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Schmidt D, Endres C, Hoefflin R, Andrieux G, Zwick M, Karantzelis N, Staehle HF, Vinnakota JM, Duquesne S, Mozaffari M, Pfeifer D, Becker H, Blazar BR, Zähringer A, Duyster J, Brummer T, Boerries M, Baumeister J, Shoumariyeh K, Li J, Green AR, Heidel FH, Tirosh I, Pahl HL, Leimkühler N, Köhler N, de Toledo MAS, Koschmieder S, Zeiser R. Oncogenic Calreticulin Induces Immune Escape by Stimulating TGFβ Expression and Regulatory T-cell Expansion in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2024; 84:2985-3003. [PMID: 38885318 PMCID: PMC11405138 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the interplay between oncogenic mutations and immune escape mechanisms. Strategies to counteract the immune escape mediated by oncogenic signaling could provide improved therapeutic options for patients with various malignancies. As mutant calreticulin (CALR) is a common driver of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), we analyzed the impact of oncogenic CALRdel52 on the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in MPN. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that CALRdel52 led to the expansion of TGFβ1-producing erythroid progenitor cells and promoted the expansion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in a murine MPN model. Treatment with an anti-TGFβ antibody improved mouse survival and increased the glycolytic activity in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo, whereas T-cell depletion abrogated the protective effects conferred by neutralizing TGFβ. TGFβ1 reduced perforin and TNFα production by T cells in vitro. TGFβ1 production by CALRdel52 cells was dependent on JAK1/2, PI3K, and ERK activity, which activated the transcription factor Sp1 to induce TGFβ1 expression. In four independent patient cohorts, TGFβ1 expression was increased in the BM of patients with MPN compared with healthy individuals, and the BM of patients with MPN contained a higher frequency of Treg compared with healthy individuals. Together, this study identified an ERK/Sp1/TGFβ1 axis in CALRdel52 MPNs as a mechanism of immunosuppression that can be targeted to elicit T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Significance: Targeting the mutant calreticulin/TGFβ1 axis increases T-cell activity and glycolytic capacity, providing the rationale for conducting clinical trials on TGFβ antagonists as an immunotherapeutic strategy in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schmidt
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Endres
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rouven Hoefflin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melissa Zwick
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Karantzelis
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans F. Staehle
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janaki Manoja Vinnakota
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Duquesne
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Mozaffari
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Becker
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander Zähringer
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- IMMZ, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Freiburg, a partnership between DKFZ and Medical Center - University of Freiburg
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Freiburg, a partnership between DKFZ and Medical Center - University of Freiburg
| | - Julian Baumeister
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, and Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Khalid Shoumariyeh
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony R. Green
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Florian H. Heidel
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Heike L. Pahl
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Leimkühler
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Natalie Köhler
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg
| | - Marcelo A. S. de Toledo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, and Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, and Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I - Medical centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Freiburg, a partnership between DKFZ and Medical Center - University of Freiburg
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg
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Perrot CY, Karampitsakos T, Unterman A, Adams T, Marlin K, Arsenault A, Zhao A, Kaminski N, Katlaps G, Patel K, Bandyopadhyay D, Herazo-Maya JD. Mast-cell expressed membrane protein-1 is expressed in classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and regulates cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration in a TGFβ-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C964-C977. [PMID: 38189137 PMCID: PMC11193480 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00563.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Mast-cell expressed membrane protein-1 (MCEMP1) is higher in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with an increased risk of death. Here we aimed to establish the mechanistic role of MCEMP1 in pulmonary fibrosis. We identified increased MCEMP1 expression in classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF compared with controls. MCEMP1 is upregulated by transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) at the mRNA and protein levels in monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells. TGFβ-mediated MCEMP1 upregulation results from the cooperation of SMAD3 and SP1 via concomitant binding to SMAD3/SP1 cis-regulatory elements within the MCEMP1 promoter. We also found that MCEMP1 regulates TGFβ-mediated monocyte chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration. Our results suggest that MCEMP1 may regulate the migration and transition of monocytes to monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages during pulmonary fibrosis development and progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MCEMP1 is highly expressed in circulating classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF, is regulated by TGFβ, and participates in the chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration of circulating monocytes by modulating the effect of TGFβ in RHO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Y Perrot
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Avraham Unterman
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Center of Excellence, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Genomic Research Laboratory for Lung Fibrosis, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Taylor Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Krystin Marlin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Alyssa Arsenault
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Amy Zhao
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Gundars Katlaps
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Center for Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Program, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Kapilkumar Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Center for Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Program, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Debabrata Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Center for Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Program, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Jose D Herazo-Maya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ubben Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Center for Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Program, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States
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Hill J, Shalaby KE, Bihaqi SW, Alansi BH, Barlock B, Parang K, Thompson R, Ouararhni K, Zawia NH. Tolfenamic Acid Derivatives: A New Class of Transcriptional Modulators with Potential Therapeutic Applications for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15216. [PMID: 37894896 PMCID: PMC10607430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has witnessed recent breakthroughs in the development of disease-modifying biologics and diagnostic markers. While immunotherapeutic interventions have provided much-awaited solutions, nucleic acid-based tools represent other avenues of intervention; however, these approaches are costly and invasive, and they have serious side effects. Previously, we have shown in AD animal models that tolfenamic acid (TA) can lower the expression of AD-related genes and their products and subsequently reduce pathological burden and improve cognition. Using TA as a scaffold and the zinc finger domain of SP1 as a pharmacophore, we developed safer and more potent brain-penetrating analogs that interfere with sequence-specific DNA binding at transcription start sites and predominantly modulate the expression of SP1 target genes. More importantly, the proteome of treated cells displayed ~75% of the downregulated products as SP1 targets. Specific levels of SP1-driven genes and AD biomarkers such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Tau proteins were also decreased as part of this targeted systemic response. These small molecules, therefore, offer a viable alternative to achieving desired therapeutic outcomes by interfering with both amyloid and Tau pathways with limited off-target systemic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaunetta Hill
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (J.H.); (S.W.B.); (B.H.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Karim E. Shalaby
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar; (K.E.S.); (K.O.)
| | - Syed W. Bihaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (J.H.); (S.W.B.); (B.H.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Bothaina H. Alansi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (J.H.); (S.W.B.); (B.H.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Benjamin Barlock
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (J.H.); (S.W.B.); (B.H.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
| | - Richard Thompson
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar; (K.E.S.); (K.O.)
| | - Khalid Ouararhni
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar; (K.E.S.); (K.O.)
| | - Nasser H. Zawia
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (J.H.); (S.W.B.); (B.H.A.); (B.B.)
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar; (K.E.S.); (K.O.)
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Division, College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
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Perrot CY, Karampitsakos T, Unterman A, Adams T, Marlin K, Arsenault A, Zhao A, Kaminski N, Katlaps G, Patel K, Bandyopadhyay D, Herazo-Maya JD. Mast-Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1 (MCEMP1) is expressed in classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and regulates cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration in a TGFβ dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.07.561349. [PMID: 37873485 PMCID: PMC10592658 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.07.561349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Mast-Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1 (MCEMP1) is higher in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients with increased risk of death and poor outcomes. Here we seek to establish the mechanistic role of MCEMP1 in pulmonary fibrosis. Methods MCEMP1 expression was analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) as well as in lung tissues from IPF patients and controls. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChiP) and Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) were used to study the transcriptional regulation of MCEMP1 . Transient RNA interference and lentivirus transduction were used to knockdown and knock-in MCEMP1 in THP-1 cells to study chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration. Bulk RNA sequencing was used to identify the mechanisms by which MCEMP1 participates in monocyte function. Active RHO pull-down assay was used to validate bulk RNA sequencing results. Results We identified increased MCEMP1 expression in classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF compared to controls. MCEMP1 was upregulated by TGFβ at the mRNA and protein levels in THP-1. TGFβ-mediated MCEMP1 upregulation results from the cooperation of SMAD3 and SP1 via concomitant binding to SMAD3/SP1 cis -regulatory elements within the MCEMP1 promoter. In terms of its function, we found that MCEMP1 regulates TGFβ-mediated monocyte chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration. 400 differentially expressed genes were found to increase after TGFβ stimulation of THP-1, further increased in MCEMP1 knock-in cells treated with TGFβ and decreased in MCEMP1 knockdown cells treated with TGFβ. GO annotation analysis of these genes showed enrichment for positive regulation of RHO GTPase activity and signal transduction. While TGFβ enhanced RHO GTPase activity in THP-1 cells, this effect was attenuated following MCEMP1 knockdown. Conclusion MCEMP1 is highly expressed in circulating classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF. MCEMP1 is regulated by TGFβ and participates in the chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration of circulating monocytes by modulating the effect of TGFβ in RHO activity. Our results suggest that MCEMP1 may regulate the migration and transition of monocytes to monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages during pulmonary fibrosis development and progression.
