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Lau K, Kotzur R, Richter F. Blood-brain barrier alterations and their impact on Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and therapy. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:37. [PMID: 39075566 PMCID: PMC11285262 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with rapidly rising prevalence. Altered tight junction and transporter protein levels, accumulation of α-synuclein and increase in inflammatory processes lead to extravasation of blood molecules and vessel degeneration. This could result in a self-perpetuating pathophysiology of inflammation and BBB alteration, which contribute to neurodegeneration. Toxin exposure or α-synuclein over-expression in animal models has been shown to initiate similar pathologies, providing a platform to study underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on BBB alterations in PD patients and how rodent models that replicate some of these changes can be used to study disease mechanisms. Specific challenges in assessing the BBB in patients and in healthy controls are discussed. Finally, a potential role of BBB alterations in disease pathogenesis and possible implications for therapy are explored. The interference of BBB alterations with current and novel therapeutic strategies requires more attention. Brain region-specific BBB alterations could also open up novel opportunities to target specifically vulnerable neuronal subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kotzur
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Yamaguchi H, Nishimura Y, Matsuse D, Sekiya H, Masaki K, Tanaka T, Saiga T, Harada M, Kira YI, Dickson DW, Fujishima K, Matsuo E, Tanaka KF, Yamasaki R, Isobe N, Kira JI. A rapidly progressive multiple system atrophy-cerebellar variant model presenting marked glial reactions with inflammation and spreading of α-synuclein oligomers and phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 121:122-141. [PMID: 38986725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a severe α-synucleinopathy facilitated by glial reactions; the cerebellar variant (MSA-C) preferentially involves olivopontocerebellar fibres with conspicuous demyelination. A lack of aggressive models that preferentially involve olivopontocerebellar tracts in adulthood has hindered our understanding of the mechanisms of demyelination and neuroaxonal loss, and thus the development of effective treatments for MSA. We therefore aimed to develop a rapidly progressive mouse model that recaptures MSA-C pathology. We crossed Plp1-tTA and tetO-SNCA*A53T mice to generate Plp1-tTA::tetO-SNCA*A53T bi-transgenic mice, in which human A53T α-synuclein-a mutant protein with enhanced aggregability-was specifically produced in the oligodendrocytes of adult mice using Tet-Off regulation. These bi-transgenic mice expressed mutant α-synuclein from 8 weeks of age, when doxycycline was removed from the diet. All bi-transgenic mice presented rapidly progressive motor deterioration, with wide-based ataxic gait around 22 weeks of age and death around 30 weeks of age. They also had prominent demyelination in the brainstem/cerebellum. Double immunostaining demonstrated that myelin basic protein was markedly decreased in areas in which SM132, an axonal marker, was relatively preserved. Demyelinating lesions exhibited marked ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1-, arginase-1-, and toll-like receptor 2-positive microglial reactivity and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytic reactivity. Microarray analysis revealed a strong inflammatory response and cytokine/chemokine production in bi-transgenic mice. Neuronal nuclei-positive neuronal loss and patchy microtubule-associated protein 2-positive dendritic loss became prominent at 30 weeks of age. However, a perceived decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in bi-transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice was not significant, even at 30 weeks of age. Wild-type, Plp1-tTA, and tetO-SNCA*A53T mice developed neither motor deficits nor demyelination. In bi-transgenic mice, double immunostaining revealed human α-synuclein accumulation in neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (Nogo-A)-positive oligodendrocytes beginning at 9 weeks of age; its expression was further increased at 10 to 12 weeks, and these increased levels were maintained at 12, 24, and 30 weeks. In an α-synuclein-proximity ligation assay, α-synuclein oligomers first appeared in brainstem oligodendrocytes as early as 9 weeks of age; they then spread to astrocytes, neuropil, and neurons at 12 and 16 weeks of age. α-Synuclein oligomers in the brainstem neuropil were most abundant at 16 weeks of age and decreased thereafter; however, those in Purkinje cells successively increased until 30 weeks of age. Double immunostaining revealed the presence of phosphorylated α-synuclein in Nogo-A-positive oligodendrocytes in the brainstem/cerebellum as early as 9 weeks of age. In quantitative assessments, phosphorylated α-synuclein gradually and successively accumulated at 12, 24, and 30 weeks in bi-transgenic mice. By contrast, no phosphorylated α-synuclein was detected in wild-type, tetO-SNCA*A53T, or Plp1-tTA mice at any age examined. Pronounced demyelination and tubulin polymerisation, promoting protein-positive oligodendrocytic loss, was closely associated with phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates at 24 and 30 weeks of age. Early inhibition of mutant α-synuclein expression by doxycycline diet at 23 weeks led to fully recovered demyelination; inhibition at 27 weeks led to persistent demyelination with glial reactions, despite resolving phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates. In conclusion, our bi-transgenic mice exhibited progressively increasing demyelination and neuroaxonal loss in the brainstem/cerebellum, with rapidly progressive motor deterioration in adulthood. These mice showed marked microglial and astrocytic reactions with inflammation that was closely associated with phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates. These features closely mimic human MSA-C pathology. Notably, our model is the first to suggest that α-synuclein oligomers may spread from oligodendrocytes to neurons in transgenic mice with human α-synuclein expression in oligodendrocytes. This model of MSA is therefore particularly useful for elucidating the in vivo mechanisms of α-synuclein spreading from glia to neurons, and for developing therapies that target glial reactions and/or α-synuclein oligomer spreading and aggregate formation in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Reiwa Health Sciences University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nishimura
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Dai Matsuse
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Sekiya
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Toru Saiga
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Masaya Harada
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuu-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | - Kei Fujishima
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Eriko Matsuo
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Translational Neuroscience Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Bolsewig K, van Unnik AAJM, Blujdea ER, Gonzalez MC, Ashton NJ, Aarsland D, Zetterberg H, Padovani A, Bonanni L, Mollenhauer B, Schade S, Vandenberghe R, Poesen K, Kramberger MG, Paquet C, Bousiges O, Cretin B, Willemse EAJ, Teunissen CE, Lemstra AW. Association of Plasma Amyloid, P-Tau, GFAP, and NfL With CSF, Clinical, and Cognitive Features in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies. Neurology 2024; 102:e209418. [PMID: 38830138 PMCID: PMC11244745 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Plasma β-amyloid-1-42/1-40 (Aβ42/40), phosphorylated-tau (P-tau), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NfL) have been widely examined in Alzheimer disease (AD), but little is known about their reflection of copathologies, clinical importance, and predictive value in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We aimed to evaluate associations of these biomarkers with CSF amyloid, cognition, and core features in DLB. METHODS This cross-sectional multicenter cohort study with prospective component included individuals with DLB, AD, and healthy controls (HCs), recruited from 2002 to 2020 with an annual follow-up of up to 5 years, from the European-Dementia With Lewy Bodies consortium. Plasma biomarkers were measured by single-molecule array (Neurology 4-Plex E kit). Amyloid status was determined by CSF Aβ42 concentrations, and cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Biomarker differences across groups, associations with amyloid status, and clinical core features were assessed by analysis of covariance. Associations with cognitive impairment and decline were assessed by linear regression and linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS In our cohort consisting of 562 individuals (HC n = 89, DLB n = 342, AD n = 131; 250 women [44.5%], mean [SD] age of 71 [8] years), sex distribution did not differ between groups. Patients with DLB were significantly older, and had less years of education and worse baseline cognition than HC, but not AD. DLB participants stratified for amyloid status differed significantly in plasma Aβ42/40 ratio (decreased in amyloid abnormal: β = -0.008, 95% CI -0.016 to -0.0003, p = 0.01) and P-tau (increased in amyloid abnormal, P-tau181: β = 0.246, 95% CI 0.011-0.481; P-tau231: β = 0.227, 95% CI 0.035-0.419, both p < 0.05), but not in GFAP (β = 0.068, 95% CI -0.018 to 0.153, p = 0.119), and NfL (β = 0.004, 95% CI -0.087 to 0.096, p = 0.923) concentrations. Higher baseline GFAP, NfL, and P-tau concentrations were associated with lower MMSE scores in DLB, and GFAP and NfL were associated with a faster cognitive decline (GFAP: annual change of -2.11 MMSE points, 95% CI -2.88 to -1.35 MMSE points, p < 0.001; NfL: annual change of -2.13 MMSE points, 95% CI -2.97 to -1.29 MMSE points, p < 0.001). DLB participants with parkinsonism had higher concentrations of NfL (β = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.14, p = 0.006) than those without. DISCUSSION Our study suggests a possible utility of plasma Aβ42/40, P-tau181, and P-tau231 as a noninvasive biomarkers to assess amyloid copathology in DLB, and plasma GFAP and NfL as monitoring biomarkers for cognitive symptoms in DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bolsewig
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annemartijn A J M van Unnik
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena R Blujdea
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria C Gonzalez
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dag Aarsland
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bonanni
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Schade
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Koen Poesen
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milica G Kramberger
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Paquet
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bousiges
