hu Y. Study on the synthesis of pine sterol esters in solvent-free systems catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on hydrophobic macroporous resin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7849-7861. [PMID: 37467367 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine sterol ester is a type of novel food source nutrient with great advantages in lowering blood cholesterol levels, inhibiting tumors, preventing prostate enlargement, and regulating immunity. Macroporous resins with large specific surface area, stable structures, and various functional groups (epoxy, amino, and octadecyl groups) have been selected for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) to improve its stability and efficiency in the synthesis of pine sterol esters. A solvent-free strategy using oleic acid (substrate) as an esterification reaction medium is an important alternative for avoiding the use of organic solvents. RESULTS The immobilization conditions of CRL immobilized on several types of commercial macroporous resins were optimized. Fortunately, by adsorption (hydrophobic interaction), a high immobilization efficiency of CRL was obtained using macroporous resins with hydrophobic octadecyl groups with an immobilization efficiency of 86.5%, enzyme loading of 138.5 mg g-1 and enzyme activity of 34.7 U g-1 . The results showed that a 95.1% yield could be obtained with a molar ratio of oleic acid to pine sterol of 5:1, an enzyme amount of 6.0 U g-1 (relative to pine sterol mass) at 50 °C for 48 h. CONCLUSION The hydrophobic macroporous resin (ECR8806M) with a large specific surface area and abundant functional groups was used to achieve efficient immobilization of CRL. CRL@ECR8806M is an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of phytosterol esters and has the potential for further large-scale applications. Therefore, this simple, green, and low-cost strategy for lipase immobilization provides new possibilities for the high-efficiency production of pine sterol esters and other food source nutrients. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guangzheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shushu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Binbin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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12
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Lee Y, Lee S, Kim S, Lee D, Won K. Solvent-free enzymatic synthesis and evaluation of vanillyl propionate as an effective and biocompatible preservative. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1579-1590. [PMID: 37682355 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Preservatives are chemicals added to protect products against microbial spoilage, and thus are indispensable for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. Due to growing concerns about human health and environments in conventional chemical preservatives, many companies have been seeking safe and effective alternatives that can be produced through environment-friendly processes. In this work, in order to develop effective and safe preservatives from plants, we attempt solvent-free lipase-catalyzed transesterification of vanillyl alcohol with ethyl propionate for the first time. The reaction product, vanillyl propionate was efficiently obtained in a high yield. Unlike vanillyl alcohol and ethyl propionate, vanillyl propionate showed antimicrobial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration test showed that it exhibited high and broad antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms (Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and molds), which was overall comparable to that of propyl paraben, which is one of the most effective preservatives. It was also found to have even higher antioxidant capacity and biocompatibility with human cells than propyl paraben. Vanillyl propionate, which is a plant-based preservative produced through a green bioprocess, is expected to be successfully applied to various industries thanks to its high antimicrobial and antioxidant effect, and high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
- COSMAX, 255 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogyeong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Won
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Monteiro RRC, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Rocha-Martin J, Vieira RS, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Biocatalytic production of biolubricants: Strategies, problems and future trends. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108215. [PMID: 37473819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing worries by the inadequate use of energy and the preservation of nature are promoting an increasing interest in the production of biolubricants. After discussing the necessity of producing biolubricants, this review focuses on the production of these interesting molecules through the use of lipases, discussing the different possibilities (esterification of free fatty acids, hydroesterification or transesterification of oils and fats, transesterification of biodiesel with more adequate alcohols, estolides production, modification of fatty acids). The utilization of discarded substrates has special interest due to the double positive ecological impact (e.g., oil distillated, overused oils). Pros and cons of all these possibilities, together with general considerations to optimize the different processes will be outlined. Some possibilities to overcome some of the problems detected in the production of these interesting compounds will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolpho R C Monteiro
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo S Vieira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455760 Fortaleza, Brazil.
