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Dong H, Zhou S, Chen X, Deng X, Fang A. Pan-cancer analysis of the prognostic significance of ACKR2 expression and the related genetic/epigenetic dysregulations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:225-236. [PMID: 37882761 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2274361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ACKR2 is a scavenger for most inflammation-related CC chemokines. This study aimed to assess the pan-cancer prognostic significance of ACKR2 and the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying its dysregulation. METHODS Pan-cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) and The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) were integrated and analyzed. RESULTS ACKR2 is consistently associated with favorable progression-free interval (PFI) and overall survival (OS) in TCGA-uveal melanoma (UVM) and TCGA-liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). ACKR2 is negatively correlated with the expression of CCL1, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CCL17, and CCL20 in TCGA-UVM and TCGA-LIHC. The group with gene copy gain had significantly higher ACKR2 expression than those with loss. The lower ACKR2 expression groups were associated with a significantly higher ratio of BAP1 mutations. In addition, ACKR2 was negatively corrected with DNMT1 expression but was positively corrected with ZC3H13, an m6A writer gene and NSUN3, an RNA m5C writer gene. CONCLUSIONS ACKR2 expression was associated with favorable prognosis in patients with uveal melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. ACKR2 dysregulation might be an accumulated result of gene copy number alterations, transcriptional disruption, and RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuxi Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejie Deng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Fang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Gowhari Shabgah A, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mohammadi H, Ebrahimzadeh F, Oveisee M, Jahanara A, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J. The Role of Atypical Chemokine Receptor D6 (ACKR2) in Physiological and Pathological Conditions; Friend, Foe, or Both? Front Immunol 2022; 13:861931. [PMID: 35677043 PMCID: PMC9168005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines exert crucial roles in inducing immune responses through ligation to their canonical receptors. Besides these receptors, there are other atypical chemokine receptors (ACKR1–4) that can bind to a wide range of chemokines and carry out various functions in the body. ACKR2, due to its ability to bind various CC chemokines, has attracted much attention during the past few years. ACKR2 has been shown to be expressed in different cells, including trophoblasts, myeloid cells, and especially lymphoid endothelial cells. In terms of molecular functions, ACKR2 scavenges various inflammatory chemokines and affects inflammatory microenvironments. In the period of pregnancy and fetal development, ACKR2 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the fetus from inflammatory reactions and inhibiting subsequent abortion. In adults, ACKR2 is thought to be a resolving agent in the body because it scavenges chemokines. This leads to the alleviation of inflammation in different situations, including cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, and infections. In cancer, ACKR2 exerts conflicting roles, either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing. On the one hand, ACKR2 inhibits the recruitment of tumor-promoting cells and suppresses tumor-promoting inflammation to blockade inflammatory responses that are favorable for tumor growth. In contrast, scavenging chemokines in the tumor microenvironment might lead to disruption in NK cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment. Other than its involvement in diseases, analyzing the expression of ACKR2 in body fluids and tissues can be used as a biomarker for diseases. In conclusion, this review study has tried to shed more light on the various effects of ACKR2 on different inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maziar Oveisee
- Clinical Research Center, Pastor Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Abbas Jahanara
- Clinical Research Center, Pastor Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- *Correspondence: Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, ;
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Tersigni C, Vatish M, D'Ippolito S, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Abnormal uterine inflammation in obstetric syndromes: molecular insights into the role of chemokine decoy receptor D6 and inflammasome NLRP3. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:111-121. [PMID: 32030415 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of the uterine environment into a favorable immunological and inflammatory milieu is a physiological process needed in normal pregnancy. A uterine hyperinflammatory state, whether idiopathic or secondary to hormonal or organic uterine disorders (polycystic ovary syndromes, endometriosis/adenomyosis and fibroids), negatively influences the interactions between decidua and trophoblast, early in gestation, and between chorion and decidua later in pregnancy. Abnormal activation of uterine inflammatory pathways not only contributes to the pathogenesis of the obstetric syndromes, i.e. recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), pre-term delivery (PTD) and pre-eclampsia (PE), but also to correlates with severity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge of uterine molecular mechanisms of inflammatory modulation in normal pregnancy and obstetric syndromes (RPL, PTD and PE). In particular, we focus on two regulators of uterine/placental inflammation: the NLRP3 inflammasome and the chemokines decoy receptor D6. We performed comprehensive review of the literature in PubMed and Google Scholar databases from 1994 to 2018. The available evidence suggests that: (i) the expression of inflammasome NLRP3 is increased in the endometrium of women with unexplained RPL, in the chorioamniotic membranes of women with PTL and in the placenta of women with PE; (ii) there is a role for abnormal expression and function of D6 decoy receptor at the feto-maternal interface in cases of RPL and PTD and (iii) the function of placental D6 decoy receptor is impaired in PE. A wider comprehension of the inflammatory molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the obstetric syndromes might lead to the identification of new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tersigni
- U.O.C. di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
| | - Silvia D'Ippolito
- U.O.C. di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.,U.O.C. di Ginecologia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- U.O.C. di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
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4
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Tao YX. Molecular chaperones and G protein-coupled receptor maturation and pharmacology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 511:110862. [PMID: 32389798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly conserved versatile signaling molecules located at the plasma membrane that respond to diverse extracellular signals. They regulate almost all physiological processes in the vertebrates. About 35% of current drugs target these receptors. Mutations in these genes have been identified as causes of numerous diseases. The seven transmembrane domain structure of GPCRs implies that the folding of these transmembrane proteins is extremely complicated and difficult. Indeed, many wild type GPCRs are not folded optimally. The most common defect in genetic diseases caused by GPCR mutations is misfolding and failure to reach the plasma membrane where it functions. General molecular chaperones aid the folding of all proteins, including GPCRs, by preventing aggregation, promoting folding and disaggregating small aggregates. Some GPCRs need additional receptor-specific chaperones to assist their folding. Many of these receptor-specific chaperones interact with additional receptors and alter receptor pharmacology, expanding the understanding of these chaperone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849-5519, USA.