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Li R, Song B, Xu L, Zheng J, Pan W, Cai F, Wang J, Wu Y, Song W. Regulation of USP25 by SP1 Associates with Amyloidogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:1459-1472. [PMID: 36938736 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trisomy 21, an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (HSA21), causes most Down's syndrome (DS) cases. Individuals with DS inevitably develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological phenotypes after middle age including amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 25 (USP25), encoding by USP25 gene located on HSA21, is a deubiquitinating enzyme, which plays an important role in both DS and AD pathogenesis. However, the regulation of USP25 remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the regulation of USP25 by specificity protein 1 (SP1) in neuronal cells and its potential role in amyloidogenesis. METHODS The transcription start site and promoter activity was identified by SMART-RACE and Dual-luciferase assay. Functional SP1-responsive elements were examined by EMSA. USP25 expression was examined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA were applied or statistical analysis. RESULTS The transcription start site of human USP25 gene was identified. Three functional SP1 responsive elements in human USP25 gene were revealed. SP1 promotes USP25 transcription and subsequent USP25 protein expression, while SP1 inhibition significantly reduces USP25 expression in both non-neuronal and neuronal cells. Moreover, SP1 inhibition dramatically reduces amyloidogenesis. CONCLUSION We demonstrates that transcription factor SP1 regulates USP25 gene expression, which associates with amyloidogenesis. It suggests that SP1 signaling may play an important role in USP25 regulation and contribute to USP25-mediated DS and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lu Xu
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiali Zheng
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhao Pan
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Cai
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Juelu Wang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yili Wu
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Oujiang Laboratory Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Oujiang Laboratory Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhao J, Huai J. Role of primary aging hallmarks in Alzheimer´s disease. Theranostics 2023; 13:197-230. [PMID: 36593969 PMCID: PMC9800733 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which severely threatens the health of the elderly and causes significant economic and social burdens. The causes of AD are complex and include heritable but mostly aging-related factors. The primary aging hallmarks include genomic instability, telomere wear, epigenetic changes, and loss of protein stability, which play a dominant role in the aging process. Although AD is closely associated with the aging process, the underlying mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis have not been well characterized. This review summarizes the available literature about primary aging hallmarks and their roles in AD pathogenesis. By analyzing published literature, we attempted to uncover the possible mechanisms of aberrant epigenetic markers with related enzymes, transcription factors, and loss of proteostasis in AD. In particular, the importance of oxidative stress-induced DNA methylation and DNA methylation-directed histone modifications and proteostasis are highlighted. A molecular network of gene regulatory elements that undergoes a dynamic change with age may underlie age-dependent AD pathogenesis, and can be used as a new drug target to treat AD.
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Sato K, Takayama KI, Hashimoto M, Inoue S. Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulations of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein (APP ) mRNA. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:721579. [PMID: 35822056 PMCID: PMC9261399 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.721579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of memory, thinking, behavior, and dementia. Based on ample evidence showing neurotoxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates in AD, proteolytically derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), it has been assumed that misfolding of Aβ plays a crucial role in the AD pathogenesis. Additionally, extra copies of the APP gene caused by chromosomal duplication in patients with Down syndrome can promote AD pathogenesis, indicating the pathological involvement of the APP gene dose in AD. Furthermore, increased APP expression due to locus duplication and promoter mutation of APP has been found in familial AD. Given this background, we aimed to summarize the mechanism underlying the upregulation of APP expression levels from a cutting-edge perspective. We first reviewed the literature relevant to this issue, specifically focusing on the transcriptional regulation of APP by transcription factors that bind to the promoter/enhancer regions. APP expression is also regulated by growth factors, cytokines, and hormone, such as androgen. We further evaluated the possible involvement of post-transcriptional regulators of APP in AD pathogenesis, such as RNA splicing factors. Indeed, alternative splicing isoforms of APP are proposed to be involved in the increased production of Aβ. Moreover, non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, post-transcriptionally regulate the APP expression. Collectively, elucidation of the novel mechanisms underlying the upregulation of APP would lead to the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sato
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Department of Basic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Luo S, Dong X, Guo S, Wang Q, Dai X, Jiang Y, Zhu W, Zhou W, Song W. Regulation of the Human IL-10RB Gene Expression by Sp8 and Sp9. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1469-1485. [PMID: 35811529 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a classic anti-inflammatory cytokine that exerts its effects via the receptor complexes IL-10RA and IL-10RB. Loss of IL-10RB results in many diseases. Moreover, IL-10RB is closely associated with neuronal survival and synaptic formation. However, the regulation of IL-10RB gene expression remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the expression of IL-10RB gene is increased in brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its transcriptional regulation. METHODS We examined the gene expression of AD patient brain from public database and detected the protein expression of AD model mouse brain by western blot. We constructed a variety of reporter gene plasmids with different lengths or mutation sites, tested the promoter activity and defined the functional region of the promoter with the luciferase reporter assay. The protein-DNA binding between transcription factors and the promoter was analyzed using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS We found that the IL-10RB is elevated in the brain of AD patient and AD model mice. The minimal promoter of the IL-10RB gene is located in the -90 to +51 bp region (relative to the transcriptional start site) and is sufficient for high-level expression of the IL-10RB gene. Transcription factors Sp8 and Sp9 bind to the IL-10RB promoter in vitro. The overexpression or knockdown of Sp8 and Sp9 affected the IL-10RB promoter activity and its gene expression. CONCLUSION Our study functionally characterized the promoter of the IL-10RB gene and demonstrated that Sp8 and Sp9 regulated its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shipeng Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunxian Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanshuang Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiyi Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihui Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Shu B, Zhang RZ, Zhou YX, He C, Yang X. METTL3-mediated macrophage exosomal NEAT1 contributes to hepatic fibrosis progression through Sp1/TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:266. [PMID: 35585044 PMCID: PMC9117676 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is caused by chronic hepatic injury and is characterized by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. Studies focusing on the function of exosomes derived from macrophages in HF progression are limited. This study aims to identify the roles of exosomal NEAT1 derived from macrophages on HF and the underlying mechanisms. Our studies showed that METTL3 targeted and enhanced NEAT1 expression in macrophages. Exosomal NEAT1 originating from LPS-treated macrophages promoted HSCs proliferation and migration, and induced the expression of fibrotic proteins including collagen I, α-SMA, and fibronectin. Macrophage exosomal NEAT1 contributed to HSCs activation by sponging miR-342. MiR-342 directly targeted Sp1 and suppressed its downstream TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, which eventually led to the inhibition of HSCs activation. Depletion of NEAT1 in the macrophage exosomes inhibited HF progression both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our study proved that silence of NEAT1 in the macrophage exosomes exerted protective roles against HF through the miR-342/Sp1/TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, suggesting a potential therapeutic target in HF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Rui-Zhi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Ying-Xia Zhou
- Department of Surgical Operation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China.
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10
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Rai SN, Tiwari N, Singh P, Mishra D, Singh AK, Hooshmandi E, Vamanu E, Singh MP. Therapeutic Potential of Vital Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease With Particular Emphasis on Transcription Factor EB Mediated Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:777347. [PMID: 34970114 PMCID: PMC8712758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.777347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular self-digestion and recycling pathway that helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation at various steps of the autophagic and endolysosomal pathway has been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD) and is cited as a critically important feature for central nervous system (CNS) proteostasis. Recently, another molecular target, namely transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been explored globally to treat neurodegenerative disorders. This TFEB, is a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway. Multiple research studies suggested therapeutic potential by targeting TFEB to treat human diseases involving autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, especially neurodegenerative disorders. A common observation involving all neurodegenerative disorders is their poor efficacy in clearing and recycle toxic aggregated proteins and damaged cellular organelles due to impairment in the autophagy pathway. This dysfunction in autophagy characterized by the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates leads to a progressive loss in structural integrity/functionality of neurons and may even result in neuronal death. In recent years TFEB, a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has received considerable attention. It has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD. In various neurobiology studies involving animal models, TFEB has been found to ameliorate neurotoxicity and rescue neurodegeneration. Since TFEB is a master transcriptional regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway and plays a crucial role in defining autophagy activation. Studies have been done to understand the mechanisms for TFEB dysfunction, which may yield insights into how TFEB might be targeted and used for the therapeutic strategy to develop a treatment process with extensive application to neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we explore the role of different transcription factor-based targeted therapy by some natural compounds for AD and PD with special emphasis on TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohan P Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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11
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Chacón-Quintero MV, Pineda-López LG, Villegas-Lanau CA, Posada-Duque R, Cardona-Gómez GP. Beta-Secretase 1 Underlies Reactive Astrocytes and Endothelial Disruption in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:656832. [PMID: 34025357 PMCID: PMC8136516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.656832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the neurovascular unit (NVU) is a key component in the progressive deterioration of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is critical in vascular dementia. Recent studies have shown that inflammation plays early and perhaps causal roles in the pathogenesis of AD related to NVU damage, possibly in part by overactivating the aspartic acid protease activity of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which until now has almost solely been studied in the context of the β-amyloid cascade. In this study, we analyzed the relationship of BACE1 with astrocytes and blood vessels in human brains with sporadic and familial dementia [Autosomal dominant cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD), and familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)] and how BACE1 inhibition affects astrocytes and endothelial cells under conditions of glutamate toxicity. Our results show increased BACE1, PHF (Paired helical filaments)-tau and GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein) immunoreactivity (IR) in the CA1 hippocampal regions of FAD and SAD brains. Furthermore, BACE1 immunoprecipitated with GFAP in tissue samples from all study cases, but their immunofluorescence close to (10 μm3) or overlapping blood vessels was only increased in FAD and SAD brains, and PHF-tau was present around the vessels mainly in FAD brains. Interestingly, the increased BACE1 levels were associated with reactive astrocytes, characterized by morphological changes and upregulation of GFAP under pathological and stressful conditions, and endothelial disruption by glutamate excitotoxicity, and these effects were reversed by BACE1 inhibition; further, BACE1-inhibited astrocytes protected endothelial cell integrity by preserving zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) distribution and decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers. Taken together, these findings suggest that BACE1 dysregulation in astrocytes may have a role in the alterations in NVU integrity implicated in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Chacón-Quintero
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lina Gisela Pineda-López
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia
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12
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Fernández-Martínez JL, Álvarez-Machancoses Ó, deAndrés-Galiana EJ, Bea G, Kloczkowski A. Robust Sampling of Defective Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. Implications in Drug Repositioning. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103594. [PMID: 32438758 PMCID: PMC7279419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the analysis of the defective genetic pathways of the Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (LOAD) compared to the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Healthy Controls (HC) using different sampling methodologies. These algorithms sample the uncertainty space that is intrinsic to any kind of highly underdetermined phenotype prediction problem, by looking for the minimum-scale signatures (header genes) corresponding to different random holdouts. The biological pathways can be identified performing posterior analysis of these signatures established via cross-validation holdouts and plugging the set of most frequently sampled genes into different ontological platforms. That way, the effect of helper genes, whose presence might be due to the high degree of under determinacy of these experiments and data noise, is reduced. Our results suggest that common pathways for Alzheimer’s disease and MCI are mainly related to viral mRNA translation, influenza viral RNA transcription and replication, gene expression, mitochondrial translation, and metabolism, with these results being highly consistent regardless of the comparative methods. The cross-validated predictive accuracies achieved for the LOAD and MCI discriminations were 84% and 81.5%, respectively. The difference between LOAD and MCI could not be clearly established (74% accuracy). The most discriminatory genes of the LOAD-MCI discrimination are associated with proteasome mediated degradation and G-protein signaling. Based on these findings we have also performed drug repositioning using Dr. Insight package, proposing the following different typologies of drugs: isoquinoline alkaloids, antitumor antibiotics, phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K, autophagy inhibitors, antagonists of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and histone deacetylase inhibitors. We believe that the potential clinical relevance of these findings should be further investigated and confirmed with other independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Fernández-Martínez
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning, Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (Ó.Á.-M.); (E.J.d.-G.); (G.B.)