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Cretin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eline A J Willemse
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Afina W Lemstra
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (K.B., E.R.B., E.A.J.W., C.E.T.) and Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (A.A.J.M.U., A.W.L.), Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Department of Quality and Health Technology (M.C.G.), University of Stavanger; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (M.C.G.) and the Centre for Age-Related Medicine (M.C.G., N.J.A., D.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (N.J.A., H.Z.), the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A., D.A.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Neurology Unit (A.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences (L.B.), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik (B.M., S.S.), Germany; Department of Neurosciences (R.V., K.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Medical Faculty (M.G.K.), University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Neurobiology (M.G.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Université de Paris Cité (C.P.), Centre de Neurologie Cognitive, Paris; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (O.B.), University Hospital of Strasbourg; University of Strasbourg and CNRS (O.B., B.C.); Memory Resource and Research Centre (B.C.), University Hospital of Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurology (E.A.J.W.), Multiple Sclerosis Center; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (E.A.J.W.); and Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research (E.A.J.W.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Hong J, Li Y, Chen L, Han D, Li Y, Mi X, Liu K, Wang Q, Song Y, Liu T, Yang N, Liu Y, Li Z, Guo X. A53T α-synuclein mutation increases susceptibility to postoperative delayed neurocognitive recovery via hippocampal Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116261. [PMID: 38705534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) is a common complication in geriatric surgical patients. The impact of anesthesia and surgery on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) or prion disease, has not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between a pre-existing A53T genetic background, which involves a PD-related point mutation, and the development of postoperative dNCR. We observed that partial hepatectomy induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits in 5-month-old A53T transgenic mice, a model of early-stage PD without cognitive deficits, unlike in age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. We respectively examined molecular changes at 6 h, 1 day, and 2 days after partial hepatectomy and observed that cognitive changes were accompanied by weakened angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor [Ang-(1-7)/MasR] axis, increased alpha-synuclein (α-syn) expression and phosphorylation, decreased methylated protein phosphatase-2A (Me-PP2A), and prompted microglia M1 polarization and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus at 1 day after surgery. Nevertheless, no changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity or plasma α-syn levels in either A53T or WT mice. Furthermore, intranasal administration of selective MasR agonist AVE 0991, reversed the mentioned cognitive deficits in A53T mice, enhanced MasR expression, reduced α-syn accumulation and phosphorylation, and attenuated microglia activation and apoptotic response. Our findings suggest that individuals with the A53T genetic background may be more susceptible to developing postoperative dNCR. This susceptibility could be linked to central α-syn accumulation mediated by the weakened Ang-(1-7)/MasR/methyl-PP2A signaling pathway in the hippocampus following surgery, independent of plasma α-syn level and BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dengyang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yitong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinning Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kaixi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhengqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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5
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Jiang Y, Lin Y, Tetlow AM, Pan R, Ji C, Kong XP, Congdon EE, Sigurdsson EM. Single-domain antibody-based protein degrader for synucleinopathies. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:44. [PMID: 38816762 PMCID: PMC11140919 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain, leading to motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Currently, there are no known cures for synucleinopathies, and treatments mainly focus on symptom management. In this study, we developed a single-domain antibody (sdAb)-based protein degrader with features designed to enhance proteasomal degradation of α-syn. This sdAb derivative targets both α-syn and Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate-receptor for the E3-ubiquitin ligase CRL4CRBN, and thereby induces α-syn ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Our results indicate that this therapeutic candidate enhances proteasomal degradation of α-syn, in addition to the endogenous lysosomal degradation machinery. By promoting proteasomal degradation of α-syn, we improved clearance of α-syn in primary culture and mouse models of synucleinopathy. These findings indicate that our sdAb-based protein degrader is a promising therapeutic candidate for synucleinopathies. Considering that only a small percentage of antibodies enter the brain, more potent sdAbs with greater brain entry than whole antibodies could enhance clinical benefits of antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Amber M Tetlow
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Changyi Ji
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Erin E Congdon
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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6
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Jiang Y, Lin Y, Tetlow AM, Pan R, Ji C, Kong XP, Congdon EE, Sigurdsson EM. Single-Domain Antibody-Based Protein Degrader for Synucleinopathies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.584473. [PMID: 38558982 PMCID: PMC10979981 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain, leading to motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Currently, there are no known cures for synucleinopathies, and treatments mainly focus on symptom management. In this study, we developed a single-domain antibody (sdAb)-based protein degrader with features designed to enhance proteasomal degradation of α-syn. This sdAb derivative targets both α-syn and Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate-receptor for the E3-ubiquitin ligase CRL4CRBN, and thereby induces α-syn ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Our results indicate that this therapeutic candidate enhances proteasomal degradation of α-syn, in addition to the endogenous lysosomal degradation machinery. By promoting proteasomal degradation of α-syn, we improved clearance of α-syn in primary culture and mouse models of synucleinopathy. These findings indicate that our sdAb-based protein degrader is a promising therapeutic candidate for synucleinopathies. Considering that only a small percentage of antibodies enter the brain, more potent sdAbs with greater brain entry than whole antibodies could enhance clinical benefits of antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Amber M Tetlow
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Changyi Ji
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Erin E Congdon
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30 Street, New York NY 10016, USA
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7
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Li S, Liu Y, Lu S, Xu J, Liu X, Yang D, Yang Y, Hou L, Li N. A crazy trio in Parkinson's disease: metabolism alteration, α-synuclein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04985-3. [PMID: 38625515 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein within these neurons. Oligomeric α-synuclein exerts neurotoxic effects through mitochondrial dysfunction, glial cell inflammatory response, lysosomal dysfunction and so on. α-synuclein aggregation, often accompanied by oxidative stress, is generally considered to be a key factor in PD pathology. At present, emerging evidences suggest that metabolism alteration is closely associated with α-synuclein aggregation and PD progression, and improvement of key molecules in metabolism might be potentially beneficial in PD treatment. In this review, we highlight the tripartite relationship among metabolic changes, α-synuclein aggregation, and oxidative stress in PD, and offer updated insights into the treatments of PD, aiming to deepen our understanding of PD pathogenesis and explore new therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanbing Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sen Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaokun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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8
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Ding J, Wu J, Hou X, Yang L, Gao Y, Zheng J, Jia N, He Z, Zhang H, Wang C, Qi X, Huang J, Pei X, Wang J. α-synuclein-lack expression rescues methamphetamine-induced mossy fiber degeneration in dorsal hippocampal CA3. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:36-45. [PMID: 38311184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) - induced cognitive impairments may be related to synaptic degeneration at mossy fiber terminals, critical for spatial memory formation in hippocampal circuits. We have previously found METH-induced neurodegeneration in the striatum by increasing the α-synuclein (α-SYN) level. However, whether and how the METH-induced mossy fiber degeneration is also blamed for the abnormal accumulation of α-SYN remains to be elucidated. Chronic METH exposure decreased mossy fiber density but upregulatedα-SYN and phosphorylated TAU (TAU-pSer396) in hippocampal CA3, associated with glial cell overactivation, axonal neuropathies, and memory impairment. Notably, the knockout of the α-SYN gene significantly alleviated the METH-induced mossy fiber degeneration and memory impairment. Meanwhile, the TAU-pSer396 accumulation and glial activation were ameliorated by α-SYN knockout. Our findings suggest an essential role of α-SYN in mediating METH-induced mossy fiber degeneration, providing promising therapeutic and prophylactic targets for METH-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Disease Diagnostic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yingdong Gao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Neonatal Screening Center, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Zheng He
- Neonatal Screening Center, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Chengfei Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianglin Pei
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang China.
