1
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Wang Q, Li C, Yuan B, Yu A, Qu G, Sun Z. Engineering the Activity of a Newly Identified Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase in the Acetylation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400069. [PMID: 38504591 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) serves as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melatonin by transforming 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (NAS), while its low activity may hinder melatonin yield. In this study, a novel AANAT derived from Sus scrofa (SsAANAT) was identified through data mining using 5-HT as a model substrate, and a rational design of SsAANAT was conducted in the quest to improving its activity. After four rounds of mutagenesis procedures, a triple combinatorial dominant mutant M3 was successfully obtained. Compared to the parent enzyme, the conversion of the whole-cell reaction bearing the best variant M3 exhibted an increase from 50 % to 99 % in the transformation of 5-HT into NAS. Additionally, its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was enhanced by 2-fold while retaining the thermostability (Tm>45 °C). In the up-scaled reaction with a substrate loading of 50 mM, the whole-cell system incorporating variant M3 achieved a 99 % conversion of 5-HT in 30 h with an 80 % yield. Molecular dynamics simulations were ultilized to shed light on the origin of improved activity. This study broadens the repertoire of AANAT for the efficient biosynthesis of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiqun Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
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2
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Tang Y, Chen H, Lin Z, Zhang L, Upadhyay A, Liao C, Merkler DJ, Han Q. Evolutionary genomics analysis reveals gene expansion and functional diversity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases in the Culicinae subfamily of mosquitoes. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:569-581. [PMID: 35922881 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT), considered a potential new insecticide target, catalyzes the acetylation of arylalkylamine substrates such as serotonin and dopamine and, hence, mediates diverse functions in insects. However, the origin of insect aaNATs (iaaNATs) and the evolutionary process that generates multiple aaNATs in mosquitoes remain largely unknown. Here, we have analyzed the genomes of 33 species to explore and expand our understanding of the molecular evolution of this gene family in detail. We show that aaNAT orthologs are present in Bacteria, Cephalochordata, Chondrichthyes, Cnidaria, Crustacea, Mammalia, Placozoa, and Teleoste, as well as those from a number of insects, but are absent in some species of Annelida, Echinozoa, and Mollusca as well as Arachnida. Particularly, more than 10 aaNATs were detected in the Culicinae subfamily of mosquitoes. Molecular evolutionary analysis of aaNAT/aaNAT-like genes in mosquitoes reveals that tandem duplication events led to gene expansion in the Culicinae subfamily of mosquitoes more than 190 million years ago. Further selection analysis demonstrates that mosquito aaNATs evolved under strongly positive pressures that generated functional diversity following gene duplication events. Overall, this study may provide novel insights into the molecular evolution of the aaNAT family in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhinan Lin
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Archana Upadhyay
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chenghong Liao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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3
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Zhang L, Tang Y, Merkler DJ, Han Q. Function, structure, evolution, regulation of a potent drug target, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:211-223. [PMID: 36858736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT) catalyzes the transacetylation of acetyl coenzyme A to arylamines and arylalkylamines. Based on three-dimensional structural information, aaNAT belongs to the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases superfamily with a conserved acetyl-CoA binding domain (Dyda et al., 2000). By comparison of sequence similarity, aaNAT is usually divided into vertebrate aaNAT (VT-aaNAT) and non-vertebrate aaNAT (NV-aaNAT) (Cazaméa-Catalan et al., 2014). Insects have evolved multiple aaNATs in comparison to mammals, thus more diverse functions are also reflected in insects. This chapter will summarize previous studies on the function, regulation, structure and evolution of aaNAT, and provide insight into future pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China.
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4
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Xiao SY, Liu YJ, Lu W, Sha ZW, Xu C, Yu ZH, Lee SD. Possible Neuropathology of Sleep Disturbance Linking to Alzheimer's Disease: Astrocytic and Microglial Roles. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:875138. [PMID: 35755779 PMCID: PMC9218054 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.875138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances not only deteriorate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progress by affecting cognitive states but also accelerate the neuropathological changes of AD. Astrocytes and microglia are the principal players in the regulation of both sleep and AD. We proposed that possible astrocyte-mediated and microglia-mediated neuropathological changes of sleep disturbances linked to AD, such as astrocytic adenosinergic A1, A2, and A3 regulation; astrocytic dopamine and serotonin; astrocyte-mediated proinflammatory status (TNFα); sleep disturbance-attenuated microglial CX3CR1 and P2Y12; microglial Iba-1 and astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); and microglia-mediated proinflammatory status (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα). Furthermore, astrocytic and microglial amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau in AD were reviewed, such as astrocytic Aβ interaction in AD; astrocyte-mediated proinflammation in AD; astrocytic interaction with Aβ in the central nervous system (CNS); astrocytic apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-induced Aβ clearance in AD, as well as microglial Aβ clearance and aggregation in AD; proinflammation-induced microglial Aβ aggregation in AD; microglial-accumulated tau in AD; and microglial ApoE and TREM2 in AD. We reviewed astrocytic and microglial roles in AD and sleep, such as astrocyte/microglial-mediated proinflammation in AD and sleep; astrocytic ApoE in sleep and AD; and accumulated Aβ-triggered synaptic abnormalities in sleep disturbance. This review will provide a possible astrocytic and microglial mechanism of sleep disturbance linked to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yun Xiao
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jie Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Lu
- Department of Traditional Treatment, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Sha
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Che Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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5
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Zhang L, Tang Y, Chen H, Zhu X, Gong X, Wang S, Luo J, Han Q. Arylalkalamine N-acetyltransferase-1 acts on a secondary amine in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1081-1091. [PMID: 35178730 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT) in Aedes aegypti is primarily involved in cuticle pigmentation and formation. The reported arylalkylamine substrates are all primary amines. In this study, we report a novel substrate, a secondary amine, of Ae. aegypti aaNAT1. The recombinant aaNAT1 protein exhibited high activity to a secondary amine, epinephrine, which has not been reported for any aaNATs previously. Structure-activity relationship study demonstrated that aaNAT1 has an epinephrine binding site, and molecular docking and dynamic simulation showed that epinephrine is quite stable in the active cavity. Further functional studies demonstrated that epinephrine affected mosquito fecundity, egg hatching and development. The new biochemical function of aaNAT1 in metabolizing epinephrine could reduce some negative effects of the compound in the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
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6
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Liao L, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu B, Chen X, Guo Y, Zeng Z, Zhao Y. Structural and Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Plant Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Reveal an Acid/Base-Assisted Catalysis in Melatonin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12020-12026. [PMID: 33682300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) is the key rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis. It mediates melatonin biosynthesis in plants by using serotonin and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), but little is known of its underlying mechanisms. Herein, we present a detailed reaction mechanism of a SNAT from Oryza sativa through combined structural and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis. We report the crystal structures of plant SNAT in the apo and binary/ternary complex forms with acetyl-CoA (AcCoA), serotonin, and 5-MT. OsSNAT exhibits a unique enzymatically active dimeric fold not found in the known structures of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) family. The key residues W188, D189, D226, N220, and Y233 located around the active pocket are important in catalysis, confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Combined with MD simulations, we hypothesize a novel plausible catalytic mechanism in which D226 and Y233 function as catalytic base and acid during the acetyl-transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Liao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanze Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Youdong Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xikai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Biao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhixiong Zeng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Baumgartner JT, Habeeb Mohammad TS, Czub MP, Majorek KA, Arolli X, Variot C, Anonick M, Minor W, Ballicora MA, Becker DP, Kuhn ML. Gcn5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNATs) With a Catalytic Serine Residue Can Play Ping-Pong Too. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:646046. [PMID: 33912589 PMCID: PMC8072286 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.646046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes in the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily are widespread and critically involved in multiple cellular processes ranging from antibiotic resistance to histone modification. While acetyl transfer is the most widely catalyzed reaction, recent studies have revealed that these enzymes are also capable of performing succinylation, condensation, decarboxylation, and methylcarbamoylation reactions. The canonical chemical mechanism attributed to GNATs is a general acid/base mechanism; however, mounting evidence has cast doubt on the applicability of this mechanism to all GNATs. This study shows that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA3944 enzyme uses a nucleophilic serine residue and a hybrid ping-pong mechanism for catalysis instead of a general acid/base mechanism. To simplify this enzyme's kinetic characterization, we synthesized a polymyxin B substrate analog and performed molecular docking experiments. We performed site-directed mutagenesis of key active site residues (S148 and E102) and determined the structure of the E102A mutant. We found that the serine residue is essential for catalysis toward the synthetic substrate analog and polymyxin B, but the glutamate residue is more likely important for substrate recognition or stabilization. Our results challenge the current paradigm of GNAT mechanisms and show that this common enzyme scaffold utilizes different active site residues to accomplish a diversity of catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson T. Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Mateusz P. Czub
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Karolina A. Majorek
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Xhulio Arolli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cillian Variot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Madison Anonick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Miguel A. Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel P. Becker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Misty L. Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Liao L, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu B, Chen X, Guo Y, Zeng Z, Zhao Y. Structural and Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Plant Serotonin
N
‐Acetyltransferase Reveal an Acid/Base‐Assisted Catalysis in Melatonin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Liao
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuanze Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering College of Bioengineering Qilu University of Technology Jinan 250353 Shandong China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei China
| | - Youdong Xu
- College of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 Sichuan China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xikai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei China
| | - Biao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei China
| | - Yan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei China
| | - Zhixiong Zeng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering College of Bioengineering Qilu University of Technology Jinan 250353 Shandong China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu China
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9
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Structural characterization of a GNAT family acetyltransferase from Elizabethkingia anophelis bound to acetyl-CoA reveals a new dimeric interface. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1274. [PMID: 33446675 PMCID: PMC7809356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs) catalyse the acetylation of a diverse range of substrates, thereby orchestrating a variety of biological processes within prokaryotes and eukaryotes. GNAT enzymes can catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to substrates such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, amino acids, polyamines, peptides, vitamins, catecholamines, and large macromolecules including proteins. Although GNATs generally exhibit low to moderate sequence identity, they share a conserved catalytic fold and conserved structural motifs. In this current study we characterize the high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structure of a GNAT enzyme bound with acetyl-CoA from Elizabethkingia anophelis, an important multi-drug resistant bacterium. The tertiary structure is comprised of six α-helices and nine β-strands, and is similar with other GNATs. We identify a new and uncharacterized GNAT dimer interface, which is conserved in at least two other unpublished GNAT structures. This suggests that GNAT enzymes can form at least five different types of dimers, in addition to a range of other oligomers including trimer, tetramer, hexamer, and dodecamer assemblies. The high-resolution structure presented in this study is suitable for future in-silico docking and structure–activity relationship studies.
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10
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Spana EP, Abrams AB, Ellis KT, Klein JC, Ruderman BT, Shi AH, Zhu D, Stewart A, May S. speck, First Identified in Drosophila melanogaster in 1910, Is Encoded by the Arylalkalamine N-Acetyltransferase (AANAT1) Gene. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3387-3398. [PMID: 32709620 PMCID: PMC7466976 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pigmentation mutation speck is a commonly used recombination marker characterized by a darkly pigmented region at the wing hinge. Identified in 1910 by Thomas Hunt Morgan, speck was characterized by Sturtevant as the most "workable" mutant in the rightmost region of the second chromosome and eventually localized to 2-107.0 and 60C1-2. Though the first speck mutation was isolated over 110 years ago, speck is still not associated with any gene. Here, as part of an undergraduate-led research effort, we show that speck is encoded by the Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (AANAT1) gene. Both alleles from the Morgan lab contain a retrotransposon in exon 1 of the RB transcript of the AANAT1 gene. We have also identified a new insertion allele and generated multiple deletion alleles in AANAT1 that all give a strong speck phenotype. In addition, expression of AANAT1 RNAi constructs either ubiquitously or in the dorsal portion of the developing wing generates a similar speck phenotype. We find that speck alleles have additional phenotypes, including ectopic pigmentation in the posterior pupal case, leg joints, cuticular sutures and overall body color. We propose that the acetylated dopamine generated by AANAT1 decreases the dopamine pool available for melanin production. When AANAT1 function is decreased, the excess dopamine enters the melanin pathway to generate the speck phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Spana
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | | | | | - Jason C Klein
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | | | - Alvin H Shi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Daniel Zhu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Andrea Stewart
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Susan May
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
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11
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Wu CY, Hu IC, Yang YC, Ding WC, Lai CH, Lee YZ, Liu YC, Cheng HC, Lyu PC. An essential role of acetyl coenzyme A in the catalytic cycle of insect arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. Commun Biol 2020; 3:441. [PMID: 32796911 PMCID: PMC7427786 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA)-dependent N-acetylation is performed by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and is important in many biofunctions. AANAT catalyzes N-acetylation through an ordered sequential mechanism in which cofactor (Ac-CoA) binds first, with substrate binding afterward. No ternary structure containing AANAT, cofactor, and substrate was determined, meaning the details of substrate binding and product release remain unclear. Here, two ternary complexes of dopamine N-acetyltransferase (Dat) before and after N-acetylation were solved at 1.28 Å and 1.36 Å resolution, respectively. Combined with the structures of Dat in apo form and Ac-CoA bound form, we addressed each stage in the catalytic cycle. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were utilized to analyze the product release. Our data revealed that Ac-CoA regulates the conformational properties of Dat to form the catalytic site and substrate binding pocket, while the release of products is facilitated by the binding of new Ac-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ya Wu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Hu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Ding
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Liu
- Institute of Population Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chiang Lyu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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12
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O'Flynn BG, Prins KC, Shepherd BA, Forbrich VE, Suarez G, Merkler DJ. Identification of catalytically distinct arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase splicoforms from Tribolium castaneum. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105695. [PMID: 32681959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The assumption that structural or sequential homology between enzymes implies functional homology is a common misconception. Through in-depth structural and kinetic analysis, we are now beginning to understand the minute differences in primary structure that can alter the function of an enzyme completely. Alternative splicing is one method for which the activity of an enzyme can be controlled, simply by altering its length. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase A (AANATA) in D. melanogaster, which catalyzes the N-acetylation of biogenic amines, has multiple splicoforms - alternatively spliced enzyme isoforms - with differing tissue distribution. As demonstrated here, AANAT1 from Tribolium castaneum is another such enzyme with multiple splicoforms. A screening assay was developed and utilized to determine that, despite only a 35 amino acid truncation, the shortened form of TcAANAT1 is a more active form of the enzyme. This implies regulation of enzyme metabolic activity via alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G O'Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Karin Claire Prins
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Britney A Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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13
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Ajam T, De I, Petkau N, Whelan G, Pena V, Eichele G. Alternative catalytic residues in the active site of Esco acetyltransferases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9828. [PMID: 32555289 PMCID: PMC7300003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a protein complex whose core subunits, Smc1, Smc3, Scc1, and SA1/SA2 form a ring-like structure encircling the DNA. Cohesins play a key role in the expression, repair, and segregation of eukaryotic genomes. Following a catalytic mechanism that is insufficiently understood, Esco1 and Esco2 acetyltransferases acetylate the cohesin subunit Smc3, thereby inducing stabilization of cohesin on DNA. As a prerequisite for structure-guided investigation of enzymatic activity, we determine here the crystal structure of the mouse Esco2/CoA complex at 1.8 Å resolution. We reconstitute cohesin as tri- or tetrameric assemblies and use those as physiologically-relevant substrates for enzymatic assays in vitro. Furthermore, we employ cell-based complementation studies in mouse embryonic fibroblast deficient for Esco1 and Esco2, as a means to identify catalytically-important residues in vivo. These analyses demonstrate that D567/S566 and E491/S527, located on opposite sides of the murine Esco2 active site cleft, are critical for catalysis. Our experiments support a catalytic mechanism of acetylation where residues D567 and E491 are general bases that deprotonate the ε-amino group of lysine substrate, also involving two nearby serine residues - S566 and S527- that possess a proton relay function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ajam
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inessa De
- Research Group Macromolecular Crystallography, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Petkau
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Whelan
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Pena
- Research Group Macromolecular Crystallography, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Structural Biology Division, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW3 6JB, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Smith NMA, Yagound B, Remnant EJ, Foster CSP, Buchmann G, Allsopp MH, Kent CF, Zayed A, Rose SA, Lo K, Ashe A, Harpur BA, Beekman M, Oldroyd BP. Paternally-biased gene expression follows kin-selected predictions in female honey bee embryos. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1523-1533. [PMID: 32220095 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Kinship Theory of Genomic Imprinting (KTGI) posits that, in species where females mate with multiple males, there is selection for a male to enhance the reproductive success of his offspring at the expense of other males and his mating partner. Reciprocal crosses between honey bee subspecies show parent-of-origin effects for reproductive traits, suggesting that males modify the expression of genes related to female function in their female offspring. This effect is likely to be greater in the Cape honey bee (Apis mellifera capensis), because a male's daughters have the unique ability to produce female offspring that can develop into reproductive workers or the next queen without mating. We generated reciprocal crosses between Capensis and another subspecies and used RNA-seq to identify transcripts that are over- or underexpressed in the embryos, depending on the parental origin of the gene. As predicted, 21 genes showed expression bias towards the Capensis father's allele in colonies with a Capensis father, with no such bias in the reciprocal cross. A further six genes showed a consistent bias towards expression of the father's allele across all eight colonies examined, regardless of the direction of the cross. Consistent with predictions of the KTGI, six of the 21 genes are associated with female reproduction. No gene consistently showed overexpression of the maternal allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M A Smith
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Yagound
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily J Remnant
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles S P Foster
- Evolutionary and Integrative Zoology Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriele Buchmann
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael H Allsopp
- Honey Bee Research Section, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Clement F Kent
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amro Zayed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen A Rose
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kitty Lo
- Statistics Research Group, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alyson Ashe
- Molecular Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brock A Harpur
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Madeleine Beekman
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Oldroyd
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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O’Flynn BG, Lewandowski EM, Prins KC, Suarez G, McCaskey AN, Rios-Guzman NM, Anderson RL, Shepherd BA, Gelis I, Leahy JW, Chen Y, Merkler DJ. Characterization of Arylalkylamine N-Acyltransferase from Tribolium castaneum: An Investigation into a Potential Next-Generation Insecticide Target. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:513-523. [PMID: 31967772 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing issue of insecticide resistance has meant the identification of novel insecticide targets has never been more important. Arylalkylamine N-acyltransferases (AANATs) have been suggested as a potential new target. These promiscuous enzymes are involved in the N-acylation of biogenic amines to form N-acylamides. In insects, this process is a key step in melanism, hardening of the cuticle, removal of biogenic amines, and in the biosynthesis of fatty acid amides. The unique nature of each AANAT isoform characterized indicates each organism accommodates an assembly of discrete AANATs relatively exclusive to that organism. This implies a high potential for selectivity in insecticide design, while also maintaining polypharmacology. Presented here is a thorough kinetic and structural analysis of AANAT found in one of the most common secondary pests of all plant commodities in the world, Tribolium castaneum. The enzyme, named TcAANAT0, catalyzes the formation of short-chain N-acylarylalkylamines, with short-chain acyl-CoAs (C2-C10), benzoyl-CoA, and succinyl-CoA functioning in the role of acyl donor. Recombinant TcAANAT0 was expressed and purified from E. coli and was used to investigate the kinetic and chemical mechanism of catalysis. The kinetic mechanism is an ordered sequential mechanism with the acyl-CoA binding first. pH-rate profiles and site-directed mutagenesis studies identified amino acids critical to catalysis, providing insights about the chemical mechanism of TcAANAT0. A crystal structure was obtained for TcAANAT0 bound to acetyl-CoA, revealing valuable information about its active site. This combination of kinetic analysis and crystallography alongside mutagenesis and sequence analysis shines light on some approaches possible for targeting TcAANAT0 and other AANATs for novel insecticide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. O’Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Eric M. Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, 33612, United States
| | - Karin Claire Prins
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Gabriela Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Angelica N. McCaskey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nasha M. Rios-Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ryan L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80238, United States
| | - Britney A. Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ioannis Gelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - James W. Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, 33612, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, 33612, United States
| | - David J. Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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16
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Drosophila melanogaster nonribosomal peptide synthetase Ebony encodes an atypical condensation domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2913-2918. [PMID: 30705105 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811194116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein Ebony from Drosophila melanogaster plays a central role in the regulation of histamine and dopamine in various tissues through condensation of these amines with β-alanine. Ebony is a rare example of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) from a higher eukaryote and contains a C-terminal sequence that does not correspond to any previously characterized NRPS domain. We have structurally characterized this C-terminal domain and have discovered that it adopts the aryl-alkylamine-N-acetyl transferase (AANAT) fold, which is unprecedented in NRPS biology. Through analysis of ligand-bound structures, activity assays, and binding measurements, we have determined how this atypical condensation domain is able to provide selectivity for both the carrier protein-bound amino acid and the amine substrates, a situation that remains unclear for standard condensation domains identified to date from NRPS assembly lines. These results demonstrate that the C terminus of Ebony encodes a eukaryotic example of an alternative type of NRPS condensation domain; they also illustrate how the catalytic components of such assembly lines are significantly more diverse than a minimal set of conserved functional domains.
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17
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Battistini MR, O'Flynn BG, Shoji C, Suarez G, Galloway LC, Merkler DJ. Bm-iAANAT3: Expression and characterization of a novel arylalkylamine N-acyltransferase from Bombyx mori. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 661:107-116. [PMID: 30452894 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The arylalkylamine N-acyltransferases (AANATs) are enzymes that catalyze the acyl-CoA-dependent formation of N-acylarylalkylamides: acyl-CoA + arylalkylamine → N-acylarylalkylamides + CoA-SH. Herein, we describe our study of a previously uncharacterized AANAT from Bombyx mori: Bm-iAANAT3. Bm-iAANAT3 catalyzes the direct formation of N-acylarylalkylamides and accepts a broad range of short-chain acyl-CoA thioesters and amines as substrates. Acyl-CoA thioesters possessing an acyl chain length >10 carbon atoms are not substrates for Bm-iAANAT3. We report that Bm-iAANAT3 is a "versatile generalist", most likely, functioning in amine acetylation - a reaction in amine inactivation/excretion, cuticle sclerotization, and melanism. We propose a kinetic and chemical mechanism for Bm-iAANAT3 that is consistent with our steady-state kinetic analysis, dead-end inhibition studies, determination of the pH-rate profiles, and site-directed mutagenesis of a catalytically important amino acid in Bm-iAANAT3. These mechanistic studies of Bm-iAANAT3 will foster the development of novel compounds targeted against this enzyme and other insect AANATs for the control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian G O'Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Christopher Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Gabriela Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Lamar C Galloway
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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18
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O'Flynn BG, Suarez G, Hawley AJ, Merkler DJ. Insect Arylalkylamine N-Acyltransferases: Mechanism and Role in Fatty Acid Amide Biosynthesis. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:66. [PMID: 30094237 PMCID: PMC6070697 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acyltransferases (AANATs) catalyze the formation of an N-acylamide from an acyl-CoA thioester and an amine. One well known example is the production of N-acetylserotonin from acetyl-CoA and serotonin, a reaction in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan. AANATs have been identified from a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the mammalian AANAT because a cell-permeable inhibitor specifically targeted against this enzyme could prove useful to treat diseases related to dysfunction in melatonin production. Insects are an interesting model for the study of AANATs because more than one isoform is typically expressed by a specific insect and the different insect AANATs (iAANATs) serve different roles in the insect cell. In contrast, mammals express only one AANAT. The major role of iAANATs seem to be in the production of N-acetyldopamine, a reaction important in the tanning and sclerotization of the cuticle. Metabolites identified in insects including N-acetylserotonin and long-chain N-fatty acyl derivatives of dopamine, histidine, phenylalanine, serotonin, tyrosine, and tryptophan are likely produced by an iAANAT. In vitro studies of specific iAANATs are consistent with this hypothesis. In this review, we highlight the current metabolomic knowledge of the N-acylated aromatic amino acids and N-acylated derivatives of the aromatic amino acids, the current mechanistic understanding of the iAANATs, and explore the possibility that iAANATs serve as insect "rhymezymes" regulating photoperiodism and other rhythmic processes in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J. Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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19
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Figueira FH, de Quadros Oliveira N, de Aguiar LM, Escarrone AL, Primel EG, Barros DM, da Rosa CE. Exposure to atrazine alters behaviour and disrupts the dopaminergic system in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 202:94-102. [PMID: 28847529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is an extensively used herbicide, and has become a common environmental contaminant. Effects on dopaminergic neurotransmission in mammals following exposure to atrazine have been previously demonstrated. Here, the effects of atrazine regarding behavioural and dopaminergic neurotransmission parameters were assessed in the fruit fly D. melanogaster, exposed during embryonic and larval development. Embryos (newly fertilized eggs) were exposed to two atrazine concentrations (10μM and 100μM) in the diet until the adult fly emerged. Negative geotaxis assay, as well as exploratory behaviour, immobility time and number of grooming episodes in an open field system were assessed. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and gene expression of the dopaminergic system were also evaluated in newly emerged male and female flies. All analyzed parameters in male flies were not significantly affected by atrazine exposure. However female flies exposed to atrazine at 10μM presented an increase in immobility time and a reduction in exploratory activity in the open field test, which was offset by an increase in the number of grooming episodes. Also, female flies exposed to 100μM of atrazine presented an increase in immobility time. Gene expression of DOPA decarboxylase and dopamine (DA) receptors were also increased only in females. The behavioural effects of atrazine exposure observed in female flies were due to a disturbance in the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Hernandes Figueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália de Quadros Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Lais Mattos de Aguiar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura Escarrone
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Martí Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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20
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Sasaki K, Matsuyama H, Morita N, Ono M. Caste differences in the association between dopamine and reproduction in the bumble bee Bombus ignitus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 103:107-116. [PMID: 29102645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A society of bumble bees is primitively eusocial, with an annual life cycle, and can be used as a physiological model of social bees for comparative studies with highly eusocial hymenopterans. We investigated the dynamics of biogenic amine levels in the brain, meso-metathoracic ganglia, terminal abdominal ganglion, and hemolymph in queens 1 day after mating (1DAM), during diapause (Dp), and during colony founding (CF) in the bumble bee, Bombus ignitus. Dopamine levels in the brain of CF queens were significantly lower than in 1DAM and Dp queens, and the levels in the thoracic ganglia and hemolymph in CF queens were lower than in 1DAM queens, but did not differ from other groups in the abdominal ganglion. Octopamine levels in the brains were higher in Dp queens than in 1DAM queens. Serotonin and tyramine levels did not differ between the groups in different compartments of the central nervous system (CNS) that we examined. The dopamine levels in the brains were significantly positively correlated with those in the thoracic ganglia, abdominal ganglion, and hemolymph, suggesting the regulation of dopamine levels among three different compartments of the CNS. In isolated virgin queens, there were no significant correlations between the brain levels of biogenic amines that we examined and the lengths of the largest terminal oocytes, whereas, in isolated workers, the brain dopamine levels were positively correlated with oocyte lengths. These results suggest that dopamine is associated with ovarian activity in reproductive workers, but not in either virgin or mated queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Department of Bioresource Science, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan.
| | - Hinako Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Naruaki Morita
- Department of Bioresource Science, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Masato Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Department of Bioresource Science, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
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21
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Dempsey DR, Nichols DA, Battistini MR, Pemberton O, Ospina SR, Zhang X, Carpenter AM, O'Flynn BG, Leahy JW, Kanwar A, Lewandowski EM, Chen Y, Merkler DJ. Structural and Mechanistic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Agmatine N-Acetyltransferase, an Enzyme that Catalyzes the Formation of N-Acetylagmatine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13432. [PMID: 29044148 PMCID: PMC5647378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agmatine N-acetyltransferase (AgmNAT) catalyzes the formation of N-acetylagmatine from acetyl-CoA and agmatine. Herein, we provide evidence that Drosophila melanogaster AgmNAT (CG15766) catalyzes the formation of N-acetylagmatine using an ordered sequential mechanism; acetyl-CoA binds prior to agmatine to generate an AgmNAT•acetyl-CoA•agmatine ternary complex prior to catalysis. Additionally, we solved a crystal structure for the apo form of AgmNAT with an atomic resolution of 2.3 Å, which points towards specific amino acids that may function in catalysis or active site formation. Using the crystal structure, primary sequence alignment, pH-activity profiles, and site-directed mutagenesis, we evaluated a series of active site amino acids in order to assign their functional roles in AgmNAT. More specifically, pH-activity profiles identified at least one catalytically important, ionizable group with an apparent pKa of ~7.5, which corresponds to the general base in catalysis, Glu-34. Moreover, these data led to a proposed chemical mechanism, which is consistent with the structure and our biochemical analysis of AgmNAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.,Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Derek A Nichols
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States.,Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Matthew R Battistini
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States
| | - Orville Pemberton
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | | | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.,University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0216, United States
| | - Brian G O'Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States
| | - James W Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States.,Florida Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery and Innovation, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 305, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Ankush Kanwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States
| | - Eric M Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States.
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States.
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22
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Aboalroub AA, Bachman AB, Zhang Z, Keramisanou D, Merkler DJ, Gelis I. Acetyl group coordinated progression through the catalytic cycle of an arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177270. [PMID: 28486510 PMCID: PMC5423648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to an acceptor amine is a ubiquitous biochemical transformation catalyzed by Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases (GNATs). Although it is established that the reaction proceeds through a sequential ordered mechanism, the role of the acetyl group in driving the ordered formation of binary and ternary complexes remains elusive. Herein, we show that CoA and acetyl-CoA alter the conformation of the substrate binding site of an arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) to facilitate interaction with acceptor substrates. However, it is the presence of the acetyl group within the catalytic funnel that triggers high affinity binding. Acetyl group occupancy is relayed through a conserved salt bridge between the P-loop and the acceptor binding site, and is manifested as differential dynamics in the CoA and acetyl-CoA-bound states. The capacity of the acetyl group carried by an acceptor to promote its tight binding even in the absence of CoA, but also its mutually exclusive position to the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA underscore its importance in coordinating the progression of the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Aboalroub
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ashleigh B. Bachman
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ziming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dimitra Keramisanou
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - David J. Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ioannis Gelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Salah Ud-Din AIM, Tikhomirova A, Roujeinikova A. Structure and Functional Diversity of GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNAT). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1018. [PMID: 27367672 PMCID: PMC4964394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. This review of the currently available data acquired on GNAT enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the GNAT superfamily, with an emphasis on the mechanistic insights obtained from the analysis of the complexes with substrates or inhibitors. It discusses the structural basis for the common acetyltransferase mechanism, outlines the factors important for the substrate recognition, and describes the mechanism of action of inhibitors of these enzymes. It is anticipated that understanding of the structural basis behind the reaction and substrate specificity of the enzymes from this superfamily can be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics to treat human diseases and combat emerging multidrug-resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Iftiaf Md Salah Ud-Din
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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24
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Dempsey DR, Carpenter AM, Ospina SR, Merkler DJ. Probing the chemical mechanism and critical regulatory amino acid residues of Drosophila melanogaster arylalkylamine N-acyltransferase like 2. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 66:1-12. [PMID: 26476413 PMCID: PMC4663176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acyltransferase like 2 (AANATL2) catalyzes the formation of N-acylarylalkylamides from the corresponding acyl-CoA and arylalkylamine. The N-acylation of biogenic amines in Drosophila melanogaster is a critical step for the inactivation of neurotransmitters, cuticle sclerotization, and melatonin biosynthesis. In addition, D. melanogaster has been used as a model system to evaluate the biosynthesis of fatty acid amides: a family of potent cell signaling lipids. We have previously showed that AANATL2 catalyzes the formation of N-acylarylakylamides, including long-chain N-acylserotonins and N-acyldopamines. Herein, we define the kinetic mechanism for AANATL2 as an ordered sequential mechanism with acetyl-CoA binding first followed by tyramine to generate the ternary complex prior to catalysis. Bell shaped kcat,app - acetyl-CoA and (kcat/Km)app - acetyl-CoA pH-rate profiles identified two apparent pKa,app values of ∼7.4 and ∼8.9 that are critical to catalysis, suggesting the AANATL2-catalyzed formation of N-acetyltyramine occurs through an acid/base chemical mechanism. Site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved glutamate that corresponds to the catalytic base for other D. melanogaster AANATL enzymes did not produce a substantial depression in the kcat,app value nor did it abolish the pKa,app value attributed to the general base in catalysis (pKa ∼7.4). These data suggest that AANATL2 catalyzes the formation of N-acylarylalkylamides using either different catalytic residues or a different chemical mechanism relative to other D. melanogaster AANATL enzymes. In addition, we constructed other site-directed mutants of AANATL2 to help define the role of targeted amino acids in substrate binding and/or enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | | | | | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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25
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Dempsey DR, Jeffries KA, Handa S, Carpenter AM, Rodriguez-Ospina S, Breydo L, Merkler DJ. Mechanistic and Structural Analysis of a Drosophila melanogaster Enzyme, Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase Like 7, an Enzyme That Catalyzes the Formation of N-Acetylarylalkylamides and N-Acetylhistamine. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2644-58. [PMID: 25850002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase like 7 (AANATL7) catalyzes the formation of N-acetylarylalkylamides and N-acetylhistamine from acetyl-CoA and the corresponding amine substrate. AANATL7 is a member of the GNAT superfamily of >10000 GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases, many members being linked to important roles in both human metabolism and disease. Drosophila melanogaster utilizes the N-acetylation of biogenic amines for the inactivation of neurotransmitters, the biosynthesis of melatonin, and the sclerotization of the cuticle. We have expressed and purified D. melanogaster AANATL7 in Escherichia coli and used the purified enzyme to define the substrate specificity for acyl-CoA and amine substrates. Information about the substrate specificity provides insight into the potential contribution made by AANATL7 to fatty acid amide biosynthesis because D. melanogaster has emerged as an important model system contributing to our understanding of fatty acid amide metabolism. Characterization of the kinetic mechanism of AANATL7 identified an ordered sequential mechanism, with acetyl-CoA binding first followed by histamine to generate an AANATL7·acetyl-CoA·histamine ternary complex prior to catalysis. Successive pH-activity profiling and site-directed mutagenesis experiments identified two ionizable groups: one with a pKa of 7.1 that is assigned to Glu-26 as a general base and a second pKa of 9.5 that is assigned to the protonation of the thiolate of the coenzyme A product. Using the data generated herein, we propose a chemical mechanism for AANATL7 and define functions for other important amino acid residues involved in substrate binding and regulation of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Dempsey
- †Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Kristen A Jeffries
- †Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Sumit Handa
- †Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Carpenter
- †Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | | | | | - David J Merkler
- †Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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26
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Chang YY, Hsu CH. Structural basis for substrate-specific acetylation of Nα-acetyltransferase Ard1 from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8673. [PMID: 25728374 PMCID: PMC5390088 DOI: 10.1038/srep08673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nα-acetyltransferases (Nats) possess a wide range of important biological functions. Their structures can vary according to the first two residues of their substrate. However, the mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis of Nats are elusive. Here, we present two structure of Sulfolobus solfataricus Ard1 (SsArd1), a member of the NatA family, at 2.13 and 1.84 Å. Both structures contain coenzyme A, while the latter also contains a substrate-derived peptide. Sequential structure-based mutagenesis revealed that mutations of critical residues for CoA binding decreased the binding affinity of SsArd1 by 3 ~ 7-fold. Superimposition of SsArd1 (NatA) with human Naa50p (NatE) showed significant differences in key residues of enzymes near the first amino-acid position of the substrate peptide (Glu35 for SsArd1 and Val29 for Naa50p). Further enzyme activity assays revealed that the substrate specificity of SsArd1 could be altered from SSGTPT to MEEKVG by a range of Glu35 mutants. These studies provide not only a molecular elucidation of substrate recognition and specificity for the NatA family, but also insight into how members of the NAT family distinguish between amino acids at the substrate N-terminus from the ancient monomeric archaeal Ard1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yung Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Systems Biology; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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27
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Minchin RF, Butcher NJ. The role of lysine(100) in the binding of acetylcoenzyme A to human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1: implications for other acetyltransferases. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:195-202. [PMID: 25660616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) catalyze the acetylation of aromatic and heterocyclic amines as well as hydrazines. All proteins in this family of enzymes utilize acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) as an acetyl donor, which initially binds to the enzyme and transfers an acetyl group to an active site cysteine. Here, we have investigated the role of a highly conserved amino acid (Lys(100)) in the enzymatic activity of human NAT1. Mutation of Lys(100) to either a glutamine or a leucine significantly increased the Ka for AcCoA without changing the Kb for the acetyl acceptor p-aminobenzoic acid. In addition, substrate inhibition was more marked with the mutant enzymes. Steady state kinetic analyzes suggested that mutation of Lys(100) to either leucine or glutamine resulted in a less stable enzyme-cofactor complex, which was not seen with a positively charged arginine at this position. When p-nitrophenylacetate was used as acetyl donor, no differences were seen between the wild-type and mutant enzymes because p-nitrophenylacetate is too small to interact with Lys(100) when bound to the active site. Using 3'-dephospho-AcCoA as the acetyl donor, kinetic data confirmed that Ly(100) interacts with the 3'-phosphoanion to stabilize the enzyme-cofactor complex. Mutation of Lys(100) decreases the affinity of AcCoA for the protein and increases the rate of CoA release. Crystal structures of several other unrelated acetyltransferases show a lysine or arginine residue within 3Å of the 3'-phosphoanion of AcCoA, suggesting that this mechanism for stabilizing the complex by the formation of a salt bridge may be widely applicable in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney F Minchin
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Neville J Butcher
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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28
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Dempsey DR, Jeffries KA, Bond JD, Carpenter AM, Rodriguez-Ospina S, Breydo L, Caswell KK, Merkler DJ. Mechanistic and structural analysis of Drosophila melanogaster arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7777-93. [PMID: 25406072 PMCID: PMC4270386 DOI: 10.1021/bi5006078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) catalyzes the penultimate step in the
biosynthesis of melatonin and other N-acetylarylalkylamides
from the corresponding arylalkylamine and acetyl-CoA. The N-acetylation
of arylalkylamines is a critical step in Drosophila melanogaster for the inactivation of the bioactive amines and the sclerotization
of the cuticle. Two AANAT variants (AANATA and AANATB) have been identified
in D. melanogaster, in which AANATA differs from
AANATB by the truncation of 35 amino acids from the N-terminus. We
have expressed and purified both D. melanogaster AANAT
variants (AANATA and AANATB) in Escherichia coli and
used the purified enzymes to demonstrate that this N-terminal truncation
does not affect the activity of the enzyme. Subsequent characterization
of the kinetic and chemical mechanism of AANATA identified an ordered
sequential mechanism, with acetyl-CoA binding first, followed by tyramine.
We used a combination of pH–activity profiling and site-directed
mutagenesis to study prospective residues believed to function in
AANATA catalysis. These data led to an assignment of Glu-47 as the
general base in catalysis with an apparent pKa of 7.0. Using the data generated for the kinetic mechanism,
structure–function relationships, pH–rate profiles,
and site-directed mutagenesis, we propose a chemical mechanism for
AANATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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29
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He Y, Roth C, Turkenburg JP, Davies GJ. Three-dimensional structure of a Streptomyces sviceus GNAT acetyltransferase with similarity to the C-terminal domain of the human GH84 O-GlcNAcase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:186-95. [PMID: 24419391 PMCID: PMC3919268 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713029155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian O-GlcNAc hydrolysing enzyme O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is a multi-domain protein with glycoside hydrolase activity in the N-terminus and with a C-terminal domain that has low sequence similarity to known acetyltransferases, prompting speculation, albeit controversial, that the C-terminal domain may function as a histone acetyltransferase (HAT). There are currently scarce data available regarding the structure and function of this C-terminal region. Here, a bacterial homologue of the human OGA C-terminal domain, an acetyltransferase protein (accession No. ZP_05014886) from Streptomyces sviceus (SsAT), was cloned and its crystal structure was solved to high resolution. The structure reveals a conserved protein core that has considerable structural homology to the acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) binding site of GCN5-related acetyltransferases (GNATs). Calorimetric data further confirm that SsAT is indeed able to bind AcCoA in solution with micromolar affinity. Detailed structural analysis provided insight into the binding of AcCoA. An acceptor-binding cavity was identified, indicating that the physiological substrate of SsAT may be a small molecule. Consistent with recently published work, the SsAT structure further questions a HAT function for the human OGA domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, People’s Republic of China
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Christian Roth
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Johan P. Turkenburg
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
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30
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Molecular characterization of a novel N-acetyltransferase from Chryseobacterium sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1770-6. [PMID: 24375143 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03449-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetyltransferase from Chryseobacterium sp. strain 5-3B is an acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the enantioselective transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the amino group of l-2-phenylglycine to produce (2S)-2-acetylamino-2-phenylacetic acid. We purified the enzyme from strain 5-3B and deduced the N-terminal amino acid sequence. The gene, designated natA, was cloned with two other hypothetical protein genes; the three genes probably form a 2.5-kb operon. The deduced amino acid sequence of NatA showed high levels of identity to sequences of putative N-acetyltransferases of Chryseobacterium spp. but not to other known arylamine and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that NatA forms a distinct lineage from known N-acetyltransferases. We heterologously expressed recombinant NatA (rNatA) in Escherichia coli and purified it. rNatA showed high activity for l-2-phenylglycine and its chloro- and hydroxyl-derivatives. The Km and Vmax values for l-2-phenylglycine were 0.145 ± 0.026 mM and 43.6 ± 2.39 μmol · min(-1) · mg protein(-1), respectively. The enzyme showed low activity for 5-aminosalicylic acid and 5-hydroxytryptamine, which are reported as good substrates of a known arylamine N-acetyltransferase and an arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. rNatA had a comparatively broad acyl donor specificity, transferring acyl groups to l-2-phenylglycine and producing the corresponding 2-acetylamino-2-phenylacetic acids (relative activity with acetyl donors acetyl-CoA, propanoyl-CoA, butanoyl-CoA, pentanoyl-CoA, and hexanoyl-CoA, 100:108:122:10:<1).
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31
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Zhao G, Allewell NM, Tuchman M, Shi D. Structure of the complex of Neisseria gonorrhoeae N-acetyl-L-glutamate synthase with a bound bisubstrate analog. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:1253-8. [PMID: 23261468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-L-glutamate synthase catalyzes the conversion of AcCoA and glutamate to CoA and N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG), the first step of the arginine biosynthetic pathway in lower organisms. In mammals, NAG is an obligate cofactor of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in the urea cycle. We have previously reported the structures of NAGS from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (ngNAGS) with various substrates bound. Here we reported the preparation of the bisubstrate analog, CoA-S-acetyl-L-glutamate, the crystal structure of ngNAGS with CoA-NAG bound, and kinetic studies of several active site mutants. The results are consistent with a one-step nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism with Glu353 as the catalytic base and Ser392 as the catalytic acid. The structure of the ngNAGS-bisubstrate complex together with the previous ngNAGS structures delineates the catalytic reaction path for ngNAGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengxiang Zhao
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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