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Ciccarone F, Ciriolo MR. Reprogrammed mitochondria: a central hub of cancer cell metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1305-1315. [PMID: 38716960 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent the metabolic hub of normal cells and play this role also in cancer but with different functional purposes. While cells in differentiated tissues have the prerogative of maintaining basal metabolism and support the biosynthesis of specialized products, cancer cells have to rewire the metabolic constraints imposed by the differentiation process. They need to balance the bioenergetic supply with the anabolic requirements that entail the intense proliferation rate, including nucleotide and membrane lipid biosynthesis. For this aim, mitochondrial metabolism is reprogrammed following the activation of specific oncogenic pathways or due to specific mutations of mitochondrial proteins. The main process leading to mitochondrial metabolic rewiring is the alteration of the tricarboxylic acid cycle favoring the appropriate orchestration of anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions. According to the tumor type or the microenvironmental conditions, mitochondria may decouple glucose catabolism from mitochondrial oxidation in favor of glutaminolysis or disable oxidative phosphorylation for avoiding harmful production of free radicals. These and other metabolic settings can be also determined by the neo-production of oncometabolites that are not specific for the tissue of origin or the accumulation of metabolic intermediates able to boost pro-proliferative metabolism also impacting epigenetic/transcriptional programs. The full characterization of tumor-specific mitochondrial signatures may provide the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities based on metabolic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ciccarone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
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2
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Zhao J, Jin D, Huang M, Ji J, Xu X, Wang F, Zhou L, Bao B, Jiang F, Xu W, Lu X, Xiao M. Glycolysis in the tumor microenvironment: a driver of cancer progression and a promising therapeutic target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1416472. [PMID: 38933335 PMCID: PMC11199735 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1416472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Even with sufficient oxygen, tumor cells use glycolysis to obtain the energy and macromolecules they require to multiply, once thought to be a characteristic of tumor cells known as the "Warburg effect". In fact, throughout the process of carcinogenesis, immune cells and stromal cells, two major cellular constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME), also undergo thorough metabolic reprogramming, which is typified by increased glycolysis. In this review, we provide a full-scale review of the glycolytic remodeling of several types of TME cells and show how these TME cells behave in the acidic milieu created by glucose shortage and lactate accumulation as a result of increased tumor glycolysis. Notably, we provide an overview of putative targets and inhibitors of glycolysis along with the viability of using glycolysis inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Understanding the glycolytic situations in diverse cells within the tumor immunological milieu will aid in the creation of subsequent treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengxiang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lirong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baijun Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weisong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nantong Rehabilitation Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Department of Oncology Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Design of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy Based on Tumor Microenvironment Properties. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122708. [PMID: 36559202 PMCID: PMC9785496 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and battling cancer has always been a challenging subject in medical sciences. All over the world, scientists from different fields of study try to gain a deeper knowledge about the biology and roots of cancer and, consequently, provide better strategies to fight against it. During the past few decades, nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents with high efficiency and reduced side effects in cancer treatment. Targeted and stimuli-sensitive nanoparticles have been widely studied for cancer therapy in recent years, and many more studies are ongoing. This review aims to provide a broad view of different nanoparticle systems with characteristics that allow them to target diverse properties of the tumor microenvironment (TME) from nanoparticles that can be activated and release their cargo due to the specific characteristics of the TME (such as low pH, redox, and hypoxia) to nanoparticles that can target different cellular and molecular targets of the present cell and molecules in the TME.
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Mishra V, Prajapati G, Baranwal V, Mishra RK. NMR-Based Metabolomic Imprinting Elucidates Macrophage Polarization of THP-1 Cell Lines Stimulated by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4873-4885. [PMID: 36126340 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in industry, cosmetics, drugs, bioimaging, and drug delivery. ZnO NPs have been found to interact and interfere with cellular physiology via macrophages, thereby resulting in macrophage polarization. The functional reprogramming of the cells is synchronized through cellular metabolic adaptations. The current study, therefore, aims to establish crosstalk between ZnO-NP-induced metabolic alterations and macrophage polarization in PMA-activated THP-1 cell lines. We observed moderate to heightened cytotoxic response in terms of cell viability and proliferation. The results also revealed increased Th1-type cytokine and chemokine expression. In order to characterize the changes in metabolite concentration in treatment groups, we employed multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis) of 1H NMR spectra. The results revealed biologically relevant patterns and alterations in many metabolic pathways. These alterations and patterns were found to be in line across the immune-cytotoxic axis. Furthermore, the results also implicate the role of carbon metabolism toward the classical activation of macrophage polarization. The omics approach could identify the markers involved in NP-induced toxicity, thus elaborating our vision of cytotoxicity that is currently limited to end-point and cytokine assays. Also, it could be emphasized that metabolic reconfiguration upon NP stimulation could direct macrophage polarization toward classical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Mishra
- Nanotechnology Application Centre (NAC), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Gurudayal Prajapati
- NMR Centre SAIF Laboratory, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vikas Baranwal
- Graphene Research Labs Pvt. Ltd., 135 Road 10, KIADB IT Park, Bengaluru 562149, India
| | - Rohit Kumar Mishra
- Centre of Science and Society, Institute of Interdisciplinary Sciences (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
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5
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Li Y, Li YC, Liu XT, Zhang L, Chen YH, Zhao Q, Gao W, Liu B, Yang H, Li P. Blockage of citrate export prevents TCA cycle fragmentation via Irg1 inactivation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110391. [PMID: 35172156 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of activated macrophages relies on aerobic glycolysis, while mitochondrial oxidation is disrupted. In lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, the citrate carrier (CIC) exports citrate from mitochondria to enhance glycolytic genes through histone acetylation. CIC inhibition or Slc25a1 knockdown reduces the occupancy of H3K9ac to hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) binding sites in promoters of glycolytic genes to restrain glycolysis. HIF-1α also transcriptionally upregulates immune-responsive gene 1 for itaconate production, which is inhibited by CIC blocking. Isotopic tracing of [U-13C6] glucose shows that CIC blockage prevents citrate accumulation and itaconate production by reducing glycolytic flux and facilitating metabolic flux in the TCA cycle. Isotopic tracing of [U-13C5] glutamine reveals that CIC inhibition reduces succinate accumulation from glutaminolysis and the gamma-aminobutyric acid shunt by enhancing mitochondrial oxidation. By restraining glycolysis, CIC inhibition increases NAD+ content to ensure mitochondrial biogenesis for oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, blockage of citrate export reduces cerebral thrombosis by inactivation of peripheral macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Moses RM, Kramer AC, Seo H, Wu G, Johnson GA, Bazer FW. A Role for Fructose Metabolism in Development of Sheep and Pig Conceptuses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:49-62. [PMID: 34807436 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The period of conceptus (embryo and extraembryonic membrane) development between fertilization and implantation in mammalian species is critical as it sets the stage for placental and fetal development. The trophectoderm and endoderm of pre-implantation ovine and porcine conceptuses undergo elongation, which requires rapid proliferation, migration, and morphological modification of the trophectoderm cells. These complex events occur in a hypoxic intrauterine environment and are supported through the transport of secretions from maternal endometrial glands to the conceptus required for the biochemical processes of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The conceptus utilizes glucose provided by the mother to initiate metabolic pathways that provide energy and substrates for other metabolic pathways. Fructose, however, is in much greater abundance than glucose in amniotic and allantoic fluids, and fetal blood during pregnancy. Despite this, the role(s) of fructose is largely unknown even though a switch to fructosedriven metabolism in subterranean rodents and some cancers are key to their adaptation to hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Moses
- Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Avery C Kramer
- Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Heewon Seo
- Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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7
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Molina E, Hong L, Chefetz I. NUAK Kinases: Brain-Ovary Axis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102760. [PMID: 34685740 PMCID: PMC8535158 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B (LKB1) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are two major kinases that regulate cellular metabolism by acting as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensors. During starvation conditions, LKB1 and AMPK activate different downstream pathways to increase ATP production, while decreasing ATP consumption, which abrogates cellular proliferation and cell death. Initially, LKB1 was considered to be a tumor suppressor due to its loss of expression in various tumor types. Additional studies revealed amplifications in LKB1 and AMPK kinases in several cancers, suggesting a role in tumor progression. The AMPK-related proteins were described almost 20 years ago as a group of key kinases involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism. As LKB1-downstream targets, AMPK-related proteins were also initially considered to function as tumor suppressors. However, further research demonstrated that AMPK-related kinases play a major role not only in cellular physiology but also in tumor development. Furthermore, aside from their role as regulators of metabolism, additional functions have been described for these proteins, including roles in the cell cycle, cell migration, and cell death. In this review, we aim to highlight the major role of AMPK-related proteins beyond their functions in cellular metabolism, focusing on cancer progression based on their role in cell migration, invasion, and cell survival. Additionally, we describe two main AMPK-related kinases, Novel (nua) kinase family 1 (NUAK1) and 2 (NUAK2), which have been understudied, but play a major role in cellular physiology and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Molina
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA;
| | - Linda Hong
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Ilana Chefetz
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-437-9624
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The Acidic Brain-Glycolytic Switch in the Microenvironment of Malignant Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115518. [PMID: 34073734 PMCID: PMC8197239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma represents a fatal disease with a poor prognosis and development of resistance mechanisms against conventional therapeutic approaches. The distinct tumor zones of this heterogeneous neoplasm develop their own microenvironment, in which subpopulations of cancer cells communicate. Adaptation to hypoxia in the center of the expanding tumor mass leads to the glycolytic and angiogenic switch, accompanied by upregulation of different glycolytic enzymes, transporters, and other metabolites. These processes render the tumor microenvironment more acidic, remodel the extracellular matrix, and create energy gradients for the metabolic communication between different cancer cells in distinct tumor zones. Escape mechanisms from hypoxia-induced cell death and energy deprivation are the result. The functional consequences are more aggressive and malignant behavior with enhanced proliferation and survival, migration and invasiveness, and the induction of angiogenesis. In this review, we go from the biochemical principles of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis over the glycolytic switch, regulated by the key transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, to other important metabolic players like the monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs)1 and 4. We discuss the metabolic symbiosis model via lactate shuttling in the acidic tumor microenvironment and highlight the functional consequences of the glycolytic switch on glioma malignancy. Furthermore, we illustrate regulation by micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) and the connection between isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status and glycolytic metabolism. Finally, we give an outlook about the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the glycolytic switch and the relation to tumor immunity in malignant glioma.
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de Kok MJC, Schaapherder AF, Wüst RCI, Zuiderwijk M, Bakker JA, Lindeman JHN, Le Dévédec SE. Circumventing the Crabtree effect in cell culture: A systematic review. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:83-95. [PMID: 33812964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunction are central elements in a broad variety of physiological and pathological processes. While cell culture established itself as a versatile technique for the elaboration of physiology and disease, studying metabolism using standard cell culture protocols is profoundly interfered by the Crabtree effect. This phenomenon refers to the adaptation of cultured cells to a glycolytic phenotype, away from oxidative phosphorylation in glucose-containing medium, and questions the applicability of cell culture in certain fields of research. In this systematic review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview and critical appraisal of strategies reported to circumvent the Crabtree effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle J C de Kok
- Department of Surgery and Leiden Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Schaapherder
- Department of Surgery and Leiden Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Zuiderwijk
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Bakker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H N Lindeman
- Department of Surgery and Leiden Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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10
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Host cell glutamine metabolism as a potential antiviral target. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:305-325. [PMID: 33480424 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A virus minimally contains a nucleic acid genome packaged by a protein coat. The genome and capsid together are known as the nucleocapsid, which has an envelope containing a lipid bilayer (mainly phospholipids) originating from host cell membranes. The viral envelope has transmembrane proteins that are usually glycoproteins. The proteins in the envelope bind to host cell receptors, promoting membrane fusion and viral entry into the cell. Virus-infected host cells exhibit marked increases in glutamine utilization and metabolism. Glutamine metabolism generates ATP and precursors for the synthesis of macromolecules to assemble progeny viruses. Some compounds derived from glutamine are used in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. These latter compounds are precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides. Inhibitors of glutamine transport and metabolism are potential candidate antiviral drugs. Glutamine is also an essential nutrient for the functions of leukocytes (lymphocyte, macrophage, and neutrophil), including those in virus-infected patients. The increased glutamine requirement for immune cell functions occurs concomitantly with the high glutamine utilization by host cells in virus-infected patients. The development of antiviral drugs that target glutamine metabolism must then be specifically directed at virus-infected host cells to avoid negative effects on immune functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the landscape of cellular glutamine metabolism to search for potential candidates to inhibit glutamine transport or glutamine metabolism.
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11
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Mendes C, Serpa J. Revisiting lactate dynamics in cancer—a metabolic expertise or an alternative attempt to survive? J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1397-1414. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Meßner M, Schmitt S, Ardelt MA, Fröhlich T, Müller M, Pein H, Huber-Cantonati P, Ortler C, Koenig LM, Zobel L, Koeberle A, Arnold GJ, Rothenfußer S, Kiemer AK, Gerbes AL, Zischka H, Vollmar AM, Pachmayr J. Metabolic implication of tigecycline as an efficacious second-line treatment for sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma. FASEB J 2020; 34:11860-11882. [PMID: 32652772 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001128r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib represents the current standard of care for patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, acquired drug resistance occurs frequently during therapy and is accompanied by rapid tumor regrowth after sorafenib therapy termination. To identify the mechanism of this therapy-limiting growth resumption, we established robust sorafenib resistance HCC cell models that exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and chemotherapeutic crossresistance. We found a rapid relapse of tumor cell proliferation after sorafenib withdrawal, which was caused by renewal of mitochondrial structures alongside a metabolic switch toward high electron transport system (ETS) activity. The translation-inhibiting antibiotic tigecycline impaired the biogenesis of mitochondrial DNA-encoded ETS subunits and limited the electron acceptor turnover required for glutamine oxidation. Thereby, tigecycline prevented the tumor relapse in vitro and in murine xenografts in vivo. These results offer a promising second-line therapeutic approach for advanced-stage HCC patients with progressive disease undergoing sorafenib therapy or treatment interruption due to severe adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Meßner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Public Health, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sabine Schmitt
- School of Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian A Ardelt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Public Health, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Pein
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Huber-Cantonati
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Public Health, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carina Ortler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars M Koenig
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Zobel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Michael Popp Research Institute, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfußer
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander L Gerbes
- Department of Medicine 2, Liver Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- School of Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Pachmayr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Public Health, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Glutamine Metabolism and Its Role in Immunity, a Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020326. [PMID: 32092847 PMCID: PMC7070879 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the body of an animal, glutamine is a plentiful and very useful amino acid. Glutamine consumption in the body of animals in normal or disease conditions is the same or higher than the glucose. Many in vivo as well as in vitro experiments have been conducted to evaluate the importance of glutamine. Glutamine is a valuable nutrient for the proliferation of the lymphocytes. It also plays a crucial role in the production of cytokines, macrophages, phagocytic, and neutrophil to kill the bacteria. Most of the metabolic organs like the liver, gut, and skeletal muscles control the circulation and availability secretion of glutamine. In catabolic and hypercatabolic conditions, glutamine can turn out to be essential and plays a vital role in metabolism; however, availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. This is why the supplementation of glutamine is commonly used in clinical nutrition and is especially recommended to immune-suppressed persons. Despite this, in catabolic and hyper-catabolic conditions, it is challenging due to the amino acid concentration in plasma/bloodstream and glutamine should be provided via either the oral, enteral or parenteral route. However, the effect of glutamine as an immune-based supplement has been previously recognized as many research studies conducted in vivo and in-vitro evaluated the beneficial effects of glutamine. Hence, the present study delivers a combined review of glutamine metabolism in essential organs of the cell immune system. In this review, we have also reviewed the metabolism and action of glutamine and crucial problems due to glutamine supplementation in catabolic conditions.
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14
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Gonçalves DC, Lira FS, Yamashita AS, Carnevali Junior LC, Eder R, Laviano A, Seelaender MCL. Liver lipid metabolism disruption in cancer cachexia is aggravated by cla supplementation -induced inflammation. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:2219-2230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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de Alteriis E, Cartenì F, Parascandola P, Serpa J, Mazzoleni S. Revisiting the Crabtree/Warburg effect in a dynamic perspective: a fitness advantage against sugar-induced cell death. Cell Cycle 2019; 17:688-701. [PMID: 29509056 PMCID: PMC5969562 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1442622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the Warburg effect in mammalian cells, as well as for the similar Crabtree effect in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are still a matter of debate: why do cells shift from the energy-efficient respiration to the energy-inefficient fermentation at high sugar concentration? This review reports on the strong similarities of these phenomena in both cell types, discusses the current ideas, and provides a novel interpretation of their common functional mechanism in a dynamic perspective. This is achieved by analysing another phenomenon, the sugar-induced-cell-death (SICD) occurring in yeast at high sugar concentration, to highlight the link between ATP depletion and cell death. The integration between SICD and the dynamic functioning of the glycolytic process, suggests that the Crabtree/Warburg effect may be interpreted as the avoidance of ATP depletion in those conditions where glucose uptake is higher than the downstream processing capability of the second phase of glycolysis. It follows that the down-regulation of respiration is strategic for cell survival allowing the allocation of more resources to the fermentation pathway, thus maintaining the cell energetic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- b Lab Applied Ecology and System Dynamics, Dip. Agraria , Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Portici ( NA ), Italy
| | - Palma Parascandola
- c Dip. Ingegneria Industriale , Università di Salerno , Fisciano ( SA ), Italy
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- d Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campo Mártires da Pátria 130 , Lisbon , Portugal.,e Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG) , Rua Prof Lima Basto 1099-023 , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- b Lab Applied Ecology and System Dynamics, Dip. Agraria , Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Portici ( NA ), Italy
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Shimizu K, Matsuoka Y. Regulation of glycolytic flux and overflow metabolism depending on the source of energy generation for energy demand. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:284-305. [PMID: 30576718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overflow metabolism is a common phenomenon observed at higher glycolytic flux in many bacteria, yeast (known as Crabtree effect), and mammalian cells including cancer cells (known as Warburg effect). This phenomenon has recently been characterized as the trade-offs between protein costs and enzyme efficiencies based on coarse-graining approaches. Moreover, it has been recognized that the glycolytic flux increases as the source of energy generation changes from energetically efficient respiration to inefficient respiro-fermentative or fermentative metabolism causing overflow metabolism. It is highly desired to clarify the metabolic regulation mechanisms behind such phenomena. Metabolic fluxes are located on top of the hierarchical regulation systems, and represent the outcome of the integrated response of all levels of cellular regulation systems. In the present article, we discuss about the different levels of regulation systems for the modulation of fluxes depending on the growth rate, growth condition such as oxygen limitation that alters the metabolism towards fermentation, and genetic perturbation affecting the source of energy generation from respiration to respiro-fermentative metabolism in relation to overflow metabolism. The intracellular metabolite of the upper glycolysis such as fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) plays an important role not only for flux sensing, but also for the regulation of the respiratory activity either directly or indirectly (via transcription factors) at higher growth rate. The glycolytic flux regulation is backed up (enhanced) by unphosphorylated EIIA and HPr of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) components, together with the sugar-phosphate stress regulation, where the transcriptional regulation is further modulated by post-transcriptional regulation via the degradation of mRNA (stability of mRNA) in Escherichia coli. Moreover, the channeling may also play some role in modulating the glycolytic cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
| | - Yu Matsuoka
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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Kelly RA, Leedale J, Harrell A, Beard DA, Randle LE, Chadwick AE, Webb SD. Modelling the impact of changes in the extracellular environment on the cytosolic free NAD+/NADH ratio during cell culture. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207803. [PMID: 30496306 PMCID: PMC6264472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on glucose metabolism via glycolysis as a primary energy source, despite the presence of oxygen and fully functioning mitochondria, in order to promote growth, proliferation and longevity. Glycolysis relies upon NAD+ to accept electrons in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) reaction, linking the redox state of the cytosolic NAD+ pool to glycolytic rate. The free cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio is involved in over 700 oxidoreductive enzymatic reactions and as such, the NAD+/NADH ratio is regarded as a metabolic readout of overall cellular redox state. Many experimental techniques that monitor or measure total NAD+ and NADH are unable to distinguish between protein-bound and unbound forms. Yet total NAD+/NADH measurements yield little information, since it is the free forms of NAD+ and NADH that determine the kinetic and thermodynamic influence of redox potential on glycolytic rate. Indirect estimations of free NAD+/NADH are based on the lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio at chemical equilibrium, but these measurements are often undermined by high lability. To elucidate the sensitivity of the free NAD+/NADH ratio to changes in extracellular substrate, an in silico model of hepatocarcinoma glycolysis was constructed and validated against in vitro data. Model simulations reveal that over experimentally relevant concentrations, changes in extracellular glucose and lactate concentration during routine cancer cell culture can lead to significant deviations in the NAD+/NADH ratio. Based on the principles of chemical equilibrium, the model provides a platform from which experimentally challenging situations may be examined, suggesting that extracellular substrates play an important role in cellular redox and bioenergetic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A. Kelly
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Leedale
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andy Harrell
- GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for Research, Ware, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Beard
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Randle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Chadwick
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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18
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Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111564. [PMID: 30360490 PMCID: PMC6266414 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Noel Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients 2018. [PMID: 30360490 DOI: 10.20944/preprints201809.0459.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities, and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver, and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g., ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes), it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine supplementation (oral/enteral or parenteral) should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma/bloodstream concentration (also known as glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune-based effects of glutamine supplementation are already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review of how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism and action, and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Cruzat
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia. .,Faculty of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne 3065, Australia.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Noel Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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20
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A past and present overview of macrophage metabolism and functional outcomes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1329-1342. [PMID: 28592702 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In 1986 and 1987, Philip Newsholme et al. reported macrophages utilize glutamine, as well as glucose, at high rates. These authors measured key enzyme activities and consumption and production levels of metabolites in incubated or cultured macrophages isolated from the mouse or rat intraperitoneal cavity. Metabolic pathways essential for macrophage function were then determined. Macrophages utilize glucose to generate (i) ATP in the pathways of glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, (ii) glycerol 3-phosphate for the synthesis of phospholipids and triacylglycerols, (iii) NADPH for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (iv) ribose for the synthesis of RNA and subsequently production and secretion of protein mediators (e.g. cytokines). Glutamine plays an essential role in macrophage metabolism and function, as it is required for energy production but also provides nitrogen for synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and thus RNA. Macrophages also utilize fatty acids for both energy production in the mitochondria and lipid synthesis essential to plasma membrane turnover and lipid meditator production. Recent studies utilizing metabolomic approaches, transcriptional and metabolite tracking technologies have detailed mitochondrial release of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates (e.g. citrate and succinate) to the cytosol, which then regulate pro-inflammatory responses. Macrophages can reprogramme their metabolism and function according to environmental conditions and stimuli in order to polarize phenotype so generating pro- or anti-inflammatory cells. Changes in macrophage metabolism result in modified function/phenotype and vice versa. The plasticity of macrophage metabolism allows the cell to quickly respond to changes in environmental conditions such as those induced by hormones and/or inflammation. A past and present overview of macrophage metabolism and impact of endocrine regulation and the relevance to human disease are described in this review.
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Herrera-Cruz MS, Simmen T. Cancer: Untethering Mitochondria from the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Front Oncol 2017; 7:105. [PMID: 28603693 PMCID: PMC5445141 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) as a hub for lipid metabolism in 1990 and its description as one of the first examples for membrane contact sites at the turn of the century, the past decade has seen the emergence of this structure as a potential regulator of cancer growth and metabolism. The mechanistic basis for this hypothesis is that the MAM accommodates flux of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria. This flux then determines mitochondrial ATP production, known to be low in many tumors as part of the Warburg effect. However, low mitochondrial Ca2+ flux also reduces the propensity of tumor cells to undergo apoptosis, another cancer hallmark. Numerous regulators of this flux have been recently identified as MAM proteins. Not surprisingly, many fall into the groups of tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Given the important role that the MAM could play in cancer, it is expected that proteins mediating its formation are particularly implicated in tumorigenesis. Examples for such proteins are mitofusin-2 and phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 that likely act as tumor suppressors. This review discusses how these proteins that mediate or regulate ER–mitochondria tethering are (or are not) promoting or inhibiting tumorigenesis. The emerging picture of MAMs in cancer seems to indicate that in addition to the downregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ import, MAM defects are but one way how cancer cells control mitochondria metabolism and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sol Herrera-Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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22
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Vander Heiden MG, DeBerardinis RJ. Understanding the Intersections between Metabolism and Cancer Biology. Cell 2017; 168:657-669. [PMID: 28187287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1412] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transformed cells adapt metabolism to support tumor initiation and progression. Specific metabolic activities can participate directly in the process of transformation or support the biological processes that enable tumor growth. Exploiting cancer metabolism for clinical benefit requires defining the pathways that are limiting for cancer progression and understanding the context specificity of metabolic preferences and liabilities in malignant cells. Progress toward answering these questions is providing new insight into cancer biology and can guide the more effective targeting of metabolism to help patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Vander Heiden
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.
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Chillemi A, Quarona V, Antonioli L, Ferrari D, Horenstein AL, Malavasi F. Roles and Modalities of Ectonucleotidases in Remodeling the Multiple Myeloma Niche. Front Immunol 2017; 8:305. [PMID: 28373875 PMCID: PMC5357780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoenzymes are cell surface molecules, which represent functional bridges between the environment and the cytoplasm. One set of ectoenzymes—CD39, CD38, CD203a, and CD73—leads to the generation of adenosine (ADO) by metabolizing ATP and NAD+. While ADO is known to control inflammation and suppress immune responses, other aspects of ADO function are still obscure, mainly due to its short half-life in biological fluids. Human multiple myeloma (MM) grows in the closed system of the bone marrow (BM) niche representing an ideal setting for studying ectoenzymes and their products. Another source of information on ectoenzyme function may derive from in vivo results of anti-CD38 antibody therapy in MM. Current results, obtained from in vitro models and from preliminary in vivo findings, indicate that ectoenzymes produce ADO locally in the BM niche. Furthermore, MM cells release microvesicles (MV), which thanks to their molecular cargo and surface ectoenzymes may function as particulate communicators outside of the niche. During anti-CD38 antibody therapy, the MV carry therapeutic IgG, determining that the prevalent orientation of MV will be toward cells and tissues expressing receptors for the IgG Fc domain. The resulting picture is one where MM adopts an immune escape strategy based on reshaping the environmental niche. This adaptation is followed by actions of MV that are exerted in biological fluids and circulating immune cells. By coating FcRs+ cells, MV modify pericellular spaces, reproducing the metabolic halo generated by ectoenzymes within closed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Chillemi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Valeria Quarona
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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Regulatory principles in metabolism–then and now. Biochem J 2016; 473:1845-57. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of metabolic pathways for life and the nature of participating reactions have challenged physiologists and biochemists for over a hundred years. Eric Arthur Newsholme contributed many original hypotheses and concepts to the field of metabolic regulation, demonstrating that metabolic pathways have a fundamental thermodynamic structure and that near identical regulatory mechanisms exist in multiple species across the animal kingdom. His work at Oxford University from the 1970s to 1990s was groundbreaking and led to better understanding of development and demise across the lifespan as well as the basis of metabolic disruption responsible for the development of obesity, diabetes and many other conditions. In the present review we describe some of the original work of Eric Newsholme, its relevance to metabolic homoeostasis and disease and application to present state-of-the-art studies, which generate substantial amounts of data that are extremely difficult to interpret without a fundamental understanding of regulatory principles. Eric's work is a classical example of how one can unravel very complex problems by considering regulation from a cell, tissue and whole body perspective, thus bringing together metabolic biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology, opening new avenues that now drive discovery decades thereafter.
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Molina N, Bolin A, Otton R. Green tea polyphenols change the profile of inflammatory cytokine release from lymphocytes of obese and lean rats and protect against oxidative damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:985-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pandita A, Kumar B, Manvati S, Vaishnavi S, Singh SK, Bamezai RNK. Synergistic combination of gemcitabine and dietary molecule induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells and down regulates PKM2 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107154. [PMID: 25197966 PMCID: PMC4157832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine, an effective agent in treatment of cancer of pancreas, has undergone failures in many instances after multiple cycles of therapy due to emergence of drug resistance. Combination of dietary compounds with clinically validated drugs has emerged as an effective therapeutic approach to treat pancreatic tumors, refractory to gemcitabine therapy. In order to optimize a possible synergistic combination of Gemcitabine (GCB) with dietary molecules, Betuilnic acid (BA) and Thymoquinone (TQ), stand-alone IC50 dose of GCB, BA and TQ was calculated for pancreatic cancer cell lines. Fixed IC50 dose ratio of the dietary molecules in combination with reduced IC50 dose of GCB was tested on GCB resistant PANC-1 and sensitive MIA PaCa-2 cells for synergism, additive response and antagonism, using calcusyn. Combination index (CI) revealed that pre-treatment of BA and TQ along with GCB synergistically inhibited the cancer cell proliferation in in-vitro experiments. Pyruvate kinase (PK) M2 isoform, a promising target involved in cancer cell metabolism, showed down-regulation in presence of TQ or BA in combination with GCB. GCB with BA acted preferentially on tumor mitochondria and triggered mitochondrial permeability transition. Pre-exposure of the cell lines, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, to TQ in combination with GCB induced apoptosis. Thus, the effectiveness of BA or TQ in combination with GCB to inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and down-regulate the expression of PKM2, reflects promise in pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Pandita
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
| | - Bhupender Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Manvati
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
| | - Samantha Vaishnavi
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
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Bahitham W, Liao X, Peng F, Bamforth F, Chan A, Mason A, Stone B, Stothard P, Sergi C. Mitochondriome and cholangiocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104694. [PMID: 25137133 PMCID: PMC4138114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA) of the liver was the target of more interest, recently, due mainly to its increased incidence and possible association to new environmental factors. Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been found in several cancers. Some of these malignancies contain changes of mtDNA, which are not or, very rarely, found in the mtDNA databases. In terms of evolutionary genetics and oncology, these data are extremely interesting and may be considered a sign of poor fitness, which may conduct in some way to different cellular processes, including carcinogenesis. MitoChip analysis is a strong tool for investigations in experimental oncology and was carried out on three CCA cell lines (HuCCT1, Huh-28 and OZ) with different outcome in human and a Papova-immortalized normal hepatocyte cell line (THLE-3). Real time quantitative PCR, western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, and metabolic assays including L-Lactate and NAD+/NADH assays were meticulously used to identify mtDNA copy number, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) content, ultrastructural morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and differential composition of metabolites, respectively. Among 102 mtDNA changes observed in the CCA cell lines, 28 were non-synonymous coding region alterations resulting in an amino acid change. Thirty-eight were synonymous and 30 involved ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) regions. We found three new heteroplasmic mutations in two CCA cell lines (HuCCT1 and Huh-28). Interestingly, mtDNA copy number was decreased in all three CCA cell lines, while complexes I and III were decreased with depolarization of mitochondria. L-Lactate and NAD+/NADH assays were increased in all three CCA cell lines. MtDNA alterations seem to be a common event in CCA. This is the first study using MitoChip analysis with comprehensive metabolic studies in CCA cell lines potentially creating a platform for future studies on the interactions between normal and neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Bahitham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fred Peng
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fiona Bamforth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alicia Chan
- Department of Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Mason
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley Stone
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Gierok P, Harms M, Richter E, Hildebrandt JP, Lalk M, Mostertz J, Hochgräfe F. Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin mediates general and cell type-specific changes in metabolite concentrations of immortalized human airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94818. [PMID: 24733556 PMCID: PMC3986243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin (Hla) is a potent pore-forming cytotoxin that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections, including pneumonia. The impact of Hla on the dynamics of the metabolome in eukaryotic host cells has not been investigated comprehensively. Using 1H-NMR, GC-MS and HPLC-MS, we quantified the concentrations of 51 intracellular metabolites and assessed alterations in the amount of 25 extracellular metabolites in the two human bronchial epithelial cell lines S9 and 16HBE14o− under standard culture conditions and after treatment with sub-lethal amounts (2 µg/ml) of recombinant Hla (rHla) in a time-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with rHla caused substantial decreases in the concentrations of intracellular metabolites from different metabolic pathways in both cell lines, including ATP and amino acids. Concomitant increases in the extracellular concentrations were detected for various intracellular compounds, including nucleotides, glutathione disulfide and NAD+. Our results indicate that rHla has a major impact on the metabolome of eukaryotic cells as a consequence of direct rHla-mediated alterations in plasma membrane permeability or indirect effects mediated by cellular signalling. However, cell-specific changes also were observed. Glucose consumption and lactate production rates suggest that the glycolytic activity of S9 cells, but not of 16HBE14o− cells, is increased in response to rHla. This could contribute to the observed higher level of resistance of S9 cells against rHla-induced membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gierok
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manuela Harms
- Competence Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Erik Richter
- Competence Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Mostertz
- Competence Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Falko Hochgräfe
- Competence Center Functional Genomics, Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Yang C, Harrison C, Jin ES, Chuang DT, Sherry AD, Malloy CR, Merritt ME, DeBerardinis RJ. Simultaneous steady-state and dynamic 13C NMR can differentiate alternative routes of pyruvate metabolism in living cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6212-6224. [PMID: 24415759 PMCID: PMC3937686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming facilitates cancer cell growth, so quantitative metabolic flux measurements could produce useful biomarkers. However, current methods to analyze flux in vivo provide either a steady-state overview of relative activities (infusion of (13)C and analysis of extracted metabolites) or a dynamic view of a few reactions (hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy). Moreover, although hyperpolarization has successfully quantified pyruvate-lactate exchanges, its ability to assess mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is unproven in cancer. Here, we combined (13)C hyperpolarization and isotopomer analysis to quantify multiple fates of pyruvate simultaneously. Two cancer cell lines with divergent pyruvate metabolism were incubated with thermally polarized [3-(13)C]pyruvate for several hours, then briefly exposed to hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate during acquisition of NMR spectra using selective excitation to maximize detection of H[(13)C]O3(-) and [1-(13)C]lactate. Metabolites were then extracted and subjected to isotopomer analysis to determine relative rates of pathways involving [3-(13)C]pyruvate. Quantitation of hyperpolarized H[(13)C]O3(-) provided a single definitive metabolic rate, which was then used to convert relative rates derived from isotopomer analysis into quantitative fluxes. This revealed that H[(13)C]O3(-) appearance reflects activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase rather than pyruvate carboxylation followed by subsequent decarboxylation reactions. Glucose substantially altered [1-(13)C]pyruvate metabolism, enhancing exchanges with [1-(13)C]lactate and suppressing H[(13)C]O3(-) formation. Furthermore, inhibiting Akt, an oncogenic kinase that stimulates glycolysis, reversed these effects, indicating that metabolism of pyruvate by both LDH and pyruvate dehydrogenase is subject to the acute effects of oncogenic signaling on glycolysis. The data suggest that combining (13)C isotopomer analyses and dynamic hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy may enable quantitative flux measurements in living tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendong Yang
- From the Children's Medical Center Research Institute
| | | | | | | | | | - Craig R. Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Healthcare System, Lancaster, Texas 75216
| | - Matthew E. Merritt
- Advanced Imaging Research Center
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texa 75390 and
| | - Ralph J. DeBerardinis
- From the Children's Medical Center Research Institute
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development
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Maciolek JA, Pasternak JA, Wilson HL. Metabolism of activated T lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 27:60-74. [PMID: 24556090 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activated T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming which promotes glycolytic flux and lactate production as well as elevated production of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other carbohydrates (i.e. induction of biomass) even in the presence of oxygen. Activated T cells show induced expression of, among other things, Glucose Transporter 1 and several glycolytic enzymes, including ADP-Dependent Glucokinase and the low affinity isoform Pyruvate Kinase-M2 (which promote glycolytic flux), as well Glutamine Transporters and Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase 2 which make available glutamate and glycerol-3-phosphate as mitochondrial energy sources. Intracellular leucine concentrations critically regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to promote Th1, Th2, and Th17 CD4(+) T effector cell differentiation. In contrast, T regulatory (Treg) cells are generated when AMP-Activating Protein Kinase signaling is activated and mTOR activation is suppressed. Unlike effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Tregs and memory T cells oxidize fatty acids for fuel. Effector and memory T cells perform different functions and thus show distinct metabolic profiles which are exquisitely controlled by cellular signaling. Upon activation, T cells express the insulin and leptin receptors on their surface and become sensitive to insulin signaling and nutrient availability and show changes in differentiation. Thus, metabolism and nutrient availability influence T cell activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Maciolek
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, S7N 5E3, Canada.
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31
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PKM2, a Central Point of Regulation in Cancer Metabolism. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:242513. [PMID: 23476652 PMCID: PMC3586519 DOI: 10.1155/2013/242513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is the dominant metabolic pathway utilized by cancer cells, owing to its ability to divert glucose metabolites from ATP production towards the synthesis of cellular building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids) to meet the demands of proliferation. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) catalyzes the final and also a rate-limiting reaction in the glycolytic pathway. In the PK family, PKM2 is subjected to a complex regulation by both oncogenes and tumour suppressors, which allows for a fine-tone regulation of PKM2 activity. The less active form of PKM2 drives glucose through the route of aerobic glycolysis, while active PKM2 directs glucose towards oxidative metabolism. Additionally, PKM2 possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity and plays a role in modulating gene expression and thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. We will discuss our current understanding of PKM2's regulation and its many contributions to tumorigenesis.
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Navarro F, Bacurau AVN, Pereira GB, Araújo RC, Almeida SS, Moraes MR, Uchida MC, Costa Rosa LFBP, Navalta J, Prestes J, Bacurau RFP. Moderate exercise increases the metabolism and immune function of lymphocytes in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1343-52. [PMID: 23212119 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise modulates both glucose and glutamine metabolism which influences lymphocyte function. We investigated the influence of chronic moderate exercise on glucose and glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes, the associated influence on proliferation, and cytokine and immunoglobulin production. Male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were placed in an exercise training group (N = 15, 1 h day(-1) at 60 % VO₂max, 5 days week(-1)) for 8 weeks of exercise, or a sedentary control group. Twenty-four hours following the final training session, lymphocytes were separated, and the incorporation of [U-14C]-glucose, [U-14C]-glutamine, and [2-14C]-thymidine from the supernatant was measured. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and glutaminase was measured. Lymphocytes were stimulated with ConA and LPS and incubated with the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and plasma IgG and IgE were measured. Glutamine metabolism increased in both T and B lymphocytes in the trained group. In the trained group, proliferative capacity increased T lymphocytes under ConA stimulation, and increased B lymphocytes with LPS. There was a significant increase in IL-2 production and decrease in IL-4 in the trained group compared with sedentary controls. IL-2R and TNFR increased in trained rats while IL-4R decreased and were more pronounced in T lymphocytes compared with B lymphocytes. In both lymphocyte subsets, exercise training significantly increased the expression of CD54+ and CD30+ cell markers. Exercise training increased plasma IgG compared with the sedentary group. In conclusion, moderate exercise training improves immune function and metabolism in T and B lymphocytes, reflecting an increased ability to respond to immune challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Navarro
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhao, Av. dos Portugueses, S/N, São Luís, MA CEP 65085-580, Brazil
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Bordbar A, Mo ML, Nakayasu ES, Schrimpe-Rutledge AC, Kim YM, Metz TO, Jones MB, Frank BC, Smith RD, Peterson SN, Hyduke DR, Adkins JN, Palsson BO. Model-driven multi-omic data analysis elucidates metabolic immunomodulators of macrophage activation. Mol Syst Biol 2012; 8:558. [PMID: 22735334 PMCID: PMC3397418 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central players in immune response, manifesting divergent phenotypes to control inflammation and innate immunity through release of cytokines and other signaling factors. Recently, the focus on metabolism has been reemphasized as critical signaling and regulatory pathways of human pathophysiology, ranging from cancer to aging, often converge on metabolic responses. Here, we used genome-scale modeling and multi-omics (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) analysis to assess metabolic features that are critical for macrophage activation. We constructed a genome-scale metabolic network for the RAW 264.7 cell line to determine metabolic modulators of activation. Metabolites well-known to be associated with immunoactivation (glucose and arginine) and immunosuppression (tryptophan and vitamin D3) were among the most critical effectors. Intracellular metabolic mechanisms were assessed, identifying a suppressive role for de-novo nucleotide synthesis. Finally, underlying metabolic mechanisms of macrophage activation are identified by analyzing multi-omic data obtained from LPS-stimulated RAW cells in the context of our flux-based predictions. Our study demonstrates metabolism's role in regulating activation may be greater than previously anticipated and elucidates underlying connections between activation and metabolic effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarash Bordbar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monica L Mo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Young-Mo Kim
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Bryan C Frank
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel R Hyduke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Khazaei T, McGuigan A, Mahadevan R. Ensemble modeling of cancer metabolism. Front Physiol 2012; 3:135. [PMID: 22623918 PMCID: PMC3353412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic behavior of cancer cells is adapted to meet their proliferative needs, with notable changes such as enhanced lactate secretion and glucose uptake rates. In this work, we use the Ensemble Modeling (EM) framework to gain insight and predict potential drug targets for tumor cells. EM generates a set of models which span the space of kinetic parameters that are constrained by thermodynamics. Perturbation data based on known targets are used to screen the entire ensemble of models to obtain a sub-set, which is increasingly predictive. EM allows for incorporation of regulatory information and captures the behavior of enzymatic reactions at the molecular level by representing reactions in the elementary reaction form. In this study, a metabolic network consisting of 58 reactions is considered and accounts for glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and includes allosteric regulation of key enzymes. Experimentally measured intracellular and extracellular metabolite concentrations are used for developing the ensemble of models along with information on established drug targets. The resulting models predicted transaldolase (TALA) and succinyl-CoA ligase (SUCOAS1m) to cause a significant reduction in growth rate when repressed, relative to currently known drug targets. Furthermore, the results suggest that the synergistic repression of transaldolase and glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (GHMT2r) will lead to a threefold decrease in growth rate compared to the repression of single enzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Khazaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Sun F, Dai C, Xie J, Hu X. Biochemical issues in estimation of cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34525. [PMID: 22570687 PMCID: PMC3343042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio is fundamentally important in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis but current techniques cannot distinguish between protein-bound and free NAD/NADH. Williamson et al reported a method to estimate this ratio by cytosolic lactate/pyruvate (L/P) based on the principle of chemical equilibrium. Numerous studies used L/P ratio to estimate the cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio by assuming that the conversion in cells was at near-equilibrium but not verifying how near it was. In addition, it seems accepted that cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio was a dependent variable responding to the change of L/P ratio. In this study, we show (1) that the change of lactate/glucose (percentage of glucose that converts to lactate by cells) and L/P ratio could measure the status of conversion between pyruvate + NADH and lactate + NAD that tends to or gets away from equilibrium; (2) that cytosolic free NAD/NADH could be accurately estimated by L/P only when the conversion is at or very close to equilibrium otherwise a calculation error by one order of magnitude could be introduced; (3) that cytosolic free NAD/NADH is stable and L/P is highly labile, that the highly labile L/P is crucial to maintain the homeostasis of NAD/NADH; (4) that cytosolic free NAD/NADH is dependent on oxygen levels. Our study resolved the key issues regarding accurate estimation of cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio and the relationship between NAD/NADH and L/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Dai
- Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Xie
- Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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36
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Lunt SY, Vander Heiden MG. Aerobic glycolysis: meeting the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2012; 27:441-64. [PMID: 21985671 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2059] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Warburg's observation that cancer cells exhibit a high rate of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis) sparked debate over the role of glycolysis in normal and cancer cells. Although it has been established that defects in mitochondrial respiration are not the cause of cancer or aerobic glycolysis, the advantages of enhanced glycolysis in cancer remain controversial. Many cells ranging from microbes to lymphocytes use aerobic glycolysis during rapid proliferation, which suggests it may play a fundamental role in supporting cell growth. Here, we review how glycolysis contributes to the metabolic processes of dividing cells. We provide a detailed accounting of the biosynthetic requirements to construct a new cell and illustrate the importance of glycolysis in providing carbons to generate biomass. We argue that the major function of aerobic glycolysis is to maintain high levels of glycolytic intermediates to support anabolic reactions in cells, thus providing an explanation for why increased glucose metabolism is selected for in proliferating cells throughout nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Y Lunt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Synthesis of cytochrome C oxidase 2: a p53-dependent metabolic regulator that promotes respiratory function and protects glioma and colon cancer cells from hypoxia-induced cell death. Oncogene 2011; 31:3764-76. [PMID: 22120717 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
P53 has an important role in the processing of starvation signals. P53-dependent molecular mediators of the Warburg effect reduce glucose consumption and promote mitochondrial function. We therefore hypothesized that the retention of wild-type p53 characteristic of primary glioblastomas limits metabolic demands induced by deregulated signal transduction in the presence of hypoxia and nutrient depletion. Here we report that short hairpin RNA-mediated gene suppression of wild-type p53 or ectopic expression of mutant temperature-sensitive dominant-negative p53(V135A) increased glucose consumption and lactate production, decreased oxygen consumption and enhanced hypoxia-induced cell death in p53 wild-type human glioblastoma cells. Similarly, genetic knockout of p53 in HCT116 colon carcinoma cells resulted in reduced respiration and hypersensitivity towards hypoxia-induced cell death. Further, wild-type p53 gene silencing reduced the expression of synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2), an effector necessary for respiratory chain function. An SCO2 transgene reverted the metabolic phenotype and restored resistance towards hypoxia in p53-depleted and p53 mutant glioma cells in a rotenone-sensitive manner, demonstrating that this effect was dependent on intact oxidative phosphorylation. Supplementation with methyl-pyruvate, a mitochondrial substrate, rescued p53 wild-type but not p53 mutant cells from hypoxic cell death, demonstrating a p53-mediated selective aptitude to metabolize mitochondrial substrates. Further, SCO2 gene silencing in p53 wild-type glioma cells sensitized these cells towards hypoxia. Finally, lentiviral gene suppression of SCO2 significantly enhanced tumor necrosis in a subcutaneous HCT116 xenograft tumor model, compatible with impaired energy metabolism in these cells. These findings demonstrate that glioma and colon cancer cells with p53 wild-type status can skew the Warburg effect and thereby reduce their vulnerability towards tumor hypoxia in an SCO2-dependent manner. Targeting SCO2 may therefore represent a valuable strategy to enhance sensitivity towards hypoxia and may complement strategies targeting glucose metabolism.
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Porporato PE, Dhup S, Dadhich RK, Copetti T, Sonveaux P. Anticancer targets in the glycolytic metabolism of tumors: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:49. [PMID: 21904528 PMCID: PMC3161244 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CANCER IS A METABOLIC DISEASE AND THE SOLUTION OF TWO METABOLIC EQUATIONS: to produce energy with limited resources and to fulfill the biosynthetic needs of proliferating cells. Both equations are solved when glycolysis is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a process known as the glycolytic switch. This review addresses in a comprehensive manner the main molecular events accounting for high-rate glycolysis in cancer. It starts from modulation of the Pasteur Effect allowing short-term adaptation to hypoxia, highlights the key role exerted by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1 in long-term adaptation to hypoxia, and summarizes the current knowledge concerning the necessary involvement of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) in cancer cell proliferation. Based on the many observations positioning glycolysis as a central player in malignancy, the most advanced anticancer treatments targeting tumor glycolysis are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, University of Louvain Medical School Brussels, Belgium
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Insight into human alveolar macrophage and M. tuberculosis interactions via metabolic reconstructions. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 6:422. [PMID: 20959820 PMCID: PMC2990636 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A human alveolar macrophage genome-scale metabolic reconstruction was reconstructed from tailoring a global human metabolic network, Recon 1, by using computational algorithms and manual curation. A genome-scale host–pathogen network of the human alveolar macrophage and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is presented. This involved integrating two genome-scale network reconstructions. The reaction activity and gene essentiality predictions of the host–pathogen model represent a more accurate depiction of infection. Integration of high-throughput data into a host-pathogen model followed by systems analysis was performed in order to elucidate major metabolic differences under different types of M. tuberculosis infection.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is an insidious and highly persistent pathogen that affects one-third of the world's population (WHO, 2009). Metabolism is foundational to M. tb's infection ability and the ensuing host–pathogen interactions. In addition, M. tb has a heterogeneous clinical presentation and can infect virtually every tissue. Depending on the location of the infection, different metabolic pathways are active and inactive in both the host and pathogen cells. In this study, we sought to model the host–pathogen interactions of the human alveolar macrophage and M. tb as well as detail the metabolic differences in specific infection types using genome-scale metabolic reconstructions (Figure 4A). Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions are knowledge bases of all known metabolic reactions of a given organism. Reconstructions have been shown to elucidate the mechanistic genotype-to-phenotype relationship through the integration of high-throughput and physiological data (Oberhardt et al, 2009). Genome-scale reconstructions are converted into mathematical models under the constraints-based reconstruction and analysis (COBRA) platform (Becker et al, 2007). COBRA models use network stoichiometry and steady-state mass balances to define a solution space of potential flux states that a network can take. Thus, the COBRA approach does not require kinetic parameters. Recently, the global human metabolic network, Recon 1, has been reconstructed (Duarte et al, 2007). To understand the metabolic host–pathogen integrations of M. tb with its human host, we first tailored the global human metabolic network into a cell-specific metabolic reconstruction of the human alveolar macrophage. This was carried out using established computational algorithms (Becker and Palsson, 2008; Shlomi et al, 2008) and manual curation to confirm the included and excluded reactions. The human alveolar macrophage reconstruction, iAB-AMØ-1410, accounts for 1410 genes, 3012 intracellular reactions, and 2572 metabolites (Figure 4C). iAB-AMØ-1410 was able to accurately predict maximum ATP and NO production rates obtained from experimental data (Griscavage et al, 1993; Newsholme et al, 1999). The second step to studying host–pathogen interactions was integration of the human alveolar macrophage reconstruction with an existing genome-scale metabolic model of M. tb, iNJ661 (Jamshidi and Palsson, 2007). Interfacial constraints were set to create a phagosomal environment that was hypoxic, nitrosative, rich in fatty acids, and poor in carbohydrates. From the onset, it was apparent that some oxygen (<15% of in vitro uptake) was required for proper simulations. In addition, algorithmic tailoring of the M. tb biomass objective function was performed to better represent an infectious state. The integrated host–pathogen metabolic reconstruction was dubbed iAB-AMØ-1410-Mt-661. Analysis of the integrated host–pathogen metabolic reconstruction resulted in three main findings. First, by setting interfacial constraints and tailoring the biomass objective function, the solution space better represents an infectious state. Without adding artificial constraints to the host portion of the integrated model, the iAB-AMØ-1410 solution space is greatly reduced (Figure 4B). Macrophage glycolysis and nitric oxide production are up-regulated and macrophage ATP production, nucleotide synthesis, and amino-acid metabolism are suppressed. In addition, M. tb glycolysis is suppressed and isocitrate lyase is up-regulated for generation of acetyl-CoA. Fatty acid oxidation pathways and production of mycolic acids are increased, while production of nucleotides, peptidoglycans, and phenolic glycolipids are reduced. The modified solution space of the alveolar macrophage and M. tb better represents the infectious state. Second, the host-pathogen model more accurately predicts M. tb gene deletion tests than the current in vitro model, iNJ661. The host-pathogen model predicted 11 essential genes and 37 unessential genes differently than iNJ661. A total of 22 of the differentially predicted genes have been experimentally characterized (Sassetti and Rubin, 2003; Sohaskey, 2008). The host-pathogen model correctly predicted 18 of the 22 genes. Thus, iAB-AMØ-1410-Mt-661 is a more accurate platform for studying infectious states of M. tb. Finally, we sought to determine metabolic differences in both the macrophage and M. tb between three different types of infection: latent, pulmonary, and meningeal. Transcription profiling data of the macrophage for the three infections (Thuong et al, 2008) were integrated in the context of the host–pathogen network to elucidate the reaction activity of the three infections. There was wide heterogeneity in the three infection states; some of these differences are highlighted. Macrophage hyaluronan synthase and export were only active in the pulmonary infection. This is potentially interesting from a pharmaceutical viewpoint as hyaluronan has been implicated as a potential carbon source for extracellular M. tb (Hirayama et al, 2009). In addition, we detected metabolic activity differences in M. tb pathways that have been previously discussed as potential drug targets (Eoh et al, 2007; Boshoff et al, 2008). Polyprenyl metabolic reactions were only active in the latent state infection, while de novo synthesis of nicotinamide cofactors was only active in latent and meningeal M. tb infections. Host-pathogen modeling represents a novel approach for studying metabolic interactions during infection. iAB-AMØ-1410-Mt-661 is a more accurate platform for understanding the biology and pathophysiology of M. tb infection. Most importantly, genome-scale metabolic reconstructions can act as scaffolds for integrating high-throughput data. Particularly, in this study we were able to discern reaction activity differences between different infection types. Metabolic coupling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to its host is foundational to its pathogenesis. Computational genome-scale metabolic models have shown utility in integrating -omic as well as physiologic data for systemic, mechanistic analysis of metabolism. To date, integrative analysis of host–pathogen interactions using in silico mass-balanced, genome-scale models has not been performed. We, therefore, constructed a cell-specific alveolar macrophage model, iAB-AMØ-1410, from the global human metabolic reconstruction, Recon 1. The model successfully predicted experimentally verified ATP and nitric oxide production rates in macrophages. This model was then integrated with an M. tuberculosis H37Rv model, iNJ661, to build an integrated host–pathogen genome-scale reconstruction, iAB-AMØ-1410-Mt-661. The integrated host–pathogen network enables simulation of the metabolic changes during infection. The resulting reaction activity and gene essentiality targets of the integrated model represent an altered infectious state. High-throughput data from infected macrophages were mapped onto the host–pathogen network and were able to describe three distinct pathological states. Integrated host–pathogen reconstructions thus form a foundation upon which understanding the biology and pathophysiology of infections can be developed.
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Changes in glucose and glutamine lymphocyte metabolisms induced by type I interferon α. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:364290. [PMID: 21234393 PMCID: PMC3017935 DOI: 10.1155/2010/364290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In lymphocytes (LY), the well-documented antiproliferative effects of IFN-α are associated with inhibition of protein synthesis, decreased amino acid incorporation, and cell cycle arrest. However, the effects of this cytokine on the metabolism of glucose and glutamine in these cells have not been well investigated. Thus, mesenteric and spleen LY of male Wistar rats were cultured in the presence or absence of IFN-α, and the changes on glucose and glutamine metabolisms were investigated. The reduced proliferation of mesenteric LY was accompanied by a reduction in glucose total consumption (35%), aerobic glucose metabolism (55%), maximal activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (49%), citrate synthase activity (34%), total glutamine consumption (30%), aerobic glutamine consumption (20.3%) and glutaminase activity (56%). In LY isolated from spleen, IFNα also reduced the proliferation and impaired metabolism. These data demonstrate that in LY, the antiproliferative effects of IFNα are associated with a reduction in glucose and glutamine metabolisms.
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Pyruvate: immunonutritional effects on neutrophil intracellular amino or alpha-keto acid profiles and reactive oxygen species production. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1077-90. [PMID: 20839016 PMCID: PMC3061003 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
For the first time the immunonutritional role of pyruvate on neutrophils (PMN), free α-keto and amino acid profiles, important reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced [superoxide anion (O(2) (-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))] as well as released myeloperoxidase (MPO) acitivity has been investigated. Exogenous pyruvate significantly increased PMN pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, arginine, citrulline, alanine, glycine and serine in a dose as well as duration of exposure dependent manner. Moreover, increases in O(2) (-) formation, H(2)O(2)-generation and MPO acitivity in parallel with intracellular pyruvate changes have also been detected. Regarding the interesting findings presented here we believe, that pyruvate fulfils considerably the criteria for a potent immunonutritional molecule in the regulation of the PMN dynamic α-keto and amino acid pools. Moreover it also plays an important role in parallel modulation of the granulocyte-dependent innate immune regulation. Although further research is necessary to clarify pyruvate's sole therapeutical role in critically ill patients' immunonutrition, the first scientific successes seem to be very promising.
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Navarro F, Bacurau AVN, Almeida SS, Barros CC, Moraes MR, Pesquero JL, Ribeiro SML, Araújo RC, Costa Rosa LFBP, Bacurau RFP. Exercise prevents the effects of experimental arthritis on the metabolism and function of immune cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:266-73. [PMID: 20517889 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Active lymphocytes (LY) and macrophages (MPhi) are involved in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Due to its anti-inflammatory effect, physical exercise may be beneficial in RA by acting on the immune system (IS). Thus, female Wistar rats with type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were submitted to swimming training (6 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/day) and some biochemical and immune parameters, such as the metabolism of glucose and glutamine and function of LY and MPhi, were evaluated. In addition, plasma levels of some hormones and of interleukin-2 (IL-2) were also determined. Results demonstrate that CIA increased lymphocyte proliferation (1.9- and 1.7-fold, respectively, in response to concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), as well as macrophage H(2)O(2) production (1.6-fold), in comparison to control. Exercise training prevented the activation of immune cells, induced by CIA, and established a pattern of substrate utilization similar to that described as normal for these cells. Exercise also promoted an elevation of plasma levels of corticosterone (22.2%), progesterone (1.7-fold) and IL-2 (2.6-fold). Our data suggest that chronic exercise is able to counterbalance the effects of CIA on cells of the IS, reinforcing the proposal that the benefits of exercise may not be restricted to aerobic capacity and/or strength improvement.
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Pecqueur C, Alves-Guerra C, Ricquier D, Bouillaud F. UCP2, a metabolic sensor coupling glucose oxidation to mitochondrial metabolism? IUBMB Life 2009; 61:762-7. [PMID: 19514063 DOI: 10.1002/iub.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may serve a variety of purposes such as the regulation of substrate oxidation, free radical production (a major by-product of mitochondrial respiration) and ATP production and turnover. As regulators of energy expenditure and antioxidant defenses, uncoupling proteins would seem to offer an attractive mechanism by which to explain the control of body weight, resting metabolic rate and aging. As a result, the discovery of UCP1 homologues has led to an impressive number of publications. However, 10 years after their identification, no consensus has been found concerning the function of UCP homologues, and there are controversies as to whether or not they even have physiologically significant uncoupling activity. Here, we discuss a potential new function for UCP2, as a carrier involved in the coupling between glucose oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pecqueur
- BIOTRAM, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UPR9078, Faculté de Médecine Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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Effects of α-ketoglutarate on neutrophil intracellular amino and α-keto acid profiles and ROS production. Amino Acids 2009; 38:167-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Is cancer a disease of abnormal cellular metabolism? New angles on an old idea. Genet Med 2009; 10:767-77. [PMID: 18941420 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e31818b0d9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1920s, Otto Warburg observed that tumor cells consumed a large amount of glucose, much more than normal cells, and converted most of it to lactic acid. This phenomenon, now known as the "Warburg effect," is the foundation of one of the earliest general concepts of cancer: that a fundamental disturbance of cellular metabolic activity is at the root of tumor formation and growth. In the ensuing decades, as it became apparent that abnormalities in chromosomes and eventually individual genes caused cancer, the "metabolic" model of cancer lost a good deal of its appeal, even as emerging technologies were exploiting the Warburg effect clinically to detect tumors in vivo. We now know that tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes influence metabolism, and that mutations in these genes can promote a metabolic phenotype supporting cell growth and proliferation. Thus, these advances have unified aspects of the metabolic and genetic models of cancer, and have stimulated a renewed interest in the role of cellular metabolism in tumorigenesis. This review reappraises the notion that dysregulated cellular metabolism is a key feature of cancer, and discusses some metabolic issues that have escaped scrutiny over the years and now deserve closer attention.
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Fediuc S, Pimenta AS, Gaidhu MP, Ceddia RB. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and redistribution of substrate partitioning mediate the acute insulin-sensitizing effects of troglitazone in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:392-400. [PMID: 17960559 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of troglitazone on several pathways of glucose and fatty acid (FA) partitioning and the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes in skeletal muscle. Exposure of L6 myotubes to troglitazone for 1 h significantly increased phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, which was followed by approximately 30% and approximately 60% increases in palmitate oxidation and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) activity, respectively. Troglitazone inhibited basal ( approximately 25%) and insulin-stimulated ( approximately 35%) palmitate uptake but significantly increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by approximately 2.2- and 2.7-fold, respectively. Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK completely prevented the effects of troglitazone on palmitate oxidation and glucose uptake. Interestingly, even though troglitazone exerted an insulin sensitizing effect, it reduced basal and insulin-stimulated rates of glycogen synthesis, incorporation of glucose into lipids, and glucose oxidation to values corresponding to approximately 30%, approximately 60%, and 30% of the controls, respectively. These effects were accompanied by an increase in basal and insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt(Thr308), Akt(Ser473), and GSK3alpha/beta. Troglitazone also powerfully suppressed pyruvate decarboxylation, which was followed by a significant increase in basal ( approximately 3.5-fold) and insulin-stimulated ( approximately 5.5-fold) rates of lactate production by muscle cells. In summary, we provide novel evidence that troglitazone exerts acute insulin sensitizing effects by increasing FA oxidation, reducing FA uptake, suppressing pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and shifting glucose metabolism toward lactate production in muscle cells. These effects seem to be at least partially dependent on AMPK activation and may account for potential acute PPAR-gamma-independent anti-diabetic effects of thiazolidinediones in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fediuc
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bacurau AVN, Belmonte MA, Navarro F, Moraes MR, Pontes FL, Pesquero JL, Araújo RC, Bacurau RFP. Effect of a high-intensity exercise training on the metabolism and function of macrophages and lymphocytes of walker 256 tumor bearing rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 232:1289-99. [PMID: 17959841 DOI: 10.3181/0704-rm-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that moderately intense training promotes augmented immune function, whereas strenuous exercise can cause immunosupression. Because the combat of cancer requires high immune function, high-intensity exercise could negatively affect the host organism; however, despite the epidemiologic data, there is a lack of experimental evidence to show that high-intensity training is harmful to the immune system. Therefore, we tested the influence of high-intensity treadmill training (10 weeks, 5 days/week, 30 mins/day, 85% VO(2)max) on immune system function and tumor development in Walker 256 tumor-bearing Wistar rats. The metabolism of glucose and glutamine in lymphocytes and macrophages was assessed, in addition to some functional parameters such as hydrogen peroxide production, phagocytosis, and lymphocyte proliferative responses. The metabolism of Walker 256 cells was also investigated. Results demonstrated that high-intensity training increased the life span of tumor-bearing rats, promoted a reduction in tumor mass, and prevented indicators of cachexia. Several changes, such as a reduction in body weight and food intake and activation of glutamine metabolism in macrophages and lymphocytes induced by the presence of Walker 256 tumor, were prevented by high intensity training. The reduction in tumor growth was associated with an impairment of tumor cell glucose and glutamine metabolism. These data suggest that high-intensity exercise training may be a viable strategy against tumors.
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DeBerardinis RJ, Lum JJ, Hatzivassiliou G, Thompson CB. The biology of cancer: metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation. Cell Metab 2008; 7:11-20. [PMID: 18177721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2872] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation requires nutrients, energy, and biosynthetic activity to duplicate all macromolecular components during each passage through the cell cycle. It is therefore not surprising that metabolic activities in proliferating cells are fundamentally different from those in nonproliferating cells. This review examines the idea that several core fluxes, including aerobic glycolysis, de novo lipid biosynthesis, and glutamine-dependent anaplerosis, form a stereotyped platform supporting proliferation of diverse cell types. We also consider regulation of these fluxes by cellular mediators of signal transduction and gene expression, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR system, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and Myc, during physiologic cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Jonasson R, Essén-Gustavsson B, Jensen-Waern M. Blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate during experimental swine dysentery. Res Vet Sci 2007; 82:323-31. [PMID: 17078986 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine blood concentrations of amino acids, glucose and lactate in association with experimental swine dysentery. Ten pigs (approximately 23kg) were orally inoculated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Eight animals developed muco-haemorrhagic diarrhoea with impaired general appearance, changes in white blood cell counts and increased levels of the acute phase protein Serum Amyolid A. Blood samples were taken before inoculation, during the incubation period, during clinical signs of dysentery and during recovery. Neither plasma glucose nor lactate concentrations changed during the course of swine dysentery, but the serum concentrations of gluconeogenic non-essential amino acids decreased during dysentery. This was mainly due to decreases in alanine, glutamine, serine and tyrosine. Lysine increased during dysentery and at the beginning of the recovery period, and leucine increased during recovery. Glutamine, alanine and tyrosine levels show negative correlations with the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. In conclusion, swine dysentery altered the blood concentrations of amino acids, but not of glucose or lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jonasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Comparative Physiology and Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7018, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ximenes HMA, Hirata AE, Rocha MS, Curi R, Carpinelli AR. Propionate inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated rat pancreatic islets. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 25:173-8. [PMID: 16444779 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibers, probably by generating short chain fatty acids (SCFA) through enterobacterial fermentation, have a beneficial effect on the control of glycemia in patients with peripheral insulin resistance. We studied the effect of propionate on glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated rat pancreatic islets. Evidence is presented that propionate, one of the major SCFA produced in the gut, inhibits insulin secretion induced by high glucose concentrations (11.1 and 16.7 mM) in incubated and perfused pancreatic islets. This short chain fatty acid reduces [U-(14)C]-glucose decarboxylation and raises the conversion of glucose to lactate. Propionate causes a significant decrease of both [1-(14)C]- (84%) and [2-(14)C]-pyruvate (49%) decarboxylation. These findings indicate pyruvate dehydrogenase as the major site for the propionate effect. These observations led us to postulate that the reduction in glucose oxidation and the consequent decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio may be the major mechanism for the lower insulin secretion to glucose stimulus induced by propionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M A Ximenes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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