1
|
Chen Y, Li Y, Luo G, Luo C, Xiao Z, Lu Y, Xiang Z, Hou Z, Xiao Q, Zhou Y, Tang Q. Gene identification, expression analysis, and molecular docking of SAT and OASTL in the metabolic pathway of selenium in Cardamine hupingshanensis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:148. [PMID: 38775862 PMCID: PMC11111505 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Identification of selenium stress-responsive expression and molecular docking of serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetyl serine (thiol) lyase (OASTL) in Cardamine hupingshanensis. A complex coupled with serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetyl serine (thiol) lyase (OASTL) is the key enzyme that catalyzes selenocysteine (Sec) synthesis in plants. The functions of SAT and OASTL genes were identified in some plants, but it is still unclear whether SAT and OASTL are involved in the selenium metabolic pathway in Cardamine hupingshanensis. In this study, genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of ChSATs and ChOASTLs were performed. The eight ChSAT genes were divided into three branches, and the thirteen ChOASTL genes were divided into four branches by phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment, indicating the evolutionary conservation of the gene structure and its association with other plant species. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the ChSAT and ChOASTL genes were differentially expressed in different tissues under various selenium levels, suggesting their important roles in Sec synthesis. The ChSAT1;2 and ChOASTLA1;2 were silenced by the VIGS system to investigate their involvement in selenium metabolites in C. hupingshanensis. The findings contribute to understanding the gene functions of ChSATs and ChOASTLs in the selenium stress and provide a reference for further exploration of the selenium metabolic pathway in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Selenium Resource Research and Biological Application, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Cihang Luo
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Zhijing Xiao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Yanke Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Selenium Resource Research and Biological Application, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Zhixin Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Selenium Resource Research and Biological Application, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Zhi Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Selenium Resource Research and Biological Application, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Selenium Resource Research and Biological Application, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China.
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China.
| | - Qiaoyu Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China.
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 44500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pedroletti L, Moseler A, Meyer AJ. Assembly, transfer, and fate of mitochondrial iron-sulfur clusters. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3328-3344. [PMID: 36846908 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of an autonomous iron-sulfur cluster (Fe-S) assembly machinery in mitochondria, significant efforts to examine the nature of this process have been made. The assembly of Fe-S clusters occurs in two distinct steps with the initial synthesis of [2Fe-2S] clusters by a first machinery followed by a subsequent assembly into [4Fe-4S] clusters by a second machinery. Despite this knowledge, we still have only a rudimentary understanding of how Fe-S clusters are transferred and distributed among their respective apoproteins. In particular, demand created by continuous protein turnover and the sacrificial destruction of clusters for synthesis of biotin and lipoic acid reveal possible bottlenecks in the supply chain of Fe-S clusters. Taking available information from other species into consideration, this review explores the mitochondrial assembly machinery of Arabidopsis and provides current knowledge about the respective transfer steps to apoproteins. Furthermore, this review highlights biotin synthase and lipoyl synthase, which both utilize Fe-S clusters as a sulfur source. After extraction of sulfur atoms from these clusters, the remains of the clusters probably fall apart, releasing sulfide as a highly toxic by-product. Immediate refixation through local cysteine biosynthesis is therefore an essential salvage pathway and emphasizes the physiological need for cysteine biosynthesis in plant mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pedroletti
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fang H, Yu Z, Xing K, Zhou L, Shao Y, Zhang X, Pei Y, Zhang L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the functions of H 2S as a gasotransmitter independently of Cys in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184991. [PMID: 37332712 PMCID: PMC10272727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed the gasotransmitter functions of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in various biological processes. However, the involvement of H2S in sulfur metabolism and/or Cys synthesis makes its role as a signaling molecule ambiguous. The generation of endogenous H2S in plants is closely related to the metabolism of Cys, which play roles in a variety of signaling pathway occurring in various cellular processes. Here, we found that exogenous H2S fumigation and Cys treatment modulated the production rate and content of endogenous H2S and Cys to various degrees. Furthermore, we provided comprehensive transcriptomic analysis to support the gasotransmitter role of H2S besides as a substrate for Cys synthesis. Comparison of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between H2S and Cys treated seedlings indicated that H2S fumigation and Cys treatment caused different influences on gene profiles during seedlings development. A total of 261 genes were identified to respond to H2S fumigation, among which 72 genes were co-regulated by Cys treatment. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the 189 genes, H2S but not Cys regulated DEGs, indicated that these genes mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and MAPK signaling pathway. Most of these genes encoded proteins having DNA binding and transcription factor activities that play roles in a variety of plant developmental and environmental responses. Many stress-responsive genes and some Ca2+ signal associated genes were also included. Consequently, H2S regulated gene expression through its role as a gasotransmitter, rather than just as a substrate for Cys biogenesis, and these 189 genes were far more likely to function in H2S signal transduction independently of Cys. Our data will provide insights for revealing and enriching H2S signaling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kehong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuke Shao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioremediation of Soil Contamination, College of Environment and Resources, College of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao S, Wang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang M, Yi N, Liu B, Wang R, Long S, Gong J, Liu T, Xu Y. Integrated bioinformatic and physiological analyses reveal the pivotal role of hydrogen sulfide in enhancing low-temperature tolerance in alfalfa. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13885. [PMID: 36852715 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is an important gaseous signal molecule that regulates plant growth and stress resistance. However, research on the H2 S synthase (HSase) genes is still limited in the model legume plant Medicago truncatula Gaertn. In the present study, a total of 40 HSase family members were first identified and analyzed in the M. truncatula genome, and these genes distributed across eight chromosomes and were clustered into five groups (I-V) based on their conserved gene structures and protein motifs. Expression analysis revealed that the MtHSase genes were expressed in all the tested abiotic stresses, albeit with expression level differences. This study also showed that H2 S improves low temperature tolerance of alfalfa seedlings by regulating the antioxidant defense system and enhancing photosynthetic capacity. Thus, the study provides new insights into how the H2 S signal regulates tolerance to low-temperature stress and provides the basis for further gene function and detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghong Gao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglei Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yi
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Liu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Long
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiongjiong Gong
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieyuan Liu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuefei Xu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kolupaev YE, Yemets AI, Yastreb TO, Blume YB. The role of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in regulation of redox homeostasis at extreme temperatures in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128439. [PMID: 36824204 PMCID: PMC9941552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, as important signaling molecules (gasotransmitters), are involved in many functions of plant organism, including adaptation to stress factors of various natures. As redox-active molecules, NO and H2S are involved in redox regulation of functional activity of many proteins. They are also involved in maintaining cell redox homeostasis due to their ability to interact directly and indirectly (functionally) with ROS, thiols, and other molecules. The review considers the involvement of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in plant responses to low and high temperatures. Particular attention is paid to the role of gasotransmitters interaction with other signaling mediators (in particular, with Ca2+ ions and ROS) in the formation of adaptive responses to extreme temperatures. Pathways of stress-induced enhancement of NO and H2S synthesis in plants are considered. Mechanisms of the NO and H2S effect on the activity of some proteins of the signaling system, as well as on the state of antioxidant and osmoprotective systems during adaptation to stress temperatures, were analyzed. Possibilities of practical use of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide donors as inductors of plant adaptive responses are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy E. Kolupaev
- Yuriev Plant Production Institute, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla I. Yemets
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana O. Yastreb
- Yuriev Plant Production Institute, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav B. Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Zhang HZ, Lamboro A, Fu JY, Du YY, Qu J, Wang PW, Song Y. Enhancement of root sulfur metabolic pathway by overexpression of OAS-TL3 to increase total soybean seed protein content. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:4. [PMID: 37312869 PMCID: PMC10248623 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is essential for plant growth, and the uptake of sulfate by plant roots is the primary source of plant sulfur. Previous studies have shown that the OAS-TL gene is a key enzyme in the sulfur metabolic pathway and regulates cysteine (Cys) synthase production. However, the interaction mechanism of the glycine max OAS-TL3 Cys synthase (OAS-TL3) gene on soybean root morphology construction and seed protein accumulation is unclear. This study shows that mutant M18 has better root growth and development, higher seed protein content, and higher methionine (Met) content in sulfur-containing amino acids than wild-type JN18. By transcriptome sequencing, the differentially expressed OAS-TL3 gene was targeted in the mutant M18 root line. The relative expression of the OAS-TL3 gene in roots, stems, and leaves during the seedling, flowering, and bulking stages of the OAS-TL3 gene overexpression lines is higher than that of the recipient material. Compared to the recipient material JN74, the enzymatic activities, Cys, and GSH contents of OAS-TL are higher in the sulfur metabolic pathway of seedling roots. The receptor material JN74 is exogenously applied with different concentrations of reduced glutathione. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between reduced glutathione on total root length, projected area, surface area, root volume, total root tip number, total bifurcation number, and total crossing number. The Met and total protein contents of sulfur-containing amino acids in soybean seeds of the OAS-TL3 gene overexpression lines are higher than those of the recipient material JN74, while the gene-edited lines show the opposite results. In conclusion, the OAS-TL3 gene positively regulates soybean root growth, root activity, and the content of Met in the seeds through the OAS-TL-Cys-GSH pathway. It breaks the limitation of other amino acids and facilitates the increase of total seed protein content. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01348-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Han-zhu Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Abraham Lamboro
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-yu Fu
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-yao Du
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Qu
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pi-wu Wang
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Modem Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Education, Plant Biotechnology Center, College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Daneshian L, Renggli I, Hanaway R, Offermann LR, Schlachter CR, Hernandez Arriaza R, Henry S, Prakash R, Wybouw N, Dermauw W, Shimizu LS, Van Leeuwen T, Makris TM, Grbic V, Grbic M, Chruszcz M. Structural and functional characterization of β-cyanoalanine synthase from Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 142:103722. [PMID: 35063675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae is a polyphagous spider mite that can feed on more than 1100 plant species including cyanogenic plants. The herbivore genome contains a horizontally acquired gene tetur10g01570 (TuCAS) that was previously shown to participate in cyanide detoxification. To understand the structure and determine the function of TuCAS in T. urticae, crystal structures of the protein with lysine conjugated pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) were determined. These structures reveal extensive TuCAS homology with the β-substituted alanine synthase family, and they show that this enzyme utilizes a similar chemical mechanism involving a stable α-aminoacrylate intermediate in β-cyanoalanine and cysteine synthesis. We demonstrate that TuCAS is more efficient in the synthesis of β-cyanoalanine, which is a product of the detoxification reaction between cysteine and cyanide, than in the biosynthesis of cysteine. Also, the enzyme carries additional enzymatic activities that were not previously described. We show that TuCAS can detoxify cyanide using O-acetyl-L-serine as a substrate, leading to the direct formation of β-cyanoalanine. Moreover, it catalyzes the reaction between the TuCAS-bound α-aminoacrylate intermediate and aromatic compounds with a thiol group. In addition, we have tested several compounds as TuCAS inhibitors. Overall, this study identifies additional functions for TuCAS and provides new molecular insight into the xenobiotic metabolism of T. urticae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leily Daneshian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Isabella Renggli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ryan Hanaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lesa R Offermann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Caleb R Schlachter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | | | - Shannon Henry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rahul Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Linda S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | | | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada; University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan Y, Song T, Yu J, Zhang W, Hou X, Kong Ling Z, Cui G. Genome-Wide Investigation of the Cysteine Synthase Gene Family Shows That Overexpression of CSase Confers Alkali Tolerance to Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:792862. [PMID: 35058952 PMCID: PMC8765340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.792862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa is widely grown worldwide as a perennial high-quality legume forage and as a good ecological landcover. The cysteine synthase (CSase) gene family is actively involved in plant growth and development and abiotic stress resistance but has not been systematically investigated in alfalfa. We identified 39 MsCSase genes on 4 chromosomes of the alfalfa genome. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these genes were clustered into six subfamilies, and members of the same subfamily had similar physicochemical properties and sequence structures. Overexpression of the CSase gene in alfalfa increased alkali tolerance. Compared with control plants, the overexpression lines presented higher proline, soluble sugars, and cysteine and reduced glutathione contents and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities as well as lower hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion contents after alkali stress. The relative expression of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase gene (a downstream gene of CSase) in the overexpression lines was much higher than that in the control line. The CSase gene enhanced alkalinity tolerance by regulating osmoregulatory substances and improving antioxidant capacity. These results provide a reference for studying the CSase gene family in alfalfa and expanding the alkali tolerance gene resources of forage plants.
Collapse
|
9
|
Heinemann B, Hildebrandt TM. The role of amino acid metabolism in signaling and metabolic adaptation to stress-induced energy deficiency in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4634-4645. [PMID: 33993299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of plant metabolism to stress-induced energy deficiency involves profound changes in amino acid metabolism. Anabolic reactions are suppressed, whereas respiratory pathways that use amino acids as alternative substrates are activated. This review highlights recent progress in unraveling the stress-induced amino acid oxidation pathways, their regulation, and the role of amino acids as signaling molecules. We present an updated map of the degradation pathways for lysine and the branched-chain amino acids. The regulation of amino acid metabolism during energy deprivation, including the coordinated induction of several catabolic pathways, is mediated by the balance between TOR and SnRK signaling. Recent findings indicate that some amino acids might act as nutrient signals in TOR activation and thus promote a shift from catabolic to anabolic pathways. The metabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is highly interconnected with TOR and SnRK signaling. Mechanistic details have recently been elucidated for cysteine signaling during the abscisic acid-dependent drought response. Local cysteine synthesis triggers abscisic acid production and, in addition, cysteine degradation produces the gaseous messenger hydrogen sulfide, which promotes stomatal closure via protein persulfidation. Amino acid signaling in plants is still an emerging topic with potential for fundamental discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Heinemann
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tatjana M Hildebrandt
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu H, Xue S. Interplay between hydrogen sulfide and other signaling molecules in the regulation of guard cell signaling and abiotic/biotic stress response. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100179. [PMID: 34027393 PMCID: PMC8132131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal aperture controls the balance between transpirational water loss and photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. Stomata are surrounded by pairs of guard cells that sense and transduce environmental or stress signals to induce diverse endogenous responses for adaptation to environmental changes. In a recent decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a signaling molecule that regulates stomatal movement. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on the regulatory role of H2S in stomatal movement, including the dynamic regulation of phytohormones, ion homeostasis, and cell structural components. We focus especially on the cross talk among H2S, nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in guard cells, as well as on H2S-mediated post-translational protein modification (cysteine thiol persulfidation). Finally, we summarize the mechanisms by which H2S interacts with other signaling molecules in plants under abiotic or biotic stress. Based on evidence and clues from existing research, we propose some issues that need to be addressed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang J, Zhou M, Zhou H, Zhao D, Gotor C, Romero LC, Shen J, Ge Z, Zhang Z, Shen W, Yuan X, Xie Y. Hydrogen sulfide, a signaling molecule in plant stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:146-160. [PMID: 33058490 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and nitric oxide (NO), are crucial players in cellular and (patho)physiological processes in biological systems. The biological functions of these gaseous molecules, which were first discovered and identified as gasotransmitters in animals, have received unprecedented attention from plant scientists in recent decades. Researchers have arrived at the consensus that H2 S is synthesized endogenously and serves as a signaling molecule throughout the plant life cycle. However, the mechanisms of H2 S action in redox biology is still largely unexplored. This review highlights what we currently know about the characteristics and biosynthesis of H2 S in plants. Additionally, we summarize the role of H2 S in plant resistance to abiotic stress. Moreover, we propose and discuss possible redox-dependent mechanisms by which H2 S regulates plant physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingjian Zhou
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Didi Zhao
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Jie Shen
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenglin Ge
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanjie Xie
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen T, Tian M, Han Y. Hydrogen sulfide: a multi-tasking signal molecule in the regulation of oxidative stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2862-2869. [PMID: 32076713 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule in plant environmental interactions. The consensus view amongst plant scientists is that environmental stress leads to enhanced production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). H2S interacts with the ROS-mediated oxidative stress response network at multiple levels, including the regulation of ROS-processing systems by transcriptional or post-translational modifications. H2S-ROS crosstalk also involves other interacting factors, including nitric oxide, and can affect key cellular processes like autophagy. While H2S often functions to prevent ROS accumulation, it can also act synergistically with ROS signals in processes such as stomatal closure. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of H2S action and the multifaceted roles of this molecule in plant stress responses. Emphasis is placed on the interactions between H2S, ROS, and the redox signaling network that is crucial for plant defense against environmental threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mimi Tian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Feldman-Salit A, Veith N, Wirtz M, Hell R, Kummer U. Distribution of control in the sulfur assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana depends on environmental conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1392-1404. [PMID: 30681147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur assimilation is central to the survival of plants and has been studied under different environmental conditions. Multiple studies have been published trying to determine rate-limiting or controlling steps in this pathway. However, the picture remains inconclusive with at least two different enzymes proposed to represent such rate-limiting steps. Here, we used computational modeling to gain an integrative understanding of the distribution of control in the sulfur assimilation pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana. For this purpose, we set up a new ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based, kinetic model of sulfur assimilation encompassing all biochemical reactions directly involved in this process. We fitted the model to published experimental data and produced a model ensemble to deal with parameter uncertainties. The ensemble was validated against additional published experimental data. We used the model ensemble to subsequently analyse the control pattern and robustly identified a set of processes that share the control in this pathway under standard conditions. Interestingly, the pattern of control is dynamic and not static, that is it changes with changing environmental conditions. Therefore, while adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase (APR) and sulfite reductase (SiR) share control under standard laboratory conditions, APR takes over an even more dominant role under sulfur starvation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Feldman-Salit
- Department Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, INF 267, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Veith
- Department Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, INF 267, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Department Molecular Biology of Plants, COS Heidelberg, INF 360, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Department Molecular Biology of Plants, COS Heidelberg, INF 360, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Department Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, INF 267, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rajab H, Khan MS, Malagoli M, Hell R, Wirtz M. Sulfate-Induced Stomata Closure Requires the Canonical ABA Signal Transduction Machinery. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8010021. [PMID: 30654485 PMCID: PMC6359059 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the canonical trigger for stomatal closure upon abiotic stresses like drought. Soil-drying is known to facilitate root-to-shoot transport of sulfate. Remarkably, sulfate and sulfide—a downstream product of sulfate assimilation—have been independently shown to promote stomatal closure. For induction of stomatal closure, sulfate must be incorporated into cysteine, which triggers ABA biosynthesis by transcriptional activation of NCED3. Here, we apply reverse genetics to unravel if the canonical ABA signal transduction machinery is required for sulfate-induced stomata closure, and if cysteine biosynthesis is also mandatory for the induction of stomatal closure by the gasotransmitter sulfide. We provide genetic evidence for the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, RBOHD, and RBOHF, during the sulfate-induced stomatal closure. In agreement with the established role of ROS as the second messenger of ABA-signaling, the SnRK2-type kinase OST1 and the protein phosphatase ABI1 are essential for sulfate-induced stomata closure. Finally, we show that sulfide fails to close stomata in a cysteine-biosynthesis depleted mutant. Our data support the hypothesis that the two mobile signals, sulfate and sulfide, induce stomatal closure by stimulating cysteine synthesis to trigger ABA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Rajab
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25000 Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sayyar Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25000 Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Mario Malagoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu D, Lu J, Li H, Wang J, Pei Y. Characterization of the O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase gene family in Solanum lycopersicum L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:123-134. [PMID: 30535734 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This research demonstrated the conservation and diversification of the functions of the O-acetylserine-(thiol) lyase gene family genes in Solanum lycopersicum L. Cysteine is the first sulfur-containing organic molecule generated by plants and is the precursor of many important biomolecules and defense compounds. Cysteine and its derivatives are also essential in various redox signaling-related processes. O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) proteins catalyze the last step of cysteine biosynthesis. Previously, researches focused mainly on OASTL proteins which were the most abundant or possessed the authentic OASTL activity, whereas few studies have ever given a comprehensive view of the functions of all the OASTL members in one specific species. Here, we characterized 8 genes belonging to the OASTL gene family from tomato genome (SlOAS2 to SlOAS9), including the sequence analyses, subcellular localization, enzymatic activity assays, expression patterns, as well as the interaction property with SATs. Apart from SlOAS3, all the other genes encoded OASTL-like proteins. Tomato OASTLs were differentially expressed during the development of tomato plants, and their encoded proteins had diverse compartmental distributions and functions. SlOAS5 and SlOAS6 catalyzed the biogenesis of cysteine in chloroplasts and in the cytosol, respectively, and this was in consistent with their interaction abilities with SlSATs. SlOAS4 catalyzed the generation of hydrogen sulfide, similar to its Arabidopsis ortholog, DES1. SlOAS2 also functioned as an L-cysteine desulfhydrase, but its expression pattern was very different from that of SlOAS4. Additionally, SlOAS8 might be a β-cyanoalanine synthase in mitochondria, and the S-sulfocysteine synthase activity appeared lost in tomato plants. SlOAS7 exhibited a transactivational ability in yeast; while the subcellular localization of SlOAS9 was in the peroxisome and correlated with the process of leaf senescence, indicating that these two genes might have novel roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Juanjuan Lu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mitrová K, Svoboda P, Milella L, Ovesná J. Alliinase and cysteine synthase transcription in developing garlic ( Allium sativum L.) over time. Food Chem 2018; 251:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
17
|
Wang J, Cappa JJ, Harris JP, Edger PP, Zhou W, Pires JC, Adair M, Unruh SA, Simmons MP, Schiavon M, Pilon‐Smits EAH. Transcriptome-wide comparison of selenium hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator Stanleya species provides new insight into key processes mediating the hyperaccumulation syndrome. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1582-1594. [PMID: 29412503 PMCID: PMC6097121 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To obtain better insight into the mechanisms of selenium hyperaccumulation in Stanleya pinnata, transcriptome-wide differences in root and shoot gene expression levels were investigated in S. pinnata and related nonaccumulator Stanleya elata grown with or without 20 μm selenate. Genes predicted to be involved in sulphate/selenate transport and assimilation or in oxidative stress resistance (glutathione-related genes and peroxidases) were among the most differentially expressed between species; many showed constitutively elevated expression in S. pinnata. A number of defence-related genes predicted to mediate synthesis and signalling of defence hormones jasmonic acid (JA, reported to induce sulphur assimilatory and glutathione biosynthesis genes), salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene were also more expressed in S. pinnata than S. elata. Several upstream signalling genes that up-regulate defence hormone synthesis showed higher expression in S. pinnata than S. elata and might trigger these selenium-mediated defence responses. Thus, selenium hyperaccumulation and hypertolerance in S. pinnata may be mediated by constitutive, up-regulated JA, SA and ethylene-mediated defence systems, associated with elevated expression of genes involved in sulphate/selenate uptake and assimilation or in antioxidant activity. Genes pinpointed in this study may be targets of genetic engineering of plants that may be employed in biofortification or phytoremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Wang
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | | | - Patrick P. Edger
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and BehaviorMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of StatisticsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - J. Chris Pires
- Division of Biological SciencesBond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Michael Adair
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Sarah A. Unruh
- Division of Biological SciencesBond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Mark P. Simmons
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Michela Schiavon
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- DAFNAEUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Watanabe M, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Hoefgen R. The Effect of Single and Multiple SERAT Mutants on Serine and Sulfur Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:702. [PMID: 29892307 PMCID: PMC5985473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The gene family of serine acetyltransferases (SERATs) constitutes an interface between the plant pathways of serine and sulfur metabolism. SERATs provide the activated precursor, O-acetylserine for the fixation of reduced sulfur into cysteine by exchanging the serine hydroxyl moiety by a sulfhydryl moiety, and subsequently all organic compounds containing reduced sulfur moieties. We investigate here, how manipulation of the SERAT interface results in metabolic alterations upstream or downstream of this boundary and the extent to which the five SERAT isoforms exert an effect on the coupled system, respectively. Serine is synthesized through three distinct pathways while cysteine biosynthesis is distributed over the three compartments cytosol, mitochondria, and plastids. As the respective mutants are viable, all necessary metabolites can obviously cross various membrane systems to compensate what would otherwise constitute a lethal failure in cysteine biosynthesis. Furthermore, given that cysteine serves as precursor for multiple pathways, cysteine biosynthesis is highly regulated at both, the enzyme and the expression level. In this study, metabolite profiles of a mutant series of the SERAT gene family displayed that levels of the downstream metabolites in sulfur metabolism were affected in correlation with the reduction levels of SERAT activities and the growth phenotypes, while levels of the upstream metabolites in serine metabolism were unchanged in the serat mutants compared to wild-type plants. These results suggest that despite of the fact that the two metabolic pathways are directly connected, there seems to be no causal link in metabolic alterations. This might be caused by the difference of their pool sizes or the tight regulation by homeostatic mechanisms that control the metabolite concentration in plant cells. Additionally, growth conditions exerted an influence on metabolic compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mutsumi Watanabe, Rainer Hoefgen,
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mutsumi Watanabe, Rainer Hoefgen,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahmad N, Malagoli M, Wirtz M, Hell R. Drought stress in maize causes differential acclimation responses of glutathione and sulfur metabolism in leaves and roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:247. [PMID: 27829370 PMCID: PMC5103438 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is the most important environmental stress that limits crop yield in a global warming world. Despite the compelling evidence of an important role of oxidized and reduced sulfur-containing compounds during the response of plants to drought stress (e.g. sulfate for stomata closure or glutathione for scavenging of reactive oxygen species), the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway is almost not investigated at the molecular or at the whole plant level during drought. RESULTS In the present study, we elucidated the role of assimilatory sulfate reduction in roots and leaves of the staple crop maize after application of drought stress. The time-resolved dynamics of the adaption processes to the stress was analyzed in a physiological relevant situation -when prolonged drought caused significant oxidation stress but root growth should be maintained. The allocation of sulfate was significantly shifted to the roots upon drought and allowed for significant increase of thiols derived from sulfate assimilation in roots. This enabled roots to produce biomass, while leaf growth was stopped. Accumulation of harmful reactive oxygen species caused oxidation of the glutathione pool and decreased glutathione levels in leaves. Surprisingly, flux analysis using [35S]-sulfate demonstrated a significant down-regulation of sulfate assimilation and cysteine synthesis in leaves due to the substantial decrease of serine acetyltransferase activity. The insufficient cysteine supply caused depletion of glutathione pool in spite of significant transcriptional induction of glutathione synthesis limiting GSH1. Furthermore, drought impinges on transcription of membrane-localized sulfate transport systems in leaves and roots, which provides a potential molecular mechanism for the reallocation of sulfur upon prolonged water withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated a significant and organ-specific impact of drought upon sulfate assimilation. The sulfur metabolism related alterations at the transcriptional, metabolic and enzyme activity level are consistent with a promotion of root growth to search for water at the expense of leaf growth. The results provide evidence for the importance of antagonistic regulation of sulfur metabolism in leaves and roots to enable successful drought stress response at the whole plant level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Science & Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Mario Malagoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruediger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carfagna S, Bottone C, Cataletto PR, Petriccione M, Pinto G, Salbitani G, Vona V, Pollio A, Ciniglia C. Impact of Sulfur Starvation in Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cultures of the Extremophilic Microalga Galdieria phlegrea (Cyanidiophyceae). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1890-8. [PMID: 27388343 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants and algae, sulfate assimilation and cysteine synthesis are regulated by sulfur (S) accessibility from the environment. This study reports the effects of S deprivation in autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures of Galdieria phlegrea (Cyanidiophyceae), a unicellular red alga isolated in the Solfatara crater located in Campi Flegrei (Naples, Italy), where H2S is the prevalent form of gaseous S in the fumarolic fluids and S is widespread in the soils near the fumaroles. This is the first report on the effects of S deprivation on a sulfurous microalga that is also able to grow heterotrophically in the dark. The removal of S from the culture medium of illuminated cells caused a decrease in the soluble protein content and a significant decrease in the intracellular levels of glutathione. Cells from heterotrophic cultures of G. phlegrea exhibited high levels of internal proteins and high glutathione content, which did not diminish during S starvation, but rather glutathione significantly increased. The activity of O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL), the enzyme synthesizing cysteine, was enhanced under S deprivation in a time-dependent manner in autotrophic but not in heterotrophic cells. Analysis of the transcript abundance of the OASTL gene supports the OASTL activity increase in autotrophic cultures under S deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Carfagna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bottone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Rosa Cataletto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Milena Petriccione
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Via Torrino 2, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pinto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Salbitani
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Vona
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tahir J, Dijkwel P. β-Substituting alanine synthases: roles in cysteine metabolism and abiotic and biotic stress signalling in plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:307-323. [PMID: 32480463 DOI: 10.1071/fp15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is required for the synthesis of proteins and metabolites, and is therefore an indispensable compound for growth and development. The β-substituting alanine synthase (BSAS) gene family encodes enzymes known as O-acetylserine thiol lyases (OASTLs), which carry out cysteine biosynthesis in plants. The functions of the BSAS isoforms have been reported to be crucial in assimilation of S and cysteine biosynthesis, and homeostasis in plants. In this review we explore the functional variation in this classic pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent enzyme family of BSAS isoforms. We discuss how specialisation and divergence in BSAS catalytic activities makes a more dynamic set of biological routers that integrate cysteine metabolism and abiotic and biotic stress signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and also other species. Our review presents a universal scenario in which enzymes modulating cysteine metabolism promote survival and fitness of the species by counteracting internal and external stress factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Tahir
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Dijkwel
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
In contrast to animals, which release the signal molecule sulfide in small amounts from cysteine and its derivates, phototrophic eukaryotes generate sulfide as an essential intermediate of the sulfur assimilation pathway. Additionally, iron-sulfur cluster turnover and cyanide detoxification might contribute to the release of sulfide in mitochondria. However, sulfide is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria. Thus, efficient sulfide detoxification mechanisms are required in mitochondria to ensure adequate energy production and consequently survival of the plant cell. Two enzymes have been recently described to catalyze sulfide detoxification in mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana, O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase C (OAS-TL C), and the sulfur dioxygenase (SDO) ethylmalonic encephalopathy protein 1 (ETHE1). Biochemical characterization of sulfide producing and consuming enzymes in mitochondria of plants is fundamental to understand the regulatory network that enables mitochondrial sulfide homeostasis under nonstressed and stressed conditions. In this chapter, we provide established protocols to determine the activity of the sulfide releasing enzyme β-cyanoalanine synthase as well as sulfide-consuming enzymes OAS-TL and SDO. Additionally, we describe a reliable and efficient method to purify OAS-TL proteins from plant material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Birke
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tavares S, Wirtz M, Beier MP, Bogs J, Hell R, Amâncio S. Characterization of the serine acetyltransferase gene family of Vitis vinifera uncovers differences in regulation of OAS synthesis in woody plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:74. [PMID: 25741355 PMCID: PMC4330696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants cysteine biosynthesis is catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) and represents the last step of the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway. It is mainly regulated by provision of O-acetylserine (OAS), the nitrogen/carbon containing backbone for fixation of reduced sulfur. OAS is synthesized by Serine acetyltransferase (SERAT), which reversibly interacts with OASTL in the cysteine synthase complex (CSC). In this study we identify and characterize the SERAT gene family of the crop plant Vitis vinifera. The identified four members of the VvSERAT protein family are assigned to three distinct groups upon their sequence similarities to Arabidopsis SERATs. Expression of fluorescently labeled VvSERAT proteins uncover that the sub-cellular localization of VvSERAT1;1 and VvSERAT3;1 is the cytosol and that VvSERAT2;1 and VvSERAT2;2 localize in addition in plastids and mitochondria, respectively. The purified VvSERATs of group 1 and 2 have higher enzymatic activity than VvSERAT3;1, which display a characteristic C-terminal extension also present in AtSERAT3;1. VvSERAT1;1 and VvSERAT2;2 are evidenced to form the CSC. CSC formation activates VvSERAT2;2, by releasing CSC-associated VvSERAT2;2 from cysteine inhibition. Thus, subcellular distribution of SERAT isoforms and CSC formation in cytosol and mitochondria is conserved between Arabidopsis and grapevine. Surprisingly, VvSERAT2;1 lack the canonical C-terminal tail of plant SERATs, does not form the CSC and is almost insensitive to cysteine inhibition (IC50 = 1.9 mM cysteine). Upon sulfate depletion VvSERAT2;1 is strongly induced at the transcriptional level, while transcription of other VvSERATs is almost unaffected in sulfate deprived grapevine cell suspension cultures. Application of abiotic stresses to soil grown grapevine plants revealed isoform-specific induction of VvSERAT2;1 in leaves upon drought, whereas high light- or temperature- stress hardly trigger VvSERAT2;1 transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Tavares
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel P. Beier
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bogs
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
- Studiengang Weinbau und Oenologie, Dienstleistungszentrum Laendlicher Raum RheinpfalzNeustadt, Germany
- Fachbereich 1, Life Sciences and Engineering, Fachhochschule BingenBingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Amâncio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Sara Amâncio, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Birke H, De Kok LJ, Wirtz M, Hell R. The Role of Compartment-Specific Cysteine Synthesis for Sulfur Homeostasis During H2S Exposure in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:358-67. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
25
|
Rennenberg H, Herschbach C. A detailed view on sulphur metabolism at the cellular and whole-plant level illustrates challenges in metabolite flux analyses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5711-24. [PMID: 25124317 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of physiological process in the systems biology era requires approaches at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. In this context, metabolite flux experiments have been used in mapping metabolite pathways and analysing metabolic control. In the present review, sulphur metabolism was taken to illustrate current challenges of metabolic flux analyses. At the cellular level, restrictions in metabolite flux analyses originate from incomplete knowledge of the compartmentation network of metabolic pathways. Transport of metabolites through membranes is usually not considered in flux experiments but may be involved in controlling the whole pathway. Hence, steady-state and snapshot readings need to be expanded to time-course studies in combination with compartment-specific metabolite analyses. Because of species-specific differences, differences between tissues, and stress-related responses, the quantitative significance of different sulphur sinks has to be elucidated; this requires the development of methods for whole-sulphur metabolome approaches. Different cell types can contribute to metabolite fluxes to different extents at the tissue and organ level. Cell type-specific analyses are needed to characterize these contributions. Based on such approaches, metabolite flux analyses can be expanded to the whole-plant level by considering long-distance transport and, thus, the interaction of roots and the shoot in metabolite fluxes. However, whole-plant studies need detailed empirical and mathematical modelling that have to be validated by experimental analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biosystems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hydrogen sulfide in plants: From dissipation of excess sulfur to signaling molecule. Nitric Oxide 2014; 41:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Schaedler TA, Thornton JD, Kruse I, Schwarzländer M, Meyer AJ, van Veen HW, Balk J. A conserved mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter exports glutathione polysulfide for cytosolic metal cofactor assembly. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23264-74. [PMID: 25006243 PMCID: PMC4156053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An ATP-binding cassette transporter located in the inner mitochondrial membrane is involved in iron-sulfur cluster and molybdenum cofactor assembly in the cytosol, but the transported substrate is unknown. ATM3 (ABCB25) from Arabidopsis thaliana and its functional orthologue Atm1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were expressed in Lactococcus lactis and studied in inside-out membrane vesicles and in purified form. Both proteins selectively transported glutathione disulfide (GSSG) but not reduced glutathione in agreement with a 3-fold stimulation of ATPase activity by GSSG. By contrast, Fe2+ alone or in combination with glutathione did not stimulate ATPase activity. Arabidopsis atm3 mutants were hypersensitive to an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis and accumulated GSSG in the mitochondria. The growth phenotype of atm3-1 was strongly enhanced by depletion of the mitochondrion-localized, GSH-dependent persulfide oxygenase ETHE1, suggesting that the physiological substrate of ATM3 contains persulfide in addition to glutathione. Consistent with this idea, a transportomics approach using mass spectrometry showed that glutathione trisulfide (GS-S-SG) was transported by Atm1. We propose that mitochondria export glutathione polysulfide, containing glutathione and persulfide, for iron-sulfur cluster assembly in the cytosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresia A Schaedler
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy D Thornton
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Kruse
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik W van Veen
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom, and
| | - Janneke Balk
- From the John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, the School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Krüßel L, Junemann J, Wirtz M, Birke H, Thornton JD, Browning LW, Poschet G, Hell R, Balk J, Braun HP, Hildebrandt TM. The mitochondrial sulfur dioxygenase ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 is required for amino acid catabolism during carbohydrate starvation and embryo development in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:92-104. [PMID: 24692429 PMCID: PMC4012607 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur dioxygenase ETHYLMALONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PROTEIN1 (ETHE1) catalyzes the oxidation of persulfides in the mitochondrial matrix and is essential for early embryo development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We investigated the biochemical and physiological functions of ETHE1 in plant metabolism using recombinant Arabidopsis ETHE1 and three transfer DNA insertion lines with 50% to 99% decreased sulfur dioxygenase activity. Our results identified a new mitochondrial pathway catalyzing the detoxification of reduced sulfur species derived from cysteine catabolism by oxidation to thiosulfate. Knockdown of the sulfur dioxygenase impaired embryo development and produced phenotypes of starvation-induced chlorosis during short-day growth conditions and extended darkness, indicating that ETHE1 has a key function in situations of high protein turnover, such as seed production and the use of amino acids as alternative respiratory substrates during carbohydrate starvation. The amino acid profile of mutant plants was similar to that caused by defects in the electron-transfer flavoprotein/electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex and associated dehydrogenases. Thus, in addition to sulfur amino acid catabolism, ETHE1 also affects the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and lysine.
Collapse
|
29
|
Romero LC, Aroca MÁ, Laureano-Marín AM, Moreno I, García I, Gotor C. Cysteine and cysteine-related signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:264-76. [PMID: 24285094 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine occupies a central position in plant metabolism because it is a reduced sulfur donor molecule involved in the synthesis of essential biomolecules and defense compounds. Moreover, cysteine per se and its derivative molecules play roles in the redox signaling of processes occurring in various cellular compartments. Cysteine is synthesized during the sulfate assimilation pathway via the incorporation of sulfide to O-acetylserine, catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL). Plant cells contain OASTLs in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, resulting in a complex array of isoforms and subcellular cysteine pools. In recent years, significant progress has been made in Arabidopsis, in determining the specific roles of the OASTLs and the metabolites produced by them. Thus, the discovery of novel enzymatic activities of the less-abundant, like DES1 with L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity and SCS with S-sulfocysteine synthase activity, has provided new perspectives on their roles, besides their metabolic functions. Thereby, the research has been demonstrated that cytosolic sulfide and chloroplastic S-sulfocysteine act as signaling molecules regulating autophagy and protecting the photosystems, respectively. In the cytosol, cysteine plays an essential role in plant immunity; in the mitochondria, this molecule plays a central role in the detoxification of cyanide, which is essential for root hair development and plant responses to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cao MJ, Wang Z, Zhao Q, Mao JL, Speiser A, Wirtz M, Hell R, Zhu JK, Xiang CB. Sulfate availability affects ABA levels and germination response to ABA and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:604-15. [PMID: 24330104 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds play a critical role in the response of plants to abiotic stress factors including drought. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the key regulator of responses to drought and high-salt stress. However, our knowledge about interaction of S-metabolism and ABA biosynthesis is scarce. Here we report that sulfate supply affects synthesis and steady-state levels of ABA in Arabidopsis wild-type seedlings. By using different mutants of the sulfate uptake and reduction pathway, we confirmed the impact of sulfate supply on steady-state ABA content in Arabidopsis and demonstrated that this impact was due to cysteine availability. Loss of the chloroplast sulfate transporter3;1 function (sultr3;1) resulted in significantly decreased aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity and ABA levels in seedlings and seeds. These mutant phenotypes could be reverted by exogenous application of cysteine or ectopic expression of SULTR3;1. In addition the sultr3;1 mutant showed a decrease of xanthine dehydrogenase activity, but not of nitrate reductase, strongly indicating that in seedlings cysteine availability limits activity of the molybdenum co-factor sulfurase, ABA3, which requires cysteine as the S-donor for sulfuration. Transcription of ABA3 and NCED3, encoding another key enzyme of the ABA biosynthesis pathway, was regulated by S-supply in wild-type seedlings. In contrast, ABA up-regulated the transcript level of SULTR3;1 and other S-metabolism-related genes. Our results provide evidence for a significant co-regulation of S-metabolism and ABA biosynthesis that operates to ensure sufficient cysteine for AO maturation and highlights the importance of sulfur for stress tolerance of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jie Cao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee CP, Wirtz M, Hell R. Evidence for Several Cysteine Transport Mechanisms in the Mitochondrial Membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 55:64-73. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
32
|
Methionine salvage and S-adenosylmethionine: essential links between sulfur, ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis. Biochem J 2013; 451:145-54. [PMID: 23535167 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both Met (methionine) and SAM (S-adenosylmethionine), the activated form of Met, participate in a number of essential metabolic pathways in plants. The subcellular compartmentalization of Met fluxes will be discussed in the present review with respect to regulation and communication with the sulfur assimilation pathway, the network of the aspartate-derived amino acids and the demand for production of SAM. SAM enters the ethylene, nicotianamine and polyamine biosynthetic pathways and provides the methyl group for the majority of methylation reactions required for plant growth and development. The multiple essential roles of SAM require regulation of its synthesis, recycling and distribution to sustain these different pathways. A particular focus of the present review will be on the function of recently identified genes of the Met salvage cycle or Yang cycle and the importance of the Met salvage cycle in the metabolism of MTA (5'-methylthioadenosine). MTA has the potential for product inhibition of ethylene, nicotianamine and polyamine biosynthesis which provides an additional link between these pathways. Interestingly, regulation of Met cycle genes was found to differ between plant species as shown for Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wirtz M, Beard KFM, Lee CP, Boltz A, Schwarzländer M, Fuchs C, Meyer AJ, Heeg C, Sweetlove LJ, Ratcliffe RG, Hell R. Mitochondrial cysteine synthase complex regulates O-acetylserine biosynthesis in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27941-7. [PMID: 22730323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.372656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine synthesis is catalyzed by serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL) in the cytosol, plastids, and mitochondria of plants. Biochemical analyses of recombinant plant SAT and OAS-TL indicate that the reversible association of the proteins in the cysteine synthase complex (CSC) controls cellular sulfur homeostasis. However, the relevance of CSC formation in each compartment for flux control of cysteine synthesis remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate the interaction between mitochondrial SAT3 and OAS-TL C in planta by FRET and establish the role of the mitochondrial CSC in the regulation of cysteine synthesis. NMR spectroscopy of isolated mitochondria from WT, serat2;2, and oastl-C plants showed the SAT-dependent export of OAS. The presence of cysteine resulted in reduced OAS export in mitochondria of oastl-C mutants but not in WT mitochondria. This is in agreement with the stronger in vitro feedback inhibition of free SAT by cysteine compared with CSC-bound SAT and explains the high OAS export rate of WT mitochondria in the presence of cysteine. The predominant role of mitochondrial OAS synthesis was validated in planta by feeding [(3)H]serine to the WT and loss-of-function mutants for OAS-TLs in the cytosol, plastids, and mitochondria. On the basis of these results, we propose a new model in which the mitochondrial CSC acts as a sensor that regulates the level of SAT activity in response to sulfur supply and cysteine demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|