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14
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Kutluk T, Kutluk BG. Lipase catalysis: an environmentally friendly production for polyol esters (biolubricant) from microalgae oil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:4099-4112. [PMID: 35588240 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2079999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study aims to investigate the optimized lipase-catalysed esterification reaction from novel feedstock microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil-free fatty acids (FFAs) for biolubricant (Trimethylolpropane (TMP)-triesters) synthesis. FFAs were obtained from microalgae oil by enzymatic hydrolysis. Response surface methodology (RSM) with the central composite design was performed to investigate the effect of experimental factors (lipase amount, TMP/FFAs molar ratio, reaction temperature) on the FFAs conversion and also investigated to resolve the optimum design points. After the experimental studies, the highest FFAs conversion of 93% with 92% triester and 8% mono, di esters contents were found when the lipase amount was 5.5%. TMP/FFAs molar ratio was 0.33 and the reaction temperature value was 60°C. The model fitted with the experimental values with R2 = 0.97. It was also supported by gas chromatography and FTIR analyses that the product obtained was a lubricant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Togayhan Kutluk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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15
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da Silva MVC, Rangel ABS, Rosa CMR, de Assis GP, Aguiar LG, de Freitas L. Development of a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed bioreactor for enzymatic synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl oleate. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1665-1676. [PMID: 37815609 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and investigate the synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl oleate catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase immobilized on magnetic poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (STY-DVB-M) particles in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed reactor (MSFBR) operated in continuous mode. The physical properties of the copolymer were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The glass transition temperature was 85.68 °C, and the onset of thermal degradation occurred at 406.66 °C. Syntheses were performed at 50 °C using a space time of 12 h and a bed porosity of 0.892. Assays were conducted to assess the influence of magnetic field intensity (5 to 15 mT) on reaction yield, ester concentration, and productivity. The highest productivity was 0.850 ± 0.023 mmol g-1 h-1, obtained with a magnetic field intensity of 15 mT. An operational stability test was performed under these conditions, revealing a biocatalyst half-life of 2148 h (179 operation cycles) and a thermal deactivation constant of 3.23 × 10-4 h-1 (R2 = 0.9446). Computational simulations and mathematical modeling were performed using Scilab based on ping-pong bi-bi kinetics and molar balances of reaction species. The model provided consistent results of interstitial velocity and good prediction of reaction yields, with R2 = 0.926. These findings demonstrate that the studied technique can provide improvements in biocatalytic processes, representing a promising strategy for the enzymatic synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl oleate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus V C da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Amanda B S Rangel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Cíntia M R Rosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle P de Assis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Leandro G Aguiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Larissa de Freitas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil.
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Liu J, Gao T, Xin J, Xia C. Unveiling Optimal Synthesis and Structural Insights of Starch Ferulate via the Mechanoenzymatic Method. Foods 2023; 12:3715. [PMID: 37893608 PMCID: PMC10606065 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, starch ferulate was synthesized employing a mechanoenzymatic method, specifically based on the twin screw extrusion technique and lipase catalysis. The research then primarily centered on optimizing process parameters and conducting structural analysis. Optimal conditions were determined to be 8.2% ferulic acid addition, 66 °C extrusion temperature, and 3.2% lipase (N435) addition. The enzyme-catalyzed time was 30 s. The degree of substitution for starch ferulate was quantified at 0.005581 under these specific conditions. The presence of C=O bonds in the synthesized starch ferulate proved that the synthesis process was efficient. Additionally, the crystal structure underwent reconstruction. Observations through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) demonstrated that the mechanoenzymatic method led to an augmentation in the specific surface area of starch molecules, thereby facilitating the exposure of active sites. This breakthrough underscores the vast potential of mechanoenzymatic techniques to revolutionize the rapid and sustainable synthesis of starch ferulate, marking a pioneering stride in ester synthesis. The insights garnered from this study transcend theory, offering a visionary roadmap for the development and real-world deployment of advanced modified starch esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Key Laboratory for Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Jiaying Xin
- Key Laboratory for Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Costa IO, Morais JRF, de Medeiros Dantas JM, Gonçalves LRB, Dos Santos ES, Rios NS. Enzyme immobilization technology as a tool to innovate in the production of biofuels: A special review of the Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) strategy. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 170:110300. [PMID: 37523882 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the crucial role of enzyme immobilization technology in advancing the production of two main biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, with a specific focus on the Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) strategy. This method of immobilization has gained attention due to its simplicity and affordability, as it does not initially require a solid support. CLEAs synthesis protocol includes two steps: enzyme precipitation and cross-linking of aggregates using bifunctional agents. We conducted a thorough search for papers detailing the synthesis of CLEAs utilizing amylases, cellulases, and hemicellulases. These key enzymes are involved in breaking down starch or lignocellulosic materials to produce ethanol, both in first and second-generation processes. CLEAs of lipases were included as these enzymes play a crucial role in the enzymatic process of biodiesel production. However, when dealing with large or diverse substrates such as lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production and oils/fats for biodiesel production, the use of individual enzymes may not be the most efficient method. Instead, a system that utilizes a blend of enzymes may prove to be more effective. To innovate in the production of biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel), enzyme co-immobilization using different enzyme species to produce Combi-CLEAs is a promising trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathália Saraiva Rios
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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18