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5
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Tavares LP, Garcia CC, Gonçalves APF, Kraemer LR, Melo EM, Oliveira FMS, Freitas CS, Lopes GAO, Reis DC, Cassali GD, Machado AM, Mantovani A, Locati M, Teixeira MM, Russo RC. ACKR2 contributes to pulmonary dysfunction by shaping CCL5:CCR5-dependent recruitment of lymphocytes during influenza A infection in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L655-L670. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation triggered by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is important for viral clearance, induction of adaptive responses, and return to lung homeostasis. However, an exaggerated immune response, characterized by the overproduction of chemokines, can lead to intense lung injury, contributing to mortality. Chemokine scavenger receptors, such as ACKR2, control the levels of CC chemokines influencing the immune responses. Among the chemokine targets of ACKR2, CCL5 is important to recruit and activate lymphocytes. We investigated the role of ACKR2 during IAV infection in mice. Pulmonary ACKR2 expression was increased acutely after IAV infection preceding the virus-induced lung dysfunction. ACKR2-knockout (ACKR2−/−) mice were protected from IAV, presenting decreased viral burden and lung dysfunction. Mechanistically, the absence of ACKR2 resulted in augmented airway CCL5 levels, secreted by mononuclear and plasma cells in the lung parenchyma. The higher chemokine gradient led to an augmented recruitment of T and B lymphocytes, formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and production of IgA in the airways of ACKR2−/− mice post-IAV. CCL5 neutralization in ACKR2−/− mice prevented lymphocyte recruitment and increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein levels and pulmonary dysfunction. Finally, CCR5−/− mice presented increased disease severity during IAV infection, displaying increased neutrophils, pulmonary injury and dysfunction, and accentuated lethality. Collectively, our data showed that ACKR2 dampens CCL5 levels and the consequent recruitment of CCR5+ T helper 1 (Th1), T regulatory cells (Tregs), and B lymphocytes during IAV infection, decreasing pathogen control and promoting lung dysfunction in wild type mice. Therefore, ACKR2 is detrimental and CCR5 is protective during IAV infection coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P. Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana C. Garcia
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas R. Kraemer
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eliza M. Melo
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício M. S. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila S. Freitas
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriel A. O. Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diego C. Reis
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- Departamento de Patologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Remo C. Russo
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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6
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How post-translational modifications influence the biological activity of chemokines. Cytokine 2018; 109:29-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Shams K, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Schütte F, Burden AD, McKimmie CS, Graham GJ. MicroRNA-146 and cell trauma down-regulate expression of the psoriasis-associated atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:3003-3012. [PMID: 29279330 PMCID: PMC5827444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are the principal regulators of leukocyte migration and are essential for initiation and maintenance of inflammation. Atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2) binds and scavenges proinflammatory CC-chemokines, regulates cutaneous T-cell positioning, and limits the spread of inflammation in vivo. Altered ACKR2 function has been implicated in several inflammatory disorders, including psoriasis, a common and debilitating T-cell–driven disorder characterized by thick erythematous skin plaques. ACKR2 expression is abnormal in psoriatic skin, with decreased expression correlating with recruitment of T-cells into the epidermis and increased inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern ACKR2 expression are not known. Here, we identified specific psoriasis-associated microRNAs (miRs) that bind ACKR2, inhibit its expression, and are active in primary cultures of human cutaneous cells. Using both in silico and in vitro approaches, we show that miR-146b and miR-10b directly bind the ACKR2 3′-UTR and reduce expression of ACKR2 transcripts and protein in keratinocytes and lymphatic endothelial cells, respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate that ACKR2 expression is further down-regulated upon cell trauma, an important trigger for the development of new plaques in many psoriasis patients (the Koebner phenomenon). We found that tensile cell stress leads to rapid ACKR2 down-regulation and concurrent miR-146b up-regulation. Together, we provide, for the first time, evidence for epigenetic regulation of an atypical chemokine receptor. We propose a mechanism by which cell trauma and miRs coordinately exacerbate inflammation via down-regulation of ACKR2 expression and provide a putative mechanistic explanation for the Koebner phenomenon in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kave Shams
- Skin Research Group, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre; Department of Dermatology, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, United Kingdom; Chemokine Research Group
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - A David Burden
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, Lauriston Building, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Chemokine Research Group; Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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8
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Stone MJ, Hayward JA, Huang C, E Huma Z, Sanchez J. Mechanisms of Regulation of the Chemokine-Receptor Network. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E342. [PMID: 28178200 PMCID: PMC5343877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of chemokines with their G protein-coupled receptors promote the migration of leukocytes during normal immune function and as a key aspect of the inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection. This review summarizes the major cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors are regulated, including: selective and competitive binding interactions; genetic polymorphisms; mRNA splice variation; variation of expression, degradation and localization; down-regulation by atypical (decoy) receptors; interactions with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans; post-translational modifications; oligomerization; alternative signaling responses; and binding to natural or pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Zil E Huma
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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9
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Wilson GJ, Hewit KD, Pallas KJ, Cairney CJ, Lee KM, Hansell CA, Stein T, Graham GJ. Atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 controls branching morphogenesis in the developing mammary gland. Development 2017; 144:74-82. [PMID: 27888192 PMCID: PMC5278629 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are important regulators of branching morphogenesis during development and postnatally in the mammary gland. Regulation of macrophage dynamics during these processes can therefore have a profound impact on development. We demonstrate here that the developing mammary gland expresses high levels of inflammatory CC-chemokines, which are essential in vivo regulators of macrophage migration. We further demonstrate that the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2, which scavenges inflammatory CC-chemokines, is differentially expressed during mammary gland development. We have previously shown that ACKR2 regulates macrophage dynamics during lymphatic vessel development. Here, we extend these observations to reveal a novel role for ACKR2 in regulating the postnatal development of the mammary gland. Specifically, we show that Ackr2-/- mice display precocious mammary gland development. This is associated with increased macrophage recruitment to the developing gland and increased density of the ductal epithelial network. These data demonstrate that ACKR2 is an important regulator of branching morphogenesis in diverse biological contexts and provide the first evidence of a role for chemokines and their receptors in postnatal development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J Wilson
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kay D Hewit
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kenneth J Pallas
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Claire J Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kit M Lee
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Christopher A Hansell
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
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10
