1
|
Hebert FO, Mongeau-Pérusse V, Rizkallah E, Mahroug A, Bakouni H, Morissette F, Brissette S, Bruneau J, Dubreucq S, Jutras-Aswad D. Absence of Evidence for Sustained Effects of Daily Cannabidiol Administration on Anandamide Plasma Concentration in Individuals with Cocaine Use Disorder: Exploratory Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38770686 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) has been proposed to have a therapeutic potential over a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that CBD can increase anandamide (AEA) plasma concentration, possibly mediating some of its therapeutic properties. Whether CBD exerts such an effect on AEA in individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) remains unknown. Aims: To explore the sustained effects of daily CBD administration on AEA plasma concentrations compared with placebo in CUD. Methods: We used data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating CBD's efficacy in CUD. Seventy-eight individuals were randomized to receive a daily oral dose of 800 mg CBD (n = 40) or a placebo (n = 38). Participants stayed in an inpatient detoxification setting for 10 days, after which they were followed in an outpatient setting for 12 weeks. AEA plasma concentration was measured at baseline and at 23-h post CBD ingestion on day 8 and week 4. A generalized estimating equation model was used to assess CBD's effects on AEA, and sensitivity analyses were computed using Bayesian linear regressions. Results: Sixty-four participants were included in the analysis. Similar mean AEA plasma concentrations in both treatment groups (p = 0.357) were observed. At day 8, mean AEA plasma concentrations (± standard deviation) were 0.26 (± 0.07) ng/mL in the CBD group and 0.29 (± 0.08) ng/mL in the placebo group (p = 0.832; Bayes factor [BF] = 0.190). At week 4, they were 0.27 (± 0.09) ng/mL in the CBD group and 0.30 (± 0.09) ng/mL in the placebo group (p = 0.181; BF = 0.194). Conclusion: While not excluding any potential acute and short-term effect, daily CBD administration did not exert a sustained impact on AEA plasma concentrations in individuals with CUD compared with placebo. Registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02559167).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Violaine Mongeau-Pérusse
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elie Rizkallah
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amani Mahroug
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Hamzah Bakouni
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Florence Morissette
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Suzanne Brissette
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Simon Dubreucq
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cortes-Justo E, Garfias-Ramírez SH, Vilches-Flores A. The function of the endocannabinoid system in the pancreatic islet and its implications on metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Islets 2023; 15:1-11. [PMID: 36598083 PMCID: PMC9815253 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2022.2163826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The following review focuses on the scientific studies related to the role of endocannabinoid system (ECS) in pancreatic islet physiology and dysfunction. Different natural or synthetic agonists and antagonists have been suggested as an alternative treatment for diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Therapeutic use of Cannabis led to the discovery and characterization of the ECS, a signaling complex involved in regulation of various physiological processes, including food intake and metabolism. After the development of different agonists and antagonists, evidence have demonstrated the presence and activity of cannabinoid receptors in several organs and tissues, including pancreatic islets. Insulin and glucagon expression, stimulated secretion, and the development of diabetes and other metabolic disorders have been associated with the activity and modulation of ECS in pancreatic islets. However, according to the animal model and experimental design, either endogenous or pharmacological ligands of cannabinoid receptors have guided to contradictory and paradoxical results that suggest a complex physiological interaction. In consensus, ECS activity modulates insulin and glucagon secretions according to glucose in media; over-stimulation of cannabinoid receptors affects islets negatively, leading to glucose intolerance, meanwhile the treatment with antagonists in diabetic models and humans suggests an improvement in islets function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Cortes-Justo
- Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico CityMexico
| | - Sergio H Garfias-Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Alonso Vilches-Flores
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
- CONTACT Alonso Vilches-Flores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala. Edif.A4 Lab 4, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla54090, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anand U, Pacchetti B, Anand P, Sodergren MH. The Endocannabinoid Analgesic Entourage Effect: Investigations in Cultured DRG Neurons. J Pain Res 2022; 15:3493-3507. [PMID: 36394060 PMCID: PMC9642605 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s378876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) exerts dose-related anti-nociceptive effects, which are potentiated by the related but inactive 2-palmitoyl glycerol (2-PG) and 2-linoleoyl glycerol (2-LG). This potentiation of analgesia and other in vivo measures was described as the "entourage effect". We investigated this effect on TRPV1 signalling in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptors. METHODS Adult rat DRG neurons were cultured in medium containing NGF and GDNF at 37°C. 48 h later cultures were loaded with 2 µM Fura2AM for calcium imaging, and treated with 2-AG, 2-PG and 2-LG, individually or combined, for 5 min, followed by 1 µMol capsaicin. The amplitude and latency of capsaicin responses were measured (N=3-7 rats, controls N=16), and analysed. RESULTS In controls, 1 µMol capsaicin elicited immediate calcium influx in a subset of neurons, with average latency of 1.27 ± 0.2 s and amplitude of 0.15 ± 0.01 Units. 