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Orsy G, Forró E. Lipase-Catalyzed Strategies for the Preparation of Enantiomeric THIQ and TH βC Derivatives: Green Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:6362. [PMID: 37687191 PMCID: PMC10490024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This report reviews the most important lipase-catalyzed strategies for the preparation of pharmaceutically and chemically important tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydro-β-carboline enantiomers through O-acylation of the primary hydroxy group, N-acylation of the secondary amino group, and COOEt hydrolysis of the corresponding racemic compounds with simple molecular structure, which have been reported during the last decade. A brief introduction describes the importance and synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives, and it formulates the objectives of this compilation. The strategies are presented in chronological order, classified according to function of the reaction type, as kinetic and dynamic kinetic resolutions, in the main text. These reactions result in the desired products with excellent ee values. The pharmacological importance of the products together with their synthesis is given in the main text. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the hydrochloride salts as racemates of the starting amino carboxylic esters furnished the desired enantiomeric amino carboxylic acids quantitatively. The enzymatic reactions, performed in tBuOMe or H2O as usable solvents, and the transformations carried out in a continuous-flow system, indicate clear advantages, including atom economy, reproducibility, safer solvents, short reaction time, rapid heating and compression vs. shaker reactions. These features are highlighted in the main text.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Orsy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Forró
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Remonatto D, Santaella N, Lerin LA, Bassan JC, Cerri MO, de Paula AV. Solvent-Free Enzymatic Synthesis of Dietary Triacylglycerols from Cottonseed Oil in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Molecules 2023; 28:5384. [PMID: 37513254 PMCID: PMC10384263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of structured lipids with nutraceutical applications, such as medium-long-medium (MLM) triacylglycerols, via modification of oils and fats represents a challenge for the food industry. This study aimed to synthesize MLM-type dietary triacylglycerols by enzymatic acidolysis of cottonseed oil and capric acid (C10) catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM (lipase from Rhizomucor miehei) in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). After chemical characterization of the feedstock and hydrodynamic characterization of the reactor, a 22 central composite rotatable design was used to optimize capric acid incorporation. The independent variables were cycle number (20-70) and cottonseed oil/capric acid molar ratio (1:2-1:4). The temperature was set at 45 °C. The best conditions, namely a 1:4 oil/acid molar ratio and 80 cycles (17.34 h), provided a degree of incorporation of about 40 mol%, as shown by compositional analysis of the modified oil. Lipozyme RM IM showed good operational stability (kd = 2.72 × 10-4 h-1, t1/2 = 2545.78 h), confirming the good reuse capacity of the enzyme in the acidolysis of cottonseed oil with capric acid. It is concluded that an FBR configuration is a promising alternative for the enzymatic synthesis of MLM triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remonatto
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Núbia Santaella
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara (UNIFE), Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juliana Cristina Bassan
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
- State Center for Technological Education Paula Souza, Faculty of Technology of Barretos (FATEC), Barretos 14780-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Otávio Cerri
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariela Veloso de Paula
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
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Freitas DS, Quesado V, Rocha D, Noro J, Martins M, Cavaco-Paulo A, Silva C. Lipase-Catalysed Polymerization of Eutectic Mixtures. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202374. [PMID: 36811321 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to reduce the toxicity and operational costs often associated to chemical processes, the enzymatic synthesis is applied herein as a sustainable route for producing polyesters. The use of NADES' (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents) components as a source of monomers for the synthesis of polymers through lipase-catalyzed esterification in an anhydrous medium is detailed for the first time. Three NADES composed by glycerol and an organic base, or acid, were used to produce polyesters, through polymerization reactions catalyzed by Aspergillus oryzae lipase. High polyester conversion rates (above 70 %), containing at least 20 monomeric units (glycerol:organic acid/base (1 : 1)), were observed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. The NADES monomers' capacity for polymerization, along with their non-toxicity, cheap cost, and simplicity of production, sets up these solvents as a greener and cleaner approach for the synthesis of high value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Freitas
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vânia Quesado
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Noro
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Madalena Martins
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Design of a New Chemoenzymatic Process for Producing Epoxidized Monoalkyl Esters from Used Soybean Cooking Oil and Fusel Oil. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce epoxidized monoalkyl esters (EMAE), a valuable class of oleochemicals used in a wide range of products and industries, from used soybean cooking oil (USCO) and fusel oil via a three-step chemoenzymatic process. This process consists of a first enzymatic hydrolysis of USCO to produce free fatty acids (FFA). Here, five microbial lipases with different specificities were tested as biocatalysts. Full hydrolysis of USCO was obtained after a 180 min reaction time under vigorous stirring (1500 rpm) using a non-specific lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL). Then, monoalkyl esters (MAE) were produced via the esterification of FFA and fusel oil in a solvent-free system using the lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 (ET2.0) immobilized via physical adsorption on poly(styrenene-divinylbenzene) (PSty-DVB) beads as a biocatalyst. Different water removal strategies (closed and open reactors in the presence or absence of molecular sieves at 5% m.m−1) on the reaction were evaluated. Maximum FFA conversions of 64.3 ± 2.3% (open reactor after a 30 min reaction time) and 73.5 ± 0.4% (closed reactor after a 45 min reaction time) were observed at 40 °C, using a stoichiometric FFA:fusel oil molar ratio (1:1), without molecular sieves, and 5 mg of immobilized protein per gram of reaction mixture. Under these conditions, maximum FFA conversion was only 30.2 ± 2.7% after a 210 min reaction time in a closed reactor using soluble lipase. Reusability tests showed better retention of the original activity of immobilized ET2.0 (around 82%) after eight successive batches of esterification reactions conducted in an open reactor. Finally, the produced MAE was epoxidized via the Prilezhaev reaction, a classical chemical epoxidation process, using hydrogen peroxide and formic acid as a homogeneous catalyst. The products were characterized by standard methods and identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Maximum unsaturated bond conversions into epoxy groups were at approximately 33%, with the experimental epoxy oxygen content (OOCexp.) at 1.75–1.78%, and selectivity (S) at 0.81, using both MAEs produced (open or closed reactors). These results show that this new process is a promising approach for value-added oleochemical production from low-cost and renewable raw materials.