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Tersigni C, Di Nicuolo F, Maulucci G, Rolfo A, Giuffrida D, Veglia M, De Spirito M, Scambia G, Todros T, Di Simone N. Placental Chemokine Receptor D6 Is Functionally Impaired in Pre-Eclampsia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164747. [PMID: 27780270 PMCID: PMC5079655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is defined by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation and characterized by systemic exaggerated inflammatory response. D6 is a chemokines scavenger receptor that binds with high affinity CC chemokines, internalizes and targets the ligands for degradation. It is expressed in trophoblast-derived tissues and prevents excessive placenta leukocyte infiltration.The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of D6 in human placentae from pre-eclamptic and healthy pregnant women. Methods and Results Plasma levels of D6-binding CC chemokines (CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-7, CCL-11) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP) were analyzed in 37 healthy pregnant women and 38 patients with PE by multiplex bead assay. Higher circulating levels of CCL7, CCL11, IL-6, (p<0.0001) and CRP (p<0.05) were observed in PE women compared to controls. Levels of circulating CCL4 were decreased in PE (p<0.001), while no significant differences of CCL2, CCL3 or TNF-α levels were detected. Immunofluorescent staining of placental sections showed higher expression of D6 receptor in the PE syncytiotrophoblast. Confocal and Western blot (WB) analyses revealed a prevalent distribution of D6 in trophoblast cells membranes in PE. Increased activation of D6 intracellular pathway was observed by Western blot analyses of p-LIMK and p-cofilin in trophoblast cell lysates. D6 functional assays showed reduced scavenging of CCL2 in PE cells compared to controls. Since actin filaments spatial assembling is essential for D6 intracellular trafficking and scavenging activity, we investigated by confocal microscopy trophoblast cytoskeleton organization and we observed a dramatic disarrangement in PE compared to controls. Conclusions our results suggest membrane distribution of D6 receptor on trophoblast cell membranes in PE, together with reduced functionality, probably due to cytoskeleton impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tersigni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Di Nicuolo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rolfo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sant'Anna Hospital, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Domenica Giuffrida
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sant'Anna Hospital, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Veglia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Tullia Todros
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sant'Anna Hospital, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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11
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1835-8. [PMID: 26696445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine O-sulfation is a common protein post-translational modification that regulates many biological processes, including leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. Many peptides with therapeutic potential contain one or more sulfotyrosine residues. We report a one-step synthesis for Fmoc-fluorosulfated tyrosine. An efficient Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthetic strategy is then introduced for incorporating the fluorosulfated tyrosine residue into peptides of interest. Standard simultaneous peptide-resin cleavage and removal of the acid-labile side-chain protecting groups affords the crude peptides containing fluorosulfated tyrosine. Basic ethylene glycol, serving both as solvent and reactant, transforms the fluorosulfated tyrosine peptides into sulfotyrosine peptides in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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12
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - K. Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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13
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Qi Z, Jiang Y, Holland JW, Nie P, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Identification and expression analysis of an atypical chemokine receptor-2 (ACKR2)/CC chemokine binding protein-2 (CCBP2) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:389-98. [PMID: 25747793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) have emerged as key components of the chemokine system, with an essential regulatory function in innate and adaptive immune responses and inflammation. In mammals ACKR2 is a 'scavenging' receptor for inflammatory CC chemokines and plays a central role in the resolution of in vivo inflammatory responses. An ACKR2 like gene has been identified and cloned in rainbow trout (Teleostei) in the present study, enabling the further identification of this molecule in another group of ray-finned teleost fish (Holostei), in a lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii-coelacanth), and in reptiles. The identity of these ACKR2 molecules is supported by their conserved structure, and by phylogenetic tree and synteny analysis. Trout ACKR2 is highly expressed in spleen and head kidney, suggesting a homeostatic role of this receptor in limiting the availability of its potential ligands. Trout ACKR2 expression can be modulated in vivo by bacterial and parasitic infections, and in vitro by PAMPs (poly I:C and peptidoglycan) and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-21) in a time dependent manner. These patterns of expression and modulation suggest that trout ACKR2 is regulated in a complex way and has an important role in control of the chemokine network in fish as in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Qi
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pool in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224051, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; College of Fishery and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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14
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Teoh PJ, Menzies FM, Hansell CAH, Clarke M, Waddell C, Burton GJ, Nelson SM, Nibbs RJB. Atypical Chemokine Receptor ACKR2 Mediates Chemokine Scavenging by Primary Human Trophoblasts and Can Regulate Fetal Growth, Placental Structure, and Neonatal Mortality in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5218-28. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Tao YX, Conn PM. Chaperoning G protein-coupled receptors: from cell biology to therapeutics. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:602-47. [PMID: 24661201 PMCID: PMC4105357 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that traverse the plasma membrane seven times (hence, are also called 7TM receptors). The polytopic structure of GPCRs makes the folding of GPCRs difficult and complex. Indeed, many wild-type GPCRs are not folded optimally, and defects in folding are the most common cause of genetic diseases due to GPCR mutations. Both general and receptor-specific molecular chaperones aid the folding of GPCRs. Chemical chaperones have been shown to be able to correct the misfolding in mutant GPCRs, proving to be important tools for studying the structure-function relationship of GPCRs. However, their potential therapeutic value is very limited. Pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones) are potentially important novel therapeutics for treating genetic diseases caused by mutations in GPCR genes that resulted in misfolded mutant proteins. Pharmacoperones also increase cell surface expression of wild-type GPCRs; therefore, they could be used to treat diseases that do not harbor mutations in GPCRs. Recent studies have shown that indeed pharmacoperones work in both experimental animals and patients. High-throughput assays have been developed to identify new pharmacoperones that could be used as therapeutics for a number of endocrine and other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Y.-X.T.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology (P.M.C.), Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6252
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16
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Hewit KD, Fraser A, Nibbs RJB, Graham GJ. The N-terminal region of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 is a key determinant of ligand binding. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12330-42. [PMID: 24644289 PMCID: PMC4007430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor, ACKR2 is a pivotal regulator of chemokine-driven inflammatory responses and works by binding, internalizing, and degrading inflammatory CC-chemokines. ACKR2 displays promiscuity of ligand binding and is capable of interacting with up to 14 different inflammatory CC-chemokines. Despite its prominent biological role, little is known about the structure/function relationship within ACKR2, which regulates ligand binding. Here we demonstrate that a conserved tyrosine motif at the N terminus of ACKR2 is essential for ligand binding, internalization, and scavenging. In addition we demonstrate that sulfation of this motif contributes to ligand internalization. Furthermore, a peptide derived from this region is capable of binding inflammatory chemokines and inhibits their interaction with their cognate signaling receptors. Importantly, the peptide is only active in the sulfated form, further confirming the importance of the sulfated tyrosines for function. Finally, we demonstrate that the bacterial protease, staphopain A, can cleave the N terminus of ACKR2 and suppress its ligand internalization activity. Overall, these results shed new light on the nature of the structural motifs in ACKR2 that are responsible for ligand binding. The study also highlights ACKR2-derived N-terminal peptides as being of potential therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay D Hewit