- DeepBioInsights, C/Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Óscar Álvarez-Machancoses
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning, Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (Ó.Á.-M.); (E.J.d.-G.); (G.B.)
- DeepBioInsights, C/Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enrique J. deAndrés-Galiana
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning, Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (Ó.Á.-M.); (E.J.d.-G.); (G.B.)
- Department of Informatics and Computer Science, University of Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermina Bea
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning, Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (Ó.Á.-M.); (E.J.d.-G.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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13
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Cai Z, Zheng F, Ding Y, Zhan Y, Gong R, Li J, Aschner M, Zhang Q, Wu S, Li H. Nrf2-regulated miR-380-3p Blocks the Translation of Sp3 Protein and Its Mediation of Paraquat-Induced Toxicity in Mouse Neuroblastoma N2a Cells. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:515-529. [PMID: 31368498 PMCID: PMC6760285 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratorial and epidemiological research has established a relationship between paraquat (PQ) exposure and a risk for Parkinson's disease. Previously, we have investigated the effects of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and microRNAs in PQ-induced neurotoxicity, addressing the function of miR-380-3p, a microRNA dysregulated by PQ, as well as Nrf2 deficiency. Nrf2 is known to mediate the expression of a variety of genes, including noncoding genes. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified the relationship between Nrf2 and miR-380-3p in transcriptional regulation. qRT-PCR, Western blots, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay showed that miR-380-3p blocked the translation of the transcription factor specificity protein-3 (Sp3) in the absence of degradation of Sp3 mRNA. Results based on cell counting analysis, annexin v-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double-staining assay, and propidium iodide staining showed that overexpression of miR-380-3p inhibited cell proliferation, increased the apoptotic rate, induced cell cycle arrest, and intensified the toxicity of PQ in mouse neuroblastoma (N2a [Neuro2a]) cells. Knockdown of Sp3 inhibited cell proliferation and eclipsed the alterations induced by miR-380-3p in cell proliferation. Two mediators of apoptosis and cell cycle identified in previous studies as Sp3-regulated, namely cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) and calmodulin (CaM), were dysregulated by PQ, but not Sp3 deficiency. In conclusion, Nrf2-regulated miR-380-3p inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced the PQ-induced toxicity in N2a cells potentially by blocking the translation Sp3 mRNA. We conclude that CaM and p21 were involved in PQ-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Center for Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation
- Research of Guangdong Institute of Applied Bio-resources, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yanting Zhan
- Department of Management, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou 350101, China
| | - Ruijie Gong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
| | - Jing Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Siying Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
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14
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Masoud AM, Bihaqi SW, Alansi B, Dash M, Subaiea GM, Renehan WE, Zawia NH. Altered microRNA, mRNA, and Protein Expression of Neurodegeneration-Related Biomarkers and Their Transcriptional and Epigenetic Modifiers in a Human Tau Transgenic Mouse Model in Response to Developmental Lead Exposure. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:273-282. [PMID: 29614648 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid deposits originating from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and aggregates of the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Animal studies have demonstrated a link between early life exposure to lead (Pb) and latent overexpression of the AβPP and MAPT genes and their products via epigenetic reprogramming. The present study monitored APP gene and epigenetic mediators and transcription factors known to regulate it. Western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to study the mRNA, miRNA, and proteins levels of AβPP, specificity protein 1 (SP1; a transcriptional regulator of amyloid and tau pathway), and epigenetic intermediates namely: DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1, DNMT3a and Methyl- CpG protein binding 2 (MeCP2) in the cerebral cortex of transgenic mice (Knock-in for human MAPT). These transgenic mice were developmentally exposed to Pb and the impact on mRNA, miRNA, and protein levels was scrutinized on postnatal days (PND) 20 and 50. The data revealed a consistent inverse relationship between miRNA and protein levels for SP1 and AβPP both in the basal and exposed conditions, which may influence the levels of their corresponding proteins. On the other hand, the relationship between miRNA and protein levels was not correlative for DNMT1 and DNMT3a. MeCP2 miRNA protein levels corresponded only following environmental exposure. These results suggest that developmental exposure to Pb and subsequent AβPP protein levels may be controlled through transcriptional regulators and epigenetic mechanisms that mainly involve miRNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar M Masoud
- Biochemical Technology Program, Faculty of Applied Science, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Syed W Bihaqi
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI, USA
| | - Bothaina Alansi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI, USA
| | - Miriam Dash
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI, USA
| | - Gehad M Subaiea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - William E Renehan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI, USA
| | - Nasser H Zawia
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI, USA.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI, USA.,George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI, USA
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15
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Jin W, Qazi TJ, Quan Z, Li N, Qing H. Dysregulation of Transcription Factors: A Key Culprit Behind Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:548-565. [PMID: 30484370 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418811787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are considered heterogeneous disorders characterized by progressive pathological changes in neuronal systems. Transcription factors are protein molecules that are important in regulating the expression of genes. Although the clinical manifestations of NDs vary, the pathological processes appear similar with regard to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and proteostasis, to which, as numerous studies have discovered, transcription factors are closely linked. In this review, we summarized and reviewed the roles of transcription factors in NDs, and then we elucidated their functions during pathological processes, and finally we discussed their therapeutic values in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Talal Jamil Qazi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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16
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Alam A, Hana Z, Jin Z, Suen KC, Ma D. Surgery, neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:547-556. [PMID: 30348620 PMCID: PMC6284418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma experienced during surgery can contribute to the development of a systemic inflammatory response that can cause multi-organ dysfunction or even failure. Post-surgical neuroinflammation is a documented phenomenon that results in synaptic impairment, neuronal dysfunction and death, and impaired neurogenesis. Various pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, maintain a state of chronic neuroinflammation, manifesting as post-operative cognitive dysfunction and post-operative delirium. Furthermore, elderly patients with post-operative cognitive dysfunction or delirium are three times more likely to experience permanent cognitive impairment or dementia. We conducted a narrative review, considering evidence extracted from various databases including Pubmed, MEDLINE and EMBASE, as well as journals and book reference lists. We found that further pre-clinical and well-powered clinical studies are required to delineate the precise pathogenesis of post-operative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Despite the burden of post-operative neurological sequelae, clinical studies investigating therapeutic agents, such as dexmedetomidine, ibuprofen and statins, have yielded conflicting results. In addition, evidence supporting novel therapeutic avenues, such as nicotinic and HMGB-1 targeting and remote ischaemic pre-conditioning, is limited and necessitates further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Alam
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zac Hana
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zhaosheng Jin
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ka Chun Suen
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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17
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Khaghani SAB, Akbarova G, Soon CF, Dilbazi G. Effect of transforming growth factor-β2 on biological regulation of multilayer primary chondrocyte culture. Cell Tissue Bank 2018; 19:763-775. [PMID: 30377863 PMCID: PMC6280861 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-018-9732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are extremely potent biomolecules that regulate cellular functions and play multiple roles in initiation and inhibition of disease. These highly specialised macromolecules are actively involved in control of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and adhesion. This work, investigates the effect of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) on the biological regulation of chondrocyte and the repair of a created model wound on a multilayer culture system. Also the effect of this cytokine on cell length, proliferation, and cell adhesion has been investigated. Chondrocytes isolated from knee joint of rats and cultured at 4 layers. Each layer consisted of 2 × 105 cells/ml with and without TGF-β2. The expression of mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β receptors and Smad1, 3, 4, and 7 have been analysed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The effect of different supplementations in chondrocyte cell proliferation, cell length, adhesion, and wound repair was statistically analysed by One-way ANOVA test. Our results showed that the TGFβ2 regulates mRNA levels of its own receptors, and of Smad3 and Smad7. Also the TGF-β2 caused an increase in chondrocyte cell length, but decreased its proliferation rate and the wound healing process. TGF-β2 also decreased cell adhesion ability to the surface of the culture flask. Since, TGF-β2 increased the cell size, but showed negative effect on cell proliferation and adhesion of CHC, the effect of manipulated TGF-β2 with other growth factors and/or proteins needs to be investigated to finalize the utilization of this growth factor and design of scaffolding in treatment of different types of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunay Akbarova
- Department of Genetics and Theory of Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| | - Chin Fhong Soon
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Laboratory, MiNT-SRC Research Center, Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Gulrukh Dilbazi
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Preparations, The Veterinary Scientific-Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan
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18
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Kim KH, Park SH, Do KH, Kim J, Choi KU, Moon Y. NSAID-activated gene 1 mediates pro-inflammatory signaling activation and paclitaxel chemoresistance in type I human epithelial ovarian cancer stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72148-72166. [PMID: 27708225 PMCID: PMC5342151 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Chronic endogenous sterile pro-inflammatory responses are strongly linked to EOC progression and chemoresistance to anti-cancer therapeutics. In the present study, the activity of epithelial NF-κB, a key pro-inflammatory transcription factor, was enhanced with the progress of EOC. This result was mechanistically linked with an increased expression of NSAID-Activated Gene 1 (NAG-1) in MyD88-positive type I EOC stem-like cells, compared with that in MyD88-negative type II EOC cells. Elevated NAG-1 as a potent biomarker of poor prognosis in the ovarian cancer was positively associated with the levels of NF-κB activation, chemokines and stemness markers in type I EOC cells. In terms of signal transduction, NAG-1-activated SMAD-linked and non-canonical TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK-1)-activated pathways contributed to NF-κB activation and the subsequent induction of some chemokines and cancer stemness markers. In addition to effects on NF-κB-dependent gene regulation, NAG-1 was involved in expression of EGF receptor and subsequent activation of EGF receptor-linked signaling. The present study also provided evidences for links between NAG-1-linked signaling and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. NAG-1 and pro-inflammatory NF-κB were positively associated with resistance to paclitaxel in MyD88-positive type I EOC cells. Mechanistically, this chemoresistance occurred due to enhanced activation of the SMAD-4- and non-SMAD-TAK-1-linked pathways. All of the present data suggested NAG-1 protein as a crucial mediator of EOC progression and resistance to the standard first-line chemotherapy against EOC, particularly in MyD88-positive ovarian cancer stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute and Pusan Cancer Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea.,Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kee Hun Do