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do Nascimento MA, Leão RA, Froidevaux R, Wojcieszak R, de Souza ROA, Itabaiana I. A new approach for the direct acylation of bio-oil enriched with levoglucosan: kinetic study and lipase thermostability. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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23
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Thymol Octanoate, a Promising Hybrid Molecule. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the synthesis and application of thymol esters has increased in recent years due to the numerous applications associated with its biological activities. The enzymatic synthesis of thymol octanoate by esterification of thymol and octanoic acid was explored using soluble lipases and immobilized lipase biocatalysts in solvent-free systems. Candida antarctica lipase B in its soluble form was the most active biocatalyst for this reaction. Different thymol and lipase feeding strategies were evaluated to maximize thymol octanoate production. The results suggest that there could be lipase inhibition by the ester product of the reaction. In this way, the optimal reaction condition was given using a thymol/acid molar ratio of 1:4 mol/mol. Under these conditions the conversion of thymol was close to 94% and the lipase maintained more than 90% of its initial activity after the reaction, showing the potential of the enzyme to be used in successive reaction cycles.
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Lai Y, Li D, Liu T, Wan C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng M. Preparation of functional oils rich in diverse medium and long-chain triacylglycerols based on a broadly applicable solvent-free enzymatic strategy. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112338. [PMID: 36737931 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To address the problems of long reaction times and limited range of adaptation in enzymatic synthesis medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs), a broadly applicable solvent-free enzymatic interesterification strategy was proposed. Candida sp. lipase (CSL) was immobilized on hydrophobic hollow mesoporous silica spheres (HHSS) to construct a biocatalyst designated as CSL@HHSS with a 15.3 % immobilization yield and a loading amount of 94.0 mg/g. The expressed activity and the specific activity were 20.14 U/g and 173.62 U/g, which were 4.6 and 5.6 times higher than that of free CSL, respectively. This biocatalyst demonstrated higher activity, wider applicability, and excellent reusability. Linseed oil, sunflower oil, perilla seed oil, algal oil, and malania oleifera oil were applied as substrates to produce MLCTs with medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) catalyzed by CSL@HHSS through interesterification in yields ranging from 69.6 % to 78.0 % within 20 min. Specific fatty acids, including linolenic acid, oleic acid, DHA, and nervonic acid (the first reported), were introduced into MLCT's skeleton, respectively. The structures were finely analyzed and identified by GC and UPLC-MS. The catalytic efficiency value of CSL@HHSS in catalyzing interesterification between linseed oil and MCT (70 ℃, 20 min, lipase 6 wt%) is 0.86 g/g∙min, which is the highest ever reported. This paper presents an effective and sustainable strategy for functional MLCTs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Lai
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Dongming Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tieliang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Chuyun Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Butyl-esters synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate catalyzed by immobilized lipases in solvent-free system – optimization using a simplified method (SER). Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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26
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Technical–Economic Assessment—The Missing Piece for Increasing the Attractiveness of Applied Biocatalysis in Ester Syntheses? Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the current literature describes significant advances in biocatalytic ester syntheses, few industrial plants worldwide are currently producing esters using biocatalysts. Green and sustainable esters can be obtained via a biocatalytic route, including some operational advantages over conventional syntheses. An analysis of the literature revealed that most articles neglect or describe the economic issues generically, without quantitative information. Scaling-up studies are also scarce in this field. The main disadvantage of biocatalysis using immobilized lipases—their cost—has not been studied at the same level of depth as other technical aspects. This gap in the literature is less intense in enzymatic biodiesel production studies and, despite the lack of a strict correlation, enzymatic biodiesel commercial plants are relatively more common. Preliminary techno-economic assessments are crucial to identify and circumvent the economic drawbacks of biocatalytic ester syntheses, opening the way to broader application of this technology in a large-scale context.