- From the Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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17
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Anselmo A, Mazzon C, Borroni EM, Bonecchi R, Graham GJ, Locati M. Flow cytometry applications for the analysis of chemokine receptor expression and function. Cytometry A 2014; 85:292-301. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Achille Anselmo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzon
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
| | - Gerard J. Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8TA United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Rozzano Milan 20089 Italy
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18
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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19
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Cancellieri C, Caronni N, Vacchini A, Savino B, Borroni EM, Locati M, Bonecchi R. Review: Structure-function and biological properties of the atypical chemokine receptor D6. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:87-93. [PMID: 22939232 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor D6 was initially called "silent" on the basis of lack of conventional signaling events that lead to directional cell migration. It has emerged that D6 is able to bind and drive to degradative compartments most inflammatory CC chemokines and that is able to convey G-protein independent signaling events to optimize its scavenging activity. We here summarize the knowledge available today on D6 structural and signaling properties and its essential role for the control of inflammatory cells traffic and proper development of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cancellieri
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano (MI), Italy
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20
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Wang M, Ge B, Li R, Wang X, Lao J, Huang F. Milligram production and biological activity characterization of the human chemokine receptor CCR3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65500. [PMID: 23755240 PMCID: PMC3670934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chemokine receptor CCR3 (hCCR3) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily of membrane proteins and plays major roles in allergic diseases and angiogenesis. In order to study the structural and functional mechanism of hCCR3, it is essential to produce pure protein with biological functions on a milligram scale. Here we report the expression of hCCR3 gene in a tetracycline-inducible stable mammalian cell line. A cell clone with high hCCR3 expression was selected from 46 stably transfected cell clones and from this cell line pure hCCR3 on a milligram scale was obtained after two-step purification. Circular dichroism spectrum with a characteristic shape and magnitude for α-helix indicated proper folding of hCCR3 after purification. The biological activity of purified hCCR3 was verified by its high binding affinity with its endogenous ligands CCL11 and CCL24, with K D in the range of 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Renmin Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jun Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lee KM, Nibbs RJB, Graham GJ. D6: the 'crowd controller' at the immune gateway. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:7-12. [PMID: 22921835 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine-scavenging receptor, D6, is reported to regulate resolution of inflammatory responses. However, recent data also point to an unanticipated role for D6 in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we propose that D6 is essential for preventing inflammatory leukocyte association with lymphatic vasculature. In the absence of D6, inappropriate inflammatory leukocyte accumulation around lymphatic endothelium congests the lymphatic system, impairing fluid and cellular flow from inflamed sites to lymph nodes and reducing efficiency of antigen presentation. Thus, the inability of D6-deficient mice to resolve inflammation may be a byproduct of impaired fluid drainage from inflamed sites and thus we provide a model unifying D6 function in innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Ming Lee
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Bazzan E, Saetta M, Turato G, Borroni EM, Cancellieri C, Baraldo S, Savino B, Calabrese F, Ballarin A, Balestro E, Mantovani A, Cosio MG, Bonecchi R, Locati M. Expression of the atypical chemokine receptor D6 in human alveolar macrophages in COPD. Chest 2013; 143:98-106. [PMID: 22797410 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D6 is an atypical chemokine receptor involved in chemokine degradation and resolution of acute inflammatory responses in mice. Emerging evidence suggests that D6 might behave differently in human chronic inflammatory conditions. We, therefore, investigated the involvement of D6 in the immune responses in COPD, a chronic inflammatory condition of the lung. METHODS D6 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry in surgical resected lung specimens from 16 patients with COPD (FEV(1), 57% ± 6% predicted) and 18 control subjects with normal lung function (nine smokers and nine nonsmokers). BAL was also obtained and analyzed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and molecular analysis for further assessment of D6 involvement. RESULTS D6 expression in the lung was mainly detected in alveolar macrophages (AMs). The percentage of D6(+) AMs was markedly increased in patients with COPD as compared with both smoker and nonsmoker control subjects (P < .0005 for both). D6 expression was detected at both transcript and protein level in AMs but not in monocyte-derived macrophages. Finally, D6 expression was positively correlated with markers of immune activation (CD8(+) T lymphocytes, IL-32, tumor necrosis factor-α, B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) and negatively with lung function (FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC). CONCLUSIONS D6 is expressed in AMs from patients with COPD, and its expression correlates with the degree of functional impairment and markers of immune activation. Upregulation of D6 in AMs could indicate that, besides its known scavenger activity in acute inflammation, D6 may have additional roles in chronic inflammatory conditions possibly promoting immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova.
| | - Graziella Turato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Elena M Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Cinzia Cancellieri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Benedetta Savino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Andrea Ballarin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Elisabetta Balestro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Manuel G Cosio
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova; Respiratory Division at Royal Victoria Hospital and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories in the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QB, Canada
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
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23
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Graham GJ, Locati M. Regulation of the immune and inflammatory responses by the 'atypical' chemokine receptor D6. J Pathol 2013; 229:168-75. [PMID: 23125030 DOI: 10.1002/path.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are key regulators of leukocyte migration and intra-tissue accumulation under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Regulation of chemokine-dependent responses, particularly those relating to inflammation, is essential to avoid the development of inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. Recently, a new subfamily of chemokine receptors referred to as the 'atypical' chemokine receptors has emerged, members of which have been shown to play important roles in controlling in vivo chemokine biology. Here we review the basic biology of the chemokine and chemokine receptor family, introduce the topic of 'atypical' chemokine receptor biology and focus specifically on the best-characterized of the 'atypical' chemokine receptors, D6. D6 is a 'scavenging' receptor for inflammatory CC chemokines and plays a central role in the resolution of in vivo inflammatory responses. We describe the biology, biochemistry and pathological relevance of D6 and outline emerging data suggesting that it has additional important roles in integrating innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK.
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24
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Graham GJ, Locati M, Mantovani A, Rot A, Thelen M. The biochemistry and biology of the atypical chemokine receptors. Immunol Lett 2012; 145:30-8. [PMID: 22698181 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A subset of chemokine receptors, initially called "silent" on the basis of their apparent failure to activate conventional signalling events, has recently attracted growing interest due to their ability to internalize, degrade, or transport ligands and thus modify gradients and create functional chemokine patterns in tissues. These receptors recognize distinct and complementary sets of ligands with high affinity, are strategically expressed in different cellular contexts, and lack structural determinants supporting Gα(i) activation, a key signalling event in cell migration. This is in keeping with the hypothesis that they have evolved to fulfil fundamentally different functions to the classical signalling chemokine receptors. Based on these considerations, these receptors (D6, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), CCX-CKR1 and CXCR7) are now collectively considered as an emerging class of 'atypical' chemokine receptors. In this article, we review the biochemistry and biology of this emerging chemokine receptor subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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25