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea.,Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Juil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea.,Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyung Un Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute and Pusan Cancer Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute and Pusan Cancer Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.,Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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19
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Maulik U, Sen S, Mallik S, Bandyopadhyay S. Detecting TF-miRNA-gene network based modules for 5hmC and 5mC brain samples: a intra- and inter-species case-study between human and rhesus. BMC Genet 2018; 19:9. [PMID: 29357837 PMCID: PMC5776763 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Study of epigenetics is currently a high-impact research topic. Multi stage methylation is also an area of high-dimensional prospect. In this article, we provide a new study (intra and inter-species study) on brain tissue between human and rhesus on two methylation cytosine variants based data-profiles (viz., 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) samples) through TF-miRNA-gene network based module detection. Results First of all, we determine differentially 5hmC methylated genes for human as well as rhesus for intra-species analysis, and differentially multi-stage methylated genes for inter-species analysis. Thereafter, we utilize weighted topological overlap matrix (TOM) measure and average linkage clustering consecutively on these genesets for intra- and inter-species study.We identify co-methylated and multi-stage co-methylated gene modules by using dynamic tree cut, for intra-and inter-species cases, respectively. Each module is represented by individual color in the dendrogram. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway based analysis are then performed to identify biological functionalities of the identified modules. Finally, top ten regulator TFs and targeter miRNAs that are associated with the maximum number of gene modules, are determined for both intra-and inter-species analysis. Conclusions The novel TFs and miRNAs obtained from the analysis are: MYST3 and ZNF771 as TFs (for human intra-species analysis), BAZ2B, RCOR3 and ATF1 as TFs (for rhesus intra-species analysis), and mml-miR-768-3p and mml-miR-561 as miRs (for rhesus intra-species analysis); and MYST3 and ZNF771 as miRs(for inter-species study). Furthermore, the genes/TFs/miRNAs that are already found to be liable for several brain-related dreadful diseases as well as rare neglected diseases (e.g., wolf Hirschhorn syndrome, Joubarts Syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus(SIV) mediated enchaphilits, Parkinsons Disease, Bipolar disorder and Schizophenia etc.) are mentioned. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0574-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Maulik
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sagnik Sen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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20
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Readhead B, Haure-Mirande JV, Zhang B, Haroutunian V, Gandy S, Schadt EE, Dudley JT, Ehrlich ME. Molecular systems evaluation of oligomerogenic APP(E693Q) and fibrillogenic APP(KM670/671NL)/PSEN1(Δexon9) mouse models identifies shared features with human Alzheimer's brain molecular pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1099-111. [PMID: 26552589 PMCID: PMC4862938 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of molecular mechanisms that connect genetic risk factors to initiation and evolution of disease pathophysiology represent major goals and opportunities for improving therapeutic and diagnostic outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Integrative genomic analysis of the human AD brain transcriptome holds potential for revealing novel mechanisms of dysfunction that underlie the onset and/or progression of the disease. We performed an integrative genomic analysis of brain tissue-derived transcriptomes measured from two lines of mice expressing distinct mutant AD-related proteins. The first line expresses oligomerogenic mutant APP(E693Q) inside neurons, leading to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and behavioral impairment, but never develops parenchymal fibrillar amyloid deposits. The second line expresses APP(KM670/671NL)/PSEN1(Δexon9) in neurons and accumulates fibrillar Aβ amyloid and amyloid plaques accompanied by neuritic dystrophy and behavioral impairment. We performed RNA sequencing analyses of the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex from each line and from wild-type mice. We then performed an integrative genomic analysis to identify dysregulated molecules and pathways, comparing transgenic mice with wild-type controls as well as to each other. We also compared these results with datasets derived from human AD brain. Differential gene and exon expression analysis revealed pervasive alterations in APP/Aβ metabolism, epigenetic control of neurogenesis, cytoskeletal organization and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation. Comparative molecular analysis converged on FMR1 (Fragile X Mental Retardation 1), an important negative regulator of APP translation and oligomerogenesis in the post-synaptic space. Integration of these transcriptomic results with human postmortem AD gene networks, differential expression and differential splicing signatures identified significant similarities in pathway dysregulation, including ECM regulation and neurogenesis, as well as strong overlap with AD-associated co-expression network structures. The strong overlap in molecular systems features supports the relevance of these findings from the AD mouse models to human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Readhead
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J-V Haure-Mirande
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - V Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cognitive Health and NFL Neurological Care, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - E E Schadt
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J T Dudley
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M E Ehrlich
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Wei C, Zhang W, Zhou Q, Zhao C, Du Y, Yan Q, Li Z, Miao J. Mithramycin A Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Reduces Neuropathology in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1924-38. [PMID: 27072684 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is abnormally increased in the brains of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and transgenic AD models. However, whether the Sp1 activation plays a critical role in the AD pathogenesis and selective inhibition of Sp1 activation may have a disease-modifying effect on the AD-like phenotypes remain elusive. In this study, we reported that Sp1 mRNA and protein expression were markedly increased in the brain of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice, whereas chronic administration of mithramycin A (MTM), a selective Sp1 inhibitor, potently inhibited Sp1 activation in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice down to the levels of wild-type mice. Specifically, we found that MTM treatment resulted in a significant improvement of learning and memory deficits, a dramatic reduction in cerebral Aβ levels and plaque burden, a profound reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, and a marked increase in synaptic marker in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. In addition, MTM treatment was powerfully effective in inhibiting amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing via suppressing APP, beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and presenilin-1 (PS1) mRNA and protein expression to preclude Aβ production in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Furthermore, MTM treatment strongly inhibited phosphorylated CDK5 and GSK3β signal pathways to reduce tau hyperphosphorylation in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that Sp1 activation may contribute to the AD pathogenesis and may serve as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of AD. The present study highlights that selective Sp1 inhibitors may be considered as disease-modifying therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.,Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.,Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Du
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.,Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.,Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China. .,Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Jianting Miao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
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22
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Lian H, Zheng H. Signaling pathways regulating neuron-glia interaction and their implications in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 136:475-91. [PMID: 26546579 PMCID: PMC4720533 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. They play critical roles in neuronal homeostasis through their physical properties and neuron-glia signaling pathways. Astrocytes become reactive in response to neuronal injury and this process, referred to as reactive astrogliosis, is a common feature accompanying neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Reactive astrogliosis represents a continuum of pathobiological processes and is associated with morphological, functional, and gene expression changes of varying degrees. There has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the signaling pathways regulating glial biology and pathophysiology in recent years. Here, we attempt to provide an unbiased review of some of the well-known players, namely calcium, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor β, NFκB, and complement, in mediating neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions as well as in Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the role of astrocytic NFκB and calcium as well as astroglial secreted factors, including proteoglycans, TGFβ, and complement in mediating neuronal function and AD pathogenesis through direct interaction with neurons and through cooperation with microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University College of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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23
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Citron BA, Saykally JN, Cao C, Dennis JS, Runfeldt M, Arendash GW. Transcription factor Sp1 inhibition, memory, and cytokines in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2015; 4:40-48. [PMID: 26807343 PMCID: PMC4700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are involved to varying extents in the health and survival of neurons in the brain and a better understanding of their roles with respect to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) could lead to the development of additional treatment strategies. Sp1 is a transcription factor that responds to inflammatory signals occurring in the AD brain. It is known to regulate genes with demonstrated importance in AD, and we have previously found it upregulated in the AD brain and in brains of transgenic AD model mice. To better understand the role of Sp1 in AD, we tested whether we could affect memory function (measured with a battery of behavioral tests discriminating different aspects of cognitive function) in a transgenic model of AD by pharmaceutical modulation of Sp1. We found that inhibition of Sp1 function in transgenic AD model mice increased memory deficits, while there were no changes in sensorimotor or anxiety tests. Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptide levels were significantly higher in the treated mice, indicating that Sp1 elevation in AD could be a functionally protective response. Circulating levels of CXCL1 (KC) decreased following treatment with mithramycin, while a battery of other cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-6, INF-γ and MCP-1, were unchanged. Gene expression levels for several genes important to neuronal health were determined by qRT-PCR, and none of these appeared to change at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Citron
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research and Development 151, Bay Pines VA Healthcare SystemBay Pines, FL 33744
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL 33612
| | - Jessica N Saykally
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research and Development 151, Bay Pines VA Healthcare SystemBay Pines, FL 33744
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL 33612
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF College of PharmacyTampa FL 33612
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, USFTampa, FL 33613
| | - John S Dennis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research and Development 151, Bay Pines VA Healthcare SystemBay Pines, FL 33744
| | - Melissa Runfeldt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USFTampa, FL 33620
| | - Gary W Arendash
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USFTampa, FL 33620