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Yu H, Kim S, Chang PS. Lipase-catalyzed production of pyridoxine monolaurate in solvent-free bioreactor system. Food Chem 2023; 399:133949. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cambraia MVS, Barbosa MS, Soares CMF, Carvalho AKF, Mendes AA. Process optimization for enzymatic production of a valuable biomass-based ester from levulinic acid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:53-67. [PMID: 36409316 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic production of isoamyl levulinate via esterification of isoamyl alcohol (IA) and levulinic acid (LA), a biomass-based platform chemical with attractive properties, in a solvent system has been performed in this study. For such a purpose, a low-cost liquid lipase (Eversa® Transform 2.0) immobilized by physical adsorption via hydrophobic interactions (mechanism of interfacial activation) on mesoporous poly(styrenene-divinylbenzene) (PSty-DVB) beads was used as heterogeneous biocatalyst. It was prepared at low ionic strength (5 mmol.L-1 buffer sodium acetate pH 5.0) and 25 ℃ using an initial protein loading of 40 mg.g-1 of support. Maximum protein loading of 31.2 ± 2.8 mg.g-1 of support and an immobilization yield of 83% was achieved. The influence of relevant factors (biocatalyst concentration and reaction temperature) on ester production was investigated using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Maximum acid conversion percentage of 65% was achieved after 12 h of reaction at 40 °C, 20% of mass of heterogeneous biocatalyst per mass of reaction mixture (20% m.m-1), and LA:IA molar ratio of 1:1.5 in a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) medium. The biocatalyst retained around of 30% of its initial activity after five consecutive esterification batches under optimal experimental conditions. The proposed experimental procedure can be considered as an acceptable green process (EcoScale score of 66.5), in addition to the fact that a new strategy is proposed to sustainably produce a valuable industrial ester (isoamyl levulinate) from biomass-based materials using an immobilized and low-cost commercial lipase as catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V S Cambraia
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.,Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Milson S Barbosa
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Cleide M F Soares
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Ana K F Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.,Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Adriano A Mendes
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil. .,Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.
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Li F, Xu Y, Wang C, Wang C, Xie H, Xu Y, Chen P, Wang L. Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Pyrazoles Via [3+2] Cycloaddition Catalyzed By Lipase in Ionic Liquid. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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30
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Abd Wafti NS, Yunus R, Lau HLN, Choong TSY, Abd-Aziz S. Enzymatic synthesis of palm oil-based trimethylolpropane ester as biolubricant base stock catalyzed by Lipozyme 435. ENERGY 2022; 260:125061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.125061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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31
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Mendes AA, Soares CMF, Tardioli PW. Recent advances and future prospects for biolubricant base stocks production using lipases as environmentally friendly catalysts: a mini-review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:25. [PMID: 36422728 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, fluctuating global fossil fuel market prices and growing concern about environmental pollution have increased efforts to obtain novel value-added products from renewable agricultural biomass. To this end, a wide variety of triacylglycerols (edible and non-edible oils and fats) and their derivatives (free fatty acids or monoalkyl esters) stand out as promising feedstocks for the production of biolubricant base stocks, due to their biodegradability, excellent physicochemical properties, and sustainable nature. These raw materials can be transformed into biolubricants using chemical or biochemical (lipases) catalysts, with the enzymatic production of biolubricants using lipases as catalysts being recognized as an environmentally friendly approach. The present mini-review highlights recent advances in this field, published in the last three years. The different chemical modification processes used to develop a wide variety of industrial biolubricant base stocks are comprehensively reviewed, with exploration of future prospects for industrial production via the enzymatic route. This study contributes to the current state-of-the-art, identifying relevant research questions and providing important technical information for new applications of lipases in oleochemical manufacturing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano A Mendes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.