| | - Jiawen Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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9
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Chavarría C, Ivagnes R, Zeida A, Piñeyro MD, Souza JM. Revisiting the role of 3-nitrotyrosine residues in the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers and fibrils. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109858. [PMID: 38104957 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitration of tyrosine residues in alpha-synuclein (a-syn) has been detected in different synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. The potential role of 3-nitrotyrosine formation in a-syn, as an oxidative post-translational modification, is still elusive. In this work, we generated well-characterized tyrosine nitrated a-syn monomers and studied their capability to form oligomers and fibrils. We constructed tyrosine to phenylalanine mutants, containing a single tyrosine residue, a-syn mutant Y(125/133/136)F and Y(39/125/133)F) and assessed the impact in a-syn biophysical properties. Nitrated wild-type a-syn and the Y-F mutants, with one 3-nitrotyrosine residue in either the protein's N-terminal or C-terminal region, showed inhibition of fibril formation but retained the capacity of oligomer formation. The inhibition of a-syn fibrillation occurs even when an important amount of unmodified a-syn is still present. We characterized oligomers from both nitrated and non-nitrated forms of the wild-type protein and the mutant forms obtained. Our results indicate that the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine in a-syn could induce an off-pathway oligomer formation which may have an important impact in the development of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Chavarría
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rodrigo Ivagnes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - María Dolores Piñeyro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero-Patógeno, Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - José M Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay.
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10
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Zhang N, Yan Z, Xin H, Shao S, Xue S, Cespuglio R, Wang S. Relationship among α‑synuclein, aging and inflammation in Parkinson's disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:23. [PMID: 38125364 PMCID: PMC10728906 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative pathology whose major clinical symptoms are movement disorders. The main pathological characteristics of PD are the selective death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein (α-Syn) within these neurons. PD is associated with numerous risk factors, including environmental factors, genetic mutations and aging. In many cases, the complex interplay of numerous risk factors leads to the onset of PD. The mutated α-Syn gene, which expresses pathologicalα-Syn protein, can cause PD. Another important feature of PD is neuroinflammation, which is conducive to neuronal death. α-Syn is able to interact with certain cell types in the brain, including through phagocytosis and degradation of α-Syn by glial cells, activation of inflammatory pathways by α-Syn in glial cells, transmission of α-Syn between glial cells and neurons, and interactions between peripheral immune cells and α-Syn. In addition to the aforementioned risk factors, PD may also be associated with aging, as the prevalence of PD increases with advancing age. The aging process impairs the cellular clearance mechanism, which leads to chronic inflammation and the accumulation of intracellular α-Syn, which results in DA neuronal death. In the present review, the age-associated α-Syn pathogenicity and the interactions between α-Syn and certain types of cells within the brain are discussed to facilitate understanding of the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis, which may potentially provide insight for the future clinical treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianping Zhang
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoli Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xin
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Jingmen People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Song Xue
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CNRL), Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, 69500 Lyon, France
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
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11
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He KJ, Zhang JB, Liu JY, Zhao FL, Yao XY, Tang YT, Zhang JR, Cheng XY, Hu LF, Wang F, Liu CF. LRRK2 G2019S promotes astrocytic inflammation induced by oligomeric α-synuclein through NF-κB pathway. iScience 2023; 26:108130. [PMID: 37876795 PMCID: PMC10590863 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the irreversible loss of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies. The oligomeric α-synuclein (O-αS) is the most toxic form of α-synuclein species, and it has been reported to be a robust inflammatory mediator. Mutations in Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) are also genetically linked to PD and neuroinflammation. However, how O-αS and LRRK2 interact in glial cells remains unclear. Here, we reported that LRRK2 G2019S mutation, which is one of the most frequent causes of familial PD, enhanced the effects of O-αS on astrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity could relieve the inflammatory effects of both LRRK2 G2019S and O-αS. We also demonstrated that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway might be involved in the neuroinflammatory responses. These findings revealed that inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity may be a viable strategy for suppressing neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jie He
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affilicated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Feng-Lun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jin-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830063, China
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12
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Litwiniuk A, Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM, Urbańska K. The role of glial autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4528-4539. [PMID: 37679471 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Although Alzheimer's disease is the most pervasive neurodegenerative disorder, the mechanism underlying its development is still not precisely understood. Available data indicate that pathophysiology of this disease may involve impaired autophagy in glial cells. The dysfunction is manifested as reduced ability of astrocytes and microglia to clear abnormal protein aggregates. Consequently, excessive accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles activates microglia and astrocytes leading to decreased number of mature myelinated oligodendrocytes and death of neurons. These pathologic effects of autophagy dysfunction can be rescued by pharmacological activation of autophagy. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy dysfunction in glial cells in Alzheimer's disease may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. However, such strategies need to take into consideration differences in regulation of autophagy in different types of neuroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Litwiniuk
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Roman Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Adrian Mateusz Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Mazovia, Poland.
| | - Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland.
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13
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Raj A, Banerjee R, Santhoshkumar R, Sagar C, Datta I. Presence of Extracellular Alpha-Synuclein Aggregates Trigger Astrocytic Degeneration Through Enhanced Membrane Rigidity and Deregulation of Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) into the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5309-5329. [PMID: 37289385 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein has a critical role in Parkinson's disease, but the mechanism of how extracellular α-synuclein aggregates lead to astrocytic degeneration remains unknown. Our recent study in astrocytes highlighted that α-synuclein aggregates undergo lower endocytosis than the monomeric-form, even while displaying a higher impact on glutathione-machinery and glutamate-metabolism under sublethal conditions. As optimal intracellular calcium levels are essential for these functions, we aimed to study the effect of extracellular α-synuclein aggregates on ER calcium entry. We assessed the association of extracellular aggregated-α-synuclein (WT and A30P/A53T double-mutant) with the astrocytic membrane (lipid rafts) and studied its effects on membrane fluidity, ER stress, and ER calcium refilling in three systems-purified rat primary midbrain astrocyte culture, human iPSC-derived astrocytes, and U87 cells. The corresponding timeline effect on mitochondrial membrane potential was also evaluated. Post-24 h exposure to extracellular WT and mutant α-synuclein aggregates, fluorescence-based studies showed a significant increase in astrocyte membrane rigidity over control, with membrane association being significantly higher for the double mutant aggregates. α-Synuclein aggregates also showed preferentially higher association with lipid rafts of astrocytic membrane. A simultaneous increase in ER stress markers (phosphorylated PERK and CHOP) with significantly higher SOCE was also observed in aggregate-treated astrocytes, with higher levels for double mutant variant. These observations correlate with increased expression of SOCE markers, especially Orai3, on plasma membrane. Alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential were only noted post-48 h of exposure to α-synuclein aggregates. We therefore suggest that in astrocytes, α-synuclein-aggregates preferentially associate with lipid rafts of membrane, altering membrane fluidity and consequently inducing ER stress mediated by interaction with membrane SOCE proteins, resulting in higher Ca2+ entry. A distinct cascade of events of sequential impairment of ER followed by mitochondrial alteration is observed. The study provides novel evidence elucidating relationships between extracellular α-synuclein aggregates and organellar stress in astrocytes and indicates the therapeutic potential in targeting the association of α-synuclein aggregates with astrocytic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Raj
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Roon Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Santhoshkumar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Sagar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
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14
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Wang Y, Xia Y, Kou L, Yin S, Chi X, Li J, Sun Y, Wu J, Zhou Q, Zou W, Jin Z, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. Astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming and crosstalk in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106224. [PMID: 37433411 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently the fastest growing disabling neurological disorder worldwide, with motor and non-motor symptoms being its main clinical manifestations. The primary pathological features include a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and decrease in dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway. Existing treatments only alleviate clinical symptoms and do not stop disease progression; slowing down the loss of dopaminergic neurons and stimulating their regeneration are emerging therapies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that transplantation of dopamine cells generated from human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells can restore the loss of dopamine. However, the application of cell transplantation is limited owing to ethical controversies and the restricted source of cells. Until recently, the reprogramming of astrocytes to replenish lost dopaminergic neurons has provided a promising alternative therapy for PD. In addition, repair of mitochondrial perturbations, clearance of damaged mitochondria in astrocytes, and control of astrocyte inflammation may be extensively neuroprotective and beneficial against chronic neuroinflammation in PD. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on the progress and remaining issues in astrocyte reprogramming using transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs, as well as exploring possible new targets for treating PD by repairing astrocytic mitochondria and reducing astrocytic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaosa Chi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiulu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenkai Zou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zongjie Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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15
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Implications of fractalkine on glial function, ablation and glial proteins/receptors/markers—understanding its therapeutic usefulness in neurological settings: a narrative review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine predominantly released by neurons. As a signaling molecule, CX3CL1 facilitates talk between neurons and glia. CX3CL1 is considered as a potential target which could alleviate neuroinflammation. However, certain controversial results and ambiguous role of CX3CL1 make it inexorable to decipher the overall effects of CX3CL1 on the physiopathology of glial cells.
Main body of the abstract
Implications of cross-talk between CX3CL1 and different glial proteins/receptors/markers will give a bird eye view of the therapeutic significance of CX3CL1. Keeping with the need, this review identifies the effects of CX3CL1 on glial physiopathology, glial ablation, and gives a wide coverage on the effects of CX3CL1 on certain glial proteins/receptors/markers.
Short conclusion
Pinpoint prediction of the therapeutic effect of CX3CL1 on neuroinflammation needs further research. This is owing to certain obscure roles and implications of CX3CL1 on different glial proteins/receptors/markers, which are crucial under neurological settings. Further challenges are imposed due to the dichotomous roles played by CX3CL1. The age-old chemokine shows many newer scopes of research in near future. Thus, overall assessment of the effect of CX3CL1 becomes crucial prior to its administration in neuroinflammation.
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16
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Pathogenesis of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From a Neuron-Glia Crosstalk Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314753. [PMID: 36499080 PMCID: PMC9739123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. Glia are more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect of neuronal development and function; glial dysregulation has been implicated in a series of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Importantly, amounting evidence has added glial activation and neuroinflammation as new features of PD onset and progression. Thus, gaining a better understanding of glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge of PD pathologies. This review addresses the current understanding of α-syn pathogenesis in PD, with a focus on neuron-glia crosstalk. Particularly, the transmission of α-syn between neurons and glia, α-syn-induced glial activation, and feedbacks of glial activation on DA neuron degeneration are thoroughly discussed. In addition, α-syn aggregation, iron deposition, and glial activation in regulating DA neuron ferroptosis in PD are covered. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical and clinical therapies, especially targeting glia, in PD treatments.
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17
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Altay MF, Liu AKL, Holton JL, Parkkinen L, Lashuel HA. Prominent astrocytic alpha-synuclein pathology with unique post-translational modification signatures unveiled across Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:163. [PMID: 36371251 PMCID: PMC9652889 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a pre-synaptic monomeric protein that can form aggregates in neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD), Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and in oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although aSyn in astrocytes has previously been described in PD, PDD and DLB, the biochemical properties and topographical distribution of astrocytic aSyn have not been studied in detail. Here, we present a systematic investigation of aSyn astrocytic pathology using an expanded antibody toolset covering the entire sequence and key post-translational modifications (PTMs) of aSyn in Lewy body disorders (LBDs) and in MSA. Astrocytic aSyn was detected in the limbic cortical regions of LBDs but were absent in main pathological regions of MSA. The astrocytic aSyn was revealed only with antibodies against the mid N-terminal and non-amyloid component (NAC) regions covering aSyn residues 34–99. The astroglial accumulations were negative to canonical aSyn aggregation markers, including p62, ubiquitin and aSyn pS129, but positive for phosphorylated and nitrated forms of aSyn at Tyrosine 39 (Y39), and not resistant to proteinase K. Our findings suggest that astrocytic aSyn accumulations represent a major part of aSyn pathology in LBDs and possess a distinct sequence and PTM signature that is characterized by both N- and C-terminal truncations and modifications at Y39. This is the first description that aSyn accumulations are made solely from N- and C-terminally cleaved aSyn species and the first report demonstrating that astrocytic aSyn is a mixture of Y39 phosphorylated and nitrated species. These observations underscore the importance of systematic characterization of aSyn accumulations in different cell types to capture the aSyn pathological diversity in the brain. Our findings combined with further studies on the role of astrocytic pathology in the progression of LBDs can pave the way towards identifying novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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18
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Bigi A, Cascella R, Chiti F, Cecchi C. Amyloid fibrils act as a reservoir of soluble oligomers, the main culprits in protein deposition diseases. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200086. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bigi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Section of Biochemistry University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Roberta Cascella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Section of Biochemistry University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Section of Biochemistry University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Section of Biochemistry University of Florence Florence Italy
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19
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Chen X, Chen M, Wolynes PG. Exploring the Interplay between Disordered and Ordered Oligomer Channels on the Aggregation Energy Landscapes of α-Synuclein. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5250-5261. [PMID: 35815598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal aggregation of α-synulcein is associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The hydrophobic non-amyloid component (NAC) region of α-synuclein comprises the core of the fibril in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we study the aggregation landscape of the hydrophobic NAC region of α-synuclein using a transferrable coarse-grained force field, the associative memory water-mediated structure, and energy model (AWSEM). Using structural similarity, we can group metastable states on the free energy landscape of aggregation into three types of oligomers: disordered oligomers, prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips, and ordered prefibrillar oligomers. The prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips have more in-register parallel β strands than do the fully disordered oligomers but have fewer in-register parallel β strands than the ordered prefibrillar oligomers. Along with the ordered prefibrillar species, the disordered oligomeric states dominate at small oligomer sizes while the prefibrillar species with disordered tips thermodynamically dominate with the growth of oligomers. The topology of the aggregation landscape and observations in simulations suggest there is backtracking between ordered prefibrillar oligomers and other kinds of oligomers as the aggregation proceeds. The significant structural differences between the ordered prefibrillar oligomers and the disordered oligomers support the idea that the growth of these two kinds of oligomers involves kinetically independent parallel pathways. In contrast, the overall structural similarity between the fully ordered prefibrillar oligomers and the prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips implies that two channels can interconvert on slower time scales. We also evaluate the effects of phosphorylation on the aggregation free energy landscape using statistical mechanical perturbation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mingchen Chen
- Department of Research and Development, neoX Biotech, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peter G Wolynes
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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20
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Bluhm A, Schrempel S, Schilling S, von Hörsten S, Schulze A, Roßner S, Hartlage-Rübsamen M. Immunohistochemical Demonstration of the pGlu79 α-Synuclein Fragment in Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Tg2576 Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12071006. [PMID: 35883562 PMCID: PMC9312983 DOI: 10.3390/biom12071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of β-amyloid peptides and of α-synuclein proteins is a neuropathological hallmark in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) subjects, respectively. However, there is accumulative evidence that both proteins are not exclusive for their clinical entity but instead co-exist and interact with each other. Here, we investigated the presence of a newly identified, pyroglutamate79-modified α-synuclein variant (pGlu79-aSyn)—along with the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and glutaminyl cyclase (QC) implicated in its formation—in AD and in the transgenic Tg2576 AD mouse model. In the human brain, pGlu79-aSyn was detected in cortical pyramidal neurons, with more distinct labeling in AD compared to control brain tissue. Using immunohistochemical double and triple labelings and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we demonstrate an association of pGlu79-aSyn, MMP-3 and QC with β-amyloid plaques. In addition, pGlu79-aSyn and QC were present in amyloid plaque-associated reactive astrocytes that were also immunoreactive for the chaperone heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). Our data are consistent for the transgenic mouse model and the human clinical condition. We conclude that pGlu79-aSyn can be generated extracellularly or within reactive astrocytes, accumulates in proximity to β-amyloid plaques and induces an astrocytic protein unfolding mechanism involving HSP27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bluhm
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.B.); (Sa.S.); (M.H.-R.)
| | - Sarah Schrempel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.B.); (Sa.S.); (M.H.-R.)
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, University Clinics Erlangen and Preclinical Experimental Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Anja Schulze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.B.); (Sa.S.); (M.H.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9725758
| | - Maike Hartlage-Rübsamen
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.B.); (Sa.S.); (M.H.-R.)
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21
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Chavarría C, Ivagnes R, Souza JM. Extracellular Alpha-Synuclein: Mechanisms for Glial Cell Internalization and Activation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050655. [PMID: 35625583 PMCID: PMC9138387 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small protein composed of 140 amino acids and belongs to the group of intrinsically disordered proteins. It is a soluble protein that is highly expressed in neurons and expressed at low levels in glial cells. The monomeric protein aggregation process induces the formation of oligomeric intermediates and proceeds towards fibrillar species. These α-syn conformational species have been detected in the extracellular space and mediate consequences on surrounding neurons and glial cells. In particular, higher-ordered α-syn aggregates are involved in microglial and oligodendrocyte activation, as well as in the induction of astrogliosis. These phenomena lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation, and the induction of an inflammatory response, associated with neuronal cell death. Several receptors participate in cell activation and/or in the uptake of α-syn, which can vary depending on the α-syn aggregated state and cell types. The receptors involved in this process are of outstanding relevance because they may constitute potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD and related synucleinopathies. This review article focuses on the mechanism associated with extracellular α-syn uptake in glial cells and the consequent glial cell activation that contributes to the neuronal death associated with synucleinopathies.
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22
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Standaert DG, Childers GM. Alpha-synuclein-mediated DNA damage, STING activation, and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204058119. [PMID: 35446614 PMCID: PMC9170025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204058119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Standaert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35252
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23
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Vicente-Acosta A, Giménez-Cassina A, Díaz-Nido J, Loria F. The smoothened agonist SAG reduces mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity of frataxin-deficient astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:93. [PMID: 35413853 PMCID: PMC9006607 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich's ataxia is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease caused by decreased levels of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Similar to other neurodegenerative pathologies, previous studies suggested that astrocytes might contribute to the progression of the disease. To fully understand the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in Friedreich's ataxia, we investigated the reactivity status and functioning of cultured human astrocytes after frataxin depletion using an RNA interference-based approach and tested the effect of pharmacologically modulating the SHH pathway as a novel neuroprotective strategy. RESULTS We observed loss of cell viability, mitochondrial alterations, increased autophagy and lipid accumulation in cultured astrocytes upon frataxin depletion. Besides, frataxin-deficient cells show higher expression of several A1-reactivity markers and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, most of these defects were prevented by chronically treating the cells with the smoothened agonist SAG. Furthermore, in vitro culture of neurons with conditioned medium from frataxin-deficient astrocytes results in a reduction of neuronal survival, neurite length and synapse formation. However, when frataxin-deficient astrocytes were chronically treated with SAG, we did not observe these alterations in neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the pharmacological activation of the SHH pathway could be used as a target to modulate astrocyte reactivity and neuron-glia interactions to prevent neurodegeneration in Friedreich's ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Vicente-Acosta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Segovia de Arana, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Joaquín Rodrigo 1, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
- Program in Molecular Biosciences, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Giménez-Cassina
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Nido
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Segovia de Arana, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Joaquín Rodrigo 1, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frida Loria
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Budapest 1, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
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Marino M, Holt MG. AAV Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery (A-MAD) in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870799. [PMID: 35493843 PMCID: PMC9039256 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutics, largely due to their exquisite targeting specificity. Several clinical areas, most notably oncology and autoimmune disorders, have seen the successful introduction of monoclonal-based therapeutics. However, their adoption for treatment of Central Nervous System diseases has been comparatively slow, largely due to issues of efficient delivery resulting from limited permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier. Nevertheless, CNS diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent as societies age, accounting for ~6.5 million fatalities worldwide per year. Therefore, harnessing the full therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives) in this clinical area has become a priority. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAVs) are a potential solution to this problem. Preclinical studies have shown that AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery provides protection against a broad range of peripheral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and malaria. The parallel identification and optimization of AAV vector platforms which cross the Blood Brain Barrier with high efficiency, widely transducing the Central Nervous System and allowing high levels of local transgene production, has now opened a number of interesting scenarios for the development of AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery strategies to target Central Nervous System proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Synapse Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Matthew G. Holt
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25
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Smethurst P, Franklin H, Clarke BE, Sidle K, Patani R. The role of astrocytes in prion-like mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Brain 2022; 145:17-26. [PMID: 35265969 PMCID: PMC8967097 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neurodegenerative diseases are not merely neuronal in nature but comprise multicellular involvement, with astrocytes emerging as key players. The pathomechanisms of several neurodegenerative diseases involve the deposition of misfolded protein aggregates in neurons that have characteristic prion-like behaviours such as template-directed seeding, intercellular propagation, distinct conformational strains and protein-mediated toxicity. The role of astrocytes in dealing with these pathological prion-like protein aggregates and whether their responses either protect from or conspire with the disease process is currently unclear. Here we review the existing literature implicating astrocytes in multiple neurodegenerative proteinopathies with a focus on prion-like behaviour in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Smethurst
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Hannah Franklin
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Benjamin E Clarke
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Katie Sidle
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Katie Sidle E-mail:
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Correspondence to: Rickie Patani The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK E-mail:
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26
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Bouvier DS, Fixemer S, Heurtaux T, Jeannelle F, Frauenknecht KBM, Mittelbronn M. The Multifaceted Neurotoxicity of Astrocytes in Ageing and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Translational Perspective. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814889. [PMID: 35370777 PMCID: PMC8969602 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a healthy physiological context, astrocytes are multitasking cells contributing to central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, defense, and immunity. In cell culture or rodent models of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), numerous studies have shown that astrocytes can adopt neurotoxic phenotypes that could enhance disease progression. Chronic inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, unbalanced phagocytosis, or alteration of their core physiological roles are the main manifestations of their detrimental states. However, if astrocytes are directly involved in brain deterioration by exerting neurotoxic functions in patients with NDDs is still controversial. The large spectrum of NDDs, with often overlapping pathologies, and the technical challenges associated with the study of human brain samples complexify the analysis of astrocyte involvement in specific neurodegenerative cascades. With this review, we aim to provide a translational overview about the multi-facets of astrocyte neurotoxicity ranging from in vitro findings over mouse and human cell-based studies to rodent NDDs research and finally evidence from patient-related research. We also discuss the role of ageing in astrocytes encompassing changes in physiology and response to pathologic stimuli and how this may prime detrimental responses in NDDs. To conclude, we discuss how potentially therapeutic strategies could be adopted to alleviate or reverse astrocytic toxicity and their potential to impact neurodegeneration and dementia progression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Bouvier
- National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg (UL), Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: David S. Bouvier,
| | - Sonja Fixemer
- Luxembourg Center of Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg (UL), Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Systems Biology Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Félicia Jeannelle
- National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Katrin B. M. Frauenknecht
- National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg (UL), Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Department of Cancer Research (DOCR), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology, and Medicine (FSTM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Michel Mittelbronn,
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Extracellular alpha-synuclein: Sensors, receptors, and responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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28
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Cui J, Yuan Y, Wang J, Song N, Xie J. Desferrioxamine Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lipocalin-2 Upregulation via Autophagy Activation in Primary Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2052-2067. [PMID: 35040039 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an important regulator of both neuroinflammation and iron homeostasis. Upregulated LCN2 was observed in reactive astrocytes in the Parkinson's disease (PD) models. In the present study, we reported iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) abolished lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced LCN2 upregulation in primary astrocytes, although iron overload had no effects. The suppressive effects of DFO were consistent with autophagy inducer rapamycin or carfilzomib, blocked by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine rather than chloroquine or bafilomycin A1, meanwhile, while were not dependent on proteasome system and NF-κB pathway. DFO was not able to ameliorate LCN2 upregulation in α-synuclein-treated astrocytes, because DFO failed to induce autophagy in these cells. We further demonstrated that DFO could not enhance autophagy lysosomal degradation, however promoted secretory autophagy in primary astrocytes with LPS insults. These data suggest that DFO could serve as an autophagy activator, capable of ameliorating the upregulation of LCN2 in astrocytes by acting on the formation of autophagosomes and secretory autophagy. This provides better understandings of DFO-mediated neuroprotection against neuroinflammation and provides new insights that autophagy activation could be beneficial approaches in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Cui
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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29
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Raj A, Kaushal A, Datta I. Impact of monomeric and aggregated wild-type and A30P/A53T double-mutant α-synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile of cultured astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:681-706. [PMID: 34904280 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serving as a source of glutathione and up-taking and metabolizing glutamate are the primary supportive role of astrocytes for the adjacent neurons. Despite the clear physical association between astrocytes and α-synuclein, the effect of extracellular α-synuclein on these astrocytic functions has not yet been elucidated. Hence, we aim to assess the effect of various forms of α-synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolism. Wild-type and A53T/A30P double-mutant α-synuclein, both in monomeric and aggregated forms, were added extracellularly to media of midbrain rat astrocyte culture, with their survival, oxidative, and nitrative stress, glutathione and glutamate content, expression of enzymes associated with oxidative stress and glutamate metabolism, glutamate and glutathione transporters being assessed along with the association/engulfment of these peptides by astrocytes. A30P/A53T peptide associated more with astrocytes, and low-extracellular K+ concentration showed prominent reduction in the engulfment of the monomeric forms, suggesting that the association of the aggregated forms was greater with the membrane. The peptide-associated astrocytes showed lower survival and increased oxidative stress generation, owing to the decrease in nuclear localization of Nrf2 and increase in iNOS, and further aggravated by the decrease in glutathione content and related enzymes like glutathione synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Glutamate uptake increased in aggregate-treated cells due to the increase in GLAST1 expression, de novo synthesis of glutamate by pyruvate carboxylase, and/or glutamine synthase, bolstered by the differential glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. We thus show for the first time that extracellular α-synuclein exposure leads to astrocytic dysfunction with respect to the antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile. The impact was higher in the case of the aggregated and mutated peptide, with the highest dysfunction for the mutant aggregated α-synuclein treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Raj
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Alka Kaushal
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Institute of National Importance, Bengaluru, India
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30
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Lan G, Wang P, Chan RB, Liu Z, Yu Z, Liu X, Yang Y, Zhang J. Astrocytic VEGFA: An essential mediator in blood-brain-barrier disruption in Parkinson's disease. Glia 2021; 70:337-353. [PMID: 34713920 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is essential for normal brain functions, synaptic remodeling, and angiogenesis. BBB disruption is a common pathology during Parkinson's disease (PD), and has been hypothesized to contribute to the progression of PD. However, the molecular mechanism of BBB disruption in PD needs further investigation. Here, A53T PD mouse and a 3-cell type in vitro BBB model were used to study the roles of α-synuclein (α-syn) in BBB disruption with the key results confirmed in the brains of PD patients obtained at autopsy. The A53T PD mouse studies showed that the expression of tight junction-related proteins decreased, along with increased vascular permeability and accumulation of oligomeric α-syn in activated astrocytes in the brain. The in vitro BBB model studies demonstrated that treatment with oligomeric α-syn, but not monomeric or fibrillar α-syn, resulted in significant disruption of BBB integrity. This process involved the expression and release of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and nitric oxide (NO) from oligomeric α-syn treated astrocytes. Increased levels of VEGFA and iNOS were also observed in the brain of PD patients. Blocking the VEGFA signaling pathway in the in vitro BBB model effectively protected the barrier against the harmful effects of oligomeric α-syn. Finally, the protective effects on BBB integrity associated with inhibition of VEGFA signaling pathway was also confirmed in PD mice. Taken together, our study concluded that oligomeric α-syn is critically involved in PD-associated BBB disruption, in a process that is mediated by astrocyte-derived VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Lan
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Yu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mechanistic Insight from Preclinical Models of Parkinson's Disease Could Help Redirect Clinical Trial Efforts in GDNF Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111702. [PMID: 34769132 PMCID: PMC8583859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by four pathognomonic hallmarks: (1) motor and non-motor deficits; (2) neuroinflammation and oxidative stress; (3) pathological aggregates of the α-synuclein (α-syn) protein; (4) neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal system. Recent evidence sustains that the aggregation of pathological α-syn occurs in the early stages of the disease, becoming the first trigger of neuroinflammation and subsequent neurodegeneration. Thus, a therapeutic line aims at striking back α-synucleinopathy and neuroinflammation to impede neurodegeneration. Another therapeutic line is restoring the compromised dopaminergic system using neurotrophic factors, particularly the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Preclinical studies with GDNF have provided encouraging results but often lack evaluation of anti-α-syn and anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, clinical trials have yielded imprecise results and have reported the emergence of severe side effects. Here, we analyze the discrepancy between preclinical and clinical outcomes, review the mechanisms of the aggregation of pathological α-syn, including neuroinflammation, and evaluate the neurorestorative properties of GDNF, emphasizing its anti-α-syn and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical and clinical trials.
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32
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Wang C, Yang T, Liang M, Xie J, Song N. Astrocyte dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: from the perspectives of transmitted α-synuclein and genetic modulation. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:39. [PMID: 34657636 PMCID: PMC8522040 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly. While the etiology of PD is likely multifactorial with the involvement of genetic, environmental, aging and other factors, α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology is a pivotal mechanism underlying the development of PD. In recent years, astrocytes have attracted considerable attention in the field. Although astrocytes perform a variety of physiological functions in the brain, they are pivotal mediators of α-syn toxicity since they internalize α-syn released from damaged neurons, and this triggers an inflammatory response, protein degradation dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Astrocytes are indispensable coordinators in the background of several genetic mutations, including PARK7, GBA1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, PINK1, PRKN and PLA2G6. As the most abundant glial cells in the brain, functional astrocytes can be replenished and even converted to functional neurons. In this review, we discuss astrocyte dysfunction in PD with an emphasis on α-syn toxicity and genetic modulation and conclude that astrocyte replenishment is a valuable therapeutic approach in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tongtong Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Meiyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Wang P, Ye Y. Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Perspective from Tauopathy and α-Synucleinopathy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090938. [PMID: 34575087 PMCID: PMC8471224 DOI: 10.3390/life11090938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are aging-associated chronic pathological conditions affecting primarily neurons in humans. Inclusion bodies containing misfolded proteins have emerged as a common pathologic feature for these diseases. In many cases, misfolded proteins produced by a neuron can be transmitted to another neuron or a non-neuronal cell, leading to the propagation of disease-associated pathology. While undergoing intercellular transmission, misfolded proteins released from donor cells can often change the physiological state of recipient cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes are highly sensitive to neuron-originated proteotoxic insults, which convert them into an active inflammatory state. Conversely, activated astrocytes can release a plethora of factors to impact neuronal functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of the complex molecular interplays between astrocyte and neuron, emphasizing on Tau and α-synuclein (α-syn), the disease-driving proteins for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yihong Ye
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-594-0845; Fax: +1-301-496-0201
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34
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Hanslik KL, Marino KM, Ulland TK. Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:718324. [PMID: 34531726 PMCID: PMC8439422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.718324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are normally associated with support roles including contributions to energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and ion homeostasis. In addition to providing support for neurons, microglia and astrocytes function as the resident immune cells in the brain. The glial function is impacted by multiple aspects including aging and local CNS changes caused by neurodegeneration. During aging, microglia and astrocytes display alterations in their homeostatic functions. For example, aged microglia and astrocytes exhibit impairments in the lysosome and mitochondrial function as well as in their regulation of synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggests that glia can also alter the pathology associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Shifts in the microbiome can impact glial function as well. Disruptions in the microbiome can lead to aberrant microglial and astrocytic reactivity, which can contribute to an exacerbation of disease and neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the normal physiological functions of microglia and astrocytes, summarize novel findings highlighting the role of glia in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Hanslik
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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35
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Huntington TE, Srinivasan R. Adeno-Associated Virus Expression of α-Synuclein as a Tool to Model Parkinson's Disease: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1120-1137. [PMID: 34221553 PMCID: PMC8219504 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population and is characterized by a constellation of motor and non-motor symptoms. The abnormal aggregation and spread of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is thought to underlie the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), leading to the development of PD. It is in this context that the use of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to express a-syn in the rodent midbrain has become a popular tool to model SNc DA neuron loss during PD. In this review, we summarize results from two decades of experiments using AAV-mediated a-syn expression in rodents to model PD. Specifically, we outline aspects of AAV vectors that are particularly relevant to modeling a-syn dysfunction in rodent models of PD such as changes in striatal neurochemistry, a-syn biochemistry, and PD-related behaviors resulting from AAV-mediated a-syn expression in the midbrain. Finally, we discuss the emerging role of astrocytes in propagating a-syn pathology, and point to future directions for employing AAVs as a tool to better understand how astrocytes contribute to a-syn pathology during the development of PD. We envision that lessons learned from two decades of utilizing AAVs to express a-syn in the rodent brain will enable us to develop an optimized set of parameters for gaining a better understanding of how a-syn leads to the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Huntington
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Alpha-Synuclein as a Prominent Actor in the Inflammatory Synaptopathy of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126517. [PMID: 34204581 PMCID: PMC8234932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered the most common disorder of synucleinopathy, which is characterised by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) protein in various brain regions, and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. During the early prodromal phase of PD, synaptic alterations happen before cell death, which is linked to the synaptic accumulation of toxic α-syn specifically in the presynaptic terminals, affecting neurotransmitter release. The oligomers and protofibrils of α-syn are the most toxic species, and their overexpression impairs the distribution and activation of synaptic proteins, such as the SNARE complex, preventing neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal synaptic communication. In the last few years, the role of the immune system in PD has been increasingly considered. Microglial and astrocyte activation, the gene expression of proinflammatory factors, and the infiltration of immune cells from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) represent the main features of the inflammatory response. One of the actors of these processes is α-syn accumulation. In light of this, here, we provide a systematic review of PD-related α-syn and inflammation inter-players.
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Inhibition of α-Synuclein Accumulation Improves Neuronal Apoptosis and Delayed Postoperative Cognitive Recovery in Aged Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5572899. [PMID: 34194605 PMCID: PMC8181110 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5572899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) is a major complication after anesthesia and surgery in older adults. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn; encoded by the gene, SNCA) has recently been shown to play an important role in hippocampus-dependent working memory. Aggregated forms of α-syn are associated with multiple neurotoxic mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In this study, we found that blocking α-syn improved both mitochondrial function and mitochondria-dependent neuronal apoptosis in a mouse model of dNCR. Various forms of α-syn (including total α-syn, phosphorylated-Ser129-α-syn, and oligomers) were upregulated in hippocampal tissue and extracted mitochondria after surgical challenge. Clenbuterol is a novel transcription modulator of Scna. Clenbuterol significantly attenuated surgery-induced progressive accumulation of various toxic α-syn forms in the hippocampus, as well as mitochondrial damage and memory deficits in aged mice following surgery. We also observed excessive mitochondrial α-syn accumulation and increased mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in vitro using nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons exposed to lipopolysaccharide. To further validate the neuroprotective effect of α-syn inhibition, we used a lentiviral Snca-shRNA (Lv-shSnca) to knockdown Snca. Of note, Lv-shSnca transfection significantly inhibited neuronal apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in neurons exposed to lipopolysaccharide. This α-syn inhibition improved the disruption to mitochondrial morphology and function, as well as decreased levels of apoptosis. Our results suggest that targeting pathological α-syn may achieve neuroprotection through regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and suppression of apoptosis in the aged hippocampus, further strengthening the therapeutic potential of targeting α-syn for dNCR.
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Mavroeidi P, Xilouri M. Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Cassina P, Miquel E, Martínez-Palma L, Cassina A. Glial Metabolic Reprogramming in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:204-212. [PMID: 34175843 DOI: 10.1159/000516926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS is a human neurodegenerative disorder that induces a progressive paralysis of voluntary muscles due to motor neuron loss. The causes are unknown, and there is no curative treatment available. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of ALS pathology; however, it is currently unknown whether it is a cause or a consequence of disease progression. Recent evidence indicates that glial mitochondrial function changes to cope with energy demands and critically influences neuronal death and disease progression. Aberrant glial cells detected in the spinal cord of diseased animals are characterized by increased proliferation rate and reduced mitochondrial bioenergetics. These features can be compared with cancer cell behavior of adapting to nutrient microenvironment by altering energy metabolism, a concept known as metabolic reprogramming. We focus on data that suggest that aberrant glial cells in ALS undergo metabolic reprogramming and profound changes in glial mitochondrial activity, which are associated with motor neuron death in ALS. This review article emphasizes on the association between metabolic reprogramming and glial reactivity, bringing new paradigms from the area of cancer research into neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting glial mitochondrial function and metabolic reprogramming may result in promising therapeutic strategies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cassina
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ernesto Miquel
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Martínez-Palma
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122623. [PMID: 33297340 PMCID: PMC7762285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD patients exhibit motor symptoms such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although the pathogenesis in sporadic PD remains unknown, there is a consensus on the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the progression of PD pathology. Astrocytes are the most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system. Normally, astrocytes protect neurons by releasing neurotrophic factors, producing antioxidants, and disposing of neuronal waste products. However, in pathological situations, astrocytes are known to produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, various studies have reported that astrocyte dysfunction also leads to neurodegeneration in PD. In this article, we summarize the interaction of astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons, review the pathogenic role of astrocytes in PD, and discuss therapeutic strategies for the prevention of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This review highlights neuron-astrocyte interaction as a target for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD in the future.
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Domingues AV, Pereira IM, Vilaça-Faria H, Salgado AJ, Rodrigues AJ, Teixeira FG. Glial cells in Parkinson´s disease: protective or deleterious? Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5171-5188. [PMID: 32617639 PMCID: PMC11104819 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells have been identified more than 100 years ago, and are known to play a key role in the central nervous system (CNS) function. A recent piece of evidence is emerging showing that in addition to the capacity of CNS modulation and homeostasis, glial cells are also being looked like as a promising cell source not only to study CNS pathologies initiation and progression but also to the establishment and development of new therapeutic strategies. Thus, in the present review, we will discuss the current evidence regarding glial cells' contribution to neurodegenerative diseases as Parkinson's disease, providing cellular, molecular, functional, and behavioral data supporting its active role in disease initiation, progression, and treatment. As so, considering their functional relevance, glial cells may be important to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms regarding neuronal-glial networks in neurodegeneration/regeneration processes, which may open new research opportunities for their future use as a target or treatment in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês M Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Vilaça-Faria
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Du XY, Xie XX, Liu RT. The Role of α-Synuclein Oligomers in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228645. [PMID: 33212758 PMCID: PMC7697105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is a protein associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegeneration disease with no effective treatment. However, how α-syn drives the pathology of PD remains elusive. Recent studies suggest that α-syn oligomers are the primary cause of neurotoxicity and play a critical role in PD. In this review, we discuss the process of α-syn oligomers formation and the current understanding of the structures of oligomers. We also describe seed and propagation effects of oligomeric forms of α-syn. Then, we summarize the mechanism by which α-syn oligomers exert neurotoxicity and promote neurodegeneration, including mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, proteostasis dysregulation, synaptic impairment, cell apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Finally, we investigate treatment regimens targeting α-syn oligomers at present. Further research is needed to understand the structure and toxicity mechanism of different types of oligomers, so as to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yu Du
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; (X.-y.D.); (X.-x.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-xiu Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; (X.-y.D.); (X.-x.X.)
| | - Rui-tian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; (X.-y.D.); (X.-x.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-82545017
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Jeon YM, Kwon Y, Jo M, Lee S, Kim S, Kim HJ. The Role of Glial Mitochondria in α-Synuclein Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:548283. [PMID: 33262983 PMCID: PMC7686475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.548283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons and glial cells is widely known to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons and glia is known as a key feature of α-syn toxicity. Studies aimed at understanding α-syn-induced toxicity and its role in neurodegenerative diseases have primarily focused on neurons. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in the initial pathogenesis and the progression of α-Synucleinopathy. Glial cells are important for supporting neuronal survival, synaptic functions, and local immunity. Furthermore, recent studies highlight the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the normal function of glial cells. In this work, we review the complex relationship between glial mitochondria and α-syn-mediated neurodegeneration, which may provide novel insights into the roles of glial cells in α-syn-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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HSP90 Co-Chaperone, CacyBP/SIP, Protects α-Synuclein from Aggregation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102254. [PMID: 33049998 PMCID: PMC7600563 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been found that the CacyBP/SIP protein acts as HSP90 co-chaperone and exhibits chaperone properties itself. Namely, CacyBP/SIP has been shown to protect citrate synthase from aggregation and to recover the activity of thermally denatured luciferase in vitro. In the present work, we have analyzed the influence of CacyBP/SIP on aggregation of α-synuclein, a protein present in Lewy bodies of Parkinson’s disease brain. By applying a thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, we have found that CacyBP/SIP protects α-synuclein from aggregation and that the fragment overlapping the N-terminal part and the CS domain of CacyBP/SIP is crucial for this activity. This protective effect of CacyBP/SIP has been confirmed by results obtained using high-speed ultracentrifugation followed by dot-blot and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, CacyBP/SIP exhibits the protective effect only at the initial phase of α-synuclein aggregation. In addition, we have found that, in HEK293 cells overexpressing CacyBP/SIP, there are less α-synuclein inclusions than in control ones. Moreover, these cells are more viable when treated with rotenone, an agent that mimics PD pathology. By applying proximity ligation assay (PLA) on HEK293 cells and in vitro assays with the use of purified recombinant proteins, we have found that CacyBP/SIP directly interacts with α-synuclein. Altogether, in this work, we show for the first time that CacyBP/SIP is able to protect α-synuclein from aggregation in in vitro assays. Thus, our results point to an important role of CacyBP/SIP in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Sheng L, Stewart T, Yang D, Thorland E, Soltys D, Aro P, Khrisat T, Xie Z, Li N, Liu Z, Tian C, Bercow M, Matsumoto J, Zabetian CP, Peskind E, Quinn JF, Shi M, Zhang J. Erythrocytic α-synuclein contained in microvesicles regulates astrocytic glutamate homeostasis: a new perspective on Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:102. [PMID: 32641150 PMCID: PMC7346449 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the transmission and accumulation of toxic species of α-synuclein (α-syn). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are believed to play a vital role in the spread of toxic α-syn species. Recently, peripheral α-syn pathology has been investigated, but little attention has been devoted to erythrocytes, which contain abundant α-syn. In this study, we first demonstrated that erythrocyte-derived EVs isolated from Parkinson's disease patients carried elevated levels of oligomeric α-syn, compared to those from healthy controls. Moreover, human erythrocyte-derived EVs, when injected into peripheral blood in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, were found to readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These EVs accumulated in astrocyte endfeet, a component of the BBB, where they impaired glutamate uptake, likely via interaction between excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and oligomeric α-syn. These data suggest that erythrocyte-derived EVs and the oligomeric α-syn carried in them may play critical roles in the progression or even initiation of Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the mechanisms involved are attributable at least in part to dysfunction of astrocytes induced by these EVs. These observations provide new insight into the understanding of the mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Sheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dishun Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Thorland
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Soltys
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick Aro
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tarek Khrisat
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhiying Xie
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew Bercow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine Peskind
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Tavassoly O, Sato T, Tavassoly I. Inhibition of Brain Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation: A Novel Target in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Brain Injuries. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:13-22. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.120.119909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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47
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Pestana F, Edwards-Faret G, Belgard TG, Martirosyan A, Holt MG. No Longer Underappreciated: The Emerging Concept of Astrocyte Heterogeneity in Neuroscience. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030168. [PMID: 32183137 PMCID: PMC7139801 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are ubiquitous in the central nervous system (CNS). These cells possess thousands of individual processes, which extend out into the neuropil, interacting with neurons, other glia and blood vessels. Paralleling the wide diversity of their interactions, astrocytes have been reported to play key roles in supporting CNS structure, metabolism, blood-brain-barrier formation and control of vascular blood flow, axon guidance, synapse formation and modulation of synaptic transmission. Traditionally, astrocytes have been studied as a homogenous group of cells. However, recent studies have uncovered a surprising degree of heterogeneity in their development and function, in both the healthy and diseased brain. A better understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity is urgently needed to understand normal brain function, as well as the role of astrocytes in response to injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pestana
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Gabriela Edwards-Faret
- Laboratory of Neuronal Wiring, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Araks Martirosyan
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (M.G.H.); Tel.: +32-16-37-31-27 (M.G.H.)
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (M.G.H.); Tel.: +32-16-37-31-27 (M.G.H.)
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Jung YJ, Tweedie D, Scerba MT, Greig NH. Neuroinflammation as a Factor of Neurodegenerative Disease: Thalidomide Analogs as Treatments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:313. [PMID: 31867326 PMCID: PMC6904283 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated when glial cells, mainly microglia, are activated by threats to the neural environment, such as pathogen infiltration or neuronal injury. Although neuroinflammation serves to combat these threats and reinstate brain homeostasis, chronic inflammation can result in excessive cytokine production and cell death if the cause of inflammation remains. Overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine with a central role in microglial activation, has been associated with neuronal excitotoxicity, synapse loss, and propagation of the inflammatory state. Thalidomide and its derivatives, termed immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), are a class of drugs that target the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of TNF-α mRNA, inhibiting TNF-α production. Due to their multi-potent effects, several IMiDs, including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, have been repurposed as drug treatments for diseases such as multiple myeloma and psoriatic arthritis. Preclinical studies of currently marketed IMiDs, as well as novel IMiDs such as 3,6'-dithiothalidomide and adamantyl thalidomide derivatives, support the development of IMiDs as therapeutics for neurological disease. IMiDs have a competitive edge compared to similar anti-inflammatory drugs due to their blood-brain barrier permeability and high bioavailability, with the potential to alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative disease and slow disease progression. In this review, we evaluate the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing specifically on the role of TNF-α in neuroinflammation, as well as appraise current research on the potential of IMiDs as treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Leitner GR, Wenzel TJ, Marshall N, Gates EJ, Klegeris A. Targeting toll-like receptor 4 to modulate neuroinflammation in central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:865-882. [PMID: 31580163 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1676416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is critical for a myriad of immune functions such as cytokine secretion and phagocytic activity of microglia; however, imbalances in TLR 4 activation can contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Areas covered: We considered available evidence implicating TLR 4 activation in the following CNS pathologies: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, multiple systems atrophy, and Huntington's disease. We reviewed studies reporting effects of TLR 4-specific antagonists and agonists in models of peripheral and CNS diseases from the perspective of possible future use of TLR 4 ligands in CNS disorders. Expert opinion: TLR 4-specific antagonists could suppress neuroinflammation by reducing overproduction of inflammatory mediators; however, they may interfere with protein clearance mechanisms and myelination. Agonists that specifically activate myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88)-independent pathway of TLR 4 signaling could facilitate beneficial glial phagocytic activity with limited activity as inducers of proinflammatory mediators. Deciphering the disease stage-specific involvement of TLR 4 in CNS pathologies is crucial for the future clinical development of TLR 4 agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar R Leitner
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Tyler J Wenzel
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Nick Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Ellen J Gates
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
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Rifampicin and Its Derivative Rifampicin Quinone Reduce Microglial Inflammatory Responses and Neurodegeneration Induced In Vitro by α-Synuclein Fibrillary Aggregates. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080776. [PMID: 31349736 PMCID: PMC6721546 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
: Aggregated forms of the synaptic protein α-synuclein (αS) have been proposed to operate as a molecular trigger for microglial inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration in Parkinson´s disease. Here, we used brain microglial cell cultures activated by fibrillary forms of recombinant human αS to assess the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities of the antibiotic rifampicin (Rif) and its autoxidation product rifampicin quinone (RifQ). Pretreatments with Rif and RifQ reduced the secretion of prototypical inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6) and the burst of oxidative stress in microglial cells activated with αS fibrillary aggregates. Note, however, that RifQ was constantly more efficacious than its parent compound in reducing microglial activation. We also established that the suppressive effects of Rif and RifQ on cytokine release was probably due to inhibition of both PI3K- and non-PI3K-dependent signaling events. The control of oxidative stress appeared, however, essentially dependent on PI3K inhibition. Of interest, we also showed that RifQ was more efficient than Rif in protecting neuronal cells from toxic factors secreted by microglia activated by αS fibrils. Overall, data with RifQ are promising enough to justify further studies to confirm the potential of this compound as an anti-parkinsionian drug.
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