- Current Address: NeuroEM Therapeutics, Inc.Phoenix, AZ 85022
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24
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Tian A, Ma H, Zhang R, Tan W, Wang X, Wu B, Wang J, Wan C. Interleukin17A Promotes Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction by Triggering β-Amyloid Accumulation via the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ)/Smad Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141596. [PMID: 26509545 PMCID: PMC4624903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is relatively common in elderly patients who have undergone major surgery, the mechanisms underlying this postoperative complication are unclear. Previously, we have investigated the role of cytokine-mediated hippocampal inflammation in the development of POCD in a rat model. Here, we sought to determine in mice the role of cytokine interleukin17A (IL17A) in POCD and to characterize the associated signaling pathways. Old mice underwent hepatectomy surgery in the presence or absence of IL17A monoclonal antibody, and cognitive function, hippocampal neuroinflammation, and pathologic markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were assessed. We found that the level of IL17A in the hippocampus was increased in hepatectomy mice and that cognitive impairment after surgery was associated with the appearance of certain pathological hallmarks of AD: activation of astrocytes, β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1–42) production, upregulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), and increased phosphorylation of signaling mother against decapentaplegic peptide 3 (Smad3) protein in the hippocampus. Surgery-induced changes in cognitive dysfunction and changes in Aβ1–42 and TGFβ/Smad signaling were prevented by the administration of IL17A monoclonal antibody. In addition, IL17A-stimulated TGFβ/Smad activation and Aβ1–42 expression were reversed by IL17A receptor small interfering RNA and a TGFβ receptor inhibitor in cultured astrocytes. Our findings suggest that surgery can provoke IL17A-related hippocampal damage, as characterized by activation of astrocytes and TGFβ/Smad pathway dependent Aβ1–42 accumulation in old subjects. These changes likely contribute to the cognitive decline seen in POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayong Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Rongwei Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenfei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Binyang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chengfu Wan
- Department of Pain Medicine, the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 155, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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25
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Chang HT, Liu CC, Chen ST, Yap YV, Chang NS, Sze CI. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in neuronal injury and neurological diseases. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11792-9. [PMID: 25537520 PMCID: PMC4322972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human and mouse WWOX/Wwox gene encodes a candidate tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase protein. This gene is located on a common fragile site FRA16D. WWOX participates in a variety of cellular events and acts as a transducer in the many signal pathways, including TNF, chemotherapeutic drugs, UV irradiation, Wnt, TGF-β, C1q, Hyal-2, sex steroid hormones, and others. While transiently overexpressed WWOX restricts relocation of transcription factors to the nucleus for suppressing cancer survival, physiological relevance of this regard in vivo has not been confirmed. Unlike many tumor suppressor genes, mutation of WWOX is rare, raising a question whether WWOX is a driver for cancer initiation. WWOX/Wwox was initially shown to play a crucial role in neural development and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and neuronal injury. Later on, WWOX/Wwox was shown to participate in the development of epilepsy, mental retardation, and brain developmental defects in mice, rats and humans. Up to date, most of the research and review articles have focused on the involvement of WWOX in cancer. Here, we review the role of WWOX in neural injury and neurological diseases, and provide perspectives for the WWOX-regulated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Chuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shur-Tzu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ye Vone Yap
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shang Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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26
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Liu SY, Zhao HD, Wang JL, Huang T, Tian HW, Yao LF, Tao H, Chen ZW, Wang CY, Sheng ST, Li H, Zhao B, Li KS. Association between Polymorphisms of the AKT1 Gene Promoter and Risk of the Alzheimer's Disease in a Chinese Han Population with Type 2 Diabetes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:619-25. [PMID: 26178916 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactor disease that has been reported to have a close association with type 2 diabetes (T2D) where the v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1) plays an important role in the protein synthesis pathways and cell apoptosis processes. Evidence has been shown that AKT1 protein may be related to AD risk among patients with T2D. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of AKT1 promoter and the risk of AD among patients with T2D. METHODS The association between AKT1 polymorphisms and AD risk in patients with T2D was assessed among 574 consecutive unrelated subjects including 112 AD patients with T2D, 231 patients with AD, and 231 healthy controls in a case-control study. The cognitive function of all subjects was assessed using MMSE. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms with minor allele frequency >0.2 (rs2498786, rs74090038, rs2494750, rs2494751, rs5811155, and rs2494752) in AKT1 promoter were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the concentration of AKT1 protein in serum was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Overall, there was statistically significant difference in AKT1 rs2498786 polymorphism. The CC frequency of AKT1 rs2498786 polymorphism in AD with T2D group and AD control group was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (PAD+T2D vs. health < 0.0001, PAD vs. health < 0.0001). However, the difference was not found between AD with T2D group and AD control group. Compared with healthy control group, the plasma levels of AKT1 protein in AD with T2D group (PAD+T2D vs. health < 0.0001) and AD control group (PAD vs. health = 0.0003) decreased significantly. Among genotypes of AKT1 rs2498786 polymorphism, the AKT1 protein level in GG genotype was significantly higher than that in GC genotype (PGG vs. GC < 0.0001) and CC genotype (PGG vs. CC < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The study suggests that AKT1 rs2498786 polymorphism in insulin signaling pathway may be associated with AD risk and different genotypes may affects levels of protein expression. However, the polymorphism is not shown to be exclusive in AD patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related cardio-cerebral Diseases of Guangdong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - He-Dan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Kangci Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jin-Long Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Kangci Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Tong Huang
- Community Health Service Center of Nanyou, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua-Wei Tian
- Department of Prevention and Health, The Futian People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Fen Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related cardio-cerebral Diseases of Guangdong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Chen
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chang-Yi Wang
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Si-Tong Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Li
- HYK High-throughput Biotechnology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ke-Shen Li
- Key Laboratory of Aging-related cardio-cerebral Diseases of Guangdong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
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Lauzon MA, Daviau A, Marcos B, Faucheux N. Growth factor treatment to overcome Alzheimer's dysfunctional signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1025-38. [PMID: 25744541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) will increase as the world population ages, creating a huge socio-economic burden. The three pathophysiological hallmarks of AD are the cholinergic system dysfunction, the β-amyloid peptide deposition and the Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Current treatments have only transient effects and each tends to concentrate on a single pathophysiological aspect of AD. This review first provides an overall view of AD in terms of its pathophysiological symptoms and signaling dysfunction. We then examine the therapeutic potential of growth factors (GFs) by showing how they can overcome the dysfunctional cell signaling that occurs in AD. Finally, we discuss new alternatives to GFs that help overcome the problem of brain uptake, such as small peptides, with evidence from some of our unpublished data on human neuronal cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Lauzon
- Cell-Biomaterial Biohybrid Systems, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alex Daviau
- Cell-Biomaterial Biohybrid Systems, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bernard Marcos
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nathalie Faucheux
- Cell-Biomaterial Biohybrid Systems, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Chen C, Akiyama K, Wang D, Xu X, Li B, Moshaverinia A, Brombacher F, Sun L, Shi S. mTOR inhibition rescues osteopenia in mice with systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 212:73-91. [PMID: 25534817 PMCID: PMC4291526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chen et al. show that treatment with rapamycin, a drug known to inhibit mTOR signaling, rescues low bone density in mice with systemic sclerosis. Fibrillin-1 (FBN1) deficiency-induced systemic sclerosis is attributed to elevation of interleukin-4 (IL4) and TGF-β, but the mechanism underlying FBN1 deficiency–associated osteopenia is not fully understood. We show that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) from FBN1-deficient (Fbn1+/−) mice exhibit decreased osteogenic differentiation and increased adipogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, this lineage alteration is regulated by IL4/IL4Rα-mediated activation of mTOR signaling to down-regulate RUNX2 and up-regulate PPARγ2, respectively, via P70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase (P70S6K). Additionally, we reveal that activation of TGF-β/SMAD3/SP1 signaling results in enhancement of SP1 binding to the IL4Rα promoter to synergistically activate mTOR pathway in Fbn1+/− BMMSCs. Blockage of mTOR signaling by osteoblastic-specific knockout or rapamycin treatment rescues osteopenia phenotype in Fbn1+/− mice by improving osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs. Collectively, this study identifies a previously unrecognized role of the FBN1/TGF-β/IL4Rα/mTOR cascade in BMMSC lineage selection and provides experimental evidence that rapamycin treatment may provide an anabolic therapy for osteopenia in Fbn1+/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chider Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kentaro Akiyama
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xingtian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Key Laboratory of Translational Research, Tong Ji University School of Stomatology, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bei Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Alireza Moshaverinia
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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Adwan L, Subaiea GM, Basha R, Zawia NH. Tolfenamic acid reduces tau and CDK5 levels: implications for dementia and tauopathies. J Neurochem 2014; 133:266-72. [PMID: 25279694 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tau and its aggregates are linked to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies and, therefore, are explored as therapeutic targets for such disorders. Tau belongs to a family of microtubule-associated proteins that promote microtubule assembly. When hyperphosphorylated, tau becomes prone to forming aggregates. Increased brain levels of hyperphosphorylated tau correlate with dementia. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1), a transcription factor elevated in AD, is responsible for the transcription of AD-related proteins including the amyloid precursor protein, tau, and its cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) activators. Tolfenamic acid promotes the degradation of Sp1, our previous studies demonstrated its ability to down-regulate transcriptional targets of Sp1 like amyloid precursor protein and reduce amyloid beta (Aβ), the main component of AD plaques. In this study, we administered tolfenamic acid daily to hemizygous R1.40 transgenic mice for 34 days, and examined tau and CDK5 gene and protein expression within the brain. Our results demonstrate that tolfenamic acid lowers tau mRNA and protein, as well as the levels of its phosphorylated form and CDK5. Thus, we present a drug candidate that inhibits the transcription of multiple major intermediates in AD pathology, thereby helping uncover a new mechanism-based approach for targeting AD. A new approach for targeting Alzheimer's disease through a transcriptional based mechanism is presented. Tolfenamic acid lowers the levels of tau, which forms pathological aggregates in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, by promoting the degradation of the transcription factor specificity protein 1 which regulates tau transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Adwan