| | - Cleide M F Soares
- Tiradentes University, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Paulo W Tardioli
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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32
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Gao R, Sun S, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Yao N. Low-cost liquid lipase selective deacidification of corn oil with high triglyceride yield. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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He C, Guo Z, Deng Z, Li S, Zhang X. Enzyme-catalyzed preparation of polyol ester lubricants and performance research-based on pelargonic acid, oleic acid and trimethylolpropane. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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The immobilization protocol greatly alters the effects of metal phosphate modification on the activity/stability of immobilized lipases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2452-2466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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He L, Zheng J, Feng S, Xu L, Zhong N. Immobilization of Candida antarctica Lipase A onto Macroporous Resin NKA-9: Esterification and Glycerolysis Performance Study. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1337-1348. [PMID: 36047241 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, lipase A from Candida antarctica (CALA) was immobilized onto the macroporous resin NKA-9. Immobilization conditions (pH, time and CALA concentration) were studied, enzymatic activity and immobilization efficiency (IE) up to 968.89 U/g and 53.19% were respectively obtained under optimal conditions (immobilization pH 5.0, time 5 h and CALA concentration at 30 mg/mL). Then, the NKA-9 supported CALA (CALA@NKA-9) samples were used to catalyze glycerolysis in solvent-free system. With 0.25 g of the present CALA@NKA-9 (soybean oil 3.52 g and glycerol 0.184 g) and after 12 h reaction at 50 °C, diacylglycerols (DAG) content up to 64.37% and triacylglycerols (TAG) conversion at 83.33% were obtained. The relationship between temperature and TAG conversion was LnV 0 = 13.9310-6.4212/T for CALA@NKA-9. Meanwhile, the activation energy (Ea) of CALA@NKA-9 was calculated to be 53.39 kJ/mol. In addition, reusability in the glycerolysis reaction was also evaluated, and 57.82% of the initial glycerolysis activity was retained after 9 consecutive applications. Furthermore, the CALA@NKA-9 was also used to catalyze the esterification (esterification of fatty acids with glycerol), however, the present CALA@NKA-9 cannot initiate the esterification. Therefore, the present CALA@NKA-9 is shown to be potential for DAG production through glycerolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Siting Feng
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University.,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform
| | - Nanjing Zhong
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
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37
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Remonatto D, Fantatto RR, Pietro RCLR, Monti R, Oliveira JV, de Paula AV, Bassan JC. Enzymatic synthesis of geranyl acetate in batch and fed-batch reactors and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Biochemical and Physical Characterization of Immobilized Candida rugosa Lipase on Metal Oxide Hybrid Support. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization on inorganic materials is gaining more attention with the potential characteristics of high-surface-area-to-volume ratios, increasing the efficiency of enzyme loading on the support. Metal oxide hybrid support was prepared by a wetness impregnation of five metal precursors, including CaO, CuO, MgO, NiO, and ZnO, on Al2O3 and used as a support for the immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) by adsorption. Maximum activity recovery (70.6%) and immobilization efficiency (63.2%) were obtained after optimization of five parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) by Box–Behnken design (BBD). The biochemical properties of immobilized CRL showed high thermostability up to 70 °C and a wide range in pH stability (pH 4–10). TGA-DTA and FTIR analysis were conducted, verifying thermo-decomposition of lipase and the presence of an amide bond. FESEM-EDX showed the homogeneous distribution and high dispersion of magnesium and CRL on MgO-Al2O3, while a nitrogen adsorption–desorption study confirmed MgO-Al2O3 as a mesoporous material. CRL/MgO-Al2O3 can be reused for up to 12 cycles and it demonstrated high tolerance in solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and tert-butanol) compared to free CRL.
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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40
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Tuning Immobilized Commercial Lipase Preparations Features by Simple Treatment with Metallic Phosphate Salts. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144486. [PMID: 35889359 PMCID: PMC9320038 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Four commercial immobilized lipases biocatalysts have been submitted to modifications with different metal (zinc, cobalt or copper) phosphates to check the effects of this modification on enzyme features. The lipase preparations were Lipozyme®TL (TLL-IM) (lipase from Thermomyces lanuginose), Lipozyme®435 (L435) (lipase B from Candida antarctica), Lipozyme®RM (RML-IM), and LipuraSelect (LS-IM) (both from lipase from Rhizomucor miehei). The modifications greatly altered enzyme specificity, increasing the activity versus some substrates (e.g., TLL-IM modified with zinc phosphate in hydrolysis of triacetin) while decreasing the activity versus other substrates (the same preparation in activity versus R- or S- methyl mandelate). Enantiospecificity was also drastically altered after these modifications, e.g., LS-IM increased the activity versus the R isomer while decreasing the activity versus the S isomer when treated with copper phosphate. Regarding the enzyme stability, it was significantly improved using octyl-agarose-lipases. Using all these commercial biocatalysts, no significant positive effects were found; in fact, a decrease in enzyme stability was usually detected. The results point towards the possibility of a battery of biocatalysts, including many different metal phosphates and immobilization protocols, being a good opportunity to tune enzyme features, increasing the possibilities of having biocatalysts that may be suitable for a specific process.