2-AG (10-100 µMol) elicited calcium influx in some neurons. In the presence of 2-AG (0.001-100 µMol), capsaicin responses were markedly delayed in 64% neurons by up to 320 s (P<0.001). 2-PG increased capsaicin response latency at 0.1 nMol-100 µMol (P<0.001), in 60% neurons, as did 2-LG at 0.1-100 µMol (P<0.001), in 76% neurons. Increased capsaicin response latency due to 2-AG and 2-PG was sensitive to the CB2 but not to the CB1 receptor antagonist. Combined application of 1 µMol 2-AG, 5 µMol 2-PG and 10 µMol 2-LG, also resulted in significantly increased capsaicin response latency up to 281.5 ± 41.5 s (P<0.001), in 96% neurons, that was partially restored by the CB2, but not the CB1 antagonist. CONCLUSION 2-AG, 2-LG and 2-PG significantly delayed TRPV1 signalling in the majority of capsaicin-sensitive DRG neurons, that was markedly increased following combined application. Further studies of these endocannabinoids are required to identify the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uma Anand
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | | | - Praveen Anand
- Professor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Mikael Hans Sodergren
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Curaleaf International Limited, London, EC2A 2EW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lingegowda H, Williams BJ, Spiess KG, Sisnett DJ, Lomax AE, Koti M, Tayade C. Role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and therapeutic implications. J Cannabis Res 2022; 4:54. [PMID: 36207747 PMCID: PMC9540712 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis patients experience debilitating chronic pain, and the first-line treatment is ineffective at managing symptoms. Although surgical removal of the lesions provides temporary relief, more than 50% of the patients experience disease recurrence. Despite being a leading cause of hysterectomy, endometriosis lacks satisfactory treatments and a cure. Another challenge is the poor understanding of disease pathophysiology which adds to the delays in diagnosis and overall compromised quality of life. Endometriosis patients are in dire need of an effective therapeutic strategy that is both economical and effective in managing symptoms, while fertility is unaffected. Endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids possess anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-proliferative properties that may prove beneficial for endometriosis management, given that inflammation, vascularization, and pain are hallmark features of endometriosis. Endocannabinoids are a complex network of molecules that play a central role in physiological processes including homeostasis and tissue repair, but endocannabinoids have also been associated in the pathophysiology of several chronic inflammatory diseases including endometriosis and cancers. The lack of satisfactory treatment options combined with the recent legalization of recreational cannabinoids in some parts of the world has led to a rise in self-management strategies including the use of cannabinoids for endometriosis-related pain and other symptoms. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of endocannabinoids with a focus on their potential roles in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. We further provide evidence-driven perspectives on the current state of knowledge on endometriosis-associated pain, inflammation, and therapeutic avenues exploiting the endocannabinoid system for its management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Lingegowda
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Bailey J Williams
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine G Spiess
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Danielle J Sisnett
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit (GIDRU), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dongdem JT, Helegbe GK, Opare-Asamoah K, Wezena CA, Ocloo A. Assessment of NSAIDs as potential inhibitors of the fatty acid amide hydrolase I (FAAH-1) using three different primary fatty acid amide substrates in vitro. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:1. [PMID: 34983657 PMCID: PMC8725537 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain relief remains a major subject of inadequately met need of patients. Therapeutic agents designed to treat pain and inflammation so far have low to moderate efficiencies with significant untoward side effects. FAAH-1 has been proposed as a promising target for the discovery of drugs to treat pain and inflammation without significant adverse effects. FAAH-1 is the primary enzyme accountable for the degradation of AEA and related fatty acid amides. Studies have revealed that the simultaneous inhibition of COX and FAAH-1 activities produce greater pharmacological efficiency with significantly lowered toxicity and ulcerogenic activity. Recently, the metabolism of endocannabinoids by COX-2 was suggested to be differentially regulated by NSAIDs. Methods We analysed the affinity of oleamide, arachidonamide and stearoylamide at the FAAH-1 in vitro and investigated the potency of selected NSAIDs on the hydrolysis of endocannabinoid-like molecules (oleamide, arachidonamide and stearoylamide) by FAAH-1 from rat liver. NSAIDs were initially screened at 500 μM after which those that exhibited greater potency were further analysed over a range of inhibitor concentrations. Results The substrate affinity of FAAH-1 obtained, increased in a rank order of oleamide < arachidonamide < stearoylamide with resultant Vmax values in a rank order of arachidonamide > oleamide > stearoylamide. The selected NSAIDs caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of FAAH-1 activity with sulindac, carprofen and meclofenamate exhibiting the greatest potency. Michaelis-Menten analysis suggested the mode of inhibition of FAAH-1 hydrolysis of both oleamide and arachidonamide by meclofenamate and indomethacin to be non-competitive in nature. Conclusion Our data therefore suggest potential for study of these compounds as combined FAAH-1-COX inhibitors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40360-021-00539-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius T Dongdem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale-Campus, Tamale, Ghana. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, NG7 2UH, Nottinghamshire, UK.