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Abstract
The number of structures of integral membrane proteins from higher eukaryotes is steadily increasing due to a number of innovative protein engineering and crystallization strategies devised over the last few years. However, it is sobering to reflect that these structures represent only a tiny proportion of the total number of membrane proteins encoded by a mammalian genome. In addition, the structures determined to date are of the most tractable membrane proteins, i.e., those that are expressed functionally and to high levels in yeast or in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. However, some membrane proteins that are expressed inefficiently in these systems can be produced at sufficiently high levels in mammalian cells to allow structure determination. Mammalian expression systems are an under-used resource in structural biology and represent an effective way to produce fully functional membrane proteins for structural studies. This review will discuss examples of vertebrate membrane protein overexpression in mammalian cells using a variety of viral, constitutive or inducible expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Andréll
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Grodecka M, Bertrand O, Karolak E, Lisowski M, Waśniowska K. One-step immunopurification and lectinochemical characterization of the Duffy atypical chemokine receptor from human erythrocytes. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:93-105. [PMID: 22246380 PMCID: PMC3311851 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC) is a glycosylated seven-transmembrane protein acting as a blood group antigen, a chemokine binding protein and a receptor for Plasmodium vivax malaria parasite. It is present on erythrocytes and endothelial cells of postcapillary venules. The N-terminal extracellular domain of the Duffy glycoprotein carries Fy(a)/Fy(b) blood group antigens and Fy6 linear epitope recognized by monoclonal antibodies. Previously, we have shown that recombinant Duffy protein expressed in K562 cells has three N-linked oligosaccharide chains, which are mainly of complex-type. Here we report a one-step purification method of Duffy protein from human erythrocytes. DARC was extracted from erythrocyte membranes in the presence of 1% n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) and 0.05% cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) and purified by affinity chromatography using immobilized anti-Fy6 2C3 mouse monoclonal antibody. Duffy glycoprotein was eluted from the column with synthetic DFEDVWN peptide containing epitope for 2C3 monoclonal antibody. In this single-step immunoaffinity purification method we obtained highly purified DARC, which migrates in SDS-polyacrylamide gel as a major diffuse band corresponding to a molecular mass of 40-47 kDa. In ELISA purified Duffy glycoprotein binds anti-Duffy antibodies recognizing epitopes located on distinct regions of the molecule. Results of circular dichroism measurement indicate that purified DARC has a high content of α-helical secondary structure typical for chemokine receptors. Analysis of DARC glycans performed by means of lectin blotting and glycosidase digestion suggests that native Duffy N-glycans are mostly triantennary complex-type, terminated with α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialic acid residues with bisecting GlcNAc and α1-6-linked fucose at the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grodecka
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 665, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ewa Karolak
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Lisowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kazimiera Waśniowska
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland
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27
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Fouillet A, Mawson J, Suliman O, Sharrack B, Romero IA, Woodroofe MN. CCL2 binding is CCR2 independent in primary adult human astrocytes. Brain Res 2012; 1437:115-26. [PMID: 22226505 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are low relative molecular mass proteins, which have chemoattractant actions on many cell types. The chemokine, CCL2, has been shown to play a major role in the recruitment of monocytes in central nervous system (CNS) lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). Since resident astrocytes constitute a major source of chemokine synthesis including CCL2, we were interested to assess the regulation of CCL2 by astrocytes. We showed that CCL2 bound to the cell surface of astrocytes and binding was not modulated by inflammatory conditions. However, CCR2 protein was not detected nor was activation of the classical CCR2 downstream signaling pathways. Recent studies have shown that non-signaling decoy chemokine receptors bind and modulate the expression of chemokines at site of inflammation. Here, we show that the D6 chemokine decoy receptor is constitutively expressed by primary human adult astrocytes at both mRNA and protein level. In addition, CCL3, which binds to D6, but not CCL19, which does not bind to D6, displaced CCL2 binding to astrocytes; indicating that CCL2 may bind to this cell type via the D6 receptor. Our results suggest that CCL2 binding to primary adult human astrocytes is CCR2-independent and is likely to be mediated via the D6 decoy chemokine receptor. Therefore we propose that astrocytes are implicated in both the establishment of chemokine gradients for the migration of leukocytes into and within the CNS and in the regulation of CCL2 levels at inflammatory sites in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fouillet
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
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28
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O'Boyle G, Ali S, Kirby J. Chemokines in transplantation: what can atypical receptors teach us about anti-inflammatory therapy? Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 25:136-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Allen SJ, Hamel DJ, Handel TM. A rapid and efficient way to obtain modified chemokines for functional and biophysical studies. Cytokine 2011; 55:168-73. [PMID: 21632261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors control cell migration associated with routine immune surveillance, inflammation and development. They are also implicated in a large number of inflammatory diseases, cancer and HIV. Here we describe a rapid and efficient way to express and purify milligram quantities of multiple chemokine ligands (CCL7/MCP-3, CCL14/HCC-1, CCL3/MIP-1α and CXCL8/IL-8) containing C-terminal modifications to enable coupling to fluorescent dyes or small molecules such as biotin, in vitro. These labeled chemokines display wild-type behavior in both receptor binding and calcium mobilization assays. The ability to rapidly and inexpensively produce labeled chemokines opens the way for their use in many applications, including non-traditional chemokine-receptor interaction studies, both on intact cells and with purified receptor reconstituted in artificial membranes in vitro. Furthermore, the ability to immobilize chemokines to obtain ligand affinity columns aids in efforts to purify chemokine receptors for structural and biophysical studies, by facilitating the separation of functional proteins from their non-functional counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Allen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACRs) are cell surface receptors with seven transmembrane domains structurally homologous to chemokine G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, upon ligation by cognate chemokines, ACRs fail to induce classical signaling and downstream cellular responses characteristic for GPCRs. Despite this, by affecting chemokine availability and function, ACRs impact on a multitude of pathophysiological events and have emerged as important molecular players in health and disease. This review discusses individual characteristics of the currently known ACRs, highlights their similarities and differences and attempts to establish their group identity. It summarizes the progress made in mapping ACR expression, understanding their diverse in vitro and in vivo functions of ACRs and uncovering their contributions to disease pathogeneses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antal Rot
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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31