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41
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Sabi GJ, Gama RS, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Cancino-Bernardi J, Mendes AA. Decyl esters production from soybean-based oils catalyzed by lipase immobilized on differently functionalized rice husk silica and their characterization as potential biolubricants. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 157:110019. [PMID: 35219176 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed the enzymatic decyl esters production by hydroesterification, a two-step process consisting of hydrolysis of refined soybean (RSBO) or used soybean cooking (USCO) oils to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and further esterification of purified FFA. Using free lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL), about 98% hydrolyses for both oils have been observed after 180 min of reaction using a CRL loading of 50 U g-1 of reaction mixture, 40 °C, and a mechanical stirring of 1500 rpm. FFA esterification with decanol in solvent-free systems was performed using lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) immobilized by physical adsorption on silica particles extracted from rice husk, an agricultural waste. For such purpose, non-functionalized (SiO2) or functionalized rice husk silica bearing octyl (Octyl-SiO2) or phenyl (Phe-SiO2) groups have been used as immobilization supports. Protein amounts between 22 and 28 mg g-1 of support were observed. When used in the esterification, they enabled a FFA conversion of 81.3-87.6% after 90-300 min of reaction. Lipozyme TL IM, a commercial immobilized TLL, exhibited similar performance compared to TLL-Octyl-SiO2 (FFA conversion ≈90% after 90-120 min of reaction). However, high operational stability after fifteen successive esterification batches was observed only for TLL immobilized on Octyl-SiO2 (activity retention of ≈90% using both FFA sources). The produced decyl esters presented good characteristics as potential biolubricants according to standard methods (ASTM) and thermal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme J Sabi
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Gama
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juliana Cancino-Bernardi
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil; Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano A Mendes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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de Araujo-Silva R, Vieira AC, de Campos Giordano R, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Tardioli PW. Enzymatic Synthesis of Fatty Acid Isoamyl Monoesters from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate: A Renewable and Ecofriendly Base Stock for Lubricant Industries. Molecules 2022; 27:2692. [PMID: 35566043 PMCID: PMC9104904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD), a mixture of free fatty acids and acylglycerides, and isoamyl alcohol were evaluated as substrates in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl monoesters catalyzed by Eversa (a liquid formulation of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase). SODD and the products were characterized by the chemical and physical properties of lubricant base stocks. The optimal conditions to produce isoamyl fatty acid esters were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) using rotational central composite design (RCCD, 23 factorial + 6 axial points + 5 replications at the central point); they were 1 mol of fatty acids (based on the SODD saponifiable index) to 2.5 mol isoamyl alcohol, 45 °C, and 6 wt.% enzymes (enzyme mass/SODD mass). The effect of the water content of the reactional medium was also studied, with two conditions of molecular sieve ratio (molecular sieve mass/SODD mass) selected as 39 wt.% (almost anhydrous reaction medium) and 9 wt.%. Ester yields of around 50 wt.% and 70 wt.% were reached after 50 h reaction, respectively. The reaction products containing 43.7 wt.% and 55.2 wt.% FAIE exhibited viscosity indices of 175 and 163.8, pour points of -6 °C and -9 °C, flash points of 178 and 104 °C, and low oxidative stability, respectively. Their properties (mainly very high viscosity indices) make them suitable to be used as base stocks in lubricant formulation industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Araujo-Silva
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
| | - Ana Carolina Vieira
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
| | - Roberto de Campos Giordano
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paulo Waldir Tardioli
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Laboratory of Enzyme Technologies (LabEnz), Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEQ/UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.d.A.-S.); (A.C.V.); (R.d.C.G.)
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Continuous Production of DHA and EPA Ethyl Esters via Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification in an Ultrasonic Packed-Bed Bioreactor. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl esters of omega-3 fatty acids are active pharmaceutical ingredients used for the reduction in triglycerides in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Herein, an ultrasonic packed-bed bioreactor was developed for continuous production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl esters from DHA+EPA concentrate and ethyl acetate (EA) using an immobilized lipase, Novozym® 435, as a biocatalyst. A three-level–two-factor central composite design combined with a response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the packed-bed bioreactor with or without ultrasonication on the conversion of DHA + EPA ethyl ester. The highest conversion of 99% was achieved with ultrasonication at the condition of 1 mL min−1 flow rate and 100 mM DHA + EPA concentration. Our results also showed that the ultrasonic packed-bed bioreactor has a higher external mass transfer coefficient and a lower external substrate concentration on the surface of the immobilized enzyme. The effect of ultrasound was also demonstrated by a kinetic model in the batch reaction that the specificity constant (V′max/K2) in the ultrasonic bath was 8.9 times higher than that of the shaking bath, indicating the ultrasonication increased the affinity between enzymes and substrates and, therefore, increasing reaction rate. An experiment performed under the highest conversion conditions showed that the enzyme in the bioreactor remained stable at least for 5 days and maintained a 98% conversion.