| | - Gideon K Helegbe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale-Campus, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Kwame Opare-Asamoah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale-Campus, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Cletus A Wezena
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Augustine Ocloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kesner AJ, Lovinger DM. Cannabis use, abuse, and withdrawal: Cannabinergic mechanisms, clinical, and preclinical findings. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1674-1696. [PMID: 33891706 PMCID: PMC9291571 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. Its main psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of over 100 phytocannabinoid compounds produced by the cannabis plant. THC is the primary compound that drives cannabis abuse potential and is also used and prescribed medically for therapeutic qualities. Despite its therapeutic potential, a significant subpopulation of frequent cannabis or THC users will develop a drug use syndrome termed cannabis use disorder. Individuals suffering from cannabis use disorder exhibit many of the hallmarks of classical addictions including cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Currently, there are no efficacious treatments for cannabis use disorder or withdrawal symptoms. This makes both clinical and preclinical research on the neurobiological mechanisms of these syndromes ever more pertinent. Indeed, basic research using animal models has provided valuable evidence of the neural molecular and cellular actions of cannabis that mediate its behavioral effects. One of the main components being central action on the cannabinoid type-one receptor and downstream intracellular signaling related to the endogenous cannabinoid system. Back-translational studies have provided insight linking preclinical basic and behavioral biology research to better understand symptoms observed at the clinical level. This narrative review aims to summarize major research elucidating the molecular, cellular, and behavioral manifestations of cannabis/THC use that play a role in cannabis use disorder and withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kesner
- Laboratory for Integrative NeuroscienceNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismCenter on Compulsive BehaviorsNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative NeuroscienceNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismCenter on Compulsive BehaviorsNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anand U, Pacchetti B, Anand P, Sodergren MH. Cannabis-based medicines and pain: a review of potential synergistic and entourage effects. Pain Manag 2021; 11:395-403. [PMID: 33703917 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent legalization of medicinal cannabis in several jurisdictions has spurred the development of therapeutic formulations for chronic pain. Unlike pure delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), full-spectrum products contain naturally occurring cannabinoids and have been reported to show improved efficacy or tolerability, attributed to synergy between cannabinoids and other components in the cannabis plant. Although 'synergy' indicates that two or more active compounds may produce an additive or combined effect greater than their individual analgesic effect, potentiation of the biological effect of a compound by related but inactive compounds, in combination, was termed the 'entourage effect'. Here, we review current evidence for potential synergistic and entourage effects of cannabinoids in pain relief. However, definitive clinical trials and in vitro functional studies are still required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uma Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | | | - Praveen Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Mikael Hans Sodergren
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Perin P, Mabou Tagne A, Enrico P, Marino F, Cosentino M, Pizzala R, Boselli C. Cannabinoids, Inner Ear, Hearing, and Tinnitus: A Neuroimmunological Perspective. Front Neurol 2020; 11:505995. [PMID: 33329293 PMCID: PMC7719758 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.505995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for recreational and therapeutic purposes. Whereas, the recreative uses are based on the psychotropic effect of some of its compounds, its therapeutic effects range over a wide spectrum of actions, most of which target the brain or the immune system. Several studies have found cannabinoid receptors in the auditory system, both at peripheral and central levels, thus raising the interest in cannabinoid signaling in hearing, and especially in tinnitus, which is affected also by anxiety, memory, and attention circuits where cannabinoid effects are well described. Available studies on animal models of tinnitus suggest that cannabinoids are not likely to be helpful in tinnitus treatment and could even be harmful. However, the pharmacology of cannabinoids is very complex, and most studies focused on neural CB1R-based responses. Cannabinoid effects on the immune system (where CB2Rs predominate) are increasingly recognized as essential in understanding nervous system pathological responses, and data on immune cannabinoid targets have emerged in the auditory system as well. In addition, nonclassical cannabinoid targets (such as TRP channels) appear to play an important role in the auditory system as well. This review will focus on neuroimmunological mechanisms for cannabinoid effects and their possible use as protective and therapeutic agents in the ear and auditory system, especially in tinnitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perin
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Pizzala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ellermann M, Pacheco AR, Jimenez AG, Russell RM, Cuesta S, Kumar A, Zhu W, Vale G, Martin SA, Raj P, McDonald JG, Winter SE, Sperandio V. Endocannabinoids Inhibit the Induction of Virulence in Enteric Pathogens. Cell 2020; 183:650-665.e15. [PMID: 33031742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are host-derived lipid hormones that fundamentally impact gastrointestinal (GI) biology. The use of cannabis and other exocannabinoids as anecdotal treatments for various GI disorders inspired the search for mechanisms by which these compounds mediate their effects, which led to the discovery of the mammalian endocannabinoid system. Dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling was linked to inflammation and the gut microbiota. However, the effects of endocannabinoids on host susceptibility to infection has not been explored. Here, we show that mice with elevated levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are protected from enteric infection by Enterobacteriaceae pathogens. 2-AG directly modulates pathogen function by inhibiting virulence programs essential for successful infection. Furthermore, 2-AG antagonizes the bacterial receptor QseC, a histidine kinase encoded within the core Enterobacteriaceae genome that promotes the activation of pathogen-associated type three secretion systems. Taken together, our findings establish that endocannabinoids are directly sensed by bacteria and can modulate bacterial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ellermann
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alline R Pacheco
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Angel G Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Regan M Russell
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wenhan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gonçalo Vale
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Microbiome Research Lab, Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sebastian E Winter