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Smolarek D, Hattab C, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Cochet S, Gutiérrez C, de Brevern AG, Udomsangpetch R, Picot J, Grodecka M, Wasniowska K, Muyldermans S, Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, Czerwinski M, Bertrand O. A recombinant dromedary antibody fragment (VHH or nanobody) directed against human Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3371-87. [PMID: 20458517 PMCID: PMC2966875 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fy blood group antigens are carried by the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), a red cells receptor for Plasmodium vivax broadly implicated in human health and diseases. Recombinant VHHs, or nanobodies, the smallest intact antigen binding fragment derivative from the heavy chain-only antibodies present in camelids, were prepared from a dromedary immunized against DARC N-terminal extracellular domain and selected for DARC binding. A described VHH, CA52, does recognize native DARC on cells. It inhibits P. vivax invasion of erythrocytes and displaces interleukin-8 bound to DARC. The targeted epitope overlaps the well-defined DARC Fy6 epitope. K (D) of CA52-DARC equilibrium is sub-nanomolar, hence ideal to develop diagnostic or therapeutic compounds. Immunocapture by immobilized CA52 yielded highly purified DARC from engineered K562 cells. This first report on a VHH with specificity for a red blood cell protein exemplifies VHHs' potentialities to target, to purify, and to modulate the function of cellular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Smolarek
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claude Hattab
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Cochet
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Carlos Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Alexandre G. de Brevern
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Julien Picot
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Grodecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kazimiera Wasniowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Colin
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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32
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Madigan J, Freeman DJ, Menzies F, Forrow S, Nelson SM, Young A, Sharkey A, Moffett A, Graham GJ, Greer IA, Rot A, Nibbs RJB. Chemokine scavenger D6 is expressed by trophoblasts and aids the survival of mouse embryos transferred into allogeneic recipients. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:3202-12. [PMID: 20147628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory CC chemokines are thought to drive recruitment of maternal leukocytes into gestational tissues and regulate extravillous trophoblast migration. The atypical chemokine receptor D6 binds many of these chemokines and is highly expressed by the human placenta. D6 is thought to act as a chemokine scavenger because, when ectopically expressed in cell lines in vitro, it efficiently internalizes proinflammatory CC chemokines and targets them for destruction in the absence of detectable chemokine-induced signaling. Moreover, D6 suppresses inflammation in many mouse tissues, and notably, D6-deficient fetuses in D6-deficient female mice show increased susceptibility to inflammation-driven resorption. In this paper, we report strong anti-D6 immunoreactivity, with specific intracellular distribution patterns, in trophoblast-derived cells in human placenta, decidua, and gestational membranes throughout pregnancy and in trophoblast disease states of hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. We show, for the first time, that endogenous D6 in a human choriocarcinoma-derived cell line can mediate progressive chemokine scavenging and that the D6 ligand CCL2 can specifically associate with human syncytiotrophoblasts in term placenta in situ. Moreover, despite strong chemokine production by gestational tissues, levels of D6-binding chemokines in maternal plasma decrease during pregnancy, even in women with pre-eclampsia, a disease associated with increased maternal inflammation. In mice, D6 is not required for syngeneic or semiallogeneic fetal survival in unchallenged mice, but interestingly, it does suppress fetal resorption after embryo transfer into fully allogeneic recipients. These data support the view that trophoblast D6 scavenges maternal chemokines at the fetomaternal interface and that, in some circumstances, this can help to ensure fetal survival.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL2/blood
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Embryo Transfer/adverse effects
- Embryo Transfer/mortality
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/immunology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Female
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/genetics
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Pre-Eclampsia/genetics
- Pre-Eclampsia/immunology
- Pre-Eclampsia/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Outcome/genetics
- Pregnancy Proteins/biosynthesis
- Pregnancy Proteins/blood
- Pregnancy Proteins/deficiency
- Pregnancy Proteins/genetics
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, CCR10/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR10/blood
- Receptors, CCR10/deficiency
- Receptors, CCR10/genetics
- Transplantation, Homologous/mortality
- Trophoblasts/cytology
- Trophoblasts/immunology
- Trophoblasts/metabolism
- Chemokine Receptor D6
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Madigan
- Division of Immunology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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33
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Bonecchi R, Savino B, Borroni EM, Mantovani A, Locati M. Chemokine decoy receptors: structure-function and biological properties. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 341:15-36. [PMID: 20373092 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines induce cell migration through the activation of a distinct family of structurally related heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Over the last few years, several receptors in this family that recognize chemokines but do not induce cell migration have been identified. These "atypical" chemokine receptors are unable to activate transduction events that lead directly to cell migration, but appear nonetheless to play a nonredundant role in the control of leukocyte recruitment at inflammatory sites and in tumors by shaping the chemoattractant gradient, either by removing, transporting, or concentrating their cognate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonecchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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34
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Tuning inflammation in tuberculosis: the role of decoy receptors. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:821-7. [PMID: 19450705 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Decoy receptors are "silent scavengers" of CC chemokines and cytokines, which play a key role in damping inflammation and tissue damage. In this review we discuss on recent findings demonstrating that these receptors set the balance between antimicrobial resistance, immune activation and inflammatory response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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35
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Ali AM, Taylor SD. Efficient solid-phase synthesis of sulfotyrosine peptides using a sulfate protecting-group strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2024-6. [PMID: 19191273 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Double protection: Efficient Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis (SPPS) of sulfotyrosine (sY) peptides is achieved by incorporating the sY residue(s) as a dichlorovinyl-protected (DCV) sulfodiester(s) and using 2-methylpiperidine for Fmoc removal. After removal of the other protecting groups, the DCV group could be cleaved by mild hydrogenolysis giving the sY peptides in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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36
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Allen SJ, Ribeiro S, Horuk R, Handel TM. Expression, purification and in vitro functional reconstitution of the chemokine receptor CCR1. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 66:73-81. [PMID: 19275940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are a specific class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that control cell migration associated with routine immune surveillance, inflammation and development. In addition to their roles in normal physiology, these receptors and their ligands are involved in a large number of inflammatory diseases, cancer and AIDS, making them prime therapeutic targets in the pharmaceutical industry. Like other GPCRs, a significant obstacle in determining structures and characterizing mechanisms of activation has been the difficulty in obtaining high levels of pure, functional receptor. Here we describe a systematic effort to express the chemokine receptor CCR1 in mammalian cells, and to purify and reconstitute it in functional form. The highest expression levels were obtained using an inducible HEK293 system. The receptor was purified using a combination of N- (StrepII or Hemagglutinin) and C-terminal (His8) affinity tags. Function was assessed by ligand binding using a novel fluorescence polarization assay with fluorescein-labeled chemokine. A strict dependence of function on the detergent composition was observed, as solubilization of CCR1 in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside/cholesteryl hemisuccinate yielded functional receptor with a K(d) of 21 nM for the chemokine CCL14, whereas it was non-functional in phosphocholine detergents. Differences in function were observed despite the fact that both these detergent types maintained the receptor in a state characterized by monomers and small oligomers, but not large aggregates. While optimization is still warranted, yields of approximately 0.1-0.2mg of pure functional receptor per 10(9) cells will permit biophysical studies of this medically important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Allen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.
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37
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Efficient Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine Peptides using a Sulfate Protecting-Group Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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38
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Graham GJ. D6 and the atypical chemokine receptor family: novel regulators of immune and inflammatory processes. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:342-51. [PMID: 19130487 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of leukocyte migration and play important roles in a number of physiological and pathological immune and inflammatory contexts. In addition to the classical signalling chemokine receptors there has emerged, recently, a new subclass of atypical chemokine receptors. This subfamily is characterised by an apparent lack of signalling and, in some cases, by an ability to internalise and degrade chemokine ligands. This review describes the family of atypical chemokine receptors with particular emphasis on the D6 receptor. The in vitro and in vivo biology of D6 is described, which indicates that D6 is active as a scavenger of inflammatory CC-chemokines and appears to play essential roles in the regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Graham
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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39
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Nibbs RJB, McLean P, McCulloch C, Riboldi-Tunnicliffe A, Blair E, Zhu Y, Isaacs N, Graham GJ. Structure-function dissection of D6, an atypical scavenger receptor. Methods Enzymol 2009; 460:245-61. [PMID: 19446729 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines direct leukocyte migration by activating intracellular signalling pathways through G-protein coupled chemokine receptors. However, they also bind to other surface proteins, including a group of molecules which we refer to as 'atypical' chemokine receptors. One such molecule is D6. D6 is structurally-related to other chemokine receptors, and binds specific pro-inflammatory chemokines with high affinity, but surprisingly, when expressed in heterologous cell lines, it is unable to transduce signals after chemokine engagement. Instead, by using the approaches outlined in this chapter, evidence has emerged that D6 acts as a chemokine scavenger which uses unique intracellular trafficking properties to continuously sequester extracellular chemokines into cells. It is envisaged that this suppresses inflammation in vivo by limiting pro-inflammatory chemokine bioavailability, and indeed, D6 deficient mice show exaggerated inflammatory responses to a variety of challenges. In addition to the in vitro functional studies, we also describe the methods we have used to express, purify and analyse large quantities of D6 protein. The unusually high stability of D6 and its broad subcellular distribution enables D6 to be expressed to very high levels in transfected cells, making it possible, at least in principal, to produce enough D6 to allow for purification of quantities suitable for crystallisation. This is a key step on the path towards generating a three-dimensional structure of the molecule. Thus, the protocols we outline have helped establish chemokine scavenging as a novel paradigm in chemokine biology, and may also ultimately provide unprecedented insight into the structure of D6 and other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J B Nibbs
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Center, Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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40
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Dukkipati A, Park HH, Waghray D, Fischer S, Garcia KC. BacMam system for high-level expression of recombinant soluble and membrane glycoproteins for structural studies. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 62:160-70. [PMID: 18782620 PMCID: PMC2637115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus mediated gene transduction of mammalian cells (BacMam) is an emerging technique for rapid recombinant protein expression in mammalian cells. We constructed two baculovirus transfer vectors that incorporate several mammalian transcriptional regulatory elements necessary for high-level protein expression in mammalian cells. Using these vectors, we show that the BacMam system in combination with the 293 GnTI(-) cell line can be used for production of milligram quantities of soluble glycoproteins. Moreover, for crystallization trials, the purified glycoproteins are sensitive to EndoH treatment resulting in a loss of the bulk of the attached N-linked glycosylation. In addition, we also show that a combination of the BacMam system and 293 GnTI(-) cell line can be used for producing milligram quantities of a GPCR-protein ligand complex suitable for crystallization trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Dukkipati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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41
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Bonecchi R, Borroni EM, Anselmo A, Doni A, Savino B, Mirolo M, Fabbri M, Jala VR, Haribabu B, Mantovani A, Locati M. Regulation of D6 chemokine scavenging activity by ligand- and Rab11-dependent surface up-regulation. Blood 2008; 112:493-503. [PMID: 18480427 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The decoy receptor D6 plays a nonredundant role in the control of inflammatory processes through scavenging of inflammatory chemokines. However it remains unclear how it is regulated. Here we show that D6 scavenging activity relies on unique trafficking properties. Under resting conditions, D6 constitutively recycled through both a rapid wortmannin (WM)-sensitive and a slower brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive pathway, maintaining low levels of surface expression that required both Rab4 and Rab11 activities. In contrast to "conventional" chemokine receptors that are down-regulated by cognate ligands, chemokine engagement induced a dose-dependent BFA-sensitive Rab11-dependent D6 re-distribution to the cell membrane and a corresponding increase in chemokine degradation rate. Thus, the energy-expensive constitutive D6 cycling through Rab11 vesicles allows a rapid, ligand concentration-dependent increase of chemokine scavenging activity by receptor redistribution to the plasma membrane. D6 is not regulated at a transcriptional level in a variety of cellular contexts, thus ligand-dependent optimization of its scavenger performance represents a rapid and unique mechanism allowing D6 to control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonecchi
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituti di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Rozzano, Italy.
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42
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Tobin AB, Butcher AJ, Kong KC. Location, location, location...site-specific GPCR phosphorylation offers a mechanism for cell-type-specific signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:413-20. [PMID: 18606460 PMCID: PMC2880250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now established that most of the approximately 800 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by phosphorylation in a process that results in the recruitment of arrestins, leading to receptor desensitization and the activation of arrestin-dependent processes. This generalized view of GPCR regulation, however, does not provide an adequate mechanism for the control of tissue-specific GPCR signalling. Here, we review the evidence that GPCR phosphorylation is, in fact, a flexible and dynamic regulatory process in which GPCRs are phosphorylated in a unique manner that is associated with the cell type in which the receptor is expressed. In this scenario, phosphorylation offers a mechanism of regulating the signalling outcome of GPCRs that can be tailored to meet a specific physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Tobin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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43
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Xia H, Liu L, Reinhart C, Michel H. Heterologous expression of human Neuromedin U receptor 1 and its subsequent solubilization and purification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2203-9. [PMID: 18598671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human Neuromedin U receptor 1 (hNmU-R1) is a member of G protein-coupled receptor family. For structural determination of hNmU-R1, the production of hNmU-R1 in milligram amounts is a prerequisite. Here we reported two different eukaryotic expression systems, namely, Semliki Forest virus (SFV)/BHK-21 and baculovirus/Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell systems for overproduction of this receptor. In the SFV-based expression system, hNmU-R1 was produced at a level of 5 pmol receptor/mg membrane protein and the yield could be further increased to 22 pmol receptor/mg membrane protein by supplementation with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Around 8 pmol receptor/mg membrane protein could be achieved in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. The recombinant hNmU-R1 from SFV- and baculovirus-based systems was functional, with a Kd value of [125I] NmU-23 (rat) similar to that from transiently transfected COS-7 cells, where hNmU-R1 was first identified. With the aid of 1% n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (LM)/0.25% cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS), the yield of functional hNmU-R1 could reach 80%. The recombinant receptor from Sf9 cells was purified to homogeneity. The specific binding of the purified receptor to [125I] NmU-23 (rat) indicated that the receptor is bioactive. This is the first report of successful solubilization and purification of hNmU-R1, and will enable functional and structural studies of the hNmU-R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xia
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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44
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Bonecchi R, Borroni EM, Savino B, Buracchi C, Mantovani A, Locati M. Non-signaling chemokine receptors: mechanism of action and role in vivo. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 198:14-9. [PMID: 18513804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is fundamental for numerous biological processes and is critical for the pathogenesis of several diseases. Chemokines represent the main class of mediators providing cell directional migration and several levels of regulation of their function have been identified. A subfamily of chemokine receptors not able to transduce chemotactic signals plays an important role in the control of chemokine concentrations through binding, internalization and degradation of chemotactic factors. Here we review in vitro and in vivo evidences indicating that these 'silent' chemokine receptors represent a strategy to regulate innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonecchi
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS Via Manzoni 113, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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45
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Cardona AE, Li M, Liu L, Savarin C, Ransohoff RM. Chemokines in and out of the central nervous system: much more than chemotaxis and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:587-94. [PMID: 18467654 PMCID: PMC2516908 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions of chemokines and the interaction with specific receptors go beyond their original, defined role of recruiting leukocytes to inflamed tissues. Chemokine receptor expression in peripheral elements and resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a relevant communication system during neuroinflammatory conditions. The following examples are described in this review: Chemokine receptors play important homeostatic properties by regulating levels of specific ligands in blood and tissues during healthy and pathological conditions; chemokines and their receptors are clearly involved in leukocyte extravasation and recruitment to the CNS, and current studies are directed toward understanding the interaction between chemokine receptors and matrix metalloproteinases in the process of blood brain barrier breakdown. We also propose novel functions of chemokine receptors during demyelination/remyelination, and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Cardona
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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46
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Trujillo G, O'Connor EC, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. A novel mechanism for CCR4 in the regulation of macrophage activation in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1209-21. [PMID: 18403600 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization into M1 or M2 phenotypes dictates the nature, duration, and severity of an inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to examine the role of CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in macrophage polarization during pulmonary oxidative injury in wild-type [WT (CCR4(+/+))] and CCR4-deficient (CCR4(-/-)) mice. Intrapulmonary administration of bleomycin sulfate provoked lethal inflammatory and fibrotic responses in WT (CCR4(+/+)) mice, but such responses were absent in CCR4(-/-) mice. Transcript and protein analyses of alveolar and bone marrow-derived macrophages showed that cells isolated from CCR4(-/-) mice did not exhibit CCL17-dependent M1 activation in response to bleomycin. Instead, CCR4(-/-) macrophages showed an M2 phenotype characterized by significantly elevated expression of arginase 1 and FIZZ1 (found in inflammatory zone 1), particularly during the peak of pulmonary inflammation. Compared with WT (CCR4(+/+)) mice, CCR4(-/-) mice exhibited a significant increase in the expression of the nonsignaling CC chemokine scavenging receptor D6 in whole lung samples and isolated macrophages. Thus, these results demonstrate that CCL17-dependent activation of CCR4 in macrophages plays a central role in free radical-induced pulmonary injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Trujillo
- Immunology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 4071 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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47
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McCulloch CV, Morrow V, Milasta S, Comerford I, Milligan G, Graham GJ, Isaacs NW, Nibbs RJB. Multiple roles for the C-terminal tail of the chemokine scavenger D6. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7972-82. [PMID: 18201974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710128200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
D6 is a heptahelical receptor that suppresses inflammation and tumorigenesis by scavenging extracellular pro-inflammatory CC chemokines. Previous studies suggested this is dependent on constitutive trafficking of stable D6 protein to and from the cell surface via recycling endosomes. By internalizing chemokine each time it transits the cell surface, D6 can, over time, remove large quantities of these inflammatory mediators. We have investigated the role of the conserved 58-amino acid C terminus of human D6, which, unlike the rest of the protein, shows no clear homology to other heptahelical receptors. We show that, in human HEK293 cells, a serine cluster in this region controls the constitutive phosphorylation, high stability, and intracellular trafficking itinerary of the receptor and drives green fluorescent protein-tagged beta-arrestins to membranes at, and near, the cell surface. Unexpectedly, however, these properties, and the last 44 amino acids of the C terminus, are dispensable for D6 internalization and effective scavenging of the chemokine CCL3. Even in the absence of the last 58 amino acids, D6 still initially internalizes CCL3 but, surprisingly, exposure to ligand inhibits subsequent CCL3 uptake by this mutant. Progressive scavenging is therefore abrogated. We conclude that the heptahelical body of D6 on its own can engage the endocytotic machinery of HEK293 cells but that the C terminus is indispensable for scavenging because it prevents initial chemokine engagement of D6 from inhibiting subsequent chemokine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare V McCulloch
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom
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48
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Hansell CAH, Simpson CV, Nibbs RJB. Chemokine sequestration by atypical chemokine receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 34:1009-13. [PMID: 17073739 DOI: 10.1042/bst0341009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucocyte migration is essential for robust immune and inflammatory responses, and plays a critical role in many human diseases. Chemokines, a family of small secreted protein chemoattractants, are of fundamental importance in this process, directing leucocyte trafficking by signalling through heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors expressed by the migrating cells. However, several mammalian chemokine receptors, including D6 and CCX-CKR (ChemoCentryx chemokine receptor), do not fit existing models of chemokine receptor function, and do not even appear to signal in response to chemokine binding. Instead, these 'atypical' chemokine receptors are biochemically specialized for chemokine sequestration, acting to regulate chemokine bioavailability and thereby influence responses through signalling-competent chemokine receptors. This is of critical importance in vivo, as mice lacking D6 show exaggerated cutaneous inflammatory responses and an increased susceptibility to the development of skin cancer. CCX-CKR, on the other hand, is predicted to modulate homoeostatic lymphocyte and dendritic cell trafficking, key migratory events in acquired immune responses that are directed by CCX-CKR-binding chemokines. Thus studies on 'atypical' chemokine receptors are revealing functional and biochemical diversity within the chemokine receptor family and providing insights into novel mechanisms of chemokine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A H Hansell
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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49
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Comerford I, Litchfield W, Harata-Lee Y, Nibbs RJB, McColl SR. Regulation of chemotactic networks by ‘atypical’ receptors. Bioessays 2007; 29:237-47. [PMID: 17295321 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is a fundamental component of numerous biological systems and is critical to the pathology of many diseases. Although the importance of secreted chemoattractant factors in providing navigational cues to migrating cells bearing specific chemoattractant receptors is now well-established, how the function of these factors is regulated is not so well understood and may be of key importance to the design of new therapeutics for numerous human diseases. While regulation of migration clearly takes place on a number of different levels, it is becoming clear that so-called 'atypical' receptors play a role in scavenging, or altering the localisation of, chemoattractant molecules such as chemokines and complement components. These receptors do this through binding and/or internalising their chemoattractant ligands without activating signal transduction cascades leading to cell migration. The atypical chemokine receptor family currently comprises the receptors D6, DARC and CCX-CKR. In this review, we discuss the evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies that these receptors play a role in regulating cell migration, and speculate that other orphan receptors may also belong to this family. Furthermore, with the advent of gene therapy on the horizon, the therapeutic potential of these receptors in human disease is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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50
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Borroni EM, Buracchi C, de la Torre YM, Galliera E, Vecchi A, Bonecchi R, Mantovani A, Locati M. The chemoattractant decoy receptor D6 as a negative regulator of inflammatory responses. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34:1014-7. [PMID: 17073740 DOI: 10.1042/bst0341014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Other than signalling receptors sustaining leucocyte recruitment during inflammatory reactions, the chemokine system includes 'silent' receptors with distinct specificity and tissue distribution. The best-characterized molecule of this subgroup is the CC chemokine receptor D6, which binds most inflammatory CC chemokines and targets them to degradation via constitutive ligand-independent internalization. Structure-function analysis and recent results with gene-targeted animals indicate that D6 has unique functional and structural features, which make it ideally adapted to act as a chemokine decoy and scavenger receptor, strategically located on lymphatic endothelium and placenta to dampen inflammation in tissues and draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Borroni
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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