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Zhou D, Zhao M, Wang J, Faiza M, Chen X, Cui J, Liu N, Li D. A novel and efficient method for punicic acid-enriched diacylglycerol preparation: Enzymatic ethanolysis of pomegranate seed oil catalyzed by Lipozyme 435. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Applicability of mesoporous silica type SBA-15 as feasible support for the immobilization of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase and Candida antarctica lipase B. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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46
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Solvent-Free Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Novel Potential 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-Based Molecules against Microbial Pathogens. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020342. [PMID: 35056655 PMCID: PMC8779762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles was synthesized by the reaction of methyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate (2) with selected derivatives of hydrazonoyl halide by grinding method at room temperature. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized derivatives were resolved from correct spectral and microanalytical data. Moreover, all synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities using Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. However, compounds 3 and 5 showed significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. The other prepared compounds exhibited either only antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria like compounds 4 and 6, or only antifungal activity like compound 7. A molecular docking study of the compounds was performed against two important microbial enzymes: tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and N-myristoyl transferase (Nmt). The tested compounds showed variety in binding poses and interactions. However, compound 3 showed the best interactions in terms of number of hydrogen bonds, and the lowest affinity binding energy (−8.4 and −9.1 kcal/mol, respectively). From the in vitro and in silico studies, compound 3 is a good candidate for the next steps of the drug development process as an antimicrobial drug.
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47
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Bin Z, Ting F, Yan Y, Feng L, Adesanya Idowu O, Hongbo S. Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate based on ionic liquid modification as a novel immobilized biocatalyst for phytosterol esterification. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00882c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel immobilized enzyme CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 with enhanced activities and stabilities was successfully prepared by a cross-linked lipase aggregate method for phytosterol esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zou Bin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Feng Ting
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liu Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Onyinye Adesanya Idowu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Suo Hongbo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
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48
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Ferreira Gonçalves GR, Ramos Gandolfi OR, Brito MJP, Bonomo RCF, da Costa Ilhéu Fontan R, Veloso CM. Immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase on activated carbon by adsorption and covalent bonding and its application in the synthesis of butyl butyrate. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Simplified Method to Optimize Enzymatic Esters Syntheses in Solvent-Free Systems: Validation Using Literature and Experimental Data. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoption of biocatalysis in solvent-free systems is an alternative to establish a greener esters production. An interesting correlation between the acid:alcohol molar ratio and biocatalyst (immobilized lipase) loading in the optimization of ester syntheses in solvent-free systems had been observed and explored. A simple mathematical tool named Substrate-Enzyme Relation (SER) has been developed, indicating a range of reaction conditions that resulted in high conversions. Here, SER utility has been validated using data from the literature and experimental assays, totalizing 39 different examples of solvent-free enzymatic esterifications. We found a good correlation between the SER trends and reaction conditions that promoted high conversions on the syntheses of short, mid, or long-chain esters. Moreover, the predictions obtained with SER are coherent with thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of enzymatic esterification in solvent-free systems. SER is an easy-to-handle tool to predict the reaction behavior, allowing obtaining optimum reaction conditions with a reduced number of experiments, including the adoption of reduced biocatalysts loadings.
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50
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de Sousa RR, Pinto MCC, Aguieiras ECG, Cipolatti EP, Manoel EA, da Silva AS, Pinto JC, Freire DMG, Ferreira-Leitão VS. Comparative performance and reusability studies of lipases on syntheses of octyl esters with an economic approach. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:131-145. [PMID: 34605995 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A suitable immobilized lipase for esters syntheses should be selected considering not only its cost. We evaluated five biocatalysts in syntheses of octyl caprylate, octyl caprate, and octyl laurate, in which conversions higher than 90% were achieved. Novozym® 435 and non-commercial preparations (including a dry fermented solid) were selected for short-term octyl laurate syntheses using different biocatalysts loadings. By increasing the biocatalyst's loading the lipase's reusability also raised, but without strict proportionality, which resulted in a convergence between the lowest biocatalyst loading and the lowest cost per batch. The use of a dry fermented solid was cost-effective, even using loadings as high as 20.0% wt/wt due to its low obtaining cost, although exhibiting low productiveness. The combination of biocatalyst's cost, esterification activity, stability, and reusability represents proper criteria for the choice. This kind of assessment may help to establish quantitative goals to improve or to develop new biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, National Institute of Technology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20081-312, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Martina Costa Cerqueira Pinto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Erika Cristina Gonçalves Aguieiras
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Campus, UFRJ - Duque de Caxias, Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Duque de Caxias, RJ, 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Eliane Pereira Cipolatti
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.,Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Evelin Andrade Manoel
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Ayla Sant'Ana da Silva
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, National Institute of Technology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20081-312, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Pinto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil
| | | | - Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, National Institute of Technology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20081-312, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.
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