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Bihaqi SW, Bahmani A, Subaiea GM, Zawia NH. Infantile exposure to lead and late-age cognitive decline: relevance to AD. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:187-95. [PMID: 23867794 PMCID: PMC3864613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life lead (Pb) exposure induces overexpression of the amyloid beta precursor protein and its amyloid beta product in older rats and primates. We exposed rodents to Pb during different life span periods and examined cognitive function in old age and its impact on biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Morris, Y, and the elevated plus mazes were used. Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to study the levels of AD biomarkers. RESULTS Cognitive impairment was observed in mice exposed as infants but not as adults. Overexpression of AD-related genes (amyloid beta precursor protein and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) and their products, as well as their transcriptional regulator-specificity protein 1 (Sp1)-occurred only in older mice with developmental exposure to Pb. CONCLUSIONS A window of vulnerability to Pb neurotoxicity exists in the developing brain that can influence AD pathogenesis and cognitive decline in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Waseem Bihaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Azadeh Bahmani
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program (INP), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Gehad M Subaiea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Nasser H Zawia
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program (INP), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
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Tichauer JE, Flores B, Soler B, Bernhardi LEV, Ramírez G, von Bernhardi R. Age-dependent changes on TGFβ1 Smad3 pathway modify the pattern of microglial cell activation. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:187-96. [PMID: 24380849 PMCID: PMC3951654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Among other characteristics, it shows changes in inflammatory signaling that could affect the regulation of glial cell activation. We have shown that astrocytes prevent microglial cell cytotoxicity by mechanisms mediated by TGFβ1. However, whereas TGFβ1 is increased, glial cell activation persists in aging. To understand this apparent contradiction, we studied TGFβ1-Smad3 signaling during aging and their effect on microglial cell function. TGFβ1 induction and activation of Smad3 signaling in the hippocampus by inflammatory stimulation was greatly reduced in adult mice. We evaluated the effect of TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway on the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) secretion, and phagocytosis of microglia from mice at different ages with and without in vivo treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory status. NO secretion was only induced on microglia from young mice exposed to LPS, and was potentiated by inflammatory preconditioning, whereas in adult mice the induction of ROS was predominant. TGFβ1 modulated induction of NO and ROS production in young and adult microglia, respectively. Modulation was partially dependent on Smad3 pathway and was impaired by inflammatory preconditioning. Phagocytosis was induced by inflammation and TGFβ1 only in microglia cultures from young mice. Induction by TGFβ1 was also prevented by Smad3 inhibition. Our findings suggest that activation of the TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway is impaired in aging. Age-related impairment of TGFβ1-Smad3 can reduce protective activation while facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia, potentiating microglia-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile.
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Adwan L, Subaiea GM, Zawia NH. Tolfenamic acid downregulates BACE1 and protects against lead-induced upregulation of Alzheimer's disease related biomarkers. Neuropharmacology 2014; 79:596-602. [PMID: 24462621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to lead (Pb) early in life results in a latent upregulation of genes and products associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly the plaque forming protein amyloid beta (Aβ). Furthermore, animals exposed to Pb as infants develop cognitive decline and memory impairments in old age. Studies from our lab demonstrated that tolfenamic acid lowers the levels of the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) and its aggregative cleavage product Aβ by inducing the degradation of the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1). These changes were accompanied by cognitive improvement in transgenic APP knock-in mice. In this study, we examined the effects of tolfenamic acid on beta site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) which is responsible for Aβ production and tested its ability to reverse Pb-induced upregulation in the amyloidogenic pathway. Mice were administered tolfenamic acid for one month and BACE1 gene expression as well as its enzymatic activity were analyzed in the cerebral cortex. Tolfenamic acid was also tested for its ability to reverse changes in Sp1, APP and Aβ that were upregulated by Pb in vitro. Differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were either left unexposed, or sequentially exposed to Pb followed by tolfenamic acid. Our results show that tolfenamic acid reduced BACE1 gene expression and enzyme activity in mice. In neuroblastoma cells, Pb upregulated Sp1, APP and Aβ, while tolfenamic acid lowered their expression. These results along with previous data from our lab provide evidence that tolfenamic acid, a drug that has been used for decades for migraine, represents a candidate which can reduce the pathology of AD and may mitigate the damage of environmental risk factors associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Adwan
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Gehad M Subaiea
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Nasser H Zawia
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
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Adwan L, Zawia NH. Epigenetics: a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:41-50. [PMID: 23562602 PMCID: PMC3693222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by the deposition of two forms of aggregates within the brain, the amyloid β plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Currently, no disease-modifying agent is approved for the treatment of AD. Approved pharmacotherapies target the peripheral symptoms but they do not prevent or slow down the progression of the disease. Although several disease-modifying immunotherapeutic agents are in clinical development, many have failed due to the lack of efficacy or serious adverse events. Epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and histone modifications are involved in learning and memory and have been recently highlighted for holding promise as potential targets for AD therapeutics. Dynamic and latent epigenetic alterations are incorporated in AD pathological pathways and present valuable reversible targets for AD and other neurological disorders. The approval of epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment has opened the door for the development of epigenetic drugs for other disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, methyl donors and histone deacetylase inhibitors are being investigated for possible therapeutic effects to rescue memory and cognitive decline found in such disorders. This review explores the area of epigenetics for potential AD interventions and presents the most recent findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Adwan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Nasser H. Zawia
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Subaiea GM, Adwan LI, Ahmed AH, Stevens KE, Zawia NH. Short-term treatment with tolfenamic acid improves cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2421-30. [PMID: 23639209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid lowers the levels of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) when administered to C57BL/6 mice by lowering their transcriptional regulator specificity protein 1 (SP1). To determine whether changes upstream in the amyloidogenic pathway that forms Aβ plaques would improve cognitive outcomes, we administered tolfenamic acid for 34 days to hemizygous R1.40 transgenic mice. After the characterization of cognitive deficits in these mice, assessment of spatial learning and memory functions revealed that treatment with tolfenamic acid attenuated long-term memory and working memory deficits, determined using Morris water maze and the Y-maze. These improvements occurred within a shorter period of exposure than that seen with clinically approved drugs. Cognitive enhancement was accompanied by reduction in the levels of the SP1 protein (but not messenger RNA [mRNA]), followed by lowering both the mRNA and the protein levels of APP and subsequent Aβ levels. These findings provide evidence that tolfenamic acid can disrupt the pathologic processes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are relevant to its scheduled biomarker study in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad M Subaiea
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Liang D, Han G, Feng X, Sun J, Duan Y, Lei H. Concerted perturbation observed in a hub network in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40498. [PMID: 22815752 PMCID: PMC3398025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving the alteration of gene expression at the whole genome level. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of AD has been conducted by many groups on several relevant brain regions. However, identifying the most critical dys-regulated genes has been challenging. In this work, we addressed this issue by deriving critical genes from perturbed subnetworks. Using a recent microarray dataset on six brain regions, we applied a heaviest induced subgraph algorithm with a modular scoring function to reveal the significantly perturbed subnetwork in each brain region. These perturbed subnetworks were found to be significantly overlapped with each other. Furthermore, the hub genes from these perturbed subnetworks formed a connected hub network consisting of 136 genes. Comparison between AD and several related diseases demonstrated that the hub network was robustly and specifically perturbed in AD. In addition, strong correlation between the expression level of these hub genes and indicators of AD severity suggested that this hub network can partially reflect AD progression. More importantly, this hub network reflected the adaptation of neurons to the AD-specific microenvironment through a variety of adjustments, including reduction of neuronal and synaptic activities and alteration of survival signaling. Therefore, it is potentially useful for the development of biomarkers and network medicine for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Liang
- CAS key laboratory of genome sciences and information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Neuron-astroglial interactions in cell-fate commitment and maturation in the central nervous system. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2402-18. [PMID: 22614925 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-astroglia interactions play a key role in several events of brain development, such as neuronal generation, migration, survival, and differentiation; axonal growth; and synapse formation and function. While there is compelling evidence of the effects of astrocyte factors on neurons, their effects on astrocytes have not been fully determined. In this review, we will focus on the role of neurons in astrocyte generation and maturation. Further, we highlight the great heterogeneity and diversity of astroglial and neural progenitors such as radial glia cells, and discuss the importance of the variety of cellular interactions in controlling the structural and functional organization of the brain. Finally, we present recent data on a new role of astrocytes in neuronal maturation, as mediators of the action of biolipids in the cerebral cortex. We will argue that the functional architecture of the brain depends on an intimate neuron-glia partnership, by briefly discussing the emerging view of how neuron-astrocyte dysfunctions might be associated with neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in elderly individuals and is associated with progressive neurodegeneration of the human neocortex. Thiamine levels and the activity of thiamine-dependent enzymes are reduced in the brains and peripheral tissues of patients with AD. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine what proteins link thiamine to AD pathology (ie, transketolase, apolipoprotein E, α-1-antitrypsin, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, p53, glycogen synthetase kinase-3β, c-Fos gene, the Sp1 promoter gene, and the poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase-1 gene). We reviewed the association between histopathogenesis and neurotransmitters to understand the relationship between thiamine and AD pathology. Oral thiamine trials have been shown to improve the cognitive function of patients with AD; however, absorption of thiamine is poor in elderly individuals. In the early stage of thiamine-deficient encephalopathy (Wernicke's encephalopathy), however, parental thiamine has been used successfully. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the benefits of using parental thiamine as a treatment for AD.
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Lu'o'ng KVQ, Nguyên LTH. The beneficial role of vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2011; 26:511-20. [PMID: 22202127 PMCID: PMC10845314 DOI: 10.1177/1533317511429321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly individuals and is associated with progressive neurodegeneration of the human neocortex. Patients with AD have a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, which is also associated with low mood and impaired cognitive performance in older people. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine which proteins link vitamin D to AD pathology (ie, the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, vitamin D receptor, renin-angiotensin system, apolipoprotein E, liver X receptor, Sp1 promoter gene, and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 gene). Vitamin D also exerts its effect on AD through nongenomic factors, that is, L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, nerve growth factor, the prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide synthase. In conclusion, vitamin D clearly has a beneficial role in AD and improves cognitive function in some patients with AD. Calcitriol, 1 α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is best used for AD because of its active form of vitamin D(3) metabolite and its receptor in the central nervous system.
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Baugé C, Cauvard O, Leclercq S, Galéra P, Boumédiene K. Modulation of transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway genes by transforming growth factor beta in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: involvement of Sp1 in both early and late response cells to transforming growth factor beta. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R23. [PMID: 21324108 PMCID: PMC3241367 DOI: 10.1186/ar3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plays a central role in morphogenesis, growth, and cell differentiation. This cytokine is particularly important in cartilage where it regulates cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis. While the action of TGFβ on chondrocyte metabolism has been extensively catalogued, the modulation of specific genes that function as mediators of TGFβ signalling is poorly defined. In the current study, elements of the Smad component of the TGFβ intracellular signalling system and TGFβ receptors were characterised in human chondrocytes upon TGFβ1 treatment. Methods Human articular chondrocytes were incubated with TGFβ1. Then, mRNA and protein levels of TGFβ receptors and Smads were analysed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The role of specific protein 1 (Sp1) was investigated by gain and loss of function (inhibitor, siRNA, expression vector). Results We showed that TGFβ1 regulates mRNA levels of its own receptors, and of Smad3 and Smad7. It modulates TGFβ receptors post-transcriptionally by affecting their mRNA stability, but does not change the Smad-3 and Smad-7 mRNA half-life span, suggesting a potential transcriptional effect on these genes. Moreover, the transcriptional factor Sp1, which is downregulated by TGFβ1, is involved in the repression of both TGFβ receptors but not in the modulation of Smad3 and Smad7. Interestingly, Sp1 ectopic expression permitted also to maintain a similar expression pattern to early response to TGFβ at 24 hours of treatment. It restored the induction of Sox9 and COL2A1 and blocked the late response (repression of aggrecan, induction of COL1A1 and COL10A1). Conclusions These data help to better understand the negative feedback loop in the TGFβ signalling system, and enlighten an interesting role of Sp1 to regulate TGFβ response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Baugé
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix and Pathology, Université Caen, IFR ICORE 146, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen cedex, France.
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TGF-β induces TIAF1 self-aggregation via type II receptor-independent signaling that leads to generation of amyloid β plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e110. [PMID: 21368882 PMCID: PMC3032296 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of a small transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced TIAF1 (TGF-β1-induced antiapoptotic factor) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was investigated. TIAF1 physically interacts with mothers against DPP homolog 4 (Smad4), and blocks SMAD-dependent promoter activation when overexpressed. Accordingly, knockdown of TIAF1 by small interfering RNA resulted in spontaneous accumulation of Smad proteins in the nucleus and activation of the promoter governed by the SMAD complex. TGF-β1 and environmental stress (e.g., alterations in pericellular environment) may induce TIAF1 self-aggregation in a type II TGF-β receptor-independent manner in cells, and Smad4 interrupts the aggregation. Aggregated TIAF1 induces apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. By filter retardation assay, TIAF1 aggregates were found in the hippocampi of nondemented humans and AD patients. Total TIAF1-positive samples containing amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates are 17 and 48%, respectively, in the nondemented and AD groups, suggesting that TIAF1 aggregation occurs preceding formation of Aβ. To test this hypothesis, in vitro analysis showed that TGF-β-regulated TIAF1 aggregation leads to dephosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at Thr668, followed by degradation and generation of APP intracellular domain (AICD), Aβ and amyloid fibrils. Polymerized TIAF1 physically interacts with amyloid fibrils, which would favorably support plaque formation in vivo.
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Ruberti F, Barbato C, Cogoni C. Post-transcriptional regulation of amyloid precursor protein by microRNAs and RNA binding proteins. Commun Integr Biol 2010; 3:499-503. [PMID: 21331224 DOI: 10.4161/cib.3.6.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its proteolytic product amyloid beta (Aβ) are critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). APP gene duplication and transcriptional upregulation are linked to AD. In addition, normal levels of APP appear to be required for some physiological functions in the developing brain. Several studies in mammalian cell lines and primary neuron cultures indicate that RNA binding proteins and microRNAs interacting with regulatory regions of the APP mRNA modulate expression of APP post-transcriptionally. However, when the various mechanisms of APP post-transcriptional regulation are recruited and which of them are acting in a synergistic fashion to balance APP protein levels, is unclear. Recent studies suggest that further investigation of the molecules and pathways involved in APP post-transcriptional regulation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ruberti
- INMM-CNR Istituto di Neurobiologia e Medicina Molecolare; IRCSS; Fondazione Santa Lucia
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Higgins PJ. The TGF-beta1/upstream stimulatory factor-regulated PAI-1 gene: potential involvement and a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:15792. [PMID: 17047299 PMCID: PMC1526650 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/15792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregates, derived from initial β-site proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor
protein (APP), accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer's disease
patients. The plasmin-generating cascade appears to serve a
protective role in the central nervous system since
plasmin-mediated proteolysis of APP utilizes the α site, eventually generating nontoxic peptides, and plasmin also degrades
Aβ. The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue-type
plasminogen activator in the brain is negatively regulated by
plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) resulting in
attenuation of plasmin-dependent substrate degradation with
resultant accumulation of Aβ. PAI-1 and its major
physiological inducer TGF-β1, moreover, are increased in
models of Alzheimer's disease and have been implicated in the
etiology and progression of human neurodegenerative disorders.
This review highlights the potential role of PAI-1 and TGF-β1 in this process. Current molecular events associated with
TGF-β1-induced PAI-1 transcription are presented with
particular relevance to potential targeting of PAI-1 gene
expression as a molecular approach to the therapy of
neurodegenerative diseases associated with increased PAI-1
expression such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College,
Albany, NY 12208, USA
- *Paul J. Higgins:
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Dosunmu R, Wu J, Adwan L, Maloney B, Basha MR, McPherson CA, Harry GJ, Rice DC, Zawia NH, Lahiri DK. Lifespan profiles of Alzheimer's disease-associated genes and products in monkeys and mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 18:211-30. [PMID: 19584442 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2009-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by plaques of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, cleaved from amyloid-beta protein precursor (AbetaPP). Our hypothesis is that lifespan profiles of AD-associated mRNA and protein levels in monkeys would differ from mice and that differential lifespan expression profiles would be useful to understand human AD pathogenesis. We compared profiles of AbetaPP mRNA, AbetaPP protein, and Abeta levels in rodents and primates. We also tracked a transcriptional regulator of the AbetaPP gene, specificity protein 1 (SP1), and the beta amyloid precursor cleaving enzyme (BACE1). In mice, AbetaPP and SP1 mRNA and their protein products were elevated late in life; Abeta levels declined in old age. In monkeys, SP1, AbetaPP, and BACE1 mRNA declined in old age, while protein products and Abeta levels rose. Proteolytic processing in both species did not match production of Abeta. In primates, AbetaPP and SP1 mRNA levels coordinate, but an inverse relationship exists with corresponding protein products as well as Abeta levels. Comparison of human DNA and mRNA sequences to monkey and mouse counterparts revealed structural features that may explain differences in transcriptional and translational processing. These findings are important for selecting appropriate models for AD and other age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Dosunmu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Lahiri DK, Maloney B, Zawia NH. The LEARn model: an epigenetic explanation for idiopathic neurobiological diseases. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:992-1003. [PMID: 19851280 PMCID: PMC5875732 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological disorders have diverse manifestations and symptomology. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, manifest late in life and are characterized by, among other symptoms, progressive loss of synaptic markers. Developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum, appear in childhood. Neuropsychiatric and affective disorders, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, respectively, have broad ranges of age of onset and symptoms. However, all share uncertain etiologies, with opaque relationships between genes and environment. We propose a 'Latent Early-life Associated Regulation' (LEARn) model, positing latent changes in expression of specific genes initially primed at the developmental stage of life. In this model, environmental agents epigenetically disturb gene regulation in a long-term manner, beginning at early developmental stages, but these perturbations might not have pathological results until significantly later in life. The LEARn model operates through the regulatory region (promoter) of the gene, specifically through changes in methylation and oxidation status within the promoter of specific genes. The LEARn model combines genetic and environmental risk factors in an epigenetic pathway to explain the etiology of the most common, that is, sporadic, forms of neurobiological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Lahiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sysa P, Potter JJ, Liu X, Mezey E. Transforming growth factor-beta1 up-regulation of human alpha(1)(I) collagen is mediated by Sp1 and Smad2 transacting factors. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:425-34. [PMID: 19558215 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis results from excessive deposition of type I collagen. The roles of Smads in mediating the effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) on activation of the alpha(1)(I) collagen promoter were determined. Smads bind in association with Sp1 to the CC(GG)-rich TGFbeta1 responsive element of the promoter that lacks the classical Smad recognition element, and enhance binding of Sp1. In transfection experiments, TGFbeta1 activated a proximal promoter, but not promoters mutated at sites that prevented Sp1 binding. Sp1 alone or the combination of Smad2 and Smad4 activated the promoter in transfected human LX-2 stellate cells. Sp1 or Smad2 knockdowns with siRNAs prevented the effect of TGFbeta1 in enhancing the promoter. In conclusion, this study shows that Smads bind in association with Sp1 to the CC(GG)-rich TGFbeta1 responsive element of the human alpha(1)(I) collagen promoter that lacks the classical Smad recognition element, thus enhancing the binding of Sp1 and in this manner activating the collagen promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Sysa
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195, USA
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Gao W, Zhu H, Zhang JY, Zhang XJ. Calcium signaling-induced Smad3 nuclear accumulation induces acetylcholinesterase transcription in apoptotic HeLa cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2181-93. [PMID: 19468687 PMCID: PMC11115644 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been studied as an important apoptosis regulator. We previously showed that cellular calcium mobilization upregulated AChE expression by modulating promoter activity and mRNA stability. In this study, we have identified a potential Smad3/4 binding element, TGCCAGACA, located within the -601 to -571 bp fragment of the AChE promoter, as an important calcium response motif. Smad2/3 and Smad4 were shown to bind this element. Overexpression of human Smad3 increased AChE transcription activity in a dose-dependent manner in HeLa cells, whereas dominant-negative Smad3 blocked this activation. Upon A23187 and thapsigargin treatment, nuclear Smad3 accumulation was observed, an effect that was blocked by the intracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM. Calcium-induced AChE transcriptional activation was significantly blocked when the nuclear localization signal of Smad3 was destroyed. Taken together, our data suggest Smad3 can regulate AChE transcriptional activation following calcium-induced nuclear accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jing-Ya Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
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TGF-beta1 modulates focal adhesion kinase expression in rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells via stimulatory and inhibitory Smad binding elements. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1789:88-98. [PMID: 19059368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta and FAK modulate cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and TGF-beta promotes FAK transcription in intestinal epithelial cells via Smad-dependent and independent pathways. We utilized a 1320 bp FAK promoter-luciferase construct to characterize basal and TGF-beta-mediated FAK gene transcription in IEC-6 cells. Inhibiting JNK or Akt negated TGF-beta-stimulated promoter activity; ERK inhibition did not block the TGF-beta effect but increased basal activity. Co-transfection with Co-Smad4 enhanced the TGF-beta response while the inhibitory Smad7 abolished it. Serial deletions sequentially removing the four Smad binding elements (SBE) in the 5' untranslated region of the promoter revealed that the two most distal SBE's are positive regulators while SBE3 exerts a negative influence. Mutational deletion of two upstream p53 sites enhanced basal but did not affect TGF-beta-stimulated increases in promoter activity. TGF-beta increased DNA binding of Smad4, phospho-Smad2/3 and Runx1/AML1a to the most distal 435 bp containing 3 SBE and 2 AML1a sites by ChIP assay. However, although point mutation of SBE1 ablated the TGF-beta-mediated rise in SV40-promoter activity, mutation of AML1a sites did not. TGF-beta regulation of FAK transcription reflects a complex interplay between positive and negative non-Smad signals and SBE's, the last independent of p53 or AML1a.
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Citron BA, Dennis JS, Zeitlin RS, Echeverria V. Transcription factor Sp1 dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2499-504. [PMID: 18449948 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Altered gene expression occurs in central nervous system disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Transcription factor Sp1 may be involved insofar as it can regulate the expression of several AD-related proteins, including amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau. Sp1 could itself be regulated by inflammatory and other factors associated with AD, such as interleukin-1beta. We measured an almost threefold elevation in the number of mRNA molecules of this cytokine in the AD frontal cortex. Sp1 mRNA was found to be up-regulated in these AD brains (along with Sp1-regulated COX-2), and the Sp1 increase was also seen at the protein level by Western immunoblotting. To determine whether this would also occur in transgenic mice developing AD pathology, we examined the expression of Sp1 in the cortex and hippocampus and observed higher levels of Sp1 mRNA and protein. These results indicate that elements of regulatory pathways involving transcription factor Sp1 may be useful targets for therapeutic intervention to prevent or reverse AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Citron
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research and Development 151, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida 33744-4125, USA.
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Brock B, Basha MR, DiPalma K, Anderson A, Harry GJ, Rice DC, Maloney B, Lahiri DK, Zawia NH. Co-localization and distribution of cerebral APP and SP1 and its relationship to amyloidogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2008; 13:71-80. [PMID: 18334759 PMCID: PMC5862394 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2008-13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)-loaded plaques in the brain. Abeta is a cleavage fragment of amyloid-beta protein precursor (APP) and over production of APP may lead to amyloidogenesis. The regulatory region of the APP gene contains consensus sites recognized by the transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (SP1), which has been shown to be required for the regulation of APP and Abeta. To understand the role of SP1 in APP biogenesis, herein we have characterized the relative distribution and localization of SP1, APP, and Abeta in various brain regions of rodent and primate models using immunohistochemistry. We observed that overall distribution and cellular localization of SP1, APP, and Abeta are similar and neuronal in origin. Their distribution is abundant in various layers of neocortex, but restricted to the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and the pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus. These findings suggest that overproduction of Abeta in vivo may be associated with transcriptional pathways involving SP1 and the APP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Brock
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Md. Riyaz Basha
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Katie DiPalma
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Amy Anderson
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - G. Jean Harry
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Deborah C. Rice
- Maine Department of Health and Human Services, 11 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333
| | - Bryan. Maloney
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nasser H. Zawia
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
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Traylor A, Hock T, Hill-Kapturczak N. Specificity protein 1 and Smad-dependent regulation of human heme oxygenase-1 gene by transforming growth factor-beta1 in renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F885-94. [PMID: 17567933 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00519.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in the kidney leads to increased cell proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in progressive kidney fibrosis. TGF-beta1, however, stabilizes and attenuates tissue injury through the activation of cytoprotective proteins, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). HO-1 catabolizes pro-oxidant heme into substances with anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrogenic, vasodilatory and immune modulatory properties. Little is known regarding the molecular regulation of human HO-1 induction by TGF-beta1 except that it is dependent on de novo RNA synthesis and requires a group of structurally related proteins called Smads. It is not known whether other DNA binding proteins are required to initiate transcription of HO-1 and, furthermore, the promoter region(s) involved in TGF-beta1-mediated induction of HO-1 has not been identified. The purpose of this study was to further delineate the molecular regulation of HO-1 by TGF-beta1 in human renal proximal tubular cells. Actinomycin D and nuclear run-on studies demonstrate that TGF-beta1 augments HO-1 expression by increased gene transcription and does not involve increased mRNA stability. Using transient transfection, mithramycin A, small interfering RNA, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and decoy oligonucleotide experiments, a TGF-beta1-responsive region is identified between 9.1 and 9.4 kb of the human HO-1 promoter. This approximately 280-bp TGF-beta1-responsive region contains a putative Smad binding element and specificity protein 1 binding sites, both of which are required for human HO-1 induction by TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Traylor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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