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Wang C, Dong W, Shang J, Li H, Chen Z, Zhu B, Liang P, Shi X. S431F mutation on AChE1 and overexpression of P450 genes confer high pirimicarb resistance in Sitobion miscanthi. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 202:105957. [PMID: 38879339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Sitobion miscanthi is a destructive wheat pest responsible for significant wheat yield losses. Pirimicarb, one of the most important representatives of N, N-dimethylcarbamate insecticides, is widely used to control wheat aphids. In present work, heterozygous S431F mutation of acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE1) was identified and verified in three pirimicarb-resistant S. miscanthi populations (two field populations (HA and HS, >955.8-fold) and one lab-selected population (PirR, 486.1-fold)), which has not been reported in S. miscanthi yet. The molecular docking results revealed that AChE1 containing the S431F mutation of S. miscanthi (SmAChE1S431F) showed higher free binding energy to three insecticides (pirimicarb, omethoate, and methomyl) than wild-type AChE1 of S. miscanthi (SmAChE1). Enzyme kinetic and inhibition experiments showed that the recombinant SmAChE1S431F was more insensitive to pirimicarb and omethoate than the recombinant SmAChE1. Furthermore, two overexpression P450 genes (CYP6K1 and CYP6A14) associated with pirimicarb resistance of S. miscanthi were verified by RNAi. These results suggested both target alteration and enhanced metabolism contributed to high pirimicarb resistance of S. miscanthi in the field and laboratory. These findings lay a foundation for further elucidating the mechanism of pirimicarb resistance in S. miscanthi, and have important implications for the resistance management of S. miscanthi control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenyang Dong
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiao Shang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongbao Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyan Shi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Fricaux T, Le Navenant A, Siegwart M, Rault M, Coustau C, Le Goff G. The Molecular Resistance Mechanisms of European Earwigs from Apple Orchards Subjected to Different Management Strategies. INSECTS 2023; 14:944. [PMID: 38132618 PMCID: PMC10743755 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
To date, apple orchards are among the most treated crops in Europe with up to 35 chemical treatments per year. Combining control methods that reduce the number of pesticide treatments is essential for agriculture and more respectful of the environment, and the use of predatory insects such as earwigs may be valuable to achieve this goal. European earwigs, Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) are considered beneficial insects in apple orchards where they can feed on many pests like aphids. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of orchards' insecticide treatments on resistance-associated molecular processes in natural populations of earwigs. Because very few molecular data are presently available on earwigs, our first goal was to identify earwig resistance-associated genes and potential mutations. Using earwigs from organic, integrated pest management or conventional orchards, we identified mutations in acetylcholinesterase 2, α1 and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In addition, the expression level of these targets and of some essential detoxification genes were monitored using RT-qPCR. Unexpectedly, earwigs collected in organic orchards showed the highest expression for acetylcholinesterase 2. Four cytochromes P450, one esterase and one glutathione S-transferases were over-expressed in earwigs exposed to various management strategies in orchards. This first study on resistance-associated genes in Forficula auricularia paves the way for future experimental studies aimed at better understanding the potential competition between natural enemies in apple orchards in order to optimize the efficiency of biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fricaux
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (T.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Adrien Le Navenant
- Avignon Université, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Pôle Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon, France; (A.L.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Myriam Siegwart
- INRAE, Unité PSH, Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, Cedex 9, France;
| | - Magali Rault
- Avignon Université, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Pôle Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon, France; (A.L.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Christine Coustau
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (T.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Gaëlle Le Goff
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (T.F.); (C.C.)
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3
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De Rouck S, İnak E, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. A review of the molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in mites and ticks. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 159:103981. [PMID: 37391089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arachnida subclass of Acari comprises many harmful pests that threaten agriculture as well as animal health, including herbivorous spider mites, the bee parasite Varroa, the poultry mite Dermanyssus and several species of ticks. Especially in agriculture, acaricides are often used intensively to minimize the damage they inflict, promoting the development of resistance. Beneficial predatory mites used in biological control are also subjected to acaricide selection in the field. The development and use of new genetic and genomic tools such as genome and transcriptome sequencing, bulked segregant analysis (QTL mapping), and reverse genetics via RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9, have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance in Acari, especially in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae which emerged as a model species. These new techniques allowed to uncover and validate new resistance mutations in a larger range of species. In addition, they provided an impetus to start elucidating more challenging questions on mechanisms of gene regulation of detoxification associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander De Rouck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emre İnak
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapı, 06110, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Bass C, Nauen R. The molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in aphid crop pests. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 156:103937. [PMID: 37023831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are a group of hemipteran insects that include some of the world's most economically important agricultural pests. The control of pest aphids has relied heavily on the use of chemical insecticides, however, the evolution of resistance poses a serious threat to their sustainable control. Over 1000 cases of resistance have now been documented for aphids involving a remarkable diversity of mechanisms that, individually or in combination, allow the toxic effect of insecticides to be avoided or overcome. In addition to its applied importance as a growing threat to human food security, insecticide resistance in aphids also offers an exceptional opportunity to study evolution under strong selection and gain insight into the genetic variation fuelling rapid adaptation. In this review we summarise the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying resistance in the most economically important aphid pests worldwide and the insights study of this topic has provided on the genomic architecture of adaptive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bass
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom.
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany.
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Hemming D, Bell J, Collier R, Dunbar T, Dunstone N, Everatt M, Eyre D, Kaye N, Korycinska A, Pickup J, Scaife AA. Likelihood of Extreme Early Flight of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Across the UK. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1342-1349. [PMID: 35348697 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Myzus persicae (Sulzer, Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major global crop pest; it is the primary aphid vector for many damaging viruses and has developed resistance to most insecticides. In temperate regions, the risk of widespread crop infection and yield loss is heightened following warm winters, which encourage rapid population growth and early flight. Estimates of the frequency and magnitude of warm winters are, therefore, helpful for understanding and managing this risk. However, it is difficult to quantify the statistical distribution of climate events, particularly extremes, because climate observations represent just a small sample of the possible climate variations in a region. The purpose of this study was to establish a large-scale relationship between temperature and M. persicae observations across the UK and apply this to a very large ensemble of climate model simulations, which better sample the variability in climate, to quantify the current likelihood of extreme early M. persicae flight across the UK. The timing of M. persicae flight was shown to be significantly related to January-February mean temperature, where a 1°C warmer/cooler temperature relates to about 12 d earlier/later flight. Climate model simulations predict 40% likelihood of experiencing a year with unprecedented early M. persicae flight during the next decade in the UK. Results from this method can help crop managers assess the long-term viability of crops and management practices across the UK and provide early warning information for targeting pest surveillance activities on the locations and timings at highest risk of early M. persicae flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hemming
- Hadley Centre, Met Office, Exeter, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Bell
- Rothamsted Insect Survey, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, UK
| | - Rosemary Collier
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Warwick, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Kaye
- Hadley Centre, Met Office, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Jon Pickup
- Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adam A Scaife
- Hadley Centre, Met Office, Exeter, UK
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Pym A, Umina PA, Reidy-Crofts J, Troczka BJ, Matthews A, Gardner J, Hunt BJ, van Rooyen AR, Edwards OR, Bass C. Overexpression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and cytochrome P450 enzymes confers resistance to sulfoxaflor in field populations of the aphid, Myzus persicae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 143:103743. [PMID: 35202811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a highly damaging, globally distributed crop pest that has evolved multiple resistance to numerous insecticides. It is thus imperative that insecticides that are not strongly compromised by pre-existing resistance are carefully managed to maximise their effective life span. Sulfoxaflor is a sulfoximine insecticide that retains efficacy against M. persicae clones that exhibit resistance to older insecticides. In the current study we monitored the efficacy of sulfoxaflor against M. persicae populations collected in Western Australia, following reports of control failures in this region. We identified clones with low (4-23-fold across multiple independent bioassay experiments), but significant, levels of resistance to sulfoxaflor compared with a reference susceptible clone. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sulfoxaflor resistance can persist after many months of culturing in the laboratory in the absence of insecticide exposure. Resistance was not conferred by known mechanisms of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides, that act on the same target-site as sulfoxaflor, i.e. the R81T mutation or overexpresssion of the P450 gene CYP6CY3. Rather, transcriptome profiling of multiple resistant and susceptible clones identified the P450 CYP380C40 and the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT344P2 as highly overexpressed (21-76-fold and 6-33-fold respectively) in the resistant clones. Transgenic expression of these genes demonstrated that they confer, low, but significant, levels of resistance to sulfoxaflor in vivo. Taken together, our data reveal the presence of low-level resistance to sulfoxaflor in M. persicae populations in Australia and uncover two novel mechanisms conferring resistance to this compound. The findings and tools generated in this study provide a platform for the development of strategies that aim to slow, prevent or overcome the evolution of more potent resistance to sulfoxaflor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pym
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Paul A Umina
- Cesar Australia, 95 Albert St, Brunswick, Victoria, 3056, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Bartlomiej J Troczka
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Andrew Matthews
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - James Gardner
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Benjamin J Hunt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Owain R Edwards
- CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia, 6014, Australia
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
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Erdos Z, Chandler D, Bass C, Raymond B. Controlling insecticide resistant clones of the aphid, Myzus persicae, using the entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius: fitness cost of resistance under pathogen challenge. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5286-5293. [PMID: 34310830 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological control is a cornerstone of integrated pest management and could also play a key role in managing the evolution of insecticide resistance. Ecological theory predicts that the fitness cost of insecticide resistance can be increased under exposure to invertebrate natural enemies or pathogens, and can therefore increase the value of integrating biological control into pest management. In this study of the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, we aimed to identify whether insecticide resistance affected fitness and vulnerability of different aphid clones to the entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius. RESULTS Insecticide resistant clones were found to be slightly less susceptible to the pathogen than susceptible clones. However, this pattern could also be explained by the influence of length of laboratory culture, which was longer in susceptible clones and was positively correlated with susceptibility to fungi. Furthermore, resistance status did not affect aphid development time or intrinsic rate of increase of aphids. Finally, in a cage trial the application of fungus did not increase the competitive fitness of insecticide resistant clone 'O'. CONCLUSION We found no fitness cost in reproductive rate or pathogen susceptibility associated with chemical resistance in M. persicae. In contrast, some susceptible clones, particularly those subject to decades of laboratory rearing, showed enhanced susceptibility to a fungal pathogen, but not reduced reproductive fitness, an observation consistent with down-regulation of costly immune functions in culture. Overall, fungal pathogen control is compatible with insecticides and should not increase the selection pressure for resistance of M. persicae to chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Erdos
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Exeter, UK
| | - David Chandler
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Exeter, UK
| | - Ben Raymond
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Exeter, UK
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Roesler K, Lu C, Thomas J, Xu Q, Vance P, Hou Z, Williams RW, Liu L, Owens MA, Habben JE. Arabidopsis Carboxylesterase 20 Binds Strigolactone and Increases Branches and Tillers When Ectopically Expressed in Arabidopsis and Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:639401. [PMID: 33986761 PMCID: PMC8110907 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.639401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought stress can delay maize silk emergence relative to the pollen shedding period, resulting in poor fertilization and reduced grain yield. Methods to minimize the delay in silking could thus improve yield stability. An Arabidopsis enhancer-tagged carboxylesterase 20 (AtCXE20) line was identified in a drought tolerance screen. Ectopic expression of AtCXE20 in Arabidopsis and maize resulted in phenotypes characteristic of strigolactone (SL)-deficient mutants, including increased branching and tillering, decreased plant height, delayed senescence, hyposensitivity to ethylene, and reduced flavonols. Maize silk growth was increased by AtCXE20 overexpression, and this phenotype was partially complemented by exogenous SL treatments. In drought conditions, the transgenic maize plants silked earlier than controls and had decreased anthesis-silking intervals. The purified recombinant AtCXE20 protein bound SL in vitro, as indicated by SL inhibiting AtCXE20 esterase activity and altering AtCXE20 intrinsic fluorescence. Homology modeling of the AtCXE20 three-dimensional (3D) protein structure revealed a large hydrophobic binding pocket capable of accommodating, but not hydrolyzing SLs. The AtCXE20 protein concentration in transgenic maize tissues was determined by mass spectrometry to be in the micromolar range, well-above known endogenous SL concentrations. These results best support a mechanism where ectopic expression of AtCXE20 with a strong promoter effectively lowers the concentration of free SL by sequestration. This study revealed an agriculturally important role for SL in maize silk growth and provided a new approach for altering SL levels in plants.
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Leybourne DJ, Bos JIB, Valentine TA, Karley AJ. The price of protection: a defensive endosymbiont impairs nymph growth in the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:69-85. [PMID: 29797656 PMCID: PMC7379937 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts have enabled aphids to adapt to a range of stressors, but their effects in many aphid species remain to be established. The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), is an important pest of cereals worldwide and has been reported to form symbiotic associations with Serratia symbiotica and Sitobion miscanthi L-type symbiont endobacteria, although the resulting aphid phenotype has not been described. This study presents the first report of R. padi infection with the facultative bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. Individuals of R. padi were sampled from populations in Eastern Scotland, UK, and shown to represent seven R. padi genotypes based on the size of polymorphic microsatellite markers; two of these genotypes harbored H. defensa. In parasitism assays, survival of H. defensa-infected nymphs following attack by the parasitoid wasp Aphidius colemani (Viereck) was 5 fold higher than for uninfected nymphs. Aphid genotype was a major determinant of aphid performance on two Hordeum species, a modern cultivar of barley H. vulgare and a wild relative H. spontaneum, although aphids infected with H. defensa showed 16% lower nymph mass gain on the partially resistant wild relative compared with uninfected individuals. These findings suggest that deploying resistance traits in barley will favor the fittest R. padi genotypes, but symbiont-infected individuals will be favored when parasitoids are abundant, although these aphids will not achieve optimal performance on a poor quality host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Leybourne
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Cell and Molecular Sciencesthe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeUK
- Ecological Sciencesthe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeUK
| | - Jorunn I. B. Bos
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Cell and Molecular Sciencesthe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeUK
| | | | - Alison J. Karley
- Ecological Sciencesthe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeUK
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Koo DH, Molin WT, Saski CA, Jiang J, Putta K, Jugulam M, Friebe B, Gill BS. Extrachromosomal circular DNA-based amplification and transmission of herbicide resistance in crop weed Amaranthus palmeri. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3332-3337. [PMID: 29531028 PMCID: PMC5879691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719354115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification has been observed in many bacteria and eukaryotes as a response to various selective pressures, such as antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs, pesticides, herbicides, and other stressful environmental conditions. An increase in gene copy number is often found as extrachromosomal elements that usually contain autonomously replicating extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules (eccDNAs). Amaranthus palmeri, a crop weed, can develop herbicide resistance to glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] by amplification of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene, the molecular target of glyphosate. However, biological questions regarding the source of the amplified EPSPS, the nature of the amplified DNA structures, and mechanisms responsible for maintaining this gene amplification in cells and their inheritance remain unknown. Here, we report that amplified EPSPS copies in glyphosate-resistant (GR) A. palmeri are present in the form of eccDNAs with various conformations. The eccDNAs are transmitted during cell division in mitosis and meiosis to the soma and germ cells and the progeny by an as yet unknown mechanism of tethering to mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. We propose that eccDNAs are one of the components of McClintock's postulated innate systems [McClintock B (1978) Stadler Genetics Symposium] that can rapidly produce soma variation, amplify EPSPS genes in the sporophyte that are transmitted to germ cells, and modulate rapid glyphosate resistance through genome plasticity and adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dal-Hoe Koo
- Wheat Genetics Resource Center and Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - William T Molin
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Stoneville, MS 38776
| | | | - Jiming Jiang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Karthik Putta
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Mithila Jugulam
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Bernd Friebe
- Wheat Genetics Resource Center and Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Bikram S Gill
- Wheat Genetics Resource Center and Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506;
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11
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Fritz ML, DeYonke AM, Papanicolaou A, Micinski S, Westbrook J, Gould F. Contemporary evolution of a Lepidopteran species, Heliothis virescens, in response to modern agricultural practices. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:167-181. [PMID: 29134741 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to human-induced environmental change has the potential to profoundly influence the genomic architecture of affected species. This is particularly true in agricultural ecosystems, where anthropogenic selection pressure is strong. Heliothis virescens primarily feeds on cotton in its larval stages, and US populations have been declining since the widespread planting of transgenic cotton, which endogenously expresses proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). No physiological adaptation to Bt toxin has been found in the field, so adaptation in this altered environment could involve (i) shifts in host plant selection mechanisms to avoid cotton, (ii) changes in detoxification mechanisms required for cotton-feeding vs. feeding on other hosts or (iii) loss of resistance to previously used management practices including insecticides. Here, we begin to address whether such changes occurred in H. virescens populations between 1997 and 2012, as Bt-cotton cultivation spread through the agricultural landscape. For our study, we produced an H. virescens genome assembly and used this in concert with a ddRAD-seq-enabled genome scan to identify loci with significant allele frequency changes over the 15-year period. Genetic changes at a previously described H. virescens insecticide target of selection were detectable in our genome scan and increased our confidence in this methodology. Additional loci were also detected as being under selection, and we quantified the selection strength required to elicit observed allele frequency changes at each locus. Potential contributions of genes near loci under selection to adaptive phenotypes in the H. virescens cotton system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Fritz
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen Micinski
- Red River Research Station, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bossier City, LA, USA
| | - John Westbrook
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fred Gould
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Tang QL, Ma KS, Hou YM, Gao XW. Monitoring insecticide resistance and diagnostics of resistance mechanisms in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:39-47. [PMID: 29183609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is one of the most serious agricultural pests in China, and management strategies mainly rely on insecticidal treatment. To evaluate the resistance of field populations of M. persicae to seven insecticides, we assessed the susceptibility of 11 field populations collected from eight provinces in China using leaf-dip bioassays. Toxicity assays showed that M. persicae field populations have developed several levels of resistance to each tested insecticide. For pyrethroids, the field populations have developed a high level of resistance to β-cypermethrin and cypermethrin, while the resistance to bifenthrin is still low. The resistance ratios of field populations to imidacloprid ranged from 1.48 to 52.36, and eight populations have developed moderate to high resistance. Resistance to acetamiprid is low, and only two populations have a moderate level of resistance. Most of the field populations of M. persicae developed moderate to high resistance to methomyl and omethoate. To investigate potential resistance mechanisms, we analyzed the enzyme activity of carboxylesterases, the type of amplified esterase genes, as well as the kdr (L1014F) mutation. All of the field populations exhibited a higher esterase activity compared to the laboratory susceptible strain. An amplified FE4, as well as the L1014F mutation, were also found in all of our experimental field populations. These results provide valuable insight into the current status of insecticide resistance and will prove to be a valuable resource in designing appropriate resistance management strategies for M. persicae in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kang-Sheng Ma
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Xi-Wu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Shirley MDF, Sibly RM. GENETIC BASIS OF A BETWEEN-ENVIRONMENT TRADE-OFF INVOLVING RESISTANCE TO CADMIUM IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2017; 53:826-836. [PMID: 28565631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/1998] [Accepted: 01/08/1999] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a replicated, laboratory, natural selection experiment Drosophila melanogaster populations were maintained for 20 generations either on unpolluted medium or on polluted medium containing cadmium chloride at a concentration of 80 μg/ml. Lines maintained on polluted medium evolved resistance. In comparison with unpolluted lines, their juvenile survivorship increased from 35% to 46%, developmental period decreased from 13.7 days to 13.0 days, and fecundity increased from 3 to 29 eggs per two-day period. Emergence weights, however, did not change. By contrast the "environmental" effect of moving susceptible flies onto polluted medium was that after two generations survivorship fell 62%, developmental period increased 40%, and fecundity fell 97%. Emergence weights fell 31% in females and 28% in males. Resistant lines paid a fitness cost in unpolluted environments, with fecundity being reduced by 44% and emergence weights being reduced by 4% in females and 6% in males. Developmental period, however, was unaffected. Analyses of crosses and backcrosses between the lines suggested that the evolved cadmium resistance was due to a single sex-linked gene. Levels of dominance were calculated, and in each life-history character the resistant allele was found to be completely dominant. Because the life-history effects appear to be produced by a single gene, it is probable that they all depend on the same metabolic pathway. Metallothionein production is a likely candidate because this is known to be controlled by genes on the X-chromosome. The study adds to a small number of examples of single or closely linked genes with large antagonistic pleiotropic effects on life histories. The result here is a between-environment trade-off, allowing animals increased fitness in polluted environments, but only at the cost of reduced growth and reproduction in unpolluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D F Shirley
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 228, Reading, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Sibly
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 228, Reading, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
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Grigoraki L, Pipini D, Labbé P, Chaskopoulou A, Weill M, Vontas J. Carboxylesterase gene amplifications associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus: Geographical distribution and evolutionary origin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005533. [PMID: 28394886 PMCID: PMC5398709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes albopictus is one of the most invasive human disease vectors. Its control has been largely based on insecticides, such as the larvicide temephos. Temephos resistance has been associated with the up-regulation, through gene amplification, of two carboxylesterase (CCE) genes closely linked on the genome, capable of sequestering and metabolizing temephos oxon, the activated form of temephos. Principal findings Here, we investigated the occurrence, geographical distribution and origin of the CCE amplicon in Ae. albopictus populations from several geographical regions worldwide. The haplotypic diversity at the CCEae3a locus revealed high polymorphism, while phylogenetic analysis showed an absence of correlation between haplotype similarity and geographic origin. Two types of esterase amplifications were found, in two locations only (Athens and Florida): one, previously described, results in the amplification of both CCEae3a and CCEae6a; the second is being described for the first time and results in the amplification of CCEae3a only. The two amplification events are independent, as confirmed by sequence analysis. All individuals from Athens and Florida carrying the CCEae3a-CCEae6a co-amplicon share a common haplotype, indicating a single amplification event, which spread between the two countries. Significance The importance of passive transportation of disease vectors, including individuals carrying resistance mechanisms, is discussed in the light of efficient and sustainable vector control strategies. Control of mosquito borne diseases is being seriously challenged by the ongoing development of insecticide resistance. Resistance of Aedes albopictus, a major arbovirus vector, to the organophosphate larvicide temephos was recently associated with the up-regulation, through gene amplification, of two carboxylesterases; CCEae3a and CCEae6a. Here we investigated the worldwide distribution and origin of the amplified esterases, which is of great value for designing and implementing efficient vector control programs. Individuals with amplification of both esterases were found in Greece and Florida (U.S.A), representing a single amplification event that spread between the two countries, highlighting the importance of passive transportation of disease vectors carrying resistance mechanisms, which is mainly facilitated by human activities. In addition, individuals with amplification of the CCEae3a only, but not the CCEae6a, representing a second and independent amplification event were found in Florida. The worldwide haplotypic diversity obtained for CCEae3a is consistent with the highly invasive nature of the Aedes albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Grigoraki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des sciences de l’évolution, CNRS–IRD–Université de Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Mylene Weill
- Institut des sciences de l’évolution, CNRS–IRD–Université de Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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15
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Gott RC, Kunkel GR, Zobel ES, Lovett BR, Hawthorne DJ. Implicating ABC Transporters in Insecticide Resistance: Research Strategies and a Decision Framework. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:667-677. [PMID: 28334260 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pest insects damage crops, transmit diseases, and are household nuisances. Historically, they have been controlled with insecticides, but overuse often leads to resistance to one or more of these chemicals. Insects gain resistance to insecticides through behavioral, metabolic, genetic, and physical mechanisms. One frequently overlooked strategy is through the use of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC transporters, present in all domains of life, perform natural excretory functions, thus the exploitation of these transporters to excrete insecticides and contribute to resistance is highly plausible. Previous work has implicated ABC transporters in some cases of insecticide resistance. Proposed herein is a framework meant as a formal guide for more easily incorporating the analysis of ABC transporters into existing resistance monitoring using suggested simple research methods. This framework functions as a simple decision tree and its utility is demonstrated using case examples. Determining a role for ABC transporters in insecticide resistance would help to shape future resistance management plans and guide the design of new insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Gott
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Grace R Kunkel
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Emily S Zobel
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Brian R Lovett
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 (; ; ; ; )
| | - David J Hawthorne
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 (; ; ; ; )
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Pu J, Sun H, Wang J, Wu M, Wang K, Denholm I, Han Z. Multiple cis-acting elements involved in up-regulation of a cytochrome P450 gene conferring resistance to deltamethrin in smal brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 78:20-28. [PMID: 27590347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As well as arising from single point mutations in binding sites or detoxifying enzymes, it is likely that insecticide resistance mechanisms are frequently controlled by multiple genetic factors, resulting in resistance being inherited as a quantitative trait. However, empirical evidence for this is still rare. Here we analyse the causes of up-regulation of CYP6FU1, a monoxygenase implicated in resistance to deltamethrin in the rice pest Laodelphax striatellus. The 5'-flanking region of this gene was cloned and sequenced from individuals of a susceptible and a resistant strain. A luminescent reporter assay was used to evaluate different 5'-flanking regions and their fragments for promoter activity. Mutations enhancing promoter activity in various fragments were characterized, singly and in combination, by site mutation recovery. Nucleotide diversity in flanking sequences was greatly reduced in deltamethrin-resistant insects compared to susceptible ones. Phylogenetic sequence analysis found that CYP6FU1 had five different types of 5'-flanking region. All five types were present in a susceptible strain but only a single type showing the highest promoter activity was present in a resistant strain. Four cis-acting elements were identified whose influence on up-regulation was much more pronounced in combination than when present singly. Of these, two were new transcription factor (TF) binding sites produced by mutations, another one was also a new TF binding site alternated from an existing one, and the fourth was a unique transcription start site. These results demonstrate that multiple cis-acting elements are involved in up-regulating CYP6FU1 to generate a resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haina Sun
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinda Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kangxu Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ian Denholm
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaojun Han
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Hariprasad TP, Shetty NJ. Biochemical basis of alphamethrin resistance in different life stages of Anopheles stephensi strains of Bangalore, India. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1689-1701. [PMID: 26598105 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is an important urban malaria vector in the Indian subcontinent. Extensive application of insecticides evokes microevolution, which results in resistance that can be traced back to their genotypes. In this study, resistant and susceptible strains of An. stephensi for alphamethrin were selected by selective inbreeding for 27 and ten generations respectively. The biochemical basis of resistance in all the life stages was investigated. Quantitative assays were performed for proteins (total and soluble), esterases (α, β and acetylcholine) and phosphatases (acid and alkaline) by spectrophotometry, and qualitative assays for the enzymes by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The enzyme quantities significantly varied in all life stages of the resistant strain as compared with the susceptible ones. Qualitative studies showed seven isoforms for α- and β-esterases, three each for acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase and two for acid phosphatase. Exclusive bands were found in the resistant strain, such as α-Est 1 and β-Est 1 in eggs and larvae, β-Est 3 in adult males, β-Est 2 in adult females and AlkP 1, AlkP 2 and AlkP 3 in adult females, larvae and adult males respectively. CONCLUSION Variations in the quantity and specific enzyme isoforms play a key role in the development of alphamethrin resistance in An. stephensi. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvaipati Pn Hariprasad
- Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Nadikere J Shetty
- Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
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Li Y, Xu Z, Shi L, Shen G, He L. Insecticide resistance monitoring and metabolic mechanism study of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Chongqing, China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 132:21-28. [PMID: 27521909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is one of the most important agricultural pests in China, which caused serious losses every year. For resistance monitoring, twelve populations of this pest were collected from tobacco field in Chongqing, China, and their sensitivities to 4 insecticides were tested. Results showed that only WL (RR=6.51) and FJ (RR=6.03) populations have developed minor resistance to imidacloprid, and the others still remained susceptible. One population (NC) has reached a high resistance level to cyhalothrin (RR=41.28), five populations showed medium level (10.36≤RR≤20.45), and the other six remained susceptible (0.39≤RR≤3.53). As regards carbosulfan, three populations have developed medium resistance, four populations showed only minor resistance, and the other five (0.81≤RR≤3.97) were still susceptible. Population SZ developed a medium level (RR=14.83) to phoxim, the other 11 were susceptible (0.29≤RR≤2.41). To analysis the potential resistance mechanism, inhibition effects of synergists and detoxifying enzyme activities were detected. The results indicated that the MFO was the most important detoxifying enzyme conferring imidacloprid resistance, and CarE was most important to cyhalothrin, carbosulfan and phoxim. Our study provided a comprehensive survey of insecticide resistance of M. persicae in Chongqing, and suggested that different counties should take corresponding management to delay the insecticide resistance development and prolong the usefulness of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Institute of Tobacco Science, Chong qing 400700, China
| | - Zhifeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guangmao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Schama R, Pedrini N, Juárez MP, Nelson DR, Torres AQ, Valle D, Mesquita RD. Rhodnius prolixus supergene families of enzymes potentially associated with insecticide resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 69:91-104. [PMID: 26079630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Once known as an endemic health problem of poor rural populations in Latin American countries, it has now spread worldwide. The parasite is transmitted by triatomine bugs, of which Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) is one of the vectors and a model organism. This species occurs mainly in Central and South American countries where the disease is endemic. Disease prevention focuses on vector control programs that, in general, rely intensely on insecticide use. However, the massive use of chemical insecticides can lead to resistance. One of the major mechanisms is known as metabolic resistance that is associated with an increase in the expression or activity of detoxification genes. Three of the enzyme families that are involved in this process - carboxylesterases (CCE), glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450s (CYP) - are analyzed in the R. prolixus genome. A similar set of detoxification genes to those of the Hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum but smaller than in most dipteran species was found in R. prolixus genome. All major CCE classes (43 genes found) are present but the pheromone/hormone processing class had fewer genes than usual. One main expansion was detected on the detoxification/dietary class. The phosphotriesterase family, recently associated with insecticide resistance, was also represented with one gene. One microsomal GST gene was found and the cytosolic GST gene count (14 genes) is extremely low when compared to the other hemipteran species with sequenced genomes. However, this is similar to Apis mellifera, a species known for its deficit in detoxification genes. In R. prolixus 88 CYP genes were found, with representatives in the four clans (CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial) usually found in insects. R. prolixus seems to have smaller species-specific expansions of CYP genes than mosquitoes and beetles, among others. The number of R. prolixus CYP genes is similar to the hemipteran Ac. pisum, although with a bigger expansion in CYP3 and CYP4 clans, along with several gene fragments, mostly in CYP4 clan. Eleven founding members of new families were detected, consisting of ten genes in the CYP3 clan and 1 gene in the CYP4 clan. Members of these clans were proposed to have important detoxification roles in insects. The identification of CCE, GST and CYP genes is of utmost importance for directing detoxification studies on triatomines that can help insecticide management strategies in control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil.
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - M Patricia Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - André Q Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Valle
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| | - Rafael D Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
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Liu F, Zeng F. The influence of nutritional history on the functional response of Geocoris pallidipennis to its prey, Myzus persicae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:702-706. [PMID: 24990177 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Insect artificial diets are the foundation for mass production of insect predators. Whether there is an influence of long-term rearing with artificial diet on the control ability of predators should be considered. Here, we focused on the effect of nutritional history on the functional response of Geocoris pallidipennis to Myzus persicae. The influence of nutritional history (artificial diet versus natural prey, M. persicae) on the functional response of third to fifth instar nymphs and female G. pallidipennis was examined in the laboratory. The results showed that the functional response curve of both the nymphs and the adult female of G. pallidipennis to M. persicae reflected similar trends on both nutritional histories and confirmed the type II response. Adult female G. pallidipennis reared on either M. persicae or artificial diet produced a significantly better performance than the juvenile stages tested. We estimated that adult female G. pallidipennis can consume 141.6 (artificial diet) or 131.6 (M. persicae) aphids per day, respectively. This indicated that G. pallidipennis reared on both artificial diet and M. persicae displayed high rates of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing,People's Republic of China
| | - F Zeng
- Institute of Plant Protection,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing,People's Republic of China
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21
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Bass C, Puinean AM, Zimmer CT, Denholm I, Field LM, Foster SP, Gutbrod O, Nauen R, Slater R, Williamson MS. The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 51:41-51. [PMID: 24855024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae is a globally distributed crop pest with a host range of over 400 species including many economically important crop plants. The intensive use of insecticides to control this species over many years has led to populations that are now resistant to several classes of insecticide. Work spanning over 40 years has shown that M. persicae has a remarkable ability to evolve mechanisms that avoid or overcome the toxic effect of insecticides with at least seven independent mechanisms of resistance described in this species to date. The array of novel resistance mechanisms, including several 'first examples', that have evolved in this species represents an important case study for the evolution of insecticide resistance and also rapid adaptive change in insects more generally. In this review we summarise the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying resistance in M. persicae and the insights study of this topic has provided on how resistance evolves, the selectivity of insecticides, and the link between resistance and host plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bass
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Alin M Puinean
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Ian Denholm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Linda M Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Stephen P Foster
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Oliver Gutbrod
- Bayer CropScience AG, Research Technologies, D40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer CropScience AG, Pest Control Biology, D40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Russell Slater
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH4332, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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Esterase mediated resistance against synthetic pyrethroids in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Punjab districts of India. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:330-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kwon DH, Kim JH, Kim YH, Yoon KS, Clark JM, Lee SH. Identification and characterization of an esterase involved in malathion resistance in the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 112:13-18. [PMID: 24974112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced malathion carboxylesterase (MCE) activity was previously reported to be involved in malathion resistance in the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis (Gao et al., 2006 [8]). To identify MCE, the transcriptional profiles of all five esterases that had been annotated to be catalytically active were determined and compared between the malathion-resistant (BR-HL) and malathion-susceptible (KR-HL) strains of head lice. An esterase gene, designated HLCbE3, exhibited approximately 5.4-fold higher transcription levels, whereas remaining four esterases did not exhibit a significant increase in their transcription in BR-HL, indicating that HLCbE3 may be the putative MCE. Comparison of the entire cDNA sequences of HLCbE3 revealed no sequence differences between the BR-HL and KR-HL strains and suggested that no single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with enhanced MCE activity. Two copies of the HLCbE3 gene were observed in BR-HL, implying that the over-transcription of HLCbE3 is due to the combination of a gene duplication and up-regulated transcription. Knockdown of HLCbE3 expression by RNA interference in the BR-HL strain led to increases in malathion susceptibility, confirming the identity of HLCbE3 as a MCE responsible for malathion resistance in the head louse. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HLCbE3 is a typical dietary esterase and belongs to a clade containing various MCEs involved in malathion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Ho Kwon
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - J Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 151-921, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 151-921, Republic of Korea.
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Rubiano-Rodríguez JA, Fuentes-Contreras E, Figueroa CC, Margaritopoulos JT, Briones LM, Ramírez CC. Genetic diversity and insecticide resistance during the growing season in the green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on primary and secondary hosts: a farm-scale study in Central Chile. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:182-194. [PMID: 24484894 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531300062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal dynamics of neutral genetic diversity and the insecticide resistance mechanisms of insect pests at the farm scale are still poorly documented. Here this was addressed in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Central Chile. Samples were collected from an insecticide sprayed peach (Prunus persica L.) orchard (primary host), and a sweet-pepper (Capsicum annum var. grossum L.) field (secondary host). In addition, aphids from weeds (secondary hosts) growing among these crops were also sampled. Many unique multilocus genotypes were found on peach trees, while secondary hosts were colonized mostly by the six most common genotypes, which were predominantly sensitive to insecticides. In both fields, a small but significant genetic differentiation was found between aphids on the crops vs. their weeds. Within-season comparisons showed genetic differentiation between early and late season samples from peach, as well as for weeds in the peach orchard. The knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation was detected mostly in the heterozygote state, often associated with modified acetylcholinesterase throughout the season for both crops. This mutation was found in high frequency, mainly in the peach orchard. The super-kdr mutation was found in very low frequencies in both crops. This study provides farm-scale evidence that the aphid M. persicae can be composed of slightly different genetic groups between contiguous populations of primary and secondary hosts exhibiting different dynamics of insecticide resistance through the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Fuentes-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - C C Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - J T Margaritopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou Street, 412 21 Larissa, Greece
| | - L M Briones
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - C C Ramírez
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
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Harrop TWR, Sztal T, Lumb C, Good RT, Daborn PJ, Batterham P, Chung H. Evolutionary changes in gene expression, coding sequence and copy-number at the Cyp6g1 locus contribute to resistance to multiple insecticides in Drosophila. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84879. [PMID: 24416303 PMCID: PMC3885650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread use of insecticides has led to insecticide resistance in many populations of insects. In some populations, resistance has evolved to multiple pesticides. In Drosophila melanogaster, resistance to multiple classes of insecticide is due to the overexpression of a single cytochrome P450 gene, Cyp6g1. Overexpression of Cyp6g1 appears to have evolved in parallel in Drosophila simulans, a sibling species of D. melanogaster, where it is also associated with insecticide resistance. However, it is not known whether the ability of the CYP6G1 enzyme to provide resistance to multiple insecticides evolved recently in D. melanogaster or if this function is present in all Drosophila species. Here we show that duplication of the Cyp6g1 gene occurred at least four times during the evolution of different Drosophila species, and the ability of CYP6G1 to confer resistance to multiple insecticides exists in D. melanogaster and D. simulans but not in Drosophila willistoni or Drosophila virilis. In D. virilis, which has multiple copies of Cyp6g1, one copy confers resistance to DDT and another to nitenpyram, suggesting that the divergence of protein sequence between copies subsequent to the duplication affected the activity of the enzyme. All orthologs tested conferred resistance to one or more insecticides, suggesting that CYP6G1 had the capacity to provide resistance to anthropogenic chemicals before they existed. Finally, we show that expression of Cyp6g1 in the Malpighian tubules, which contributes to DDT resistance in D. melanogaster, is specific to the D. melanogaster–D. simulans lineage. Our results suggest that a combination of gene duplication, regulatory changes and protein coding changes has taken place at the Cyp6g1 locus during evolution and this locus may play a role in providing resistance to different environmental toxins in different Drosophila species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. R. Harrop
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamar Sztal
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Lumb
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert T. Good
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip J. Daborn
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (PB); (HC)
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PB); (HC)
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Kumar R, Nagar G, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Ray DD, Chaudhuri P, Ghosh S. Survey of pyrethroids resistance in Indian isolates of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: identification of C190A mutation in the domain II of the para-sodium channel gene. Acta Trop 2013; 125:237-45. [PMID: 23092687 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring acaricide resistance and understanding the underlying mechanisms are critically important in developing strategies for resistance management and tick control. Eighteen isolates of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from four agro-climatic regions of India were characterized and the resistant data were correlated with bioassay results, esterase enzyme activities and with the presence/absence of point mutation in the para-sodium channel gene. The adult immersion test was standardized to assess the level of resistance and resistant factors (RF) in the range of 1.2-95.7 were detected. Out of eighteen isolates, three were categorized as susceptible (RF<1.4), five isolates at level I (RF=1.5-<5), eight at level II (RF=5.1-<25), and one isolate each at level III (RF=26-<40) and level IV (RF=>41). The esterase enzyme ratio and survival% of tick isolates was observed significantly (p<0.001) correlated with correlation coefficient (r) in α- and β-esterase activity. The correlation of determination (R(2)) for α- and β-esterase activity indicated that 73.3% and 55.3% data points of field isolates were very close to the correlation lines. For detection of point mutation, three sites (mutation in domain IIS6, T2134A mutation in domain IIIS6 and C190A mutation in domain IIS4-5 linker) of sodium channel gene were amplified and sequenced. Comparative sequence analysis identified a cytosine (C) to adenine (A) nucleotide substitution (CTC to ATC) at position 190 in domain II S4-5 linker region of para-sodium channel gene in six isolates and in reference deltamethrin resistant IVRI-IV line. The occurrence of mutation in the tick isolates having high resistance factor suggested that target site insensitivity and enhanced esterase activity is the possible mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin in the Indian isolates of R. (B.) microplus. These results also concluded that the mutation site in Indian tick isolates is similar to Australian and Brazilian tick isolates while it is different in tick isolates from Mexico and North America. This is the first report of occurrence of mutation in para-sodium channel gene of deltamethrin resistant Indian isolates of R. (B.) microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Parasitology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Verdugo JA, Méndez T, Ortiz-Martínez SA, Cumsille R, Ramírez CC. Variation in resistance mechanisms to the green peach aphid among different Prunus persica commercial cultivars. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:1844-1855. [PMID: 23156185 DOI: 10.1603/ec12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Peaches and nectarines are frequently attacked by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), with significant negative impacts on fruit production. The genetic variability of resistance to this aphid among commercial cultivars of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch and Prunus persica variety nectarina was evaluated in this study. In total, 16 cultivars of P. persica were selected to evaluate the occurrence and population growth rate of M. persicae in commercial orchards, as well as in no-choice and probing behavior laboratory assays. The results showed variability between cultivars in resistance and susceptibility to M. persicae, with three cultivars exhibiting different signatures of resistance. The peach cultivar 'Elegant Lady' exhibited a low occurrence of aphids in the orchard, a low rate of growth, moderate leaf-rejection in a no-choice test and a higher number and longer period of salivation into sieve elements, suggesting resistance at the phloematic level. The nectarine cultivar 'August Red' also exhibited low aphid occurrence in the orchard, a low rate of growth, and resistance at the prephloem and phloem levels. Finally, the nectarine 'July Red-NS92' exhibited a low occurrence of aphids in the orchard, a higher number of rejections in no-choice assays and no ingestion of phloem during the probing behavior experiments, suggesting prephloematic resistance. The rest of the cultivars studied exhibited clear susceptibility. Hence, different resistance mechanisms are apparent among the studied cultivars. The information gathered in this study regarding the resistance to M. persicae may assist breeding programs aimed at increasing aphid resistance to peaches and nectarines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Verdugo
- Instituto de Biología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
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Silva AX, Jander G, Samaniego H, Ramsey JS, Figueroa CC. Insecticide resistance mechanisms in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) I: A transcriptomic survey. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36366. [PMID: 22685538 PMCID: PMC3369866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance is one of the best examples of rapid micro-evolution found in nature. Since the development of the first synthetic insecticide in 1939, humans have invested considerable effort to stay ahead of resistance phenotypes that repeatedly develop in insects. Aphids are a group of insects that have become global pests in agriculture and frequently exhibit insecticide resistance. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, has developed resistance to at least seventy different synthetic compounds, and different insecticide resistance mechanisms have been reported worldwide. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To further characterize this resistance, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptional responses in three genotypes of M. persicae, each exhibiting different resistance mechanisms, in response to an anti-cholinesterase insecticide. The sensitive genotype (exhibiting no resistance mechanism) responded to the insecticide by up-regulating 183 genes primarily ones related to energy metabolism, detoxifying enzymes, proteins of extracellular transport, peptidases and cuticular proteins. The second genotype (resistant through a kdr sodium channel mutation), up-regulated 17 genes coding for detoxifying enzymes, peptidase and cuticular proteins. Finally, a multiply resistant genotype (carrying kdr and a modified acetylcholinesterase), up-regulated only 7 genes, appears not to require induced insecticide detoxification, and instead down-regulated many genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests strongly that insecticide resistance in M. persicae is more complex that has been described, with the participation of a broad array of resistance mechanisms. The sensitive genotype exhibited the highest transcriptional plasticity, accounting for the wide range of potential adaptations to insecticides that this species can evolve. In contrast, the multiply resistant genotype exhibited a low transcriptional plasticity, even for the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification. Our results emphasize the value of microarray studies to search for regulated genes in insects, but also highlights the many ways those different genotypes can assemble resistant phenotypes depending on the environmental pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea X. Silva
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Horacio Samaniego
- Instituto de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - John S Ramsey
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Christian C. Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Joffe T, Gunning RV, Allen GR, Kristensen M, Alptekin S, Field LM, Moores GD. Investigating the potential of selected natural compounds to increase the potency of pyrethrum against houseflies Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:178-184. [PMID: 21770012 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of seven natural compounds compared with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in synergising pyrethrum, with the intention of formulating an effective natural synergist with pyrethrum for use in the organic crop market. RESULTS Discriminating dose bioassays showed PBO to be significantly more effective at synergising pyrethrum in houseflies than the seven natural compounds tested, causing 100% mortality in insecticide-susceptible WHO and resistant 381zb strains of housefly. The most effective natural synergists against WHO houseflies were dillapiole oil, grapefruit oil and parsley seed oil, with 59, 50 and 41% mortality respectively, compared with 18% mortality with unsynergised pyrethrum. Against 381zb houseflies, the most effective natural synergists were parsley seed oil and dillapiole oil. Esterase inhibition by the natural compounds and PBO in vitro showed no correlation with pyrethrum synergism in vivo, whereas the inhibition of oxidases in vitro more closely correlated with pyrethrum synergism in vivo. CONCLUSION Dillapiole oil and parsley seed oil showed the greatest potential as pyrethrum synergists. PBO remained the most effective synergist, possibly owing to its surfactant properties, enhancing penetration of pyrethrins. The results suggest the involvement of oxidases in pyrethroid resistance in houseflies, with the efficacy of synergists showing a high correlation with inhibition of oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Joffe
- School of Agricultural Science/TIAR, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Başkurt S, Taşkin BG, Doğaç E, Taşkın V. Polymorphism in the acetylcholinesterase gene of Musca domestica L. field populations in Turkey. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2011; 36:248-257. [PMID: 22129396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), encoded by the Ace gene, is the primary target of organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CBs) in insects. Ace mutations have been identified in OP and CB resistant strains of Musca domestica. In this study, the Ace gene was partially amplified and sequenced at amino acid positions 260, 342, and 407 to determine the frequencies of these mutations in housefly samples collected from farms and garbage disposal sites of 16 provinces in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. In addition, the percent remaining AChE activities in these samples were assayed by using three OPs (malaoxon, paraoxon, and dichlorvos) and one CB (carbaryl) compound as inhibitors. In all the analyzed samples, 13 different combinations at the three amino acid positions were identified and the L/V260-A/G342-F/Y407 combination was found in the highest frequency. No susceptible individual was detected. The highest mean percent remaining AChE activities were detected in the individuals having the L260-A/G342-F/Y407 genotype when malaoxon and paraoxon were used as inhibitors and in the individuals with the L260-A342-F/Y407 combination when dichlorvos and carbaryl were used as inhibitors. The obtained data were heterogeneous and there was no exact correlation between the molecular genetic background and the resistance phenotypes of the flies. The findings of this study at the molecular and biochemical levels indicate the presence of significant control problems in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Başkurt
- Mugla University, Department of Biology, 48000 Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey
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Foster SP, Denholm I, Poppy GM, Thompson R, Powell W. Fitness trade-off in peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae) between insecticide resistance and vulnerability to parasitoid attack at several spatial scales. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 101:659-666. [PMID: 21205398 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide-resistant clones of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), have previously been shown to have a reduced response to aphid alarm pheromone compared to susceptible ones. The resulting vulnerability of susceptible and resistant aphids to attack by the primary endoparasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh), was investigated across three spatial scales. These scales ranged from aphids confined on individual leaves exposed to single female parasitoids, to aphids on groups of whole plants exposed to several parasitoids. In all experiments, significantly fewer aphids from insecticide-susceptible clones became parasitised compared to insecticide-resistant aphids. Investigations of aphid movement showed at the largest spatial scale that more susceptible aphids than resistant aphids moved from their inoculation leaves to other leaves on the same plant after exposure to parasitoids. The findings imply that parasitoids, and possibly other natural enemies, can influence the evolution and dynamics of insecticide resistance through pleiotropic effects of resistance genes on important behavioural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Foster
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Rossi E, Rainaldi G. Induction of Malathion resistance in CCE/CC128 cell line of Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Cytotechnology 2011; 34:11-5. [PMID: 19003376 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008179521711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCE/CC128 cell line, derived from fertilized eggs of theMediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), was used toinvestigate whether insect cells in culture could developresistance to Malathion. After 20 cycles of pulse-chasetreatment (28 h exposure to 90 mug/ml of Malathion and 48 hrecovery in normal medium), a Mal 90 selected population wasobtained. DNA content analysis showed that the values were distributed between levels 2C and 4C and no accumulation ofcells in a specific phase of the cell cycle was observed.Furthermore, preliminary molecular analysis showed noamplification of the esterase gene in resistant cells.Cross-resistance of Mal 90 cells towards other insecticides wasassayed and found to be absent. Our data support the idea thatthe medfly cell line and, more generally, insect cell cultures,could represent a promising system to investigate insecticideresistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rossi
- Dipartimento Coltivazione e Difesa delle Specie Legnose, Sez. Entomologia Agraria, Via S. Michele degli Scalzi, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Itokawa K, Komagata O, Kasai S, Masada M, Tomita T. Cis-acting mutation and duplication: History of molecular evolution in a P450 haplotype responsible for insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:503-512. [PMID: 21540111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A cytochrome P450 gene, Cyp9m10, is more than 200-fold overexpressed in a pyrethroid resistant strain of Culex quinquefasciatus, JPal-per. The haplotype of this strain contains two copies of Cyp9m10 resulted from recent tandem duplication. In this study, we discovered and isolated a Cyp9m10 haplotype closely related to this duplicated Cyp9m10 haplotype from JHB, a strain used for the recent genome project for this mosquito species. The isolated haplotype (JHB-NIID-B haplotype) shared the same insertion of a transposable element upstream of the coding region with JPal-per strain but not duplicated. The JHB-NIID-B haplotype was considered to have diverged from the JPal-per lineage just before the duplication event. Cyp9m10 was moderately overexpressed in larvae with the JHB-NIID-B haplotype. The overexpressions in JHB-NIID-B and JPal-per haplotypes were developmentally regulated in similar pattern indicating both haplotypes share a common cis-acting mutation responsible for the overexpressions. The isolated moderately overexpressed haplotype conferred resistance, however, its efficacy was relatively small. We hypothesized that the first cis-acting mutation modified the consequence of the subsequent duplication in JPal-per lineage to confer stronger phenotypic effect than that if it occurred before the first cis-acting mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Itokawa
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Leroy PD, Sabri A, Heuskin S, Thonart P, Lognay G, Verheggen FJ, Francis F, Brostaux Y, Felton GW, Haubruge E. Microorganisms from aphid honeydew attract and enhance the efficacy of natural enemies. Nat Commun 2011; 2:348. [PMID: 21673669 PMCID: PMC3156822 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are one of the most serious pests of crops worldwide, causing major yield and economic losses. To control aphids, natural enemies could be an option but their efficacy is sometimes limited by their dispersal in natural environment. Here we report the first isolation of a bacterium from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum honeydew, Staphylococcus sciuri, which acts as a kairomone enhancing the efficiency of aphid natural enemies. Our findings represent the first case of a host-associated bacterium driving prey location and ovipositional preference for the natural enemy. We show that this bacterium has a key role in tritrophic interactions because it is the direct source of volatiles used to locate prey. Some specific semiochemicals produced by S. sciuri were also identified as significant attractants and ovipositional stimulants. The use of this host-associated bacterium could certainly provide a novel approach to control aphids in field and greenhouse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal D Leroy
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Yang M, Jia Q, Guo Y, Ma E, Zhu KY. Genomics-based approaches to screening carboxylesterase-like genes potentially involved in malathion resistance in oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:183-190. [PMID: 21061277 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that increased carboxylesterase (CarE) activity is a major mechanism of malathion resistance in field populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), in China. The aim of the present study was to screen CarE-like genes from a large locust expressed sequence tag (EST) database and to assess their potential roles in malathion resistance. RESULTS Twenty-five ESTs derived from different CarE-like genes in the locust EST database were identified, and 12 candidate genes with significantly increased expressions, ranging from 2.6- to 11.6-fold in a field-derived resistant (FR) colony of the locust, were found. These candidate genes were constitutively expressed in all nymph and adult stages, and most of them were predominantly expressed in the gastric caeca and the midgut. Among the 12 genes, two representative genes (LmCarE9 and LmCarE25) were chosen for RNAi followed by malathion bioassay. The nymph mortalities increased from 34.3 to 65.2 and 54.2% respectively after LmCarE9 and LmcarE25 were silenced. These results indicated significant roles of these CarE-like genes in conferring malathion resistance in the locust. CONCLUSION Multiple CarE-like genes were involved in malathion resistance in the locust. As validated by RNAi followed by malathion bioassay, LmCarE9 and LmcarE25 played a significant role in conferring malathion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Puinean AM, Foster SP, Oliphant L, Denholm I, Field LM, Millar NS, Williamson MS, Bass C. Amplification of a cytochrome P450 gene is associated with resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in the aphid Myzus persicae. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000999. [PMID: 20585623 PMCID: PMC2891718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aphid Myzus persicae is a globally significant crop pest that has evolved high levels of resistance to almost all classes of insecticide. To date, the neonicotinoids, an economically important class of insecticides that target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), have remained an effective control measure; however, recent reports of resistance in M. persicae represent a threat to the long-term efficacy of this chemical class. In this study, the mechanisms underlying resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticides were investigated using biological, biochemical, and genomic approaches. Bioassays on a resistant M. persicae clone (5191A) suggested that P450-mediated detoxification plays a primary role in resistance, although additional mechanism(s) may also contribute. Microarray analysis, using an array populated with probes corresponding to all known detoxification genes in M. persicae, revealed constitutive over-expression (22-fold) of a single P450 gene (CYP6CY3); and quantitative PCR showed that the over-expression is due, at least in part, to gene amplification. This is the first report of a P450 gene amplification event associated with insecticide resistance in an agriculturally important insect pest. The microarray analysis also showed over-expression of several gene sequences that encode cuticular proteins (2–16-fold), and artificial feeding assays and in vivo penetration assays using radiolabeled insecticide provided direct evidence of a role for reduced cuticular penetration in neonicotinoid resistance. Conversely, receptor radioligand binding studies and nucleotide sequencing of nAChR subunit genes suggest that target-site changes are unlikely to contribute to resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in M. persicae. M. persicae is the most economically important aphid pest in many regions of the world due to its large host range and the damage it causes through direct feeding and through the transmission of plant viruses. This species has developed resistance to most classes of insecticide; and although, to date, the neonicotinoids have remained an effective control measure, recent reports of resistance in M. persicae represent a threat to the long-term effectiveness of this chemical class. Work on other insect species has shown that resistance can arise through increased production of metabolic enzymes (such as cytochrome P450s) that detoxify the insecticide. In this study we made use of recent advances in genomics to quantify the expression of all genes encoding detoxification enzymes in a resistant strain of M. persicae. We found resistance correlated with the over-expression of a single P450 gene, and we show that this is due to gene amplification. We also showed that over-expression of cuticular proteins and reduced penetration of insecticide through the cuticle may also play a role in resistance. These findings will influence the design and monitoring of management strategies that aim to slow or prevent the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin M. Puinean
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
- Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Foster
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Oliphant
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Denholm
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Linda M. Field
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Neil S. Millar
- Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin S. Williamson
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Schwarzenberger A, Zitt A, Kroth P, Mueller S, Von Elert E. Gene expression and activity of digestive proteases in Daphnia: effects of cyanobacterial protease inhibitors. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 10:6. [PMID: 20441581 PMCID: PMC2873468 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of cyanobacterial blooms has increased worldwide, and these blooms have been claimed to be a major factor leading to the decline of the most important freshwater herbivores, i.e. representatives of the genus Daphnia. This suppression of Daphnia is partly attributed to the presence of biologically active secondary metabolites in cyanobacteria. Among these metabolites, protease inhibitors are found in almost every natural cyanobacterial bloom and have been shown to specifically inhibit Daphnia's digestive proteases in vitro, but to date no physiological responses of these serine proteases to cyanobacterial protease inhibitors in Daphnia have been reported in situ at the protein and genetic levels. RESULTS Nine digestive proteases were detected in D. magna using activity-stained SDS-PAGE. Subsequent analyses by LC-MS/MS and database search led to the identification of respective protease genes. D. magna responded to dietary protease inhibitors by up-regulation of the expression of these respective proteases at the RNA-level and by the induction of new and less sensitive protease isoforms at the protein level. The up-regulation in response to dietary trypsin- and chymotrypsin-inhibitors ranged from 1.4-fold to 25.6-fold. These physiological responses of Daphnia, i.e. up-regulation of protease expression and the induction of isoforms, took place even after feeding on 20% cyanobacterial food for only 24 h. These physiological responses proved to be independent from microcystin effects. CONCLUSION Here for the first time it was shown in situ that a D. magna clone responds physiologically to dietary cyanobacterial protease inhibitors by phenotypic plasticity of the targets of these specific inhibitors, i.e. Daphnia gut proteases. These regulatory responses are adaptive for D. magna, as they increase the capacity for protein digestion in the presence of dietary protease inhibitors. The type and extent of these responses in protease expression might determine the degree of growth reduction in D. magna in the presence of cyanobacterial protease inhibitors. The rapid response of Daphnia to cyanobacterial protease inhibitors supports the assumption that dietary cyanobacterial protease inhibitors exert a strong selection pressure on Daphnia proteases themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schwarzenberger
- University of Cologne, Cologne Centre for Biosciences, Zülpicher Straße 47 b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Zitt
- University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter Kroth
- University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Von Elert
- University of Cologne, Cologne Centre for Biosciences, Zülpicher Straße 47 b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Komagata O, Kasai S, Tomita T. Overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes in pyrethroid-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:146-152. [PMID: 20080182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
JPal-per strain of Culex quinquefasciatus exhibits extremely high resistance against pyrethroids in larvae, though the resistance is greatly lower in adults. Increased microsome monooxygenase metabolism is one of the major factors of the larval resistance in this strain. We cloned 46 novel cytochrome P450 cDNAs from JPal-per strain. An oligonucleotide microarray was designed for the novel 46 genes plus 16 previously reported P450 genes along with other non-P450 gene probes. Of these, five P450 genes were upregulated (>2.5-fold) in JPal-per larvae as compared with a susceptible strain. The expression ratios for the highest three among the five P450 genes screened in the microarray analysis, CYP9M10, CYP4H34 and CYP6Z10, were further validated by qPCR as 264-, 8.3-, and 3.9-fold, respectively. In JPal-per, the transcription levels of CYP9M10 and CYP4H34 showed a similar stage-dependent pattern as a high expression level during the larvfrom Ogasawara Islands in Japanal stage dramatically decreases in the adult stage. This larval specific overexpression manner of the two genes was consistent with the characteristic of stage-dependent resistance of JPal-per strain previously reported, suggesting that the two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP4H34, are involved in pyrethroid detoxification in JPal-per strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Komagata
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Quantitative and qualitative changes of the carboxylesterase associated with beta-cypermethrin resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:6-11. [PMID: 20117228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of esterase-mediated pyrethroid resistance were analyzed based on our previous works in a strain of the housefly, Musca domestica. The carboxylesterase gene, MdalphaE7, was cloned and sequenced from susceptible (CSS) and resistant (CRR) strains, and a total of nine amino acid substitutions were found. The mutation, Trp(251)-Ser appeared to play a role in beta-cypermethrin resistance and cross-resistance between organophosphates (OPs) and pyrethroids in the CRR strain. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that MdalphaE7 was over-expressed in the CRR strain, the reciprocal cross progeny F(1) and back-cross progeny BC(2) compared with the CSS strain, respectively. Two alpha-cynaoester substrates as surrogates for beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, were synthesized to determine the pyrethroid hydrolase activity. Results showed that carboxylesterases from the CRR strain hydrolyzed cypermethrin/deltamethrin-like substrate 9.05- and 13.53-fold more efficiently than those from the CSS strain, respectively. Our studies suggested that quantitative and qualitative changes in the carboxylesterase might contribute together to pyrethroid resistance in the CRR strain.
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Molecular survey of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Mexican field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:1145-53. [PMID: 19565267 PMCID: PMC2729983 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroids (SP´s) and the role of two major resistance mechanisms were evaluated in Mexican Rhipicephalus microplus tick populations. Larval packet test (LPT), knock-down (kdr) PCR allele-specific assay (PASA) and esterase activity assays were conducted in tick populations for cypermethrin, flumethrin and deltamethrin. Esterase activity did not have a significant correlation with SP´s resistance. However a significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found between the presence of the sodium channel mutation, and resistance to SP´s as measured by PASA and LPT respectively. Just over half the populations (16/28) were cross-resistant to flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrine, 21.4% of the samples (6/28) were susceptible to all of the three pyrethroids 10.7 of the samples (3/28) were resistant to flumethrin, 3.4 of the samples (1/28) were resistant to deltamethrin only and 7.1% (2/28) were resistant to flumethrin and deltamethrin. The presence of the kdr mutation correlates with resistance to the SP´s as a class. Target site insensitivity is the major mechanism of resistance to SP´s in Mexican R. microplus field strains, involving the presence of a sodium channel mutation, however, esterase-based, other mutations or combination of mechanisms can also occur.
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Abstract
One of the unique insights provided by the growing number of fully sequenced genomes is the pervasiveness of gene duplication and gene loss. Indeed, several metrics now suggest that rates of gene birth and death per gene are only 10-40% lower than nucleotide substitutions per site, and that per nucleotide, the consequent lineage-specific expansion and contraction of gene families may play at least as large a role in adaptation as changes in orthologous sequences. While gene family evolution is pervasive, it may be especially important in our own evolution since it appears that the "revolving door" of gene duplication and loss has undergone multiple accelerations in the lineage leading to humans. In this paper, we review current understanding of gene family evolution including: methods for inferring copy number change, evidence for adaptive expansion and adaptive contraction of gene families, the origins of new families and deaths of previously established ones, and finally we conclude with a perspective on challenges and promising directions for future research.
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Sayyed AH, Moores G, Crickmore N, Wright DJ. Cross-resistance between a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin and non-Bt insecticides in the diamondback moth. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:813-819. [PMID: 18383197 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) crystal (Cry) toxins are expressed in various transgenic crops and are also used as sprays in integrated pest management and organic agricultural systems. The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) is a major worldwide pest of crucifer crops and one that has readily acquired field resistance to a broad range of insecticides. RESULTS Selection of a subpopulation of the P. xylostella SERD4 population with the pyrethroid deltamethrin increased resistance to both deltamethrin and Cry1Ac relative to an unselected subpopulation. Selection of a second subpopulation with the Bt toxin Cry1Ac also increased resistance to both Cry1Ac and deltamethrin. A complementation test between the Cry1Ac-selected and deltamethrin-selected subpopulations suggested the presence of a common genetic locus or loci that control resistance to both insecticides. A piperonyl butoxide analogue with potent inhibitory activity against insect esterases significantly increased the toxicity of Cry1Ac and deltamethrin against the respective resistant subpopulations, but showed no such synergism with the unselected subpopulation of SERD4. CONCLUSION Selection of one resistance phenotype resulted in the simultaneous selection of the other. This phenomenon could be due to a single mechanism acting against both classes of insecticide or to genetically linked, but separate, mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Sayyed
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9QG, UK.
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Behavioural side-effects of insecticide resistance in aphids increase their vulnerability to parasitoid attack. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Margaritopoulos JT, Skouras PJ, Nikolaidou P, Manolikaki J, Maritsa K, Tsamandani K, Kanavaki OM, Bacandritsos N, Zarpas KD, Tsitsipis JA. Insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations from peach and tobacco in mainland Greece. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2007; 63:821-9. [PMID: 17573686 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of 88 and 38 field samples of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) to imidacloprid and deltamethrin respectively was examined using the FAO dip test bioassay. The field samples were collected from tobacco and peach from various regions of Greece in the period from 2004 to 2006. In addition, 497, 349 and 370 clones originating from peach and tobacco were screened for the three known resistance mechanisms, elevated esterases, modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) and knockdown resistance (kdr) respectively, using biochemical and DNA diagnostics. Most of the samples assayed with imidacloprid showed low resistance factors (RFs)-39% below 5 and 21% between 5 and 10. However, 9% of the samples (all from tobacco) showed relatively high RF values (24-73). Differences were found between crops, with higher RF values recorded in samples from tobacco than in those from peach. Bioassays with deltamethrin revealed the development of strong resistance in the populations examined. The RFs were mostly higher than 23, and in 29% of the samples they were extremely high (152-436). Finally, the three known resistance mechanisms were found in high frequencies in the populations examined, although some differences between crops and years were detected. The implications of the study for management schemes against M. persicae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Margaritopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., 384 46 Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece.
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Willoughby L, Batterham P, Daborn PJ. Piperonyl butoxide induces the expression of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes in Drosophila melanogaster. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2007; 63:803-8. [PMID: 17514638 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is an insecticide synergist known to inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. PBO is currently used in some insecticide formulations, and has also been suggested as a pretreatment for some pesticide applications. Little is known about how insects respond to PBO exposure at the gene transcription level. The authors have characterised the transcriptional response of the Drosophila melanogaster genome after PBO treatment, using both a custom-designed 'detox' microarray, containing cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterase genes, and a full genome microarray. A subset of P450 and GST genes is identified, along with additional metabolic genes, that are induced by PBO. The gene set is an extremely similar gene set to that induced by phenobarbital, a compound for which pretreatment is known to confer tolerance to a range of insecticide compounds. The implications of the induction of gene families known to metabolise insecticides and the use of PBO in pest management programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Willoughby
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
An important tenet of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo devo") is that adaptive mutations affecting morphology are more likely to occur in the cis-regulatory regions than in the protein-coding regions of genes. This argument rests on two claims: (1) the modular nature of cis-regulatory elements largely frees them from deleterious pleiotropic effects, and (2) a growing body of empirical evidence appears to support the predominant role of gene regulatory change in adaptation, especially morphological adaptation. Here we discuss and critique these assertions. We first show that there is no theoretical or empirical basis for the evo devo contention that adaptations involving morphology evolve by genetic mechanisms different from those involving physiology and other traits. In addition, some forms of protein evolution can avoid the negative consequences of pleiotropy, most notably via gene duplication. In light of evo devo claims, we then examine the substantial data on the genetic basis of adaptation from both genome-wide surveys and single-locus studies. Genomic studies lend little support to the cis-regulatory theory: many of these have detected adaptation in protein-coding regions, including transcription factors, whereas few have examined regulatory regions. Turning to single-locus studies, we note that the most widely cited examples of adaptive cis-regulatory mutations focus on trait loss rather than gain, and none have yet pinpointed an evolved regulatory site. In contrast, there are many studies that have both identified structural mutations and functionally verified their contribution to adaptation and speciation. Neither the theoretical arguments nor the data from nature, then, support the claim for a predominance of cis-regulatory mutations in evolution. Although this claim may be true, it is at best premature. Adaptation and speciation probably proceed through a combination of cis-regulatory and structural mutations, with a substantial contribution of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hopi E Hoekstra
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Willoughby L, Chung H, Lumb C, Robin C, Batterham P, Daborn PJ. A comparison of Drosophila melanogaster detoxification gene induction responses for six insecticides, caffeine and phenobarbital. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 36:934-42. [PMID: 17098168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Modifications of metabolic pathways are important in insecticide resistance evolution. Mutations leading to changes in expression levels or substrate specificities of cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and esterase genes have been linked to many cases of resistance with the responsible enzyme shown to utilize the insecticide as a substrate. Many studies show that the substrates of enzymes are capable of inducing the expression of those enzymes. We investigated if this was the case for insecticides and the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. The induction responses for P450s, GSTs and esterases to six different insecticides were investigated using a custom designed microarray in Drosophila melanogaster. Even though these gene families can all contribute to insecticide resistance, their induction responses when exposed to insecticides are minimal. The insecticides spinosad, diazinon, nitenpyram, lufenuron and dicyclanil did not induce any P450, GST or esterase gene expression after a short exposure to high lethal concentrations of insecticide. DDT elicited the low-level induction of one GST and one P450. These results are in contrast to induction responses we observed for the natural plant compound caffeine and the barbituate drug phenobarbital, both of which highly induced a number of P450 and GST genes under the same short exposure regime. Our results indicate that, under the insecticide exposure conditions we used, constitutive over-expression of metabolic genes play more of a role in insect survival than induction of members of these gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Willoughby
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Jiang RHY, Weide R, van de Vondervoort PJI, Govers F. Amplification generates modular diversity at an avirulence locus in the pathogen Phytophthora. Genome Res 2006; 16:827-40. [PMID: 16818726 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5193806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The destructive late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans is notorious for its rapid adaptation to circumvent detection mediated by plant resistance (R) genes. We performed comparative genomic hybridization on microarrays (array-CGH) in a near genome-wide survey to identify genome rearrangements related to changes in virulence. Six loci with copy number variation were found, one of which involves an amplification colocalizing with a previously identified locus that confers avirulence in combination with either R gene R3b, R10, or R11. Besides array-CGH, we used three independent approaches to find candidate genes at the Avr3b-Avr10-Avr11 locus: positional cloning, cDNA-AFLP analysis, and Affymetrix array expression profiling. This resulted in one candidate, pi3.4, that encodes a protein of 1956 amino acids with regulatory domains characteristic for transcription factors. Amplification is restricted to the 3' end of the full-length gene but the amplified copies still contain the hallmarks of a regulatory protein. Sequence comparison showed that the amplification may generate modular diversity and assist in the assembly of novel full-length genes via unequal crossing-over. Analyses of P. infestans field isolates revealed that the pi3.4 amplification correlates with avirulence; isolates virulent on R3b, R10, and R11 plants lack the amplified gene cluster. The ancestral state of 3.4 in the Phytophthora lineage is a full-length, single-copy gene. In P. infestans, however, pi3.4 is a dynamic gene that is amplified and has moved to other locations. Modular diversity could be a novel mechanism for pathogens to quickly adapt to changes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rays H Y Jiang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, NL-5-6709 PD Wageningen and Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, The Netherlands
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Brisson JA, Stern DL. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum: an emerging genomic model system for ecological, developmental and evolutionary studies. Bioessays 2006; 28:747-55. [PMID: 16850403 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aphids display an abundance of adaptations that are not easily studied in existing model systems. Here we review the biology of a new genomic model system, the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. We then discuss several phenomena that are particularly accessible to study in the pea aphid: the developmental genetic basis of polyphenisms, aphid-bacterial symbioses, the genetics of adaptation and mechanisms of virus transmission. The pea aphid can be maintained in the laboratory and natural populations can be studied in the field. These properties allow controlled experiments to be performed on problems of direct relevance to natural aphid populations. Combined with new genomic approaches, the pea aphid is poised to become an important model system for understanding the molecular and developmental basis of many ecologically and evolutionarily relevant problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Brisson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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