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Almezgagi M, Zhang Y, Hezam K, Shamsan E, Gamah M, Al-Shaebi F, Abbas AB, Shoaib M, Saif B, Han Y, Jia R, Zhang W. Diacerein: Recent insight into pharmacological activities and molecular pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110594. [PMID: 32858499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacerein is a symptomatic slow-acting drug in osteoarthritis (SYSADOA) and the active metabolite is rhein. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with unique pharmacological properties as anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis. Diacerein has recently shown to have a potential role by mediating anti-inflammatory as well as anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis in kidney injury, diabetes mullites, and a beneficial effect on pain relief. It may have a therapeutic role in cancer, ulcerative colitis, testicular injury and cervical hyperkeratosis. Furthermore, diacerein has a valuable addition in combination therapy as a synergetic agent. This review, the first of its kind, highlights the proposed roles of diacerein in osteoarthritis and discusses recent results supporting its emerging roles with a particular focus on how these new insights may facilitate the rational development of diacerein for targeted therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maged Almezgagi
- The Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medical Application of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Xining 810001, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai Xining 810001, China; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb City 70270, Yemen
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai Xining 810001, China
| | - Kamal Hezam
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Emad Shamsan
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai Xining 810001, China
| | - Mohammed Gamah
- The Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medical Application of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Xining 810001, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai Xining 810001, China
| | - Fadhl Al-Shaebi
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Abdul Baset Abbas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb City 70270, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai Xining 810001, China
| | - Bassam Saif
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb City 70270, Yemen
| | - Ying Han
- The Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medical Application of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Xining 810001, China
| | - Ruhan Jia
- The Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medical Application of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Xining 810001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medical Application of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Xining 810001, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai Xining 810001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dalton GD, Carney ST, Marshburn JD, Norford DC, Howlett AC. CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptors Stimulate Gβγ-GRK2-Mediated FAK Phosphorylation at Tyrosine 925 to Regulate ERK Activation Involving Neuronal Focal Adhesions. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:176. [PMID: 32655375 PMCID: PMC7324865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) are abundantly expressed in the nervous system where they regulate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). However, the role of CB1-stimulated FAK 925 tyrosine phosphorylation (Tyr-P) in regulating ERK1/2 activation remains undefined. Here, immunoblotting analyses using antibodies against FAK phospho-Tyr 925 and ERK2 phospho-Tyr 204 demonstrated CB1-stimulated FAK 925 Tyr-P and ERK2 204 Tyr-P (0–5 min) which was followed by a decline in Tyr-P (5–20 min). CB1 stimulated FAK-Grb2 association and Ras-mediated ERK2 activation. The FAK inhibitors Y11 and PF 573228 abolished FAK 925 Tyr-P and partially inhibited ERK2 204 Tyr-P. FAK 925 Tyr-P and ERK2 204 Tyr-P were adhesion-dependent, required an intact actin cytoskeleton, and were mediated by integrins, Flk-1 vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and epidermal growth factor receptors. FAK 925 Tyr-P and ERK2 204 Tyr-P were blocked by the Gβγ inhibitor gallein, a GRK2 inhibitor, and GRK2 siRNA silencing, suggesting Gβγ and GRK2 participate in FAK-mediated ERK2 activation. Together, these studies indicate FAK 925 Tyr-P occurs concurrently with CB1-stimulated ERK2 activation and requires the actin cytoskeleton and Gi/oβγ-GRK2-mediated cross-talk between CB1, integrins, and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George D Dalton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Skyla T Carney
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamie D Marshburn
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derek C Norford
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The endocannabinoid system: Novel targets for treating cancer induced bone pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109504. [PMID: 31627091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) continues to be a major clinical challenge and underlying mechanisms of CIBP remain unclear. Recently, emerging body of evidence suggested the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may play essential roles in CIBP. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the antinociceptive mechanisms of endocannabinoids in CIBP and discussed the beneficial effects of endocannabinoid for CIBP treatment. Targeting non-selective cannabinoid 1 receptors or selective cannabinoid 2 receptors, and modulation of peripheral AEA and 2-AG, as well as the inhibition the function of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) have produced analgesic effects in animal models of CIBP. Management of ECS therefore appears to be a promising way for the treatment of CIBP in terms of efficacy and safety. Further clinical studies are encouraged to confirm the possible translation to humans of the very promising results already obtained in the preclinical studies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Turcotte C, Dumais É, Archambault AS, Martin C, Blanchet MR, Bissonnette É, Boulet LP, Laviolette M, Di Marzo V, Flamand N. Human leukocytes differentially express endocannabinoid-glycerol lipases and hydrolyze 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and its metabolites from the 15-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1337-1347. [PMID: 31556464 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0919-049rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) is an endocannabinoid with anti-inflammatory properties. Blocking 2-AG hydrolysis to enhance CB2 signaling has proven effective in mouse models of inflammation. However, the expression of 2-AG lipases has never been thoroughly investigated in human leukocytes. Herein, we investigated the expression of seven 2-AG hydrolases by human blood leukocytes and alveolar macrophages (AMs) and found the following protein expression pattern: monoacylglycerol (MAG lipase; eosinophils, AMs, monocytes), carboxylesterase (CES1; monocytes, AMs), palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT1; AMs), α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD6; mainly AMs), ABHD12 (all), ABHD16A (all), and LYPLA2 (lysophospholipase 2; monocytes, lymphocytes, AMs). We next found that all leukocytes could hydrolyze 2-AG and its metabolites derived from cyclooxygenase-2 (prostaglandin E2 -glycerol [PGE2 -G]) and the 15-lipoxygenase (15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoyl-glycerol [15-HETE-G]). Neutrophils and eosinophils were consistently better at hydrolyzing 2-AG and its metabolites than monocytes and lymphocytes. Moreover, the efficacy of leukocytes to hydrolyze 2-AG and its metabolites was 2-AG ≥ 15-HETE-G >> PGE2 -G for each leukocyte. Using the inhibitors methylarachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate (MAFP), 4-nitrophenyl-4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (JZL184), Palmostatin B, 4'-carbamoylbiphenyl-4-yl methyl(3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)carbamate, N-methyl-N-[[3-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]-4'-(aminocarbonyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl ester carbamic acid (WWL70), 4'-[[[methyl[[3-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]amino]carbonyl]oxy]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester (WWL113), tetrahydrolipstatin, and ML349, we could not pinpoint a specific hydrolase responsible for the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2 -G, and 15-HETE-G by these leukocytes. Furthermore, JZL184, a selective MAG lipase inhibitor, blocked the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2 -G, and 15-HETE-G by neutrophils and the hydrolysis of PGE2 -G and 15-HETE-G by lymphocytes, two cell types with limited/no MAG lipase. Using an activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe to label hydrolases in leukocytes, we found that they express many MAFP-sensitive hydrolases and an unknown JZL184-sensitive hydrolase of ∼52 kDa. Altogether, our results indicate that human leukocytes are experts at hydrolyzing 2-AG and its metabolites via multiple lipases and probably via a yet-to-be characterized 52 kDa hydrolase. Blocking 2-AG hydrolysis in humans will likely abrogate the ability of human leukocytes to degrade 2-AG and its metabolites and increase their anti-inflammatory effects in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Élizabeth Dumais
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Élyse Bissonnette
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Boulet
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salaga M, Binienda A, Piscitelli F, Mokrowiecka A, Cygankiewicz AI, Verde R, Malecka-Panas E, Kordek R, Krajewska WM, Di Marzo V, Fichna J. Systemic administration of serotonin exacerbates abdominal pain and colitis via interaction with the endocannabinoid system. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 161:37-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
15
|
Bjorling DE, Wang ZY. Potential of Endocannabinoids to Control Bladder Pain. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:17. [PMID: 29867382 PMCID: PMC5962905 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder-related pain is one of the most common forms of visceral pain, and visceral pain is among the most common complaints for which patients seek physician consultation. Despite extensive studies of visceral innervation and treatment of visceral pain, opioids remain a mainstay for management of bladder pain. Side effects associated with opioid therapy can profoundly diminish quality of life, and improved options for treatment of bladder pain remain a high priority. Endocannabinoids, primarily anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are endogenously-produced fatty acid ethanolamides with that induce analgesia. Animal experiments have demonstrated that inhibition of enzymes that degrade AEA or 2-AG have the potential to prevent development of visceral and somatic pain. Although experimental results in animal models have been promising, clinical application of this approach has proven difficult. In addition to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH; degrades AEA) and monacylglycerol lipase (MAGL; degrades 2-AG), cyclooxygenase (COX) acts to metabolize endocannabinoids. Another potential limitation of this strategy is that AEA activates pro-nociceptive transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. Dual inhibitors of FAAH and TRPV1 or FAAH and COX have been synthesized and are currently undergoing preclinical testing for efficacy in providing analgesia. Local inhibition of FAAH or MAGL within the bladder may be viable options to reduce pain associated with cystitis with fewer systemic side effects, but this has not been explored. Further investigation is required before manipulation of the endocannabinoid system can be proven as an efficacious alternative for management of bladder pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Bjorling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zun-Yi Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Petrosino S, Verde R, Vaia M, Allarà M, Iuvone T, Di Marzo V. Anti-inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychotropic Cannabinoid, in Experimental Allergic Contact Dermatitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:652-663. [PMID: 29632236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids modulate inflammatory responses by regulating the production of cytokines in several experimental models of inflammation. Cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptor activation was shown to reduce the production of the monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2) chemokine in polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly-(I:C)]-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, an in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). We investigated if nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), produced similar effects in this experimental model of ACD. HaCaT cells were stimulated with poly-(I:C), and the release of chemokines and cytokines was measured in the presence of CBD or other phytocannabinoids (such as cannabidiol acid, cannabidivarin, cannabidivarinic acid, cannabichromene, cannabigerol, cannabigerolic acid, cannabigevarin, tetrahydrocannabivarin, and tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid) and antagonists of CB1, CB2, or transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) receptors. HaCaT cell viability following phytocannabinoid treatment was also measured. The cellular levels of endocannabinoids [anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol] and related molecules (palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide) were quantified in poly-(I:C)-stimulated HaCaT cells treated with CBD. We show that in poly-(I:C)-stimulated HaCaT cells, CBD elevates the levels of AEA and dose-dependently inhibits poly-(I:C)-induced release of MCP-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in a manner reversed by CB2 and TRPV1 antagonists 6-iodopravadoline (AM630) and 5'-iodio-resiniferatoxin (I-RTX), respectively, with no cytotoxic effect. This is the first demonstration of the anti-inflammatory properties of CBD in an experimental model of ACD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy (S.P., R.V., M.A., V.D.); Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy (S.P., M.A.); and Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy (M.V., T.I.)
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy (S.P., R.V., M.A., V.D.); Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy (S.P., M.A.); and Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy (M.V., T.I.)
| | - Massimo Vaia
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy (S.P., R.V., M.A., V.D.); Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy (S.P., M.A.); and Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy (M.V., T.I.)
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy (S.P., R.V., M.A., V.D.); Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy (S.P., M.A.); and Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy (M.V., T.I.)
| | - Teresa Iuvone
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy (S.P., R.V., M.A., V.D.); Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy (S.P., M.A.); and Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy (M.V., T.I.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy (S.P., R.V., M.A., V.D.); Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy (S.P., M.A.); and Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy (M.V., T.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Petrosino S, Cordaro M, Verde R, Schiano Moriello A, Marcolongo G, Schievano C, Siracusa R, Piscitelli F, Peritore AF, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S, Di Marzo V. Oral Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide: Plasma and Tissue Levels and Spinal Anti-hyperalgesic Effect. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:249. [PMID: 29615912 PMCID: PMC5870042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a pleiotropic lipid mediator with established anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activity. Ultramicronized PEA (PEA-um) has superior oral efficacy compared to naïve (non-micronized) PEA. The aim of the present study was two-fold: (1) to evaluate whether oral PEA-um has greater absorbability compared to naïve PEA, and its ability to reach peripheral and central tissues under healthy and local inflammatory conditions (carrageenan paw edema); (2) to better characterize the molecular pathways involved in PEA-um action, particularly at the spinal level. Rats were dosed with 30 mg/kg of [13C]4-PEA-um or naïve [13C]4-PEA by oral gavage, and [13C]4-PEA levels quantified, as a function of time, by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. Overall plasma levels were higher in both healthy and carrageenan-injected rats administered [13C]4-PEA-um as compared to those receiving naïve [13C]4-PEA, indicating the greater absorbability of PEA-um. Furthermore, carrageenan injection markedly favored an increase in levels of [13C]4-PEA in plasma, paw and spinal cord. Oral treatment of carrageenan-injected rats with PEA-um (10 mg/kg) confirmed beneficial peripheral effects on paw inflammation, thermal hyperalgesia and tissue damage. Notably, PEA-um down-regulated distinct spinal inflammatory and oxidative pathways. These last findings instruct on spinal mechanisms involved in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of PEA-um in inflammatory pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Padova, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio F. Peritore
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leinwand KL, Jones AA, Huang RH, Jedlicka P, Kao DJ, de Zoeten EF, Ghosh S, Moaddel R, Wehkamp J, Ostaff MJ, Bader J, Aherne CM, Collins CB. Cannabinoid Receptor-2 Ameliorates Inflammation in Murine Model of Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1369-1380. [PMID: 28981653 PMCID: PMC5881726 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cannabinoid receptor stimulation may have positive symptomatic effects on inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients through analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The cannabinoid 2 receptor [CB2R] is expressed primarily on immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, and is induced by active inflammation in both humans and mice. We therefore investigated the effect of targeting CB2R in a preclinical IBD model. METHODS Employing a chronic ileitis model [TNFΔARE/+ mice], we assessed expression of the CB2R receptor in ileal tissue and on CD4+ T cells and evaluated the effect of stimulation with CB2R-selective ligand GP-1a both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we compared cannabinoid receptor expression in the ilea and colons of healthy human controls with that of Crohn's disease patients. RESULTS Ileal expression of CB2R and the endocannabinoid anandamide [AEA] was increased in actively inflamed TNF∆ARE/+ mice compared with controls. CB2R mRNA was preferentially induced on regulatory T cells [Tregs] compared with T effector cells, approximately 2.4-fold in wild-type [WT] and 11-fold in TNF∆ARE/+ mice. Furthermore, GP-1a enhanced Treg suppressive function with a concomitant increase in IL-10 secretion. GP-1a attenuated murine ileitis, as demonstrated by improved histological scoring and decreased inflammatory cytokine expression. Lastly, CB2R is downregulated in both chronically inflamed TNF∆ARE/+ mice and in IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the endocannabinoid system is induced in murine ileitis but is downregulated in chronic murine and human intestinal inflammation, and CB2R activation attenuates murine ileitis, establishing an anti-inflammatory role of the endocannabinoid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Leinwand
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Digestive Health Institute, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ashleigh A Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rick H Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Department of Pathology, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel J Kao
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edwin F de Zoeten
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Digestive Health Institute, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Soumita Ghosh
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maureen J Ostaff
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jutta Bader
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carol M Aherne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Colm B Collins
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Digestive Health Institute, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,Corresponding author: Colm B. Collins, PhD, 12700 E 19th Ave B146 Rm10440, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Tel.: [303]724-7242; fax: [303] 724-7241;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Piscitelli F, Bradshaw HB. Endocannabinoid Analytical Methodologies: Techniques That Drive Discoveries That Drive Techniques. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:1-30. [PMID: 28826532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the two major endogenous cannabinoid ligands, known as endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), opened the way for the identification and isolation of other lipid congeners, all derivatives of fatty acids and related to the Endocannabinoid System. The nomenclature of this anandamide-type class of lipids is evolving as new species are discovered all the time. However, they each fall under the larger umbrella of lipids that are a conjugation of a fatty acid with an amine through and amide bond, which we will refer to as lipoamines. Specific subspecies of lipoamines that have been discovered are the N-acyl-ethanolamides (including AEA), N-acyl-dopamines, N-acyl-serotonins, N-acyl-GABA, N-acyl-taurines, and a growing number of N-acyl amino acids. Emerging data from multiple labs also show that monoacylglycerols (including 2-AG), COX-2 metabolites, and fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids are interconnected with these lipoamines at both the biosynthetic and metabolic levels. Understanding the molecular relatedness of these lipids is important for studying how they act as signaling molecules; however, a first step in this process hinges on advances in being able to accurately measure them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Siracusa R, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Esposito E, Petrosino S, Cuzzocrea S. Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Co-UltraPEALut in a Mouse Model of Vascular Dementia. Front Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28634464 PMCID: PMC5460147 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most common cause of cognitive impairment in the population, is a disease that results from reduction in regional cerebral blood flow and involves oxidative stress and inflammation. Co-ultramicronized PEALut (co-ultra PEALut) is a new compound with beneficial effects, which include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Recently, co-ultraPEALut has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in models of Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. However, its effects on VaD remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to highlight the potential neuroprotective actions of co-ultraPEALut containing N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and the antioxidant flavonoid luteolin (Lut) (10:1 by mass) in a mouse model of VaD induced by bilateral carotid arteries occlusion. At 24 h after VaD induction, mice were orally treated with 1 mg/kg co-ultraPEALut daily for 15 days. On the 15th day, brain tissues were processed for histological, immunohistochemical, Western blot, and immunofluorescent analysis. Our results clearly demonstrate that co-ultraPEALut improved learning, memory ability, locomotor activity, and the reciprocal social interaction. In addition, the mice subjected to VaD and treated with the co-ultraPEALut showed a reorganization of CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and restored the number of hippocampal neurons as evidenced by NeuN expression, a specific marker of neurons. Furthermore following carotid arteries ligation, mice treated with co-ultraPEALut showed a modification of proinflammatory, proapoptotic proteins and of oxidative stress as evidenced by the expression of IκB-α, NF-κB p65, Bax, Bcl-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. In order, co-ultraPEALut treatment restored VaD-induced loss of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophins 3 (NT-3) expression in mice. These results confirmed that the neuroprotective effects of co-ultraPEALut were associated with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Epitech Group S.p.A., Saccolongo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gantz SC, Bean BP. Cell-Autonomous Excitation of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons by Endocannabinoid-Dependent Lipid Signaling. Neuron 2017; 93:1375-1387.e2. [PMID: 28262417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The major endocannabinoid in the mammalian brain is the bioactive lipid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The best-known effects of 2-AG are mediated by G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. In principle, 2-AG could modify neuronal excitability by acting directly on ion channels, but such mechanisms are poorly understood. Using a preparation of dissociated mouse midbrain dopamine neurons to isolate effects on intrinsic excitability, we found that 100 nM 2-AG accelerated pacemaking and steepened the frequency-current relationship for burst-like firing. In voltage-clamp experiments, 2-AG reduced A-type potassium current (IA) through a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism mimicked by arachidonic acid, which has no activity on cannabinoid receptors. Activation of orexin, neurotensin, and metabotropic glutamate Gq/11-linked receptors mimicked the effects of exogenous 2-AG and their actions were prevented by inhibiting the 2-AG-synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase α. The results show that 2-AG and related lipid signaling molecules can directly tune neuronal excitability in a cell-autonomous manner by modulating IA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Gantz
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bruce P Bean
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dócs K, Mészár Z, Gonda S, Kiss-Szikszai A, Holló K, Antal M, Hegyi Z. The Ratio of 2-AG to Its Isomer 1-AG as an Intrinsic Fine Tuning Mechanism of CB1 Receptor Activation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:39. [PMID: 28265242 PMCID: PMC5316530 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are pleiotropic lipid messengers that play pro-homeostatic role in cellular physiology by strongly influencing intracellular Ca2+ concentration through the activation of cannabinoid receptors. One of the best-known endocannabinoid ‘2-AG’ is chemically unstable in aqueous solutions, thus its molecular rearrangement, resulting in the formation of 1-AG, may influence 2-AG-mediated signaling depending on the relative concentration and potency of the two isomers. To predict whether this molecular rearrangement may be relevant in physiological processes and in experiments with 2-AG, here we studied if isomerization of 2-AG has an impact on 2-AG-induced, CB1-mediated Ca2+ signaling in vitro. We found that the isomerization-dependent drop in effective 2-AG concentration caused only a weak diminution of Ca2+ signaling in CB1 transfected COS7 cells. We also found that 1-AG induces Ca2+ transients through the activation of CB1, but its working concentration is threefold higher than that of 2-AG. Decreasing the concentration of 2-AG in parallel to the prevention of 1-AG formation by rapid preparation of 2-AG solutions, caused a significant diminution of Ca2+ signals. However, various mixtures of the two isomers in a fix total concentration – mimicking the process of isomerization over time – attenuated the drop in 2-AG potency, resulting in a minor decrease in CB1 mediated Ca2+ transients. Our results indicate that release of 2-AG into aqueous medium is accompanied by its isomerization, resulting in a drop of 2-AG concentration and simultaneous formation of the similarly bioactive isomer 1-AG. Thus, the relative concentration of the two isomers with different potency and efficacy may influence CB1 activation and the consequent biological responses. In addition, our results suggest that 1-AG may play role in stabilizing the strength of cannabinoid signal in case of prolonged 2-AG dependent cannabinoid mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mészár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Kiss-Szikszai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Holló
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Transient Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Blockade during Immunization Heightens Intensity and Breadth of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses in Young and Aged mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42584. [PMID: 28209996 PMCID: PMC5314369 DOI: 10.1038/srep42584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of vaccines is their ability to prevent the spread of infectious pathogens and thereby serve as invaluable public health tool. Despite their medical relevance, there is a gap in our understanding of the physiological factors that mediate innate and adaptive immune response to vaccines. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is a critical modulator of homeostasis in vertebrates. Our results indicate that macrophages and dendritic cells produce the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) upon antigen activation. We have also established that 2-AG levels are upregulated in the serum and in the lymph node of mice during vaccination. We hypothesized that the intrinsic release of eCBs from immune cells during activation by pathogenic antigens mitigate inflammation, but also suppress overall innate and adaptive immune response. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that transient administration of the cannabinoid receptor 2 antagonist AM630 (10 mg/kg) or inverse agonist JTE907 (3 mg/kg) during immunization heightens the intensity and breadth of antigen-specific immune responses in young and aged mice through the upregulation of immunomodulatory genes in secondary lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
|
24
|
Blume LC, Patten T, Eldeeb K, Leone-Kabler S, Ilyasov AA, Keegan BM, O'Neal JE, Bass CE, Hantgan RR, Lowther WT, Selley DE, Howlett ALC. Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1a Competition with β-Arrestin for CB1 Receptor Binding Sites. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:75-86. [PMID: 27895162 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a) is a CB1 receptor (CB1R) distal C-terminal-associated protein that alters CB1R interactions with G-proteins. We tested the hypothesis that CRIP1a is capable of also altering CB1R interactions with β-arrestin proteins that interact with the CB1R at the C-terminus. Coimmunoprecipitation studies indicated that CB1R associates in complexes with either CRIP1a or β-arrestin, but CRIP1a and β-arrestin fail to coimmunoprecipitate with each other. This suggests a competition for CRIP1a and β-arrestin binding to the CB1R, which we hypothesized could attenuate the action of β-arrestin to mediate CB1R internalization. We determined that agonist-mediated reduction of the density of cell surface endogenously expressed CB1Rs was clathrin and dynamin dependent and could be modeled as agonist-induced aggregation of transiently expressed GFP-CB1R. CRIP1a overexpression attenuated CP55940-mediated GFP-CB1R as well as endogenous β-arrestin redistribution to punctae, and conversely, CRIP1a knockdown augmented β-arrestin redistribution to punctae. Peptides mimicking the CB1R C-terminus could bind to both CRIP1a in cell extracts as well as purified recombinant CRIP1a. Affinity pull-down studies revealed that phosphorylation at threonine-468 of a CB1R distal C-terminus 14-mer peptide reduced CB1R-CRIP1a association. Coimmunoprecipitation of CB1R protein complexes demonstrated that central or distal C-terminal peptides competed for the CB1R association with CRIP1a, but that a phosphorylated central C-terminal peptide competed for association with β-arrestin 1, and phosphorylated central or distal C-terminal peptides competed for association with β-arrestin 2. Thus, CRIP1a can compete with β-arrestins for interaction with C-terminal CB1R domains that could affect agonist-driven, β-arrestin-mediated internalization of the CB1R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Blume
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Theresa Patten
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Khalil Eldeeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Sandra Leone-Kabler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Alexander A Ilyasov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Bradley M Keegan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Jeremy E O'Neal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Roy R Hantgan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - W Todd Lowther
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| | - A Llyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (L.C.B., T.P, K.E., S.L.-K., A.A.I., B.M.K., J.E.O., C.E.B., A.C.H.) and Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology (R.R.H., W.T.L.), Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Chemistry (T.P.) and Center for Molecular Signaling (W.T.L., A.C.H.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.E.S.); and AL Azhar Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt (K.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1593-659. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from having been used and misused for at least four millennia for, among others, recreational and medicinal purposes, the cannabis plant and its most peculiar chemical components, the plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), have the merit to have led humanity to discover one of the most intriguing and pleiotropic endogenous signaling systems, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review article aims to describe and critically discuss, in the most comprehensive possible manner, the multifaceted aspects of 1) the pharmacology and potential impact on mammalian physiology of all major phytocannabinoids, and not only of the most famous one Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 2) the adaptive pro-homeostatic physiological, or maladaptive pathological, roles of the ECS in mammalian cells, tissues, and organs. In doing so, we have respected the chronological order of the milestones of the millennial route from medicinal/recreational cannabis to the ECS and beyond, as it is now clear that some of the early steps in this long path, which were originally neglected, are becoming important again. The emerging picture is rather complex, but still supports the belief that more important discoveries on human physiology, and new therapies, might come in the future from new knowledge in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mwanza C, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Chen S, Wang W, Deng H. Simultaneous HPLC-APCI-MS/MS quantification of endogenous cannabinoids and glucocorticoids in hair. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:1-10. [PMID: 27318292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hair matrix could retrospectively record association of endogenous cannabinoids (e.g. 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, 2-AG and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine, AEA) and glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol and cortisone) in a myriad of physiological functions. However, depending on the extraction conditions, the spontaneous isomerization of 2-AG to 1-arachidonoylglycerol (1-AG) and the possible rearrangement of O-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (OAEA) to AEA in various sample matrices could be major obstacles encountered in the detection of both 2-AG and AEA. This study aimed to develop a novel method for simultaneous quantification of 2-AG, AEA, cortisol and cortisone in hair. Methanol was used as the incubation solution and an acidic mixture of deionized water and methanol were utilized as mobile phase in order to avert possible rearrangements of both OAEA and 2-AG. The analyses were performed on a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer with atmosphere pressure chemical ionization in positive mode. The method showed good linearity in the range of 3.0-250pg/mg for AEA, 15.0-1250pg/mg for 2-AG and 1-250pg/mg for cortisol and cortisone. Limit of detection was 1.5pg/mg for AEA, 6.0pg/mg for 2-AG and 0.5pg/mg for cortisol and cortisone. For all four analytes, intra and inter-day coefficients of variation were less than 20% and recovery above 90%. Population analyses in 473 hair samples established that 2-AG was significantly correlated with AEA. 2-AG was significantly and positively correlated with cortisol and cortisone. There was a significant positive correlation of AEA with cortisol, but not with cortisone. Obese participants showed a significantly higher concentration of cortisone and 2-AG. Males showed significantly higher 2-AG and cortisone levels but significantly lower AEA levels than females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mwanza
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10100, Zambia
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shenghuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huihua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Leishman E, Cornett B, Spork K, Straiker A, Mackie K, Bradshaw HB. Broad impact of deleting endogenous cannabinoid hydrolyzing enzymes and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor on the endogenous cannabinoid-related lipidome in eight regions of the mouse brain. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:159-172. [PMID: 27109320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) hydrolyze endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), respectively. These enzymes also metabolize eCB analogs such as lipoamines and 2-acyl glycerols, most of which are not ligands at CB1. To test the hypothesis that deleting eCB hydrolyzing enzymes and CB1 shifts lipid metabolism more broadly and impacts more families of eCB structural analogs, targeted lipidomics analyses were performed on FAAH KO, MAGL KO, and CB1 KO mice and compared to WT controls in 8 brain regions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Methanolic extracts of discrete brain regions (brainstem, cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain, striatum and thalamus) were partially purified on C-18 solid-phase extraction columns. Over 70 lipids per sample were then analyzed with HPLC/MