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Alyamany R, Alnughmush A, Almutlaq M, Alyamany M, Alfayez M. Azacitidine induced lung injury: report and contemporary discussion on diagnosis and management. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1345492. [PMID: 38406809 PMCID: PMC10884222 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1345492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Azacitidine, a hypomethylating agent, has caused a paradigm shift in the outcomes of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are not eligible for stem cell transplantation, particularly in combination with BCL2 and IDH inhibitors. Azacitidine and Azacitidine-based combinations have been widely considered a safe low-intensity therapy when compared to traditional conventional treatments. The development of lung toxicity from azacitidine is not a well-characterized adverse event. However, if it happens, it can be fatal, especially if not recognized and treated promptly. In this review, we aim to familiarize the reader with the presentation of azacitidine-induced lung injury, provide our suggested approach to management based on our experience and the current understanding of its mechanism, and review the literature of 20 case reports available on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruah Alyamany
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alnughmush
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Almutlaq
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alyamany
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alfayez
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Yang W, Zhuang J, Li C, Bai C, Cheng G. Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanisms of the Covalent Drugs for DNMT3A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12652. [PMID: 37628829 PMCID: PMC10454219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The perturbations of DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) may cause uncontrolled gene expression, resulting in cancers and tumors. The DNMT inhibitors Azacytidine (AZA) and Zebularine (ZEB) inhibit the DNMT family with no specificities, and consequently would bring side effects during the treatment. Therefore, it is vital to understand the inhibitory mechanisms in DNMT3A to inform the new inhibitor design for DNMTs. Herein, we carried out molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of the AZA and ZEB. The results were compared to the methyl transfer of cytosine. We showed how the AZA might stop the methyl transfer process, whereas the ZEB might be stuck in a methyl-transferred intermediate (IM3). The IM3 state then fails the elimination due to the unique protein dynamics that result in missing the catalytic water chain. Our results brought atomic-level insights into the mechanisms of the two drugs in DNMT3A, which could benefit the new generation of drug design for the DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhuang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chen Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Chen Bai
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Guijuan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518017, China
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3
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li C, Shi K, Zhang K, Liu N. Therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on colorectal cancer. Food Funct 2022; 13:6450-6466. [PMID: 35661189 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignant diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. Ginseng and its major extracts, ginsenosides, have been used in medical fields for thousands of years. In particular, their huge anti-cancer potential has drawn a great deal of attention in recent years. There is a large body of evidence that has shown that ginseng and its extracts could significantly inhibit tumor development and progression by suppressing cell proliferation, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, regulating tumor-associated immune responses, and improving the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy. Notably, different subtypes of ginsenosides, even those extracted from the same ginseng, have exhibited distinct anti-cancer functions through different mechanisms. Over the past few years, a large number of studies have focused on how ginseng or various ginsenosides influence CRC development. Therefore, the roles and the potential of ginseng and ginsenosides in the treatment of CRC are summarized in this review. In addition, the biochemical properties of ginseng and ginsenosides are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxian Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
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Horton JR, Pathuri S, Wong K, Ren R, Rueda L, Fosbenner DT, Heerding DA, McCabe MT, Pappalardi MB, Zhang X, King BW, Cheng X. Structural characterization of dicyanopyridine containing DNMT1-selective, non-nucleoside inhibitors. Structure 2022; 30:793-802.e5. [PMID: 35395178 PMCID: PMC9177618 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNMT1 maintains the parental DNA methylation pattern on newly replicated hemimethylated DNA. The failure of this maintenance process causes aberrant DNA methylation that affects transcription and contributes to the development and progression of cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we structurally characterized a set of newly discovered DNMT1-selective, reversible, non-nucleoside inhibitors that bear a core 3,5-dicyanopyridine moiety, as exemplified by GSK3735967, to better understand their mechanism of inhibition. All of the dicyanopydridine-containing inhibitors examined intercalate into the hemimethylated DNA between two CpG base pairs through the DNA minor groove, resulting in conformational movement of the DNMT1 active-site loop. In addition, GSK3735967 introduces two new binding sites, where it interacts with and stabilizes the displaced DNMT1 active-site loop and it occupies an open aromatic cage in which trimethylated histone H4 lysine 20 is expected to bind. Our work represents a substantial step in generating potent, selective, and non-nucleoside inhibitors of DNMT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Horton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarath Pathuri
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristen Wong
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ren Ren
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lourdes Rueda
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - David T Fosbenner
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Dirk A Heerding
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Melissa B Pappalardi
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bryan W King
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Feng S, De Carvalho DD. Clinical advances in targeting epigenetics for cancer therapy. FEBS J 2021; 289:1214-1239. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Feng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto ON Canada
| | - Daniel D. De Carvalho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto ON Canada
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6
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DNA methyltransferase inhibitors modulate histone methylation: epigenetic crosstalk between H3K4me3 and DNA methylation during sperm differentiation. ZYGOTE 2021; 29:239-244. [PMID: 33413709 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199420000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The process of cytodifferentiation in spermatogenesis is governed by a unique genetic and molecular programme. In this context, accurate 'tuning' of the regulatory mechanisms involved in germ cells differentiation is required, as any error could have dramatic consequences on species survival and maintenance. To study the processes that govern the spatial-temporal expression of genes, as well as analyse transmission of epigenetic information to descendants, an integrated approach of genetics, biochemistry and cytology data is necessary. As information in the literature on interplay between DNA methylation and histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) in the advanced stages of murine spermatogenesis is still scarce, we investigated the effect of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, at the cytological level using immunocytochemistry methodology. Our results revealed a particular distribution of H3K4me3 during sperm cell differentiation and highlighted an important role for regulation of DNA methylation in controlling histone methylation and chromatin remodelling during spermatogenesis.
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Global changes in epigenomes during mouse spermatogenesis: possible relation to germ cell apoptosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:123-134. [PMID: 32653936 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is characterized by disproportionate germ cell apoptosis. The high frequency of apoptosis is considered a safety mechanism that serves to avoid unfavorable transmission of paternal aberrant genetic information to the offspring as well as elimination mechanism for removal of overproduced immature or damaged spermatogenic cells. The molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of germ cell apoptosis include both intrinsic mitochondrial Bcl-2/Bax and extrinsic Fas/FasL pathways. However, little is known about the nuclear trigger of those systems. Recent studies indicate that epigenomes are essential in the regulation of gene expression through remodeling of the chromatin structure, and are genome-like transmission materials that reflect the effects of various environmental factors. In spermatogenesis, epigenetic errors can act as the trigger for elimination of germ cells with abnormal chromatin structure, abnormal gene expression and/or morphological defects (disordered differentiation). In this review, we focus on the relationship between global changes in epigenetic parameters and germ cell apoptosis in mice and other mammals.
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Zebardast S, Sahmani M, Mohammadi S, Foroughi F, Dehghani Fard A, Mohammadi Z, Khojastepour S, Azad M. The Gene Expression Profile and DNA Methylation Pattern of CDH1 and DNMT1 Genes in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL). Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 8:454-457. [PMID: 32582805 PMCID: PMC7275828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that has the ability to alter gene expression and function. These epigenetic changes have been associated with the development of cancer. Previous research has found that DNA methylation patterns can predict disease prognosis for patients with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL). The role of DNMT1 and CDH1 in regulating the extension of cells are studied in this study. METHODS DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of APL patients and treated with bisulfite. DNMT1 and CDH1 gene promoter methylation was subsequently analyzed using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression level of DNMT1 and CDH1 genes. RESULTS Partial methylation of the CDH1 gene promoter was detected in 20% of APL patients and an unmethylated status was detected in 80% of patient samples. Additionally, an unmethylated status in the DNMT1 gene promoter was detected in 100% of APL patient samples. CONCLUSION Our study found the CDH1 gene promoter to be unmethylated in almost all APL patients, while the DNMT1 promoter was unmethylated in all APL patients. Furthermore, we observed an increase in both CDH1 and DNMT1 gene expression in APL patients compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest that DNMT1 may not have a specific role in inhibiting CDH1 gene expression in APL. Applying higher resolution techniques would help to better uncover the DNA methylation patterns in patients with APL. Further research is required to determine the role of DNA methylation and CDH1 and DNMT1 gene expression in APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Zebardast
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Sahmani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Hematology-Oncology and stem cell transplantation research center, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin university of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | | | - Zahra Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Sahar Khojastepour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Department of Medical laboratory sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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Wildenhof TM, Schiffers S, Traube FR, Mayer P, Carell T. Influencing Epigenetic Information with a Hydrolytically Stable Carbocyclic 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Wildenhof
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Sarah Schiffers
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Franziska R. Traube
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
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10
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Abstract
SummaryMale germ cell development is a critical period during which epigenetic patterns are established and maintained. The progression from diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa involves the incorporation of testis-specific histone variants, mitotic and meiotic divisions, haploid gene expression, histone–protamine transitions and massive epigenetic reprogramming. Understanding the protein players and the epigenetic mark network involved in the setting of the epigenetic programme in spermatogenesis is an exciting new clue in the field of reproductive biology with translational outcomes. As information in the existing literature regarding cross-talk between DNA methylation and histone hyperacetylation in the advanced stages of murine spermatogenesis is still scarce and controversial we have investigated the effect of a DNA-methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, at the cytological and molecular level (by transmission electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation methods). Our results revealed an important role for regulation of DNA methylation in controlling histone hyperacetylation and chromatin remodelling during spermatogenesis.
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Wildenhof TM, Schiffers S, Traube FR, Mayer P, Carell T. Influencing Epigenetic Information with a Hydrolytically Stable Carbocyclic 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12984-12987. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Wildenhof
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Sarah Schiffers
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Franziska R. Traube
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstrasse 5–13 Munich Germany
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Nicorescu I, Dallinga GM, de Winther MP, Stroes ES, Bahjat M. Potential epigenetic therapeutics for atherosclerosis treatment. Atherosclerosis 2019; 281:189-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bohnsack KE, Höbartner C, Bohnsack MT. Eukaryotic 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C) RNA Methyltransferases: Mechanisms, Cellular Functions, and Links to Disease. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020102. [PMID: 30704115 PMCID: PMC6409601 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
5-methylcytosine (m⁵C) is an abundant RNA modification that's presence is reported in a wide variety of RNA species, including cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), as well as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) and a number of non-coding RNAs. In eukaryotes, C5 methylation of RNA cytosines is catalyzed by enzymes of the NOL1/NOP2/SUN domain (NSUN) family, as well as the DNA methyltransferase homologue DNMT2. In recent years, substrate RNAs and modification target nucleotides for each of these methyltransferases have been identified, and structural and biochemical analyses have provided the first insights into how each of these enzymes achieves target specificity. Functional characterizations of these proteins and the modifications they install have revealed important roles in diverse aspects of both mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression. Importantly, this knowledge has enabled a better understanding of the molecular basis of a number of diseases caused by mutations in the genes encoding m⁵C methyltransferases or changes in the expression level of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Markus T Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
- Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Germany.
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Ma HS, Wang EL, Xu WF, Yamada S, Yoshimoto K, Qian ZR, Shi L, Liu LL, Li XH. Overexpression of DNA (Cytosine-5)-Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) And DNA (Cytosine-5)-Methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) Is Associated with Aggressive Behavior and Hypermethylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Pituitary Adenomas. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4841-4850. [PMID: 30002361 PMCID: PMC6069575 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alteration of DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is one of the most consistent epigenetic changes in human cancers. DNMTs play several important roles in DNA methylation and development of cancers. Regarding DNMTs protein expressions, little is known about the clinical significance and correlation with promoter methylation status of TSGs in human pituitary adenomas. Material/Methods We analyzed the protein expression of 3 DNMTs using immunohistochemistry and assessed DNA hypermethylation of RASSF1A, CDH13, CDH1, and CDKN2A (p16) in 63 pituitary adenomas. We examined associations between DNMTs expression and clinicopathological features or promoter methylation status of TSGs. Results Overexpression of DNMTs was detected in pituitary adenomas. Frequencies of DNMT1 overexpression were significantly higher in macroadenomas, invasive tumors, and grade III and IV tumors. DNMT3A was frequently detected in invasive tumors and grade IV tumors. In addition, DNMT1 and DNMT3A were frequently detected in high-methylation tumors. Furthermore, in multivariate logistic regression, the significant association between DNMT1 or DNMT3A and high-methylation status persisted after adjusting for clinicopathological features. Conclusions Our findings suggested that tumor overexpression of DNMT1 and DNMT3A is associated with tumor aggressive behavior and high-methylation status in pituitary adenomas. Our data support a possible role of DNMT1 and DNMT3A in TSG promoter methylation leading to pituitary adenoma invasion and suggest that inhibition of DNMTs has the potential to become a new therapeutic approach for invasive pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Shi Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Elaine Lu Wang
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Wen-Fei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiangb, China (mainland)
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshimoto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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15
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Castillo-Aguilera O, Depreux P, Halby L, Arimondo PB, Goossens L. DNA Methylation Targeting: The DNMT/HMT Crosstalk Challenge. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010003. [PMID: 28067760 PMCID: PMC5372715 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin can adopt a decondensed state linked to gene transcription (euchromatin) and a condensed state linked to transcriptional repression (heterochromatin). These states are controlled by epigenetic modulators that are active on either the DNA or the histones and are tightly associated to each other. Methylation of both DNA and histones is involved in either the activation or silencing of genes and their crosstalk. Since DNA/histone methylation patterns are altered in cancers, molecules that target these modifications are interesting therapeutic tools. We present herein a vast panel of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors classified according to their mechanism, as well as selected histone methyltransferase inhibitors sharing a common mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Castillo-Aguilera
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Patrick Depreux
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ludovic Halby
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
- Churchill College, Cambridge CB3 0DS, UK.
| | - Laurence Goossens
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Mokarram P, Mohammadi Z, Khazayel S, Dayong Z. Induction of Epigenetic Alteration by CPUK02, An Ent- kaurenoid Derivative of Stevioside. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2017; 9:13-18. [PMID: 28090275 PMCID: PMC5219816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary polyphenols, such as those found in green tea and red wine, are linked to antitumor activity. They are known to influence many signaling pathways epigenetically within the human body. In this regard, CPUK02 (15-Oxosteviol benzyl ester) is a new ent-kaurenoid derivative of stevioside and exhibits strong anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Nowadays, the role of epigenetics in cancer has been the subject of intensive study and DNA methylation targeting represents a relevant strategy for cancer treatment. There are no reports regarding the effects of CPUK02 on epigenetic alterations in colorectal cancer cell line. This study was an attempt to compare CPUK02 with 5-AZA as DNMT inhibitor agent and evaluate whether it can induce its anti-cancer effects via altering the level of DNMT3b mRNA, MGMT and SFRP2 methylation pattern in HCT 116 cell line. METHODS To evaluate DNMT3b expression, DNMT3B mRNA levels in HCT116 CRC cell line were quantified by real-time reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay after 24 hr of incubation time with CPUK02 and 5-AZA. In addition, the methylation patterns of 2 CpG islands in this cell line were examined by methylation-specific PCR methods. RESULTS CPUK02 surprisingly, decreased the DNMT3b mRNA level. The average expression levels of DNMT3b in HCT116 treated with CPUK02 and 5-AZA relative to the GAPDH expression level in control were 0.16 and 0.5%, respectively. Furthermore, CPUK02 could decrease the methylated allele of MGMT and SFRP2 genes in HCT 116 after 24 hr. CONCLUSION In this study, positive correlation was found between mRNA expression of DNMT3b and gene promoter hypermethylation after treatment with CPUK02 and 5-AZA. Our data confirmed that CPUK02 like 5-AZA exhibits demethylating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Mokarram
- Gasteroenterohepatology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Khazayel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zhang Dayong
- Drug Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, China
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Cohen AL, Ray A, Van Brocklin M, Burnett DM, Bowen RC, Dyess DL, Butler TW, Dumlao T, Khong HT. A phase I trial of azacitidine and nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52413-52419. [PMID: 28881739 PMCID: PMC5581038 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), an albumin-binding protein, is downregulated by hypermethylation in many cancers. Hypomethylating agents such as azacitidine can upregulate SPARC in tumors, which may enhance the accumulation of albumin-bound drugs at tumor site. The objectives of this phase I trial was to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose and to assess any clinical activity of the combination of azacytidine and weekly nanoparticle-albumin-bound (nab®) paclitaxel. Methods Patients received escalating azacytidine doses daily for 5 days, followed by nab-paclitaxel at the standard 100mg/m2 weekly dose for 3 weeks in 4-week cycles. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were monitored during the first cycle. Serum was obtained at baseline, during and after treatment for correlative study. Results All sixteen total patients enrolled were evaluable for toxicity, while 13 patients were evaluable for response. Two of five patients treated with 100mg/m2 of azacytidine had DLT of prolonged grade 4 neutropenia. Therefore, the MTD of azacitidine in this regimen is 75 mg/m2. Three additional patients were treated with no grade 4 toxicity in cycle 1. Clinical activity included 1 complete response (CR) in refractory DLBCL, 2 CR in ovarian cancer, 4 partial responses (PR) in ovarian and endometrial cancer, 4 stable diseases (SD) in lung, sarcoma and pancreatic cancer, 1 unconfirmed PR in breast cancer, and 1 progression of disease in CLL/SLL. Conclusions Priming with azacitidine 75 mg/m2 daily for 5 days, followed by weekly nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 weekly was well tolerated and results in dramatic responses pre-treated cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Abhijit Ray
- Division of Oncology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew Van Brocklin
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David M Burnett
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Randy C Bowen
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Donna L Dyess
- University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Thomas W Butler
- University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, USA
| | | | - Hung T Khong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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18
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Song N, Endo D, Song B, Shibata Y, Koji T. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine impairs mouse spermatogenesis at multiple stages through different usage of DNA methyltransferases. Toxicology 2016; 361-362:62-72. [PMID: 27396502 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a progressive process comprising spermatogonial proliferation, spermatocytic meiosis, and later spermiogenesis, which is considered to be under the regulation of epigenetic parameters. To gain insights into the significance of DNA methylation in early spermatogenesis, 5-azadC was used as a molecular biological tool to mimic the level of DNA methylation in vivo. Since the drug is incorporated into DNA during the S-phase, spermatogonia and spermatocytes would be affected primarily in mouse spermatogenesis. Adult male ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5-azadC at a dose of 0.25mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days, allowing us to examine its maximum effect on the kinetics of spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In this short-term protocol, 5-azadC induced significant histological abnormalities, such as a marked increase in apoptosis of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, followed by severe loss of spermatids, while after termination of 5-azadC treatment, normal histology was restored in the testis within 35days. Quantification of the methylation level of CCGG sites as well as whole DNA showed spermatogonial hypomethylation, which correlated with increased apoptosis of spermatogonia. Interestingly, the hypomethylated cells were simultaneously positive for tri-methylated histone H3 at K4. On the other hand, no changes in methylation level were found in spermatocytes, but PCNA staining clearly showed disordered accumulation of S-phase spermatocytes, which increased their apoptosis in stage XII. In addition, different immunohistochemical staining pattern was found for DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs); DNMT1was expressed in the majority of all germ cells, but DNMT3a and b were only expressed in spermatogonia. Our results indicate that 5-azadC caused DNA hypomethylation in spermatogonia, but induced prolongation of S-phase in spermatocytes, resulting in the induction of apoptosis in both cases. Thus, 5-azadC affects spermatogenesis at more than one differentiation stage with different mechanisms, probably due to the specific usage of DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Rd., Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Daisuke Endo
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, NO. 1, Xueyuan Rd., Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Yasuaki Shibata
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takehiko Koji
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Paluch BE, Naqash AR, Brumberger Z, Nemeth MJ, Griffiths EA. Epigenetics: A primer for clinicians. Blood Rev 2016; 30:285-95. [PMID: 26969414 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cellular biology, we now appreciate that modifications to DNA and histones can have a profound impact on transcription and function, even in the absence of changes to DNA sequence. These modifications, now commonly referred to as "epigenetic" alterations, have changed how we understand cell behavior, reprogramming and differentiation and have provided significant insight into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Epigenetic alterations, to this point, are largely identified by changes in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation as well as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation of histone tails. These modifications enable significant flexibility in gene expression, rather than just turning genes "ON" or "OFF." Herein we describe the epigenetic landscape in the regulation of gene expression with a particular focus on interrogating DNA methylation in myeloid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Abdul R Naqash
- Catholic Health, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY), 2157 Main Street, 14214 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zachary Brumberger
- University at Buffalo State University of New York, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 3435 Main Street, 14260 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Leukemia Division, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
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20
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Chang JTH, Lee YM, Huang RS. The impact of the Cancer Genome Atlas on lung cancer. Transl Res 2015; 166:568-85. [PMID: 26318634 PMCID: PMC4656061 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has profiled more than 10,000 samples derived from 33 types of cancer to date, with the goal of improving our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer and advancing our ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer. This review focuses on lung cancer as it is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide in both men and women. Particularly, non-small cell lung cancers (including lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma) were evaluated. Our goal was to demonstrate the impact of TCGA on lung cancer research under 4 themes: diagnostic markers, disease progression markers, novel therapeutic targets, and novel tools. Examples are given related to DNA mutation, copy number variation, messenger RNA, and microRNA expression along with methylation profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T-H Chang
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Yee Ming Lee
- Center for Personalized Therapeutics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
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Erdmann A, Halby L, Fahy J, Arimondo PB. Targeting DNA Methylation with Small Molecules: What’s Next? J Med Chem 2014; 58:2569-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500843d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Erdmann
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Ludovic Halby
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Jacques Fahy
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
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22
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Graça I, Sousa EJ, Costa-Pinheiro P, Vieira FQ, Torres-Ferreira J, Martins MG, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Anti-neoplastic properties of hydralazine in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:5950-64. [PMID: 24797896 PMCID: PMC4171604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although early disease is often efficiently managed therapeutically, available options for advanced disease are mostly ineffective. Aberrant DNA methylation associated with gene-silencing of cancer-related genes is a common feature of PCa. Therefore, DNA methylation inhibitors might constitute an attractive alternative therapy. Herein, we evaluated the anti-cancer properties of hydralazine, a non-nucleoside DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) inhibitor, in PCa cell lines. In vitro assays showed that hydralazine exposure led to a significant dose and time dependent growth inhibition, increased apoptotic rate and decreased invasiveness. Furthermore, it also induced cell cycle arrest and DNA damage. These phenotypic effects were particularly prominent in DU145 cells. Following hydralazine exposure, decreased levels of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b mRNA and DNMT1 protein were depicted. Moreover, a significant decrease in GSTP1, BCL2 and CCND2 promoter methylation levels, with concomitant transcript re-expression, was also observed. Interestingly, hydralazine restored androgen receptor expression, with upregulation of its target p21 in DU145 cell line. Protein array analysis suggested that blockage of EGF receptor signaling pathway is likely to be the main mechanism of hydralazine action in DU145 cells. Our data demonstrate that hydralazine attenuated the malignant phenotype of PCa cells, and might constitute a useful therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Graça
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
- Departments of School of Allied Health Sciences ESTSP, Polytechnic of Porto
| | - Elsa J Sousa
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
| | - Pedro Costa-Pinheiro
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
| | - Filipa Q Vieira
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
- Departments of School of Allied Health Sciences ESTSP, Polytechnic of Porto
| | - Jorge Torres-Ferreira
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
| | - Maria Gabriela Martins
- Department of Hematology - Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto
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23
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Wrangle J, Wang W, Koch A, Easwaran H, Mohammad HP, Vendetti F, VanCriekinge W, DeMeyer T, Du Z, Parsana P, Rodgers K, Yen RW, Zahnow CA, Taube JM, Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Easton K, Carvajal RD, Jones PA, Laird PW, Weisenberger DJ, Tsai S, Juergens RA, Topalian SL, Rudin CM, Brock MV, Pardoll D, Baylin SB. Alterations of immune response of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Azacytidine. Oncotarget 2013; 4:2067-79. [PMID: 24162015 PMCID: PMC3875770 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative therapies are needed for advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). We have undertaken a genomics based, hypothesis driving, approach to query an emerging potential that epigenetic therapy may sensitize to immune checkpoint therapy targeting PD-L1/PD-1 interaction. NSCLC cell lines were treated with the DNA hypomethylating agent azacytidine (AZA - Vidaza) and genes and pathways altered were mapped by genome-wide expression and DNA methylation analyses. AZA-induced pathways were analyzed in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project by mapping the derived gene signatures in hundreds of lung adeno (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) samples. AZA up-regulates genes and pathways related to both innate and adaptive immunity and genes related to immune evasion in a several NSCLC lines. DNA hypermethylation and low expression of IRF7, an interferon transcription factor, tracks with this signature particularly in LUSC. In concert with these events, AZA up-regulates PD-L1 transcripts and protein, a key ligand-mediator of immune tolerance. Analysis of TCGA samples demonstrates that a significant proportion of primary NSCLC have low expression of AZA-induced immune genes, including PD-L1. We hypothesize that epigenetic therapy combined with blockade of immune checkpoints - in particular the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway - may augment response of NSCLC by shifting the balance between immune activation and immune inhibition, particularly in a subset of NSCLC with low expression of these pathways. Our studies define a biomarker strategy for response in a recently initiated trial to examine the potential of epigenetic therapy to sensitize patients with NSCLC to PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wrangle
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology Center-Hematology/Medical Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wei Wang
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Human Genetics Graduate Program, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander Koch
- Departments of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hariharan Easwaran
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Helai P. Mohammad
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Cancer Epigenetics and Oncology, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank Vendetti
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wim VanCriekinge
- Departments of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim DeMeyer
- Departments of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhengzong Du
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Princy Parsana
- The Johns Hopkins University, Advanced Academic Bioinformatics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristen Rodgers
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ray-Whay Yen
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cynthia A. Zahnow
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janis M. Taube
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Dermatology and Oral Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie R. Brahmer
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott S. Tykodi
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith Easton
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Peter A. Jones
- USC Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter W. Laird
- USC Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel J. Weisenberger
- USC Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Salina Tsai
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosalyn A. Juergens
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suzanne L. Topalian
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Malcolm V. Brock
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Drew Pardoll
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen B. Baylin
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
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KANG KYOUNGAH, KIM HEESUN, KIM DONGHYUN, HYUN JINWON. The role of a ginseng saponin metabolite as a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:228-36. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
The promise of targeting epigenetic abnormalities for cancer therapy has not been realized for solid tumours, although increasing evidence is demonstrating its worth in haematological malignancies. In fact, true clinical efficacy in haematopoietic-related neoplasms has only become evident at low doses of epigenetic-targeting drugs (namely, inhibitors of histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferases). Describing data from preclinical studies and early clinical trial results, we hypothesize that in using low-dose epigenetic-modulating agents, tumour cells can be reprogrammed, which overrides any immediate cytotoxic and off-target effect observed at high dose. We suggest that such optimization of drug dosing and scheduling of currently available agents could give these agents a prominent place in cancer management--when used alone or in combination with other therapies. If so, optimal use of these known agents might also pave the way for the introduction of other agents that target the epigenome.
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Itoh Y, Suzuki T, Miyata N. Small-molecular modulators of cancer-associated epigenetic mechanisms. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:873-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25410k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Tsai HC, Li H, Van Neste L, Cai Y, Robert C, Rassool FV, Shin JJ, Harbom KM, Beaty R, Pappou E, Harris J, Yen RWC, Ahuja N, Brock MV, Stearns V, Feller-Kopman D, Yarmus LB, Lin YC, Welm AL, Issa JP, Minn I, Matsui W, Jang YY, Sharkis SJ, Baylin SB, Zahnow CA. Transient low doses of DNA-demethylating agents exert durable antitumor effects on hematological and epithelial tumor cells. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:430-46. [PMID: 22439938 PMCID: PMC3312044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reversal of promoter DNA hypermethylation and associated gene silencing is an attractive cancer therapy approach. The DNA methylation inhibitors decitabine and azacitidine are efficacious for hematological neoplasms at lower, less toxic, doses. Experimentally, high doses induce rapid DNA damage and cytotoxicity, which do not explain the prolonged time to response observed in patients. We show that transient exposure of cultured and primary leukemic and epithelial tumor cells to clinically relevant nanomolar doses, without causing immediate cytotoxicity, produce an antitumor "memory" response, including inhibition of subpopulations of cancer stem-like cells. These effects are accompanied by sustained decreases in genomewide promoter DNA methylation, gene reexpression, and antitumor changes in key cellular regulatory pathways. Low-dose decitabine and azacitidine may have broad applicability for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chen Tsai
- The Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Huili Li
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Leander Van Neste
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yi Cai
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Carine Robert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Feyruz V. Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James J. Shin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231, USA
| | - Kirsten M. Harbom
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert Beaty
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Emmanouil Pappou
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231, USA
| | - James Harris
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231, USA
| | - Ray-Whay Chiu Yen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nita Ahuja
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231, USA
| | - Malcolm V. Brock
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231, USA
| | - Vered Stearns
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Breast Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - David Feller-Kopman
- Bronchoscopy and Interventional Pulmonology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lonny B. Yarmus
- Bronchoscopy and Interventional Pulmonology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA
| | - Alana L. Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA
| | - Il Minn
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - William Matsui
- The Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Saul J. Sharkis
- The Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Stephen B. Baylin
- The Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Zahnow
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Breast Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Sappok A, Mahlknecht U. Ribavirin restores ESR1 gene expression and tamoxifen sensitivity in ESR1 negative breast cancer cell lines. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 3:8. [PMID: 22414275 PMCID: PMC3305339 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth is estrogen independent in approximately one-third of all breast cancers, which makes these patients unresponsive to hormonal treatment. This unresponsiveness to hormonal treatment may be explained through the absence of the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). The ESR1 gene re-expression through epigenetic modulators such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and/or histone deacetylase inhibitors restores tamoxifen sensitivity in ESR1 negative breast cancer cell lines and opens new treatment horizons in patients who were previously associated with a poor prognosis.In the study presented herein, we tested the ability of ribavirin, which shares some structural similarities with the DNA-methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine and which is widely known as an anti-viral agent in the treatment of hepatitis C, to restore ESR1 gene re-expression in ESR1 negative breast cancer cell lines.In our study we identified ribavirin to restore ESR1 gene re-expression alone and even more in combination with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA - up to 276 fold induction).Ribavirin and analogs could pave the way to novel translational research projects that aim to restore ESR1 gene re-expression and thus the susceptibility to tamoxifen-based endocrine treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sappok
- Saarland University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Tovy A, Ankri S. Epigenetics in the unicellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1875-84. [PMID: 21198420 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a serious infectious disease that is caused by the unicellular parasite, Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite is mainly found in developing countries, and are named owing to its ability to destroy tissues. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the virulence of this parasite are not well understood. In recent years, an increasing interest in the epigenetic regulation of the parasite's virulence has emerged. In this article, an overview of our current knowledge about the role of DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA-associated silencing in the biology of E. histolytica is provided. The relevance of some features of the parasite's unique epigenetic machinery to the development of new antiamoebic therapeutic molecules is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Tovy
- Department of Microbiology, Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology & the Rappaport Institute, Haifa, Israel
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Gravina GL, Festuccia C, Marampon F, Popov VM, Pestell RG, Zani BM, Tombolini V. Biological rationale for the use of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors as new strategy for modulation of tumor response to chemotherapy and radiation. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:305. [PMID: 21108789 PMCID: PMC3001713 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a key role in the patho-physiology of many tumors and the current use of agents targeting epigenetic changes has become a topic of intense interest in cancer research. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors represent a promising class of epigenetic modulators. Research performed yielded promising anti-tumorigenic activity for these agents in vitro and in vivo against a variety of hematologic and solid tumors. These epigenetic modulators cause cell cycle and growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis. Rationale for combining these agents with cytotoxic therapy or radiation is straightforward since the use of DNMT inhibitor offers greatly improved access for cytotoxic agents or radiation for targeting DNA-protein complex. The positive results obtained with these combined approaches in preclinical cancer models demonstrate the potential impact DNMT inhibitors may have in treatments of different cancer types. Therefore, as the emerging interest in use of DNMT inhibitors as a potential chemo- or radiation sensitizers is constantly increasing, further clinical investigations are inevitable in order to finalize and confirm the consistency of current observations.The present article will provide a brief review of the biological significance and rationale for the clinical potential of DNMT inhibitors in combination with other chemotherapeutics or ionizing radiation. The molecular basis and mechanisms of action for these combined treatments will be discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni L Gravina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Radiation Oncology, S, Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, University of L'Aquila, Medical School, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
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Qu Y, Mu G, Wu Y, Dai X, Zhou F, Xu X, Wang Y, Wei F. Overexpression of DNA methyltransferases 1, 3a, and 3b significantly correlates with retinoblastoma tumorigenesis. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:826-34. [PMID: 20959668 DOI: 10.1309/ajcphgq69fxdfwii] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a, and 3b affect DNA promoter methylation; studies have suggested that they have important roles in the development of cancers. In this study, we analyzed the expression of DNMTs 1, 3a, and 3b; the MIB-1 labeling index; and their clinical significance in 6 normal retinas and 62 retinoblastomas using immunohistochemical analysis. We found that DNMT proteins were not expressed in normal retinas, whereas they were frequently expressed in retinoblastomas (DNMT1, 100%; DNMT3a, 98%; and DNMT3b, 92%). Compared with well-differentiated retinoblastomas, the expression of DNMTs 1 and 3a significantly increased in poorly differentiated retinoblastomas (P = .002 and P = .003, respectively); in addition, the frequency of their increased expression was high. DNMT1 expression was significantly higher in invasive retinoblastoma. Furthermore, the expression of DNMTs was positively correlated with the MIB-1 labeling index in retinoblastoma. Our findings suggest that the overexpression of DNMTs 1, 3a, and 3b may be related to retinoblastoma tumorigenesis and progression and may represent a novel approach for retinoblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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32
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Kuo HK, Krasich R, Bhagwat AS, Kreuzer KN. Importance of the tmRNA system for cell survival when transcription is blocked by DNA-protein cross-links. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:686-700. [PMID: 20807197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drug 5-azacytidine (aza-C) induces DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) between cytosine methyltransferase and DNA as the drug inhibits methylation. We found that mutants defective in the tmRNA translational quality control system are hypersensitive to aza-C. Hypersensitivity requires expression of active methyltransferase, indicating the importance of DPC formation. Furthermore, the tmRNA pathway is activated upon aza-C treatment in cells expressing methyltransferase, resulting in increased levels of SsrA tagged proteins. These results argue that the tmRNA pathway clears stalled ribosome-mRNA complexes generated after transcriptional blockage by aza-C-induced DPCs. In support, an ssrA mutant is also hypersensitive to streptolydigin, which blocks RNA polymerase elongation by a different mechanism. The tmRNA pathway is thought to act only on ribosomes containing a 3' RNA end near the A site, and the known pathway for releasing RNA 3' ends from a blocked polymerase involves Mfd helicase. However, an mfd knockout mutant is not hypersensitive to either aza-C-induced DPC formation or streptolydigin, indicating that Mfd is not involved. Transcription termination factor Rho is also likely not involved, because the Rho-specific inhibitor bicyclomycin failed to show synergism with either aza-C or streptolydigin. Based on these findings, we discuss models for how E. coli processes transcription/translation complexes blocked at DPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kenny Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Champion C, Guianvarc'h D, Sénamaud-Beaufort C, Jurkowska RZ, Jeltsch A, Ponger L, Arimondo PB, Guieysse-Peugeot AL. Mechanistic insights on the inhibition of c5 DNA methyltransferases by zebularine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12388. [PMID: 20808780 PMCID: PMC2927531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals DNA methylation occurs at position 5 of cytosine in a CpG context and regulates gene expression. It plays an important role in diseases and inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)—the enzymes responsible for DNA methylation—are used in clinics for cancer therapy. The most potent inhibitors are 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine. Zebularine (1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2(1H)- pyrimidinone) is another cytidine analog described as a potent inhibitor that acts by forming a covalent complex with DNMT when incorporated into DNA. Here we bring additional experiments to explain its mechanism of action. First, we observe an increase in the DNA binding when zebularine is incorporated into the DNA, compared to deoxycytidine and 5-fluorodeoxycytidine, together with a strong decrease in the dissociation rate. Second, we show by denaturing gel analysis that the intermediate covalent complex between the enzyme and the DNA is reversible, differing thus from 5-fluorodeoxycytidine. Third, no methylation reaction occurs when zebularine is present in the DNA. We confirm that zebularine exerts its demethylation activity by stabilizing the binding of DNMTs to DNA, hindering the methylation and decreasing the dissociation, thereby trapping the enzyme and preventing turnover even at other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Guianvarc'h
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, ENS, FR, Paris, France
| | | | - Renata Z. Jurkowska
- Jacobs University Bremen, School of Engineering and Science, Bremen, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Jacobs University Bremen, School of Engineering and Science, Bremen, Germany
| | - Loïc Ponger
- MNHN CNRS UMR7196, Paris, France
- INSERM U565, Paris, France
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- MNHN CNRS UMR7196, Paris, France
- INSERM U565, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PBA); (ALGP)
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Kirsanova OV, Cherepanova NA, Gromova ES. Inhibition of C5-cytosine-DNA-methyltransferases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:1175-86. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Maddodi N, Bhat KMR, Devi S, Zhang SC, Setaluri V. Oncogenic BRAFV600E induces expression of neuronal differentiation marker MAP2 in melanoma cells by promoter demethylation and down-regulation of transcription repressor HES1. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:242-54. [PMID: 19880519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.068668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MAP2 is a neuron-specific microtubule-associated protein that binds and stabilizes dendritic microtubules. Previously, we showed that MAP2 expression is (a) activated in cutaneous primary melanoma and (b) inversely associated with melanoma tumor progression. We also showed that ectopic expression of MAP2 in metastatic melanoma cells inhibits cell growth by inducing mitotic spindle defects and apoptosis. However, molecular mechanisms of regulation of MAP2 gene expression in melanoma are not understood. Here, we show that in melanoma cells MAP2 expression is induced by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-cytidine, and MAP2 promoter is progressively methylated during melanoma progression, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in silencing of MAP2 in melanoma. In support of this, methylation of MAP2 promoter DNA in vitro inhibits its activity. Because MAP2 promoter activity levels in melanoma cell lines also correlated with activating mutation in BRAF, a gene that is highly expressed in neurons, we hypothesized that BRAF signaling is involved in MAP2 expression. We show that hyperactivation of BRAF-MEK signaling activates MAP2 expression in melanoma cells by two independent mechanisms, promoter demethylation or down-regulation of neuronal transcription repressor HES1. Our data suggest that BRAF oncogene levels can regulate melanoma neuronal differentiation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Maddodi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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36
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Effects of a novel DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine on human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:581-92. [PMID: 19459041 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors like azacytidine and decitabine are known to be effective in the clinic for diseases like myelodysplastic syndromes that may result in part from transcriptional dysregulation due to epigenetic changes, there is interest in developing novel DNMT inhibitors that would be more effective and less toxic. The effects of one such agent, zebularine, which inhibits DNMT and cytidine deaminase, were assessed in two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Zebularine treatment inhibited cell growth in a dose and time dependent manner with an IC-50 of approximately 100 microM and 150 microM in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, respectively, on 96 h exposure. This was associated with increased expression of p21, decreased expression of cyclin-D, and induction of S-phase arrest. At high doses zebularine induced changes in apoptotic proteins in a cell line specific manner manifested by alteration in caspase-3, Bax, Bcl2 and PARP cleavage. Like other DNMT inhibitors, zebularine decreased expression of DNMTs post-transcriptionally as well as expression of other epigenetic regulators like methyl CpG binding proteins and global acetyl H3 and H4 protein levels. Its capacity to reexpress epigenetically silenced genes in human breast cancer cells at low doses was confirmed by its ability to induce expression of estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNA in association with changes suggestive of active chromatin at the ER promoter as evidenced by ChIP. Finally, its effect in combination with other DNMT or HDAC inhibitors like decitabine or vorinostat was explored. The combination of 50 muM zebularine with decitabine or vorinostat significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cells compared with either drug alone. These findings suggest that zebularine is an effective DNMT inhibitor and demethylating agent in human breast cancer cell lines and potentiates the effects of other epigenetic therapeutics like decitabine and vorinostat.
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Abstract
Azacitidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog of cytidine with hypomethylating and antileukemia activity. Azacitidine has been shown to have survival benefits in patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and has activity in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). It is administered by subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection daily at a dose of 75 mg/m(2) for 7 days every 4 weeks. An oral formulation would facilitate dosing, reduce administration side effects and potentially maximize azacitidine pharmacologic action. Previously, oral formulations of this class of agent have failed due to rapid catabolism by cytidine deaminase and hydrolysis in aqueous environments. Development of a film-coated formulation has circumvented this difficulty. In a formulation feasibility pilot study, four subjects with solid malignant tumors, AML or MDS received single oral doses of 60 or 80 mg azacitidine. Subjects demonstrated measurable plasma concentrations of azacitidine, allowing bioavailability comparisons to be made to historical pharmacokinetic data for s.c. azacitidine. Subjects safely tolerated 80 mg, a dose for which the mean bioavailability was 17.4% of historic s.c. exposure. No severe drug-related toxicities were observed. These data suggest that oral azacitidine is bioavailable in humans and should be studied in formal phase 1 trials.
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Epi-drugs to fight cancer: from chemistry to cancer treatment, the road ahead. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:199-213. [PMID: 18790076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to genetic events, a variety of epigenetic events have been widely reported to contribute to the onset of many diseases including cancer. DNA methylation and histone modifications (such as acetylation, methylation, sumoylation, and phosphorylation) involving chromatin remodelling are among the most studied epigenetic mechanisms for regulation of gene expression leading, when altered, to some diseases. Epigenetic therapy tries to reverse the aberrations followed to the disruption of the balance of the epigenetic signalling ways through the use of both natural compounds and synthetic molecules, active on specific epi-targets. Such epi-drugs are, for example, inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, histone acetyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, and histone demethylases. In this review we will focus on the chemical aspects of such molecules, joined to their effective (or potential) application in cancer therapy.
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Byun HM, Choi SH, Laird PW, Trinh B, Siddiqui MA, Marquez VE, Yang AS. 2'-Deoxy-N4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl]-5-azacytidine: a novel inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase that requires activation by human carboxylesterase 1. Cancer Lett 2008; 266:238-48. [PMID: 18499340 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxy-N4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl]-5-azacytidine (NPEOC-DAC), decitabine with a modification of the N4 position of the azacitidine ring can be used to inhibit DNA methyltransferase. This modification protects the azacitidine ring and can be cleaved by carboxylesterase to release decitabine. NPEOC-DAC was 23-fold less potent at low doses (<10microM) than decitabine at inhibiting DNA methylation, and was also associated with a 3-day delay in its effect. However, at doses > or = 10microM NPEOC-DAC was more effective at inhibiting DNA methylation. Theses differences between decitabine and NPEOC-DAC are dependent on the cleavage of the carboxylester bond, and could be potentially exploited pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Min Byun
- Division of Hematology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Room 6428, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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40
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Activity-dependent suppression of miniature neurotransmission through the regulation of DNA methylation. J Neurosci 2008; 28:395-406. [PMID: 18184782 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3796-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that plays a critical role in the repression of gene expression. Here, we show that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibition in hippocampal neurons results in activity-dependent demethylation of genomic DNA and a parallel decrease in the frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs), which in turn impacts neuronal excitability and network activity. Treatment with DNMT inhibitors reveals an activity-driven demethylation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor promoter I, which is mediated by synaptic activation of NMDA receptors, because it is susceptible to AP-5, a blocker of NMDA receptors. The specific effect of DNMT inhibition on spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission requires gene transcription and is occluded in the absence of the transcriptional repressor methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Interestingly, enhancing excitatory activity, in the absence of DNMT inhibitors, also produces similar decreases in DNA methylation and mEPSC frequency, suggesting a role for DNA methylation in the control of homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, adding excess substrate for DNA methylation (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) rescues the suppression of mEPSCs by DNMT inhibitors in wild-type neurons, as well as the defect seen in MeCP2-deficient neurons. These results uncover a means by which NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic activity drives DNA demethylation within mature neurons and suppresses basal synaptic function.
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Kuo HK, Griffith JD, Kreuzer KN. 5-Azacytidine induced methyltransferase-DNA adducts block DNA replication in vivo. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8248-54. [PMID: 17804739 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
5-Azacytidine (aza-C) and its derivatives are cytidine analogues used for leukemia chemotherapy. The primary effect of aza-C is the prohibition of cytosine methylation, which results in covalent methyltransferase-DNA (MTase-DNA) adducts at cytosine methylation sites. These adducts have been suggested to cause chromosomal rearrangements and contribute to cytotoxicity, but the detailed mechanisms have not been elucidated. We used two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy to analyze plasmid pBR322 replication dynamics in Escherichia coli cells grown in the presence of aza-C. Two-dimensional gel analysis revealed the accumulation of specific bubble and Y molecules, dependent on overproduction of the cytosine MTase EcoRII (M.EcoRII) and treatment with aza-C. Furthermore, a point mutation that eliminates a particular EcoRII methylation site resulted in disappearance of the corresponding bubble and Y molecules. These results imply that aza-C-induced MTase-DNA adducts block DNA replication in vivo. RecA-dependent X structures were also observed after aza-C treatment. These molecules may be generated from blocked forks by recombinational repair and/or replication fork regression. In addition, electron microscopy analysis revealed both bubbles and rolling circles (RC) after aza-C treatment. These results suggest that replication can switch from theta to RC mode after a replication fork is stalled by an MTase-DNA adduct. The simplest model for the conversion of theta to RC mode is that the blocked replication fork is cleaved by a branch-specific endonuclease. Such replication-dependent DNA breaks may represent an important pathway that contributes to genome rearrangement and/or cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kenny Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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42
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Oakes CC, Kelly TLJ, Robaire B, Trasler JM. Adverse Effects of 5-Aza-2′-Deoxycytidine on Spermatogenesis Include Reduced Sperm Function and Selective Inhibition of de Novo DNA Methylation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:1171-80. [PMID: 17581917 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-azaCdR, decitabine), causes DNA hypomethylation and a robust, dose-dependent disruption of spermatogenesis. Previously, we have shown that altered testicular histology and reduced sperm production in 5-azaCdR-treated animals is associated with decreased global sperm DNA methylation and an increase in infertility and/or a decreased ability to support preimplantation embryonic development. The goal of this study was to determine potential contributors to 5-azaCdR-mediated infertility including alterations in sperm motility, fertilization ability, early embryo development, and sequence-specific DNA methylation. We find that although 5-azaCdR-treatment adversely affected sperm motility and the survival of sired embryos to the blastocyst stage, the major contributor to infertility was a marked (56-70%) decrease in fertilization ability. Sperm DNA methylation was investigated using Southern blot, restriction landmark genomic scanning, and quantitative analysis of DNA methylation by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, hypomethylation was restricted to genomic loci that have been previously determined to acquire methylation during spermatogenesis, demonstrating that 5-azaCdR selectively inhibits de novo methylation activity. Similar to previous studies, we show that mice that are heterozygous for a nonfunctional Dnmt1 gene are partially protected against the deleterious effects of 5-azaCdR; however, methylation levels are not restored in these mice, suggesting that adverse effects are due to another mechanism(s) in addition to DNA hypomethylation. These results demonstrate that clinically relevant doses of 5-azaCdR specifically impair de novo methylation activity in male germ cells; however, genotype-specific differences in drug responses suggest that adverse reproductive outcomes are mainly mediated by the cytotoxic properties of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Oakes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, 2300 Tupper St., Montreal, QC, Canada
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Li W, Venkataraman GM, Ain KB. Protein synthesis inhibitors, in synergy with 5-azacytidine, restore sodium/iodide symporter gene expression in human thyroid adenoma cell line, KAK-1, suggesting trans-active transcriptional repressor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1080-7. [PMID: 17164311 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Therapy of thyroid carcinoma uses its radioiodine concentration ability for treatment. Dedifferentiated cells lose radioiodine uptake from human sodium-iodide symporter (hNIS) gene transcription failure consequent to genomic structure (chromatin compaction) and composition (CpG methylation). OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We explored restoring hNIS expression in human thyroid carcinoma cells using thyroid adenoma and carcinoma cell lines: KAK-1, NPA87, BHT-101, and KAT-4B, with quantitative RT-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, deoxyribonuclease I sensitivity assays, and luciferase reporter construct transfections containing hNIS promoter regions. RESULTS Combined 5-azacytidine and sodium butyrate restores hNIS gene transcription in KAK-1 to levels approaching radioiodine-treatable tumors. Despite induction of H4 acetylation, there was no deoxyribonuclease I sensitivity enhancement in two regions of the hNIS gene promoter. Cycloheximide in cells transfected with luciferase reporter construct, 1.3 kb hNIS gene promoter, stimulated normalized luciferase expression, singly and synergistically with 5-azacytidine, in a dose-dependent, time course-dependent, cell type-specific, and promoter-specific fashion. Both anisomycin and emetine, but not puromycin, had similar effects. Cycloheximide also increased endogenous hNIS mRNA. Transfections with reporter constructs containing consecutive deletions of hNIS gene promoter sequences revealed responsible sequences at -427 to -131 bp. Deletion of 1.2 kb promoter region upstream of -131 bp enhanced basal luciferase reporter activity 3-fold above the activity of full length promoter construct, supporting inhibitory properties of this region. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that trans-active protein factor(s) represses endogenous hNIS transcription in KAK-1 cells under basal conditions, accounting for loss of iodine uptake. Inhibition of this repressive activity increases endogenous hNIS transcription and presents a novel target to restore hNIS expression in dedifferentiated thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA
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Shieh FK, Youngblood B, Reich NO. The role of Arg165 towards base flipping, base stabilization and catalysis in M.HhaI. J Mol Biol 2006; 362:516-27. [PMID: 16926025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Arg165 forms part of a previously identified base flipping motif in the bacterial DNA cytosine methyltransferase, M.HhaI. Replacement of Arg165 with Ala has no detectable effect on either DNA or AdoMet affinity, yet causes the base flipping and restacking transitions to be decreased approximately 16 and 190-fold respectively, thus confirming the importance of this motif. However, these kinetic changes cannot account for the mutant's observed 10(5)-fold decreased catalytic rate. The mutant enzyme/cognate DNA cocrystal structure (2.79 A resolution) shows the target cytosine to be positioned approximately 30 degrees into the major groove, which is consistent with a major groove pathway for nucleotide flipping. The pyrimidine-sugar chi angle is rotated to approximately +171 degrees, from a range of -95 degrees to -120 degrees in B DNA, and -77 degrees in the WT M.HhaI complex. Thus, Arg165 is important for maintaining the cytosine positioned for nucleophilic attack by Cys81. The cytosine sugar pucker is in the C2'-endo-C3'-exo (South conformation), in contrast to the previously reported C3'-endo (North conformation) described for the original 2.70 A resolution cocrystal structure of the WT M.HhaI/DNA complex. We determined a high resolution structure of the WT M.HhaI/DNA complex (1.96 A) to better determine the sugar pucker. This new structure is similar to the original, lower resolution WT M.HhaI complex, but shows that the sugar pucker is O4'-endo (East conformation), intermediate between the South and North conformers. In summary, Arg165 plays significant roles in base flipping, cytosine positioning, and catalysis. Furthermore, the previously proposed M.HhaI-mediated changes in sugar pucker may not be an important contributor to the base flipping mechanism. These results provide insights into the base flipping and catalytic mechanisms for bacterial and eukaryotic DNA methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Kuen Shieh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA
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Xiong Y, Dowdy SC, Gonzalez Bosquet J, Zhao Y, Eberhardt NL, Podratz KC, Jiang SW. Epigenetic-mediated upregulation of progesterone receptor B gene in endometrial cancer cell lines. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99:135-41. [PMID: 16024066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if epigenetic interference can restore progesterone receptor-B (PR-B) expression in PR-B negative endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines, and to characterize the kinetics of PR-B induction mediated by DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors. METHODS The PR-B negative endometrioid cancer cell lines KLE and HEC-1B were used as study models. PR-B mRNA and protein expression levels were measured using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. DNA methylation levels of the PR-B promoter were determined by methylation-specific PCR. Dose-response correlations and the duration of response to aza-deoxycytidine (ADC) and trichostatin A (TSA) were characterized. Cell responses to prolonged and repeated drug treatment were also examined. RESULTS Relatively low concentrations of ADC and TSA over a 24-h period induced PR-B expression. Furthermore, ADC and TSA acted synergistically to reactivate PR-B expression. Depending on the cell line used, PR-B mRNA was induced 10-110 fold. This elevated PR-B expression continued for 48 h after drug withdrawal. Sustained upregulation of PR-B mRNA and protein was observed during prolonged and repeated drug treatment. CONCLUSION The epigenetically silenced PR-B gene remains sensitive to changes in DNA demethylation and histone acetylation in uterine adenocarcinoma cell lines. Treatment with ADC and/or TSA results in a robust and sustainable PR-B upregulation. These small molecule epigenetic modifying agents may be used to sensitize poorly differentiated, PR-B negative endometrial cancers to progestational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Oka M, Meacham AM, Hamazaki T, Rodić N, Chang LJ, Terada N. De novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b primarily mediate the cytotoxic effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Oncogene 2005; 24:3091-9. [PMID: 15735669 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The deoxycytidine analog 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine (5-aza-dC) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent effective against selective types of cancer. The molecular mechanism by which 5-aza-dC induces cancer cell death, however, is not fully understood. It has been accepted that the mechanism of toxicity is due to the covalent binding between the DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) and 5-aza-dC-substituted DNA. In order to define which member of the Dnmt family plays a dominant role in the cytotoxicity, we examined the effect of 5-aza-dC on cell growth and apoptosis in various Dnmt null mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells. Of interest, Dnmt3a-Dnmt3b double null ES cells were highly resistant to 5-aza-dC when compared to wild type, Dnmt3a null, Dnmt3b null, or Dnmt1 null ES cells. The cellular sensitivity to 5-aza-dC correlated well with the expression status of Dnmt3 in both undifferentiated and differentiated ES cells. When exogenous Dnmt3a or Dnmt3b was expressed in double null ES cells, the sensitivity to 5-aza-dC was partially restored. These results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of 5-aza-dC may be mediated primarily through Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b de novo DNA methyltransferases. Further, the ability to form Dnmt-DNA adducts was similar in Dnmt1 and Dnmt3, and the expression level of Dnmt3 was not higher than that of Dnmt1 in ES cells. Therefore, Dnmt3-DNA adducts may be more effective for inducing apoptosis than Dnmt1-DNA adducts. These results imply a therapeutic potential of 5-aza-dC to cancers expressing Dnmt3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oka
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100275, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Baskunov VB, Subach FV, Kolbanovskiy A, Kolbanovskiy M, Eremin SA, Johnson F, Bonala R, Geacintov NE, Gromova ES. Effects of benzo[a]pyrene-deoxyguanosine lesions on DNA methylation catalyzed by EcoRII DNA methyltransferase and on DNA cleavage effected by EcoRII restriction endonuclease. Biochemistry 2005; 44:1054-66. [PMID: 15654762 DOI: 10.1021/bi048130y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important cellular mechanism for controlling gene expression. Whereas the mutagenic properties of many DNA adducts, e.g., those arising from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been widely studied, little is known about their influence on DNA methylation. We have constructed site-specifically modified 18-mer oligodeoxynucleotide duplexes containing a pair of stereoisomeric adducts derived from a benzo[a]pyrene-derived diol epoxide [(+)- and (-)-r7,t8-dihydroxy-t9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, or B[a]PDE] bound to the exocyclic amino group of guanine. The adducts, either (+)- or (-)-trans-anti-B[a]P-N(2)-dG (G*), positioned either at the 5'-side or the 3'-side deoxyguanosine residue in the recognition sequence of EcoRII restriction-modification enzymes (5'-...CCA/TGG...) were incorporated into 18-mer oligodeoxynucleotide duplexes. The effects of these lesions on complex formation and the catalytic activity of the EcoRII DNA methyltransferase (M.EcoRII) and EcoRII restriction endonuclease (R.EcoRII) were investigated. The M.EcoRII catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to the C5 position of the 3'-side cytosine of each strand of the recognition sequence, whereas R.EcoRII catalyzes cleavage of both strands. The binding of R.EcoRII to the oligodeoxynucleotide duplexes and the catalytic cleavage were completely abolished when G was positioned at the 3'-side dG position (5'-...CCTGG*...). When G* was at the 5'-side dG position, binding was moderately diminished, but cleavage was completely blocked. In the case of M.EcoRII, binding is diminished by factors of 5-30 but the catalytic activity was either abolished or reduced 4-80-fold when the adducts were located at either position. Somewhat smaller effects were observed with hemimethylated oligodeoxynucleotide duplexes. These findings suggest that epigenetic effects, in addition to genotoxic effects, need to be considered in chemical carcinogenesis initiated by B[a]PDE, since the inhibition of methylation may allow the expression of genes that promote tumor development.
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Bauer PO, Zumrova A, Matoska V, Mitsui K, Goetz P. Can ataxin-2 be down-regulated by allele-specific de novo DNA methylation in SCA2 patients? Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:1018-23. [PMID: 15504570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion within the coding region of the ataxin-2 gene. Affected individuals typically have between 34 and 57 CAG repeats. Signs of the disorder generally begin in adulthood and include progressive ataxia, dysarthria, tremor, hyporeflexia, and slow saccades. As with other trinucleotide repeat disorders, SCA2 exhibits an inverse correlation between the size of the CAG repeat and the age at onset of clinically detectable disease, with neonatal cases of SCA2 being reported in individuals harboring over 200 CAG repeats. However, a wide range of age at onset is typically observed, especially in individuals with < 40 CAG repeats. CAG repeat number alone explains approximately 25-80% of the variability. In this paper, we hypothesize that the level of mutant ataxin-2 protein in affected cells contributes to these differences. One of the mechanisms that might influence this protein levels is de novo DNA methylation, which would specifically target the allele with the expanded CAG repeat leading to transcriptional silencing. Consequently, the symptoms of SCA2 would occur later in the patient's life history. Our postulations, as well as those previously reported to account for the phenotype of SCA2, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Bauer
- Neurogenetic Centre of the Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Child Neurology, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and Faculty Hospital Motol, V uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Subach OM, Khoroshaev AV, Gerasimov DN, Baskunov VB, Shchyolkina AK, Gromova ES. 2-Pyrimidinone as a probe for studying the EcoRII DNA methyltransferase-substrate interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2391-9. [PMID: 15182354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
EcoRII DNA methyltransferase (M.EcoRII) recognizes the 5' em leader CC*T/AGG em leader 3' DNA sequence and catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine to the C5 position of the inner cytosine residue (C*). Here, we study the mechanism of inhibition of M.EcoRII by DNA containing 2-pyrimidinone, a cytosine analogue lacking an NH(2) group at the C4 position of the pyrimidine ring. Also, DNA containing 2-pyrimidinone was used for probing contacts of M.EcoRII with functional groups of pyrimidine bases of the recognition sequence. 2-Pyrimidinone was incorporated into the 5' em leader CCT/AGG em leader 3' sequence replacing the target and nontarget cytosine and central thymine residues. Study of the DNA stability using thermal denaturation of 2-pyrimidinone containing duplexes pointed to the influence of the bases adjacent to 2-pyrimidinone and to a greater destabilizing influence of 2-pyrimidinone substitution for thymine than that for cytosine. Binding of M.EcoRII to 2-pyrimidinone containing DNA and methylation of these DNA demonstrate that the amino group of the outer cytosine in the EcoRII recognition sequence is not involved in the DNA-M.EcoRII interaction. It is probable that there are contacts between the functional groups of the central thymine exposed in the major groove and M.EcoRII. 2-Pyrimidinone replacing the target cytosine in the EcoRII recognition sequence forms covalent adducts with M.EcoRII. In the absence of the cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine, proton transfer to the C5 position of 2-pyrimidinone occurs and in the presence of S-adenosyl-l-methionine, methyl transfer to the C5 position of 2-pyrimidinone occurs.
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Abstract
Epigenetics refers to covalent modifications of DNA and core histones that regulate gene activity without altering DNA sequence. To date, the best-characterized DNA modification associated with the modulation of gene activity is methylation of cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides. Human disorders associated with epigenetic abnormalities include rare imprinting diseases, molar pregnancies, and childhood cancers. Germ cell development and early embryo development are critical times when epigenetic patterns are initiated or maintained. This review focuses on the epigenetic modification DNA methylation and discusses recent progress that has been made in understanding when and how epigenetic patterns are differentially established in the male and female germlines, the mouse, and human disorders associated with abnormalities in epigenetic programming in germ cells and early embryos, as well as genetic and other modulators (e.g. nutrition and drugs) of reproductive epigenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L J Kelly
- McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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