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Sadia CG, Bonneville JM, Zoh MG, Fodjo BK, Kouadio FPA, Oyou SK, Koudou BG, Adepo-Gourene BA, Reynaud S, David JP, Mouahamadou CS. The impact of agrochemical pollutant mixtures on the selection of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: insights from experimental evolution and transcriptomics. Malar J 2024; 23:69. [PMID: 38443984 PMCID: PMC10916200 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several indications that pesticides used in agriculture contribute to the emergence and spread of resistance of mosquitoes to vector control insecticides. However, the impact of such an indirect selection pressure has rarely been quantified and the molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly characterized. In this context, experimental selection with different agrochemical mixtures was conducted in Anopheles gambiae. The multi-generational impact of agrochemicals on insecticide resistance was evaluated by phenotypic and molecular approaches. METHODS Mosquito larvae were selected for 30 generations with three different agrochemical mixtures containing (i) insecticides, (ii) non-insecticides compounds, and (iii) both insecticide and non-insecticide compounds. Every five generations, the resistance of adults to deltamethrin and bendiocarb was monitored using bioassays. The frequencies of the kdr (L995F) and ace1 (G119S) target-site mutations were monitored every 10 generations. RNAseq was performed on all lines at generation 30 in order to identify gene transcription level variations and polymorphisms associated with each selection regime. RESULTS Larval selection with agrochemical mixtures did not affect bendiocarb resistance and did not select for ace1 mutation. Contrastingly, an increased deltamethrin resistance was observed in the three selected lines. Such increased resistance was not majorly associated with the presence of kdr L995F mutation in selected lines. RNA-seq identified 63 candidate resistance genes over-transcribed in at least one selected line. These include genes coding for detoxification enzymes or cuticular proteins previously associated with insecticide resistance, and other genes potentially associated with chemical stress response. Combining an allele frequency filtering with a Bayesian FST-based genome scan allowed to identify genes under selection across multiple genomic loci, supporting a multigenic adaptive response to agrochemical mixtures. CONCLUSION This study supports the role of agrochemical contaminants as a significant larval selection pressure favouring insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Such selection pressures likely impact kdr mutations and detoxification enzymes, but also more generalist mechanisms such as cuticle resistance, which could potentially lead to cross-tolerance to unrelated insecticide compounds. Such indirect effect of global landscape pollution on mosquito resistance to public health insecticides deserves further attention since it can affect the nature and dynamics of resistance alleles circulating in malaria vectors and impact the efficacy of control vector strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabelle G Sadia
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jean-Marc Bonneville
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marius G Zoh
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre (VCPEC)/Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Behi K Fodjo
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - France-Paraudie A Kouadio
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Sebastien K Oyou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Stephane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Skorokhod O, Vostokova E, Gilardi G. The role of P450 enzymes in malaria and other vector-borne infectious diseases. Biofactors 2024; 50:16-32. [PMID: 37555735 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne infectious diseases are still an important global health problem. Malaria is the most important among them, mainly pediatric, life-threatening disease. Malaria and other vector-borne disorders caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses have a strong impact on public health and significant economic costs. Most vector-borne diseases could be prevented by vector control, with attention to the ecological and biodiversity conservation aspects. Chemical control with pesticides and insecticides is widely used as a measure of prevention although increasing resistance to insecticides is a serious issue in vector control. Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism and poses a big challenge. Insect enzyme systems, including monooxygenase CYP P450 enzymes, are employed by vectors mainly to metabolize insecticides thus causing resistance. The discovery and application of natural specific inhibitors/blockers of vector P450 enzymes as synergists for commonly used pesticides will contribute to the "greening" of insecticides. Besides vector CYPs, host CYP enzymes could also be exploited to fight against vector-borne diseases: using mostly their detoxifying properties and involvement in the immune response. Here, we review published research data on P450 enzymes from all players in vector-borne infections, that is, pathogens, vectors, and hosts, regarding the potential role of CYPs in disease. We discuss strategies on how to exploit cytochromes P450 in vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Vostokova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Murray HL, Hribar LJ. Resistance and inhibitor testing on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Culicidae: Diptera) populations in the Florida Keys. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2023; 49:53-63. [PMID: 38147301 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-49.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the species of greatest concern for mosquito-borne disease in the Florida Keys. Previous locally transmitted dengue outbreaks in Key West (2009-2010) and Key Largo (2020) illustrate the need for an immediate and effective response plan to maintain Ae. aegypti populations below threshold levels. An important part of the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District's vector response plan is adulticide application because it can provide an immediate reduction in Ae. aegypti adults in the community. It has become apparent that in the Florida Keys, and throughout Florida, Ae. aegypti resistance to the adulticide permethrin is prevalent. This study uses the CDC bottle bioassay method to look at resistance in Ae. aegypti collected from Key Largo, Vaca Key, and Key West, FL. Resistance was found in all three populations when exposed to permethrin and Sumithrin® but not malathion. Inhibitor testing revealed that esterase and glutathione transferase activity is involved in resistance to permethrin in Key Largo and Key West Ae. aegypti populations while oxidase activity is involved in resistance to permethrin in Ae. aegypti from Vaca Key. Lack of knockdown at the diagnostic time and previous studies detecting the presence of kdr-associated allele mutations suggest knockdown resistance in all three populations. Results from this study show that there are multiple factors involved with resistance in the Ae. aegypti populations in the Florida Keys and that resistance mechanisms vary between islands. Continued surveillance will remain important so the most effective active ingredients can be used in response to future disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Murray
- Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Marathon, FL 33050, U.S.A.,
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Ibrahim SS, Muhammad A, Hearn J, Weedall GD, Nagi SC, Mukhtar MM, Fadel AN, Mugenzi LJ, Patterson EI, Irving H, Wondji CS. Molecular drivers of insecticide resistance in the Sahelo-Sudanian populations of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. BMC Biol 2023; 21:125. [PMID: 37226196 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on common markers of metabolic resistance in malaria vectors from countries sharing similar eco-climatic characteristics can facilitate coordination of malaria control. Here, we characterized populations of the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Sahel region, spanning four sub-Saharan African countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptional analysis identified major genes previously implicated in pyrethroid and/or cross-resistance to other insecticides, overexpressed across the Sahel, including CYP450s, glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases and cuticular proteins. Several, well-known markers of insecticide resistance were found in high frequencies-including in the voltage-gated sodium channel (V402L, I940T, L995F, I1527T and N1570Y), the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (G280S) and the CYP4J5-L43F (which is fixed). High frequencies of the epidemiologically important chromosomal inversion polymorphisms, 2La, 2Rb and 2Rc, were observed (~80% for 2Rb and 2Rc). The 2La alternative arrangement is fixed across the Sahel. Low frequencies of these inversions (<10%) were observed in the fully insecticide susceptible laboratory colony of An. coluzzii (Ngoussou). Several of the most commonly overexpressed metabolic resistance genes sit in these three inversions. Two commonly overexpressed genes, GSTe2 and CYP6Z2, were functionally validated. Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster flies expressing GSTe2 exhibited extremely high DDT and permethrin resistance (mortalities <10% in 24h). Serial deletion of the 5' intergenic region, to identify putative nucleotide(s) associated with GSTe2 overexpression, revealed that simultaneous insertion of adenine nucleotide and a transition (T->C), between Forkhead box L1 and c-EST putative binding sites, were responsible for the high overexpression of GSTe2 in the resistant mosquitoes. Transgenic flies expressing CYP6Z2 exhibited marginal resistance towards 3-phenoxybenzylalcohol (a primary product of pyrethroid hydrolysis by carboxylesterases) and a type II pyrethroid, α-cypermethrin. However, significantly higher mortalities were observed in CYP6Z2 transgenic flies compared with controls, on exposure to the neonicotinoid, clothianidin. This suggests a possible bioactivation of clothianidin into a toxic intermediate, which may make it an ideal insecticide against populations of An. coluzzii overexpressing this P450. CONCLUSIONS These findings will facilitate regional collaborations within the Sahel region and refine implementation strategies through re-focusing interventions, improving evidence-based, cross-border policies towards local and regional malaria pre-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre of Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Veterinary & Animal Science, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Amen N Fadel
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon J Mugenzi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Li X, Lin L, Li Z, Hadiatullah H, Sharma S, Du H, Yang X, Chen W, You S, Bureik M, Yuchi Z. Development of an efficient insecticide substrate and inhibitor screening system of insect P450s using fission yeast. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 157:103958. [PMID: 37182814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance is one of the most frequent mechanisms of insecticide resistance, characterized by an increased expression of several important enzymes and transporters, especially cytochrome P450s (CYPs). Due to the large number of P450s in pests, determining the precise relationship between these enzymes and the insecticide substrates is a challenge. Herein, we developed a luminescence-based screening system for efficient identification of insecticide substrates and insect P450 inhibitors. We recombinantly expressed Bemisia tabaci CYP6CM1vQ (Bt CYP6CM1vQ) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and subsequently permeabilized the yeast cells to convert them into "enzyme bags". We exploited these enzyme bags to screen the activity of twelve luciferin substrates and identified Luciferin-FEE as the optimal competing probe that was further used to characterize the metabolism of eight candidate commercial insecticides. Among them, Bt CYP6CM1vQ exhibited notable activity against pymetrozine and imidacloprid. Their binding modes were predicted by homology modeling and molecular docking, revealing the mechanisms of the metabolism. We also tested the inhibitory effect of eight known P450 inhibitors using our system and identified letrozole and 1-benzylimidazole as showing significant activity against Bt CYP6CM1vQ, with IC50 values of 23.74 μM and 1.30 μM, respectively. Their potential to be developed as an insecticide synergist was further proven by an in vitro toxicity assay using imidacloprid-resistant Bemisia tabaci. Overall, our luciferin-based enzyme bag method is capable of providing a robust and efficient screening of insect P450 substrates and, more importantly, inhibitors to overcome the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lianyun Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hadiatullah Hadiatullah
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shishir Sharma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - He Du
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
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Peng H, Wang H, Guo X, Lv W, Liu L, Wang H, Cheng P, Liu H, Gong M. In Vitro and In Vivo Validation of CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 Participation in Deltamethrin Metabolic Resistance in Aedes albopictus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:609-618. [PMID: 36746656 PMCID: PMC9978559 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of chemical insecticides for public health and agricultural purposes has increased the occurrence and development of insecticide resistance. This study used transcriptome sequencing to screen 10 upregulated metabolic detoxification enzyme genes from Aedes albopictus resistant strains. Of these, CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 were found to be substantially overexpressed in the deltamethrin-induced expression test, indicating their role in deltamethrin resistance in Ae. albopictus. Furthermore, the corresponding 60-kDa recombinant proteins, CYP6A14 and CYP6N6, were successfully expressed using the Escherichia coli expression system. Enzyme activity studies revealed that CYP6A14 (5.84 U/L) and CYP6N6 (6.3 U/L) have cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme activity. In vitro, the metabolic analysis revealed that the recombinant proteins degraded deltamethrin into 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 2',2'-dibromo-2'-deoxyguanosine. Subsequently, the CYP450 genes in larvae of Ae. albopictus were silenced by RNA interference technology to study deltamethrin resistance in vivo. The silencing of CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 increased the mortality rate of mosquitoes without affecting their survival time, spawning quantity, hatching rate, and other normal life activities. Altogether, CYP6A14 and CYP6N6 belong to the CYP6 family and mutually increase deltamethrin resistance in Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Wenxiang Lv
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Address correspondence to Peng Cheng or Hongmei Liu or Maoqing Gong, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, China. E-mails: or or
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Address correspondence to Peng Cheng or Hongmei Liu or Maoqing Gong, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, China. E-mails: or or
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- Address correspondence to Peng Cheng or Hongmei Liu or Maoqing Gong, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, China. E-mails: or or
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Li M, Feng X, Reid WR, Tang F, Liu N. Multiple-P450 Gene Co-Up-Regulation in the Development of Permethrin Resistance in the House Fly, Musca domestica. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043170. [PMID: 36834582 PMCID: PMC9959456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a study conducted at the whole transcriptome level to characterize the P450 genes involved in the development of pyrethroid resistance, utilizing expression profile analyses of 86 cytochrome P450 genes in house fly strains with different levels of resistance to pyrethroids/permethrin. Interactions among the up-regulated P450 genes and possible regulatory factors in different autosomes were examined in house fly lines with different combinations of autosomes from a resistant house fly strain, ALHF. Eleven P450 genes that were significantly up-regulated, with levels > 2-fold those in the resistant ALHF house flies, were in CYP families 4 and 6 and located on autosomes 1, 3 and 5. The expression of these P450 genes was regulated by trans- and/or cis-acting factors, especially on autosomes 1 and 2. An in vivo functional study indicated that the up-regulated P450 genes also conferred permethrin resistance in Drosophila melanogaster transgenic lines. An in vitro functional study confirmed that the up-regulated P450 genes are able to metabolize not only cis- and trans-permethrin, but also two metabolites of permethrin, PBalc and PBald. In silico homology modeling and the molecular docking methodology further support the metabolic capacity of these P450s for permethrin and substrates. Taken together, the findings of this study highlight the important function of multi-up-regulated P450 genes in the development of insecticide resistance in house flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xuechun Feng
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - William R. Reid
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-334-844-5076
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Tong X, Peng T, Liu S, Zhang D, Guo J. Transcriptomic Analysis Insight into the Immune Modulation during the Interaction of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Hepialus xiaojinensis. INSECTS 2022; 13:1119. [PMID: 36555029 PMCID: PMC9788539 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is an entomopathogenic fungus that can infect the larva of the ghost moth, Hepialus xiaojinensis, causing mummification after more than one year. This prolonged infection provides a valuable model for studying the immunological interplay between an insect host and a pathogenic fungus. A comparative transcriptome analysis of pre-infection (L) and one-year post-infection (IL) larvae was performed to investigate the immune response in the host. Here, a total of 59,668 unigenes were obtained using Illumina Sequencing in IL and L. Among the 345 identified immune-related genes, 83 out of 86 immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had a much higher expression in IL than in L. Furthermore, the immune-related DEGs were classified as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), signal modulators or transductors, and immune effector molecules. Serpins and protease inhibitors were found to be upregulated in the late phase of infection, suppressing the host’s immune response. Based on the above analysis, the expression levels of most immune-related genes would return to the baseline with the immune response being repressed in the late phase of infection, leading to the fungal immunological tolerance after prolonged infection. Meanwhile, the transcriptomes of IL and the mummified larva (ML) were compared to explore O. sinensis invasion. A total of 1408 novel genes were identified, with 162 of them annotated with putative functions. The gene families likely implicated in O. sinensis pathogenicity have been identified, primarily including serine carboxypeptidase, peroxidase, metalloprotease peptidase, aminopeptidases, cytochrome P450, and oxidoreductase. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to assess the expression levels of some critical genes that were involved in immune response and fungal pathogenicity. The results showed that their expression levels were consistent with the transcriptomes. Taken together, our findings offered a comprehensive and precise transcriptome study to understand the immune defense in H. xiaojinensis and O. sinensis invasion, which would accelerate the large-scale artificial cultivation of this medicinal fungus.
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Defining the mechanisms of action and mosquito larva midgut response to a yeast-encapsulated orange oil larvicide. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:183. [PMID: 35643588 PMCID: PMC9148471 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast-encapsulated orange oil (YEOO) is a novel, ingestible larvicide that combines the benefits of a low-cost essential oil with yeast, an attractive food source for mosquito larvae. In this work, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of action associated with YEOO ingestion by Aedes aegypti larvae. METHODS Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae (L3) were treated with sublethal or lethal concentrations of YEOO. Genes associated with apoptosis, autophagy and innate immune responses were investigated by RT-qPCR in guts and carcasses dissected from treated and control larvae. Differential expression of cytochrome P450 genes in the CYP6 and CYP9 families were also investigated. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess damage caused by YEOO throughout the larval alimentary canal. TUNEL was used to assess apoptosis via DNA fragmentation. RESULTS The apoptosis genes IAP1 and IAP2 in larvae displayed opposing effects following exposure to lethal doses of YEOO, with a 26-fold induction of IAP1 at 8 h post YEOO ingestion. The effector caspase CASPS8 displayed a 6.7-fold induction in the gut and concomitant 70-fold induction in the carcass at 8 h post YEOO ingestion. The midgut epithelia regenerator, Vein, had an 11-fold induction in the gut after 4 h and was repressed 7.6-fold in the carcass at 24 h. Sublethal concentrations (< LC50) led to significant differential expression of CYP6 and CYP9 genes. Midgut epithelial damage was highlighted by the destruction of microvilli, vacuolization of midgut cells and damage to cell junctions and basal lamina as early as 30 min. Larval type 2 peritrophic matrix structural integrity and porosity remain unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that the robust larvicidal activity of YEOO is due to a generalized broad-acting mechanism combining epithelial damage and apoptosis, with concomitant expression of multiple innate response genes involved in epithelial regeneration and detoxification. YEOO's amenability for use as part of an integrated vector management program makes this novel larvicide a practical approach for mosquito larval control in the future.
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Hearn J, Djoko Tagne CS, Ibrahim SS, Tene-Fossog B, Mugenzi LMJ, Irving H, Riveron JM, Weedall GD, Wondji CS. Multi-omics analysis identifies a CYP9K1 haplotype conferring pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3642-3657. [PMID: 35546741 PMCID: PMC9321817 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to pyrethroids is a menace to the continued effectiveness of malaria vector controls. Its molecular basis is complex and varies geographically across Africa. Here, we used a multi‐omics approach, followed‐up with functional validation to show that a directionally selected haplotype of a cytochrome P450, CYP9K1 is a major driver of resistance in Anopheles funestus. A PoolSeq GWAS using mosquitoes alive and dead after permethrin exposure, from Malawi and Cameroon, detected candidate genomic regions, but lacked consistency across replicates. Targeted sequencing of candidate resistance genes detected several SNPs associated with known pyrethroid resistance QTLs. The most significant SNPs were in the cytochrome P450 CYP304B1 (Cameroon), CYP315A1 (Uganda) and the ABC transporter gene ABCG4 (Malawi). However, when comparing field resistant mosquitoes to laboratory susceptible, the pyrethroid resistance locus rp1 and SNPs around the ABC transporter ABCG4 were consistently significant, except for Uganda where SNPs in the P450 CYP9K1 was markedly significant. In vitro heterologous metabolism assays with recombinant CYP9K1 revealed that it metabolises type II pyrethroid (deltamethrin; 64% depletion) but not type I (permethrin; 0%), while moderately metabolising DDT (17%). CYP9K1 exhibited reduced genetic diversity in Uganda underlying an extensive selective sweep. Furthermore, a glycine to alanine (G454A) amino acid change in CYP9K1 was fixed in Ugandan mosquitoes but not in other An. funestus populations. This study sheds further light on the evolution of metabolic resistance in a major malaria vector by implicating more genes and variants that can be used to design field‐applicable markers to better track resistance Africa‐wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Carlos S Djoko Tagne
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39 Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon M J Mugenzi
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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11
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Nolden M, Paine MJI, Nauen R. Biochemical profiling of functionally expressed CYP6P9 variants of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus with special reference to cytochrome b 5 and its role in pyrethroid and coumarin substrate metabolism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 182:105051. [PMID: 35249659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are well studied enzymes catalyzing the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics in insects including mosquitoes. Their duplication and upregulation in agricultural and public health pests such as anopheline mosquitoes often leads to an enhanced metabolism of insecticides which confers resistance. In the laboratory strain Anopheles funestus FUMOZ-R the duplicated P450s CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b are highly upregulated and proven to confer pyrethroid resistance. Microsomal P450 activity is regulated by NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) required for electron transfer, whereas the modulatory role of cytochrome b5 (CYB5) on insect P450 activity is less clear. In previous studies CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b were recombinantly expressed in tandem with An. gambiae CPR using E. coli-expression systems and CYB5 added to the reaction mix to enhance activity. However, the precise role of CYB5 on substrate turn-over when combined with CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b remains poorly investigated, thus one objective of our study was to address this knowledge gap. In contrast to the CYP6P9 variants, the expression levels of both CYB5 and CPR were not upregulated in the pyrethroid resistant FUMOZ-R strain when compared to the susceptible FANG strain, suggesting no immediate regulatory role of these genes in pyrethroid resistance in FUMOZ-R. Here, for the first time we recombinantly expressed CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b from An. funestus in a baculovirus expression system using High-5 insect cells. Co-expression of each enzyme with CPR from either An. gambiae or An. funestus did not reveal noteworthy differences in catalytic capacity. Whereas the co-expression of An. funestus CYB5 - tested at different multiplicity of infection (MOI) ratios - resulted in a significantly higher metabolization of coumarin substrates as measured by fluorescence assays. This was confirmed by Michaelis-Menten kinetics using the most active substrate, 7-benzyloxymethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BOMFC). We observed a similar increase in coumarin substrate turnover by adding human CYB5 to the reaction mix. Finally, we compared by UPLC-MS/MS analysis the depletion rate of deltamethrin and the formation of 4'OH-deltamethrin by recombinantly expressed CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b with and without CYB5 and detected no difference in the extent of deltamethrin metabolism. Our results suggest that co-expression (or addition) of CYB5 with CYP6P9 variants, recombinantly expressed in insect cells, can significantly enhance their metabolic capacity to oxidize coumarins, but not deltamethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Nolden
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J I Paine
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
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12
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Papapostolou KM, Riga M, Samantsidis GR, Skoufa E, Balabanidou V, Van Leeuwen T, Vontas J. Over-expression in cis of the midgut P450 CYP392A16 contributes to abamectin resistance in Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 142:103709. [PMID: 34995778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism is a well-known mechanism of insecticide resistance. However, to what extent qualitative or quantitative changes are responsible for increased metabolism, is not well understood. Increased expression of P450 genes is most often reported, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain widely unclear. In this study, we investigate CYP392A16, a P450 from the polyphagous and major agricultural pest Tetranychus urticae. High expression levels of CYP392A16 and in vitro metabolism assays have previously associated this P450 with abamectin resistance. Here, we show that CYP392A16 is primarily localized in the midgut epithelial cells, as indicated by immunofluorescence analysis, a finding also supported by a comparison between feeding and contact toxicity bioassays. Silencing via RNAi of CYP392A16 in a highly resistant T. urticae population reduced insecticide resistance levels from 3400- to 1900- fold, compared to the susceptible reference strain. Marker-assisted backcrossing, using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in the CYP392A16 allele from the resistant population, was subsequently performed to create congenic lines bearing this gene in a susceptible genetic background. Toxicity assays indicated that the allele derived from the resistant strain confers 3.6-fold abamectin resistance compared to the lines with susceptible genetic background. CYP392A16 is over-expressed at the same levels in these lines, pointing to cis-regulation of gene expression. In support of that, functional analysis of the putative promoter region from the resistant and susceptible parental strains revealed a higher reporter gene expression, confirming the presence of cis-acting regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Maria Papapostolou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Riga
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - George-Rafael Samantsidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Skoufa
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasileia Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855, Athens, Greece.
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13
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Etang J, Mandeng SE, Nwane P, Awono-Ambene HP, Bigoga JD, Ekoko WE, Binyang AJ, Piameu M, Mbakop LR, Mvondo N, Tabue R, Mimpfoundi R, Toto JC, Kleinschmidt I, Knox TB, Mnzava AP, Donnelly MJ, Fondjo E. Patterns of Kdr-L995F Allele Emergence Alongside Detoxifying Enzymes Associated with Deltamethrin Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from North Cameroon. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020253. [PMID: 35215196 PMCID: PMC8876678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms occur in malaria vectors is essential for efficient vector control. This study aimed at assessing the evolution of metabolic mechanisms and Kdr L995F/S resistance alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from North Cameroon, following long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution in 2011. Female An. gambiae s.l. emerging from larvae collected in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi, Be-Centre, and Bala in 2011 and 2015, were tested for susceptibility to deltamethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or SSS-tributyl-phosphoro-thrithioate (DEF) synergists, using the World Health Organization's standard protocol. The Kdr L995F/S alleles were genotyped using Hot Ligation Oligonucleotide Assay. Tested mosquitoes identified using PCR-RFLP were composed of An. arabiensis (68.5%), An. coluzzii (25.5%) and An. gambiae (6%) species. From 2011 to 2015, metabolic resistance increased in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi (up to 89.5% mortality to deltametnrin+synergists in 2015 versus <65% in 2011; p < 0.02), while it decreased in Be-Centre and Bala (>95% mortality in 2011 versus 42-94% in 2015; p < 0.001). Conversely, the Kdr L995F allelic frequencies slightly decreased in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi (from 50% to 46%, p > 0.9), while significantly increasing in Be-Centre and Bala (from 0-13% to 18-36%, p < 0.02). These data revealed two evolutionary trends of deltamethrin resistance mechanisms; non-pyrethroid vector control tools should supplement LLINs in North Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Etang
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala 999108, Cameroon
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +237-677-61-97-79
| | - Stanislas Elysée Mandeng
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (A.J.B.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (A.J.B.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
| | - Jude D. Bigoga
- Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson-University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 3851 Messa, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (J.D.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Wolfgang Eyisap Ekoko
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
| | - Achille Jerome Binyang
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (A.J.B.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Michael Piameu
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (A.J.B.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Narcisse Mvondo
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (A.J.B.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Raymond Tabue
- Laboratory for Vector Biology and Control, National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, Nkolbisson-University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 3851 Messa, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (J.D.B.); (R.T.)
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Rémy Mimpfoundi
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (A.J.B.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (S.E.M.); (P.N.); (H.P.A.-A.); (W.E.E.); (M.P.); (L.R.M.); (J.C.T.)
| | - Immo Kleinschmidt
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2141, South Africa
- Southern African Development Community Malaria Elimination Eight Secretariat, 10 Platinum Street, Erf 490, Prosperita, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
| | - Tessa Bellamy Knox
- World Health Organization Country Liaison Office, Port Vila 99514, Vanuatu;
| | | | - Martin James Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Etienne Fondjo
- ABT ASSOCIATES, PMI VectorLink, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon;
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14
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Katsavou E, Riga M, Ioannidis P, King R, Zimmer CT, Vontas J. Functionally characterized arthropod pest and pollinator cytochrome P450s associated with xenobiotic metabolism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 181:105005. [PMID: 35082029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family (P450s) of arthropods includes diverse enzymes involved in endogenous essential physiological functions and in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, insecticides and plant allelochemicals. P450s can also establish insecticide selectivity in bees and pollinators. Several arthropod P450s, distributed in different phylogenetic groups, have been associated with xenobiotic metabolism, and some of them have been functionally characterized, using different in vitro and in vivo systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize scientific publications on arthropod P450s from major insect and mite agricultural pests, pollinators and Papilio sp, which have been functionally characterized and shown to metabolize xenobiotics and/or their role (direct or indirect) in pesticide toxicity or resistance has been functionally validated. The phylogenetic relationships among these P450s, the functional systems employed for their characterization and their xenobiotic catalytic properties are presented, in a systematic approach, including critical aspects and limitations. The potential of the primary P450-based metabolic pathway of target and non-target organisms for the development of highly selective insecticides and resistance-breaking formulations may help to improve the efficiency and sustainability of pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Katsavou
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Riga
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Rob King
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - John Vontas
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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15
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Gong Y, Li T, Li Q, Liu S, Liu N. The Central Role of Multiple P450 Genes and Their Co-factor CPR in the Development of Permethrin Resistance in the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Front Physiol 2022; 12:802584. [PMID: 35095564 PMCID: PMC8792746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.802584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes’ increasing resistance to insecticides is becoming a major threat for control efforts worldwide. Multiple P450 genes that are up-regulated in permethrin resistant strains of Culex quinquefasciatus have been linked to the development of resistance. In the current study, we characterized the function of six P450 genes, CYP6P14, CYP6BZ2, CYP9J33, CYP9J34, CYP9J40, and CYP9J45, that are overexpressed in the permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes and showed their capability in metabolism of permethrin. These six P450 genes can convert 3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol (PBCHO) to a less toxic product, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBCOOH), indicating that these P450s play an important role in permethrin degradation pathways. Although we know multiple P450 genes are over-expressed in permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes, it remains to be seen whether cytochrome P450-reductase (CPR) gene that are co-overexpressed with P450 genes in permethrin resistant mosquitoes do indeed serve as a resistance mechanism. An in-depth investigation of the expression of CPR gene in resistant mosquitoes was conducted in permethrin resistant mosquitoes. The finding of CPR gene overexpression in permethrin resistant mosquitoes suggested the importance of co-overexpression of multiple P450 genes with their obligatory electron donor CPR in the complex detoxification system, boosting the metabolism of permethrin and hence the development of permethrin resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhui Gong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Qi Li
- College of Aquaculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- College of Aquaculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nannan Liu,
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16
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Nauen R, Bass C, Feyereisen R, Vontas J. The Role of Cytochrome P450s in Insect Toxicology and Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:105-124. [PMID: 34590892 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-070621-061328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) perform a variety of important physiological functions, but it is their role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as natural and synthetic insecticides, that is the topic of this review. Recent advances in insect genomics and postgenomic functional approaches have provided an unprecedented opportunity to understand the evolution of insect P450s and their role in insect toxicology. These approaches have also been harnessed to provide new insights into the genomic alterations that lead to insecticide resistance, the mechanisms by which P450s are regulated, and the functional determinants of P450-mediated insecticide resistance. In parallel, an emerging body of work on the role of P450s in defining the sensitivity of beneficial insects to insecticides has been developed. The knowledge gained from these studies has applications for the management of P450-mediated resistance in insect pests and can be leveraged to safeguard the health of important beneficial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Nauen
- Crop Science Division R&D, Bayer AG, D-40789 Monheim, Germany;
| | - Chris Bass
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom;
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Vontas
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, GR-11855 Athens, Greece;
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, GR-700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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17
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Adhikari K, Khanikor B. Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1883-1891. [PMID: 34900604 PMCID: PMC8639454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were exposed to temephos for 28 generations. This exposure led to a 7.83-fold decrease in temephos toxicity. With increase in generational time, Ae. aegypti exhibited increased detoxification. Increased detoxification correlated with increase in detoxifying enzymes. Repeated exposure of Ae. aegypti to temephos could lead to pesticide resistance.
Temephos, an organophosphate insecticide, is widely accepted for the control of Aedes aegypti, vector of infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and zika. However, there are claims that repeated and indiscriminate use of temephos has resulted in resistance development in exposed mosquito populations. The present study attempts to evaluate the continuous performance of temephos on the Ae. aegypti population, in laboratory conditions, in terms of toxicity and the effect on marker enzymes associated with metabolic resistance. Results of the toxicity bioassay showed that after the initial exposure, toxicity increased till F4 generation by 1.65 fold, and continuous exposure resulted in a 7.83 fold reduction in toxicity at F28 generation. Percent mortality result showed a marked reduction in mortality with the passage of generations while using the same series of concentrations, viz. 2 ppm, which was 100 % lethal at the initial nine generations, could kill only 22.66 % at F28. Resistance to organophosphates is mainly governed by metabolic detoxifying enzyme families of esterases, glutathione-s-transferase, and cytochrome P450. Analysis of these metabolic detoxifying enzymes showed an inverse trend to toxicity (i.e. toxicity increased in early generations as enzyme activity dropped and then dropped as enzyme activity increased). At the initial exposure, enzyme activity decreased in 2–4 generations, however, repeated exposure led to a significant increase in all the metabolic detoxifying enzymes. From the toxicity level as well as marker enzyme bioassay results, it can be inferred that mosquitoes showed increased detoxification in generational time with an increase in enzymes associated with metabolic detoxification. In conclusion, repeated application of temephos led to resistance development in Ae. aegypti which may be associated with the increase in metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- CPCSEA, committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals
- DEET, NN-diethyl-meta-toluamide
- DEM, diethyl maleate
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Dengue vector
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GST, glutathione-s-transferase
- IAEC, institutional animal ethical committee
- LC50, lethal concentration 50
- Larvicide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen
- OD, optical density
- OP, organophosphate
- Organophosphates
- PBO, piperonyl butoxide
- PPM, parts per million
- Pesticide resistance
- SE, standard error
- SPSS, statistical package for the social sciences
- TMBZ, 3, 3, 5, 5-tetramethyl benzidine
- TPP, triphenyl phosphate
- Temephos
- WHO, World Health Organization
- ºC, degree celsius
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18
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Qasim M, Xiao H, He K, Omar MAA, Hussain D, Noman A, Rizwan M, Khan KA, Al-Zoubi OM, Alharbi SA, Wang L, Li F. Host-pathogen interaction between Asian citrus psyllid and entomopathogenic fungus (Cordyceps fumosorosea) is regulated by modulations in gene expression, enzymatic activity and HLB-bacterial population of the host. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109112. [PMID: 34153507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interaction has been explored by several investigations, but the impact of fungal pathogens against insect resistance is still ambiguous. Therefore, we assessed the enzymatic activity and defense-related gene expression of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) nymphal and adult populations on Huanglongbing-diseased citrus plants under the attack of Cordyceps fumosorosea. Overall, five enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), and four genes, namely SOD, 16S, CYP4C68, CYP4BD1, were selected for respective observations from ACP populations. Enzymatic activity of four enzymes (SOD, POD, GST, CarE) was significantly decreased after 5-days post-treatment (dpt) and 3-dpt fungal exposure in fungal treated ACP adult and nymphal populations, respectively, whereas the activity of CAT was boosted substantially post-treatment time schedule. Besides, we recorded drastic fluctuations in the expression of CYP4 genes among fungal treated ACP populations. After 24 hours post-treatment (hpt), expression of both CYP4 genes was boosted in fungal treated populations than controlled populations (adult and nymph). After 3-dpt, however, the expression of CYP4 genes was declined in the given populations. Likewise, fungal attack deteriorated the resistance of adult and nymphal of ACP population, as SOD expression was down-regulated in fungal-treated adult and nymphs after 5-dpt and 3-dpt exposure, respectively. Moreover, bacterial expression via the 16S gene was significantly increased in fungal-treated adult and nymphal ACP populations with increasing post-treatment time. Overall, our data illustrate that the fungal application disrupted the insect defense system. The expression of these genes and enzymes suppress the immune function of adult and nymphal ACP populations. As it is reported first time that the applications of C. fumosorosea against ACP reduce insect resistance by interfering with the CYP4 and SOD system. Therefore, we propose new strategies to discover the role of certain toxic compounds from fungus, which can reduce insect resistance, focusing on resistance-related genes and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Huamei Xiao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Kang He
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Mohamed A A Omar
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dilbar Hussain
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38850, Pakistan
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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19
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Gan SJ, Leong YQ, Bin Barhanuddin MFH, Wong ST, Wong SF, Mak JW, Ahmad RB. Dengue fever and insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes in Southeast Asia: a review. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:315. [PMID: 34112220 PMCID: PMC8194039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in Southeast Asia. Insecticides remain the most effective vector control approach for Aedes mosquitoes. Four main classes of insecticides are widely used for mosquito control: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. Here, we review the distribution of dengue fever from 2000 to 2020 and its associated mortality in Southeast Asian countries, and we gather evidence on the trend of insecticide resistance and its distribution in these countries since 2000, summarising the mechanisms involved. The prevalence of resistance to these insecticides is increasing in Southeast Asia, and the mechanisms of resistance are reported to be associated with target site mutations, metabolic detoxification, reduced penetration of insecticides via the mosquito cuticle and behavioural changes of mosquitoes. Continuous monitoring of the status of resistance and searching for alternative control measures will be critical for minimising any unpredicted outbreaks and improving public health. This review also provides improved insights into the specific use of insecticides for effective control of mosquitoes in these dengue endemic countries. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Jian Gan
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Qi Leong
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siew Tung Wong
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shew Fung Wong
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Joon Wah Mak
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohani Binti Ahmad
- Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Gupta M, Singh S, Kaur G, Pandher S, Kaur N, Goel N, Kaur R, Rathore P. Transcriptome analysis unravels RNAi pathways genes and putative expansion of CYP450 gene family in cotton leafhopper Amrasca biguttula (Ishida). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4383-4396. [PMID: 34091816 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cotton Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula is an important pest of cotton and okra in the Indian subcontinent. Presently limited genomic/transcriptomic information is available for this insect in any of open source databases. The present study reports the first assembled and annotated de novo transcriptome of cotton leafhopper. Out of 75,551 transcripts, 39,613 CDS (Coding Sequence) were predicted with 35,282 showing positive blast hits with NCBI nr database. The Gene ontology (GO) analysis annotated 7431 CDS with KEGG pathway categorizing these CDS into 22 different functional groups. The majority of CDS were annotated in signal transduction and transport catabolism pathways. The sequence data was screened for RNAi pathway genes and presence of 37 transcripts associated with this process confirmed the existence of robust RNAi machinery. The role of core RNAi machinery genes (Dicer-2, Ago-2, Piwi and Staufen) has been validated through dsRNA feeding studies. The data resource has also been used to identify potential RNAi targets and genes associated with insecticide detoxification specifically CYP 450 family. The current study provides a useful sequence resource which can be used to initiate molecular studies in this insect with emphasis on insecticide resistance, RNAi and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Gupta
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India.,Department of Poultry Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Satnam Singh
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India.
| | - Gurmeet Kaur
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Suneet Pandher
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
| | | | - Neha Goel
- Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Rathore
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
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21
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Zhang C, Shi Q, Li T, Cheng P, Guo X, Song X, Gong M. Comparative proteomics reveals mechanisms that underlie insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009237. [PMID: 33764997 PMCID: PMC7993597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito control based on chemical insecticides is considered as an important element of the current global strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. Unfortunately, the development of insecticide resistance of important vector mosquito species jeopardizes the effectiveness of insecticide-based mosquito control. In contrast to target site resistance, other mechanisms are far from being fully understood. Global protein profiles among cypermethrin-resistant, propoxur-resistant, dimethyl-dichloro-vinyl-phosphate-resistant and susceptible strain of Culex pipiens pallens were obtained and proteomic differences were evaluated by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric analysis. A susceptible strain of Culex pipiens pallens showed elevated resistance levels after 25 generations of insecticide selection, through iTRAQ data analysis detected 2,502 proteins, of which 1,513 were differentially expressed in insecticide-selected strains compared to the susceptible strain. Finally, midgut differential protein expression profiles were analyzed, and 62 proteins were selected for verification of differential expression using iTRAQ and parallel reaction monitoring strategy, respectively. iTRAQ profiles of adaptation selection to three insecticide strains combined with midgut profiles revealed that multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms operate simultaneously in resistant insects of Culex pipiens pallens. Significant molecular resources were developed for Culex pipiens pallens, potential candidates were involved in metabolic resistance and reducing penetration or sequestering insecticide. Future research that is targeted towards RNA interference of the identified metabolic targets, such as cuticular proteins, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and ribosomal proteins proteins and biological pathways (drug metabolism—cytochrome P450, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome) could lay the foundation for a better understanding of the genetic basis of insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. Global protein profiles were compared among a susceptible strain of Cx. pipiens pallens and strains that were cypermethrin-resistant, propoxur-resistant, and dimethyl-dichloro-vinyl-phosphate-resistant after 25 generations of selection by distinct chemical insecticide families, multiple mechanisms were found to operate simultaneously in resistant mosquitoes of Cx. pipiens pallens, including mechanisms to lower penetration of or sequester the insecticide or to increase biodegradation of the insecticide via subtle alterations in either the cuticular protein levels or the activities of detoxification enzymes (P450s and glutathione S-transferases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxing Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZCX); (GMQ)
| | - Qiqi Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Nanning MHelixProTech Co., Ltd., Nanning Hi-tech Zone Bioengineering Center, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Song
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZCX); (GMQ)
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22
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Black WC, Snell TK, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Kading RC, Campbell CL. From Global to Local-New Insights into Features of Pyrethroid Detoxification in Vector Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040276. [PMID: 33804964 PMCID: PMC8063960 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The threat of mosquito-borne diseases continues to be a problem for public health in subtropical and tropical regions of the world; in response, there has been increased use of adulticidal insecticides, such as pyrethroids, in human habitation areas over the last thirty years. As a result, the prevalence of pyrethroid-resistant genetic markers in natural mosquito populations has increased at an alarming rate. This review details recent advances in the understanding of specific mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance, with emphasis on features of insecticide detoxification and the interdependence of multiple cellular pathways. Together, these advances add important context to the understanding of the processes that are selected in resistant mosquitoes. Specifically, before pyrethroids bind to their targets on motoneurons, they must first permeate the outer cuticle and diffuse to inner tissues. Resistant mosquitoes have evolved detoxification mechanisms that rely on cytochrome P450s (CYP), esterases, carboxyesterases, and other oxidation/reduction (redox) components to effectively detoxify pyrethroids to nontoxic breakdown products that are then excreted. Enhanced resistance mechanisms have evolved to include alteration of gene copy number, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, as well as changes to cellular signaling mechanisms. Here, we outline the variety of ways in which detoxification has been selected in various mosquito populations, as well as key gene categories involved. Pathways associated with potential new genes of interest are proposed. Consideration of multiple cellular pathways could provide opportunities for development of new insecticides.
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23
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Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Guo Z, Xie W, Zhou X, Wang S. Transcriptome profiling and functional analysis suggest that the constitutive overexpression of four cytochrome P450s confers resistance to abamectin in Tetranychus urticae from China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1204-1213. [PMID: 33034948 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest that has developed high resistance to abamectin, making it difficult to control. Although 'target resistance' related to glutamate-gated chloride channel mutations was found in T. urticae field populations in China, other resistance mechanisms appear to be involved. Here, we conducted genome-wide transcriptome profiling using RNA-sequencing of two abamectin-resistant populations (NB-ZJ and SY-BJ) and one susceptible strain (Lab-SS) to identify differentially expressed genes that might contribute to the resistance of T. urticae to abamectin in China. RESULTS Our experiments showed that abamectin resistance was synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), with synergistic ratios (SR) of 2.95-fold and 2.21-fold for PBO and 3.55-fold and 2.84-fold for TPP in NB-ZJ and SY-BJ populations, respectively. Transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that seven detoxification enzyme genes were overexpressed in the two resistant populations. Furthermore, functional analysis by RNA interference (RNAi) indicated that the mortality caused by abamectin was significantly increased by the separate silencing of the P450 genes CYP389C10, CYP392D8, CYP392A11, and CYP392A12. CONCLUSION qRT-PCR expression and RNAi data suggest that the overexpression of P450 genes CYP389C10, CYP392D8, CYP392A11, and CYP392A12 may be involved in the abamectin-resistance of field populations of T. urticae in China. This knowledge could facilitate the elucidation of resistance mechanisms and the development of resistance management of T. urticae field populations. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Wang YT, Shen RX, Xing D, Zhao CP, Gao HT, Wu JH, Zhang N, Zhang HD, Chen Y, Zhao TY, Li CX. Metagenome Sequencing Reveals the Midgut Microbiota Makeup of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Its Possible Relationship With Insecticide Resistance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625539. [PMID: 33717014 PMCID: PMC7948229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Midgut microbiota can participate in the detoxification and metabolism processes in insects, but there are few reports on the relationship between midgut microbiota and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. In this study, we performed metagenomic sequencing on a susceptible strain (SS), a field-collected Hainan strain (HN), and a deltamethrin-resistant strain (RR) of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to understand the diversity and functions of their midgut microbiota. The results revealed differences in midgut microbiota among the three strains of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the most prominent, accounting for nearly 70% of their midgut microbes. At the genus level, Aeromonas made up the highest proportion. In addition, Aeromonas, Morganella, Elizabethkingia, Enterobacter, Cedecea, and Thorsellia showed significant differences between strains. At the species level, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae complex sp. 4DZ3-17B2, Streptomyces sp. CNQ329, and some species of Pseudomonas and Wolbachia were more abundant in the two resistant strains. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the SS strain had significantly different metagenomic functions than the two deltamethrin-resistant strains (HN and RR strain). The HN and RR strains differed from the SS strain in more than 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The analysis of species abundance and functional diversity can provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Pei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - He-Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Duan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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25
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Nauen R, Zimmer CT, Vontas J. Heterologous expression of insect P450 enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:78-84. [PMID: 33186746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect cytochrome P450-monooxygenases (P450s) are an enzyme superfamily involved in the oxidative transformation of endogenous and exogenous substrates, including insecticides. They were also shown to determine insecticide selectivity in beneficial arthropods such as bee pollinators, and to detoxify plant secondary metabolites. The recent explosion in numbers of P450s due to increased invertebrate genomes sequenced, allowed researchers to study their functional relevance for xenobiotic metabolism by recombinant expression using different expression systems. Troubleshooting strategies, including different systems and protein modifications typically adapted from mammalian P450s, have been applied to improve the functional expression, with partial success. The aim of this mini review is to critically summarize different strategies recently developed and used to produce recombinant insect P450s for xenobiotic metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany.
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 9 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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26
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Vontas J, Katsavou E, Mavridis K. Cytochrome P450-based metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Aedes mosquito vectors: Muddying the waters. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 170:104666. [PMID: 32980073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the substantial progress achieved in the characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP) -based resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes, a number of questions remain unanswered. These include: (i) the regulation and physiology of resistance conferring CYPs; (ii) the actual contribution of CYPs in resistance alone or in combination with other detoxification partners or other resistance mechanisms; (iii) the association between overexpression levels and allelic variation, with the catalytic activity and the intensity of resistance and (iv) the true value of molecular diagnostics targeting CYP markers, for driving decision making in the frame of Insecticide Resistance Management applications. Furthermore, the translation of CYP - based insecticide resistance research in mosquitoes into practical applications, is being developed, but it is not fully exploited, as yet. Examples include the production of high throughput platforms for screening the liability (stability) or inhibition potential of novel insecticidal leads and synergists (add-ons), as well as the exploration of the negative cross resistance concept (i.e. detoxification of certain insecticides, but activation of others pro-insecticides). The goal of this review is to critically summarise the current knowledge and the gaps of the CYP-based metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Aedes mosquito vectors. The progress and limitations of the protein and the reverse/forward genetic approaches, the understanding and importance of molecular and physiological aspects, as well as the current and future exploitation routes of CYP research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vontas
- Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 875, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eva Katsavou
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 875, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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27
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Feng X, Liu N. Functional Analyses of House Fly Carboxylesterases Involved in Insecticide Resistance. Front Physiol 2020; 11:595009. [PMID: 33178052 PMCID: PMC7596742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.595009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism is one of major mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance. Our previous study has identified multiple carboxylesterase genes with their expression levels were significantly upregulated in pyrethroid resistant house flies. To further explore their metabolic functions, we used insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells to express these carboxylesterases in vitro and measure their hydrolytic activities toward esterase substrates. Our results indicated that these carboxylesterases can efficiently hydrolyze α-naphthyl acetate rather than β- naphthyl acetate. A cell based MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that carboxylesterase-expressing cells show enhanced tolerance to permethrin, suggesting important roles of these carboxylesterases in metabolizing permethrin and thereby protecting cells from permethrin treatments. The metabolic functions of carboxylesterases were further verified by conducting in vitro metabolism studies toward permethrin and its potential metabolites 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, which not only suggested the potential metabolic pathway of permethrin in insects, but also important roles of these candidate carboxylesterases in metabolizing permethrin and conferring resistance in house flies. Homology modeling and docking were finally conducted to reflect interactions between permethrin ligand and carboxylesterase proteins, visually confirming the metabolic functions of carboxylesterases to insecticides in house flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Feng
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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28
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Prado FSRD, Dos Santos DM, de Almeida Oliveira TM, Micheletti Burgarelli JA, Castele JB, Vieira EM. Determination and uptake of abamectin and difenoconazole in the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 via oral and topic acute exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114313. [PMID: 32806434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bees are considered as important providers of ecosystem services, acting via pollination process in crops and native plants, and contributing significantly to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, the decrease of bee's population has been observed worldwide and besides other factors, this collapse is also related to the extensive use of pesticides. In this sense, studies involving the assessment of adverse effects and the uptake of pesticides by bees are of great concern. This work presents an analytical method for the determination of the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole in the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris exposed via oral and topic to endpoints concentrations of active ingredients (a.i.) alone and in commercial formulations and the discussion about its mortality and uptake. For this purpose, QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe) acetate modified method was used for extraction and pesticides were determined by LC-MS/MS. The validation parameters have included: a linear range between 0.01 and 1.00 μg mL-1; and LOD and LOQ of 0.038 and 0.076 μg g-1 for abamectin and difenoconazole, respectively. The uptake of tested pesticides via oral and topic was verified by the accumulation in adult forager bees, mainly when the commercial product was tested. Mortality was observed to be higher in oral exposure than in topic tests for both pesticides. For abamectin in a commercial formulation (a.i.) no differences were observed for oral or topic exposure. On the other hand, for difenoconazole, topic exposure had demonstrated higher accumulation in bees, according to the increase of received dose. Through the results, uptake and the possible consequences of bioaccumulated pesticides are also discussed and can contribute to the knowledge about the risks involving the exposure of bees to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janete Brigante Castele
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil; São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eny Maria Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.
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29
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Lees RS, Ismail HM, Logan RAE, Malone D, Davies R, Anthousi A, Adolfi A, Lycett GJ, Paine MJI. New insecticide screening platforms indicate that Mitochondrial Complex I inhibitors are susceptible to cross-resistance by mosquito P450s that metabolise pyrethroids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16232. [PMID: 33004954 PMCID: PMC7530702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenazaquin, pyridaben, tolfenpyrad and fenpyroximate are Complex I inhibitors offering a new mode of action for insecticidal malaria vector control. However, extended exposure to pyrethroid based products such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has created mosquito populations that are largely pyrethroid-resistant, often with elevated levels of P450s that can metabolise and neutralise diverse substrates. To assess cross-resistance liabilities of the Complex I inhibitors, we profiled their susceptibility to metabolism by P450s associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae (CYPs 6M2, 6P3, 6P4, 6P5, 9J5, 9K1, 6Z2) and An. funestus (CYP6P9a). All compounds were highly susceptible. Transgenic An. gambiae overexpressing CYP6M2 or CYP6P3 showed reduced mortality when exposed to fenpyroximate and tolfenpyrad. Mortality from fenpyroximate was also reduced in pyrethroid-resistant strains of An. gambiae (VK7 2014 and Tiassalé 13) and An. funestus (FUMOZ-R). P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) significantly enhanced the efficacy of fenpyroximate and tolfenpyrad, fully restoring mortality in fenpyroximate-exposed FUMOZ-R. Overall, results suggest that in vivo and in vitro assays are a useful guide in the development of new vector control products, and that the Complex I inhibitors tested are susceptible to metabolic cross-resistance and may lack efficacy in controlling pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary S Lees
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Hanafy M Ismail
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rhiannon A E Logan
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - David Malone
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rachel Davies
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Amalia Anthousi
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Adriana Adolfi
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Gareth J Lycett
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Mark J I Paine
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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30
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Oumbouke WA, Pignatelli P, Barreaux AMG, Tia IZ, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Sternberg ED, Thomas MB, Weetman D, N'Guessan R. Fine scale spatial investigation of multiple insecticide resistance and underlying target-site and metabolic mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae in central Côte d'Ivoire. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15066. [PMID: 32934291 PMCID: PMC7493912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine monitoring of occurrence, levels and mechanisms of insecticide resistance informs effective management strategies, and should be used to assess the effect of new tools on resistance. As part of a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a novel insecticide-based intervention in central Côte d’Ivoire, we assessed resistance and its underlying mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae populations from a subset of trial villages. Resistance to multiple insecticides in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii was detected across villages, with dose–response assays demonstrating extremely high resistance intensity to the pyrethroid deltamethrin (> 1,500-fold), and mortality following exposure to pyrethroid-treated bednets was low (< 30% mortality in cone bioassays). The 1014F kdr mutation was almost fixed (≥ 90%) in all villages but the 1575Y kdr-amplifying mutation was relatively rare (< 15%). The carbamate and organophosphate resistance-associated Ace-1 G119S mutation was also detected at moderate frequencies (22–43%). Transcriptome analysis identified overexpression of P450 genes known to confer pyrethroid resistance (Cyp9K1, Cyp6P3, and Cyp6M2), and also a carboxylesterase (COEAE1F) as major candidates. Cyp6P3 expression was high but variable (up to 33-fold) and correlated positively with deltamethrin resistance intensity across villages (r2 = 0.78, P = 0.02). Tools and strategies to mitigate the extreme and multiple resistance provided by these mechanisms are required in this area to avoid future control failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welbeck A Oumbouke
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Patricia Pignatelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Antoine M G Barreaux
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Innocent Z Tia
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eleanore D Sternberg
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Raphael N'Guessan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
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31
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Samantsidis GR, Panteleri R, Denecke S, Kounadi S, Christou I, Nauen R, Douris V, Vontas J. 'What I cannot create, I do not understand': functionally validated synergism of metabolic and target site insecticide resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200838. [PMID: 32453986 PMCID: PMC7287358 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative synergistic action of target-site mutations and enhanced detoxification in pyrethroid resistance in insects has been hypothesized as a major evolutionary mechanism responsible for dramatic consequences in malaria incidence and crop production. Combining genetic transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 genome modification, we generated transgenic Drosophila lines expressing pyrethroid metabolizing P450 enzymes in a genetic background along with engineered mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (para) known to confer target-site resistance. Genotypes expressing the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti Cyp9J28 while also bearing the paraV1016G mutation displayed substantially greater resistance ratio (RR) against deltamethrin than the product of each individual mechanism (RRcombined: 19.85 > RRCyp9J28: 1.77 × RRV1016G: 3.00). Genotypes expressing Brassicogethes aeneus pollen beetle Cyp6BQ23 and also bearing the paraL1014F (kdr) mutation, displayed an almost multiplicative RR (RRcombined: 75.19 ≥ RRCyp6BQ23: 5.74 × RRL1014F: 12.74). Reduced pyrethroid affinity at the target site, delaying saturation while simultaneously extending the duration of P450-driven detoxification, is proposed as a possible underlying mechanism. Combinations of target site and P450 resistance loci might be unfavourable in field populations in the absence of insecticide selection, as they exert some fitness disadvantage in development time and fecundity. These are major considerations from the insecticide resistance management viewpoint in both public health and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- George-Rafael Samantsidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Rafaela Panteleri
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Shane Denecke
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stella Kounadi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Iason Christou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, CropScience Division, R&D Pest Control, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Vassilis Douris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece
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32
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Saavedra‐Rodriguez K, Campbell CL, Lenhart A, Penilla P, Lozano‐Fuentes S, Black WC. Exome-wide association of deltamethrin resistance in Aedes aegypti from Mexico. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:591-604. [PMID: 30758862 PMCID: PMC6766855 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the major vector of a number of arboviruses that cause disease in humans. Without vaccines or pharmaceuticals, pyrethroid insecticides remain the major tool for public health protection. Pyrethroid resistance is now widespread. Replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) that reduce the stability of pyrethroid binding account for most of the resistance, but metabolic mechanisms also inactivate pyrethroids. High-throughput sequencing and the A. aegypti L5 annotated physical map has allowed interrogation of the exome for genes and single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with pyrethroid resistance. We exposed females of A. aegypti from Mexico to a deltamethrin discriminating dose to designate them as resistant (active after 1 h) or susceptible (knocked down with no recovery after 4 h). The vgsc on chromosome 3 had the highest association, followed by genes proximal to vgsc. We identified potential detoxification genes located singly (eg HPX8C) or within clusters in chromosome 2 [three esterase clusters, two of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP)] and chromosome 3 (one cluster of 16 CYP325 and seven CYP9 genes). Deltamethrin resistance in A. aegypti is associated with mutations in the vgsc gene and a large assortment of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Saavedra‐Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - C. L. Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - A. Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and MalariaCenter for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. Penilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and MalariaCenter for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - S. Lozano‐Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - W. C. Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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33
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Sever B, Altıntop MD, Özdemir A, Tabanca N, Estep AS, Becnel JJ, Bloomquist JR. Biological evaluation of a series of benzothiazole derivatives as mosquitocidal agents. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAedes aegypti is associated with the transmission of numerous human and animal diseases, such as yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and more recently Zika virus. Emerging insecticide resistance has created a need to develop new mosquitocidal agents for effective control operations. A series of benzothiazole-piperidine derivatives (1-24) were investigated for their larvicidal and adulticidal effects on Ae. aegypti It was observed that compounds 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11 and 13 showed notable larvicidal activity. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 10 showed promising adulticidal activity. Based on the mosquitocidal properties of these compounds, docking studies were also carried out in the active site of the AeSCP2 enzyme to explore any insights into further in vitro enzyme studies. Docking results indicated that all these active compounds showed reasonable interactions with critical residues in the active site of this enzyme. This outcome suggested that these compounds might show their larvicidal and adulticidal effects via the inhibition of AeSCP2. According to in vitro and in silico studies, compounds 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13 stand out as candidates for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mehlika Dilek Altıntop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Tabanca
- USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Alden S. Estep
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Research & Development Department, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - James J. Becnel
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Bloomquist
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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34
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Campbell CL, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Kubik TD, Lenhart A, Lozano-Fuentes S, Black WC. Vgsc-interacting proteins are genetically associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211497. [PMID: 30695054 PMCID: PMC6350986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Association mapping of factors that condition pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti has consistently identified genes in multiple functional groups. Toward better understanding of the mechanisms involved, we examined high throughput sequencing data (HTS) from two Aedes aegypti aegypti collections from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico treated with either permethrin or deltamethrin. Exome capture enrichment for coding regions and the AaegL5 annotation were used to identify genes statistically associated with resistance. The frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between resistant and susceptible mosquito pools using a contingency χ2 analysis. The -log10(χ2p value) was calculated at each SNP site, with a weighted average determined from all sites in each gene. Genes with -log10(χ2p value) ≥ 4.0 and present among all 3 treatment groups were subjected to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We found that several functional groups were enriched compared to all coding genes. These categories were transport, signal transduction and metabolism, in order from highest to lowest statistical significance. Strikingly, 21 genes with demonstrated association to synaptic function were identified. In the high association group (n = 1,053 genes), several genes were identified that also genetically or physically interact with the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). These genes were eg., CHARLATAN (CHL), a transcriptional regulator, several ankyrin-domain proteins, PUMILIO (PUM), a translational repressor, and NEDD4 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase). There were 13 genes that ranked among the top 10%: these included VGSC; CINGULIN, a predicted neuronal gap junction protein, and the aedine ortholog of NERVY (NVY), a transcriptional regulator. Silencing of CHL and NVY followed by standard permethrin bottle bioassays validated their association with permethrin resistance. Importantly, VGSC levels were also reduced about 50% in chl- or nvy-dsRNA treated mosquitoes. These results are consistent with the contribution of a variety of neuronal pathways to pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tristan D Kubik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Saul Lozano-Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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35
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Chen C, Shan T, Liu Y, Wang C, Shi X, Gao X. Identification and functional analysis of a cytochrome P450 gene involved in imidacloprid resistance in Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 153:129-135. [PMID: 30744886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases played an important role in detoxifying insecticides which potentially contributed to the metabolic resistance to insecticides. Bradysia odoriphaga, as a major pest of Chinese chive, was reported to be highly tolerant to neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid. In this study, a novel P450 gene, CYP6FV12, was cloned from B. odoriphaga. The full-length cDNA sequence of CYP6FV12 is 2520 bp long and its open reading frame (ORF) encodes 519 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the highest expression of CYP6FV12 was observed in fourth-instar larvae, which is 154.32-fold higher than that of eggs. Highest expression of CYP6FV12 was observed in the midgut, followed by fat body, which was 13.67 and 5.42-fold higher than that in cuticle, respectively. The expression of CYP6FV12 was significantly up-regulated in B. odoriphaga larvae after exposed to imidacloprid at the concentrations of 10, 30, 50, and 70 mg/L. Moreover, RNAi mediated silencing of CYP6FV12 increased mortality by 28.62% when the fourth-instar larvae were treated with imidacloprid. This is the first systematic study on isolated P450s gene involved in imidacloprid resistance in B. odoriphaga and increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of insecticide detoxification in this pest insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Chen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tisheng Shan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyan Shi
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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36
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Seong KM, Coates BS, Berenbaum MR, Clark JM, Pittendrigh BR. Comparative CYP-omic analysis between the DDT-susceptible and -resistant Drosophila melanogaster strains 91-C and 91-R. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2530-2543. [PMID: 29656515 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are involved in the biosynthesis of endogenous intracellular compounds and the metabolism of xenobiotics, including chemical insecticides. We investigated the structural and expression level variance across all P450 genes with respect to the evolution of insecticide resistance under multigenerational dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) selection. RESULTS RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that the transcript levels of seven P450 genes were significantly up-regulated and three P450 genes were down-regulated in the DDT-resistant strain 91-R, as compared to the control strain 91-C. The overexpression of Cyp6g1 was associated with the presence of an Accord and an HMS-Beagle element insertion in the 5' upstream region in conjunction with copy number variation in the 91-R strain, but not in the 91-C strain. A total of 122 (50.2%) fixed nonsynonymous (amino acid-changing) mutations were found between 91-C and 91-R, and 20 (8.2%) resulted in amino acid changes within functional domains. Three P450 proteins were truncated as a result of premature stop codons and fixed between strains. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that a combination of changes in P450 protein-coding regions and transcript levels are possibly associated with DDT resistance, and thereby suggest that selection for variant function may occur within this gene family in response to chronic DDT exposure. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - May R Berenbaum
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Konorov EA, Belenikin MS. Prediction of the Ligands of the CYP9e Subfamily of Ant Cytochrome P450 with the ChEBI Ontologies of Chemical and Biological Characteristics. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018050072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yan ZW, He ZB, Yan ZT, Si FL, Zhou Y, Chen B. Genome-wide and expression-profiling analyses suggest the main cytochrome P450 genes related to pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector, Anopheles sinensis (Diptera Culicidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1810-1820. [PMID: 29393554 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles sinensis is one of the major malaria vectors. However, pyrethroid resistance in An. sinensis is threatening malaria control. Cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification is an important pyrethroid resistance mechanism that has been unexplored in An. sinensis. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the An. sinensis P450 gene superfamily with special attention to their role in pyrethroid resistance using bioinformatics and molecular approaches. RESULTS Our data revealed the presence of 112 individual P450 genes in An. sinensis, which were classified into four major clans (mitochondrial, CYP2, CYP3 and CYP4), 18 families and 50 subfamilies. Sixty-seven genes formed nine gene clusters, and genes within the same cluster and the same gene family had a similar gene structure. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of An. sinensis P450s (82/112) had very close 1: 1 orthology with Anopheles gambiae P450s. Five genes (AsCYP6Z2, AsCYP6P3v1, AsCYP6P3v2, AsCYP9J5 and AsCYP306A1) were significantly upregulated in three pyrethroid-resistant populations in both RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses, suggesting that they could be the most important P450 genes involved in pyrethroid resistance in An. sinensis. CONCLUSION Our study provides insight on the diversity of An. sinensis P450 superfamily and basis for further elucidating pyrethroid resistance mechanism in this mosquito species. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wen Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Bo He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Tian Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng-Ling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Elzaki MEA, Miah MA, Peng Y, Zhang H, Jiang L, Wu M, Han Z. Deltamethrin is metabolized by CYP6FU1, a cytochrome P450 associated with pyrethroid resistance, in Laodelphax striatellus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1265-1271. [PMID: 29194952 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are known to play a major role in metabolizing a wide range compounds. CYP6FU1 has been found to be over-expressed in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Laodelphax striatellus. This study was conducted to express CYP6FU1 in Sf9 cells as a recombinant protein, to confirm its ability to degrade deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and traditional P450 probing substrates. RESULTS Carbon monoxide difference spectrum analysis indicated that the intact CYP6FU1 protein was expressed in insect Sf9 cells. Catalytic activity tests with four traditional P450 probing substrates revealed that the expressed CYP6FU1 preferentially metabolized p-nitroanisole and ethoxyresorufin, but not ethoxycoumarin and luciferin-HEGE. The enzyme kinetic parameters were tested using p-nitroanisole. The michaelis constant (Km ) and catalytic constant (Kcat ) values were 17.51 ± 4.29 µm and 0.218 ± 0.001 pmol min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively. Furthermore, CYP6FU1 activity for degradation of insecticides was tested by measuring substrate depletion and metabolite formation. The chromatogram analysis showed obvious nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent depletion of deltamethrin, and formation of the unknown metabolite. Mass spectra and the molecular docking model showed that the metabolite was 4-hydroxy-deltamethrin. However, the recombinant CYP6FU1 could not metabolize imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos. CONCLUSION These results confirmed that the over-expressed CYP6FU1 contributes to deltamethrin resistance in L. striatellus, and p-nitroanisole might be a potential diagnostic probe for deltamethrin metabolic resistance detection and monitoring. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Esmail Abdalla Elzaki
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mohammad Asaduzzaman Miah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingchuan Peng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haomiao Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaojun Han
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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A Whole Genome Assembly of the Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans, and Prediction of Genes with Roles in Metabolism and Sex Determination. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:1675-1686. [PMID: 29602812 PMCID: PMC5940159 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Haematobia irritans, commonly known as the horn fly, is a globally distributed blood-feeding pest of cattle that is responsible for significant economic losses to cattle producers. Chemical insecticides are the primary means for controlling this pest but problems with insecticide resistance have become common in the horn fly. To provide a foundation for identification of genomic loci for insecticide resistance and for discovery of new control technology, we report the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the horn fly genome. The assembled genome is 1.14 Gb, comprising 76,616 scaffolds with N50 scaffold length of 23 Kb. Using RNA-Seq data, we have predicted 34,413 gene models of which 19,185 have been assigned functional annotations. Comparative genomics analysis with the Dipteran flies Musca domestica L., Drosophila melanogaster, and Lucilia cuprina, show that the horn fly is most closely related to M. domestica, sharing 8,748 orthologous clusters followed by D. melanogaster and L. cuprina, sharing 7,582 and 7,490 orthologous clusters respectively. We also identified a gene locus for the sodium channel protein in which mutations have been previously reported that confers target site resistance to the most common class of pesticides used in fly control. Additionally, we identified 276 genomic loci encoding members of metabolic enzyme gene families such as cytochrome P450s, esterases and glutathione S-transferases, and several genes orthologous to sex determination pathway genes in other Dipteran species.
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Vontas J, Grigoraki L, Morgan J, Tsakireli D, Fuseini G, Segura L, Niemczura de Carvalho J, Nguema R, Weetman D, Slotman MA, Hemingway J. Rapid selection of a pyrethroid metabolic enzyme CYP9K1 by operational malaria control activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4619-4624. [PMID: 29674455 PMCID: PMC5939083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719663115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2004, indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-impregnated bednets (LLINs) have reduced the malaria parasite prevalence in children on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, from 45% to 12%. After target site-based (knockdown resistance; kdr) pyrethroid resistance was detected in 2004 in Anopheles coluzzii (formerly known as the M form of the Anopheles gambiae complex), the carbamate bendiocarb was introduced. Subsequent analysis showed that kdr alone was not operationally significant, so pyrethroid-based IRS was successfully reintroduced in 2012. In 2007 and 2014-2015, mass distribution of new pyrethroid LLINs was undertaken to increase the net coverage levels. The combined selection pressure of IRS and LLINs resulted in an increase in the frequency of pyrethroid resistance in 2015. In addition to a significant increase in kdr frequency, an additional metabolic pyrethroid resistance mechanism had been selected. Increased metabolism of the pyrethroid deltamethrin was linked with up-regulation of the cytochrome P450 CYP9K1. The increase in resistance prompted a reversion to bendiocarb IRS in 2016 to avoid a resurgence of malaria, in line with the national Malaria Control Program plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Linda Grigoraki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Morgan
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Tsakireli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Godwin Fuseini
- Bioko Island Malaria Control Project, Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Luis Segura
- Bioko Island Malaria Control Project, Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Raul Nguema
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Michel A Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Janet Hemingway
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom;
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Hausjell J, Halbwirth H, Spadiut O. Recombinant production of eukaryotic cytochrome P450s in microbial cell factories. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171290. [PMID: 29436484 PMCID: PMC5835717 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) comprise one of the largest known protein families. They occur in every kingdom of life and catalyze essential reactions, such as carbon source assimilation, synthesis of hormones and secondary metabolites, or degradation of xenobiotics. Due to their outstanding ability of specifically hydroxylating complex hydrocarbons, there is a great demand to use these enzymes for biocatalysis, including applications at an industrial scale. Thus, the recombinant production of these enzymes is intensively investigated. However, especially eukaryotic P450s are difficult to produce. Challenges are faced due to complex cofactor requirements and the availability of a redox-partner (cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR) can be a key element to get active P450s. Additionally, most eukaryotic P450s are membrane bound which complicates the recombinant production. This review describes current strategies for expression of P450s in the microbial cell factories Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hausjell
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna, Austria
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Pyrethroid Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus is Exacerbated by Overexpression and Overactivity of the P450 CYP6AA1 Across Africa. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030140. [PMID: 29498712 PMCID: PMC5867861 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroids (the ingredients in bed net insecticides) in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus is threatening recent gains in the fight against malaria. Here, we established the role of an over-expressed P450, A. funestus CYP6AA1 in insecticides resistance. Transcription profiling of CYP6AA1 across Africa using microarray and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that it is significantly more over-expressed in southern African populations compared to West (Benin) and East African (Uganda). Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli coupled with metabolism assays demonstrated that CYP6AA1 metabolises type I (permethrin) and type II (deltamethrin) pyrethroids, as well as bendiocarb (a carbamate). Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster flies over-expressing CYP6AA1 were significantly more resistant to pyrethroid insecticides, permethrin and deltamethrin compared with control flies not expressing the gene, validating the role of this gene in pyrethroid resistance. In silico modelling and docking simulations predicted the intermolecular receptor-ligand interactions which allow this P450 to metabolise the pyrethroids and bendiocarb. Validation of CYP6AA1 as a pyrethroid resistance gene makes it possible to monitor the spread of resistance in the field where this P450 is over-expressed. Its potential cross-resistance role makes it necessary to monitor the gene closely to inform control programs on molecular basis of multiple resistance in the field.
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Zhang X, Wang J, Liu J, Li Y, Liu X, Wu H, Ma E, Zhang J. Knockdown of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase increases the susceptibility to carbaryl in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:517-524. [PMID: 28910726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) plays important roles in cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds, and participates in cytochrome P450-related detoxification of insecticides. However, the CPR from Locusta migratoria has not been well characterized and its function is still undescribed. RESULTS The full-length of CPR gene from Locusta migratoria (LmCPR) was cloned by RT-PCR based on transcriptome information. The membrane anchor region, and 3 conserved domains (FMN binding domain, connecting domain, FAD/NADPH binding domain) were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LmCPR was grouped in the Orthoptera branch and was more closely related to the CPRs from hemimetabolous insects. The LmCPR gene was ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages and was the most abundant in the fourth-instar nymphs and the lowest in the egg stage. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that LmCPR was higher expressed in ovary, hindgut, and integument. The CPR activity was relatively higher in Malpighian tubules and integument. Silencing of LmCPR obviously reduced the enzymatic activity of LmCPR, and enhanced the susceptibility of Locusta migratoria to carbaryl. CONCLUSION These results suggest that LmCPR contributes to the susceptibility of L. migratoria to carbaryl and could be considered as a novel target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Junxiu Wang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Haihua Wu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Elzaki MEA, Miah MA, Han Z. Buprofezin Is Metabolized by CYP353D1v2, a Cytochrome P450 Associated with Imidacloprid Resistance in Laodelphax striatellus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122564. [PMID: 29186030 PMCID: PMC5751167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP353D1v2 is a cytochrome P450 related to imidacloprid resistance in Laodelphax striatellus. This work was conducted to examine the ability of CYP353D1v2 to metabolize other insecticides. Carbon monoxide difference spectra analysis indicates that CYP353D1v2 was successfully expressed in insect cell Sf9. The catalytic activity of CYP353D1v2 relating to degrading buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, and deltamethrin was tested by measuring substrate depletion and analyzing the formation of metabolites. The results showed the nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent depletion of buprofezin (eluting at 8.7 min) and parallel formation of an unknown metabolite (eluting 9.5 min). However, CYP353D1v2 is unable to metabolize deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. The recombinant CYP353D1v2 protein efficiently catalyzed the model substrate p-nitroanisole with a maximum velocity of 9.24 nmol/min/mg of protein and a Michaelis constant of Km = 6.21 µM. In addition, imidacloprid was metabolized in vitro by the recombinant CYP353D1v2 microsomes (catalytic constant Kcat) 0.064 pmol/min/pmol P450, Km = 6.41 µM. The mass spectrum of UPLC-MS analysis shows that the metabolite was a product of buprofezin, which was buprofezin sulfone. This result provided direct evidence that L. striatellus cytochrome P450 CYP353D1v2 is capable of metabolizing imidacloprid and buprofezin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Esmail Abdalla Elzaki
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Mohammad Asaduzzaman Miah
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhaojun Han
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Xu W, Liu S, Zhang Y, Gao J, Yang M, Liu X, Tao L. Cypermethrin resistance conferred by increased target insensitivity and metabolic detoxification in Culex pipiens pallens Coq. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 142:77-82. [PMID: 29107250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cypermethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens Coq, the susceptible strain (SS strain) and cypermethrin resistant strain (CR strain) of Cx. p. pallens were investigated in this paper. The cypermethrin resistance ratio of CR strain to SS strain was measured by biological assays method, the cDNA sequence of sodium channel was cloned and analyzed. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of the detoxification-related genes across between CR strain and SS strain of Cx. p. pallens. Bioassays indicated that CR strain was 283.06 and 80.68-fold resistance to cypermethrin and permethrin as compared to the susceptible strain, respectively. The sequence variability analysis of sodium channel gene between SS strain and CR strain shows that 4 point mutations (R954Q, L1023F, S1775G and A1989E) appear on the amino acid sequence of sodium channel of CR strain. The transcriptional levels of CYP6Z10, CYP9M10, CPGSTd1 and CPGSTd2 in the resistant strain are significantly higher than it is in the susceptible. The transcripts of CYP4H34 and E4 esterase have no significant difference between the CR strain and SS strain. The results indicated that sodium channel mutations, combined with elevated levels of P450s and GSTs, are associated with cypermethrin resistance in CR strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jufang Gao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Mingjun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Liming Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Moyes CL, Vontas J, Martins AJ, Ng LC, Koou SY, Dusfour I, Raghavendra K, Pinto J, Corbel V, David JP, Weetman D. Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005625. [PMID: 28727779 PMCID: PMC5518996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Aedes aegytpi and Ae. albopictus are major vectors of 5 important arboviruses (namely chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus), making these mosquitoes an important factor in the worldwide burden of infectious disease. Vector control using insecticides coupled with larval source reduction is critical to control the transmission of these viruses to humans but is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Here, we review the available evidence for the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in these 2 major vectors worldwide and map the data collated for the 4 main classes of neurotoxic insecticide (carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Emerging resistance to all 4 of these insecticide classes has been detected in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Target-site mutations and increased insecticide detoxification have both been linked to resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus but more work is required to further elucidate metabolic mechanisms and develop robust diagnostic assays. Geographical distributions are provided for the mechanisms that have been shown to be important to date. Estimating insecticide resistance in unsampled locations is hampered by a lack of standardisation in the diagnostic tools used and by a lack of data in a number of regions for both resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The need for increased sampling using standard methods is critical to tackle the issue of emerging insecticide resistance threatening human health. Specifically, diagnostic doses and well-characterised susceptible strains are needed for the full range of insecticides used to control Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to standardise measurement of the resistant phenotype, and calibrated diagnostic assays are needed for the major mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L. Moyes
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ademir J. Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Helios Block, Singapore
| | - Sin Ying Koou
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Helios Block, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Kamaraju Raghavendra
- Insecticides and Insecticide Resistance Lab, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Delhi, India
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Grenoble-Alpes (UGA), Grenoble, France
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:587. [PMID: 28373679 PMCID: PMC5428437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play a critical role in insecticide resistance by allowing resistant insects to metabolize insecticides. Previous studies revealed that two P450 genes, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, are not only up-regulated but also induced in resistant Culex mosquitoes. In this study, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7 were separately co-expressed with cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) in insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells using a baculovirus-mediated expression system and the enzymatic activity and metabolic ability of CYP9M10/CPR and CYP6AA7/CPR to permethrin and its metabolites, including 3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol (PBOH) and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (PBCHO), characterized. PBOH and PBCHO, both of which are toxic to Culex mosquito larvae, can be further metabolized by CYP9M10/CPR and CYP6AA7/CPR, with the ultimate metabolite identified here as PBCOOH, which is considerably less toxic to mosquito larvae. A cell-based MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay revealed that Sf9 cells expressing CYP9M10/CPR or CYP6AA7/CPR increased the cell line's tolerance to permethrin, PBOH, and PBCHO. This study confirms the important role played by CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7 in the detoxification of permethrin and its metabolites PBOH and PBCHO.
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Al Nazawi AM, Aqili J, Alzahrani M, McCall PJ, Weetman D. Combined target site (kdr) mutations play a primary role in highly pyrethroid resistant phenotypes of Aedes aegypti from Saudi Arabia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:161. [PMID: 28347352 PMCID: PMC5368989 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrethroid resistance is a threat to effective vector control of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, Zika and other arboviruses, but there are many major knowledge gaps on the mechanisms of resistance. In Jeddah and Makkah, the principal dengue-endemic areas of Saudi Arabia, pyrethroids are used widely for Ae. aegypti control but information about resistance remains sparse, and the underlying genetic basis is unknown. Findings from an ongoing study in this internationally significant area are reported here. Methods Aedes aegypti collected from each city were raised to adults and assayed for resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin (with and without the synergist piperonyl butoxide, PBO), fenitrothion, and bendiocarb. Two fragments of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc), encompassing four previously identified mutation sites, were sequenced and subsequently genotyped to determine associations with resistance. Expression of five candidate genes (CYP9J10, CYP9J28, CYP9J32, CYP9M6, ABCB4) previously associated with pyrethroid resistance was compared between assay survivors and controls. Results Jeddah and Makkah populations exhibited resistance to multiple insecticides and a similarly high prevalence of resistance to deltamethrin compared to a resistant Cayman strain, with a significant influence of age and exposure duration on survival. PBO pre-exposure increased pyrethroid mortality significantly in the Jeddah, but not the Makkah strain. Three potentially interacting Vgsc mutations were detected: V1016G and S989P were in perfect linkage disequilibrium in each strain and strongly predicted survival, especially in the Makkah strain, but were in negative linkage disequilibrium with 1534C, though some females with the Vgsc triple mutation were detected. The candidate gene CYP9J28 was significantly over-expressed in Jeddah compared to two susceptible reference strains, but none of the candidate genes was consistently up-regulated to a significant level in the Makkah strain. Conclusions Despite their proximity, Makkah and Jeddah exhibit significant differences in pyrethroid resistance phenotypes, with some evidence to suggest a different balance of mechanisms, for example with more impact associated with CYP450s in the Jeddah strain, and the dual kdr mutations 989P and 1016G in the more resistant Makkah strain. The results overall demonstrate a major role for paired target site mutations in pyrethroid resistance and highlight their utility for diagnostic monitoring. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2096-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq M Al Nazawi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK. .,Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jabir Aqili
- Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Levels of insecticide resistance to deltamethrin, malathion, and temephos, and associated mechanisms in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the Guadeloupe and Saint Martin islands (French West Indies). Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:38. [PMID: 28187780 PMCID: PMC5303256 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Guadeloupe and Saint Martin islands, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the only recognized vectors of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. For around 40 years, malathion was used as a mosquito adulticide and temephos as a larvicide. Since the European Union banned the use of these two insecticide molecules in the first decade of the 21st century, deltamethrin and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis are the remaining adulticide and larvicide, respectively, used in Guadeloupe. In order to improve the management of vector control activities in Guadeloupe and Saint Martin, we investigated Ae. aegypti resistance to and mechanisms associated with deltamethrin, malathion, and temephos. Methods Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected from six different localities of Guadeloupe and Saint Martin. Larvae were used for malathion and temephos bioassays, and adult mosquitoes for deltamethrin bioassays, following World Health Organization recommendations. Knockdown resistance (Kdr) genotyping for V1016I and F1534C mutations, and expression levels of eight enzymes involved in detoxification mechanisms were examined in comparison with the susceptible reference Bora Bora strain. Results Resistance ratios (RR50) calculated for Ae. aegypti larvae showed high resistance levels to temephos (from 8.9 to 33.1-fold) and low resistance levels to malathion (from 1.7 to 4.4-fold). Adult females displayed moderate resistance levels to deltamethrin regarding the time necessary to affect 50% of individuals, varying from 8.0 to 28.1-fold. Molecular investigations on adult mosquitoes showed high resistant allele frequencies for V1016I and F1534C (from 85 to 96% and from 90 to 98%, respectively), as well as an overexpression of the glutathione S-transferase gene, GSTe2, the carboxylesterase CCEae3a, and the cytochrome genes 014614, CYP6BB2, CYP6M11, and CYP9J23. Conclusions Ae. aegypti populations from Guadeloupe and Saint Martin exhibit multiple resistance to organophosphates (temephos and malathion), and pyrethroids (deltamethrin). The mechanisms associated with these resistance patterns show strong frequencies of F1534C and V1016I Kdr mutations, and an over-expression of CCEae3a, GSTe2, and four cytochrome P450 genes (014614, CYP9J23, CYP6M11, CYP6BB2). These results will form the baseline for a deeper understanding of the insecticide resistance levels and associated mechanisms of Ae. aegypti populations and will be used to improve vector control strategies in Guadeloupe and Saint Martin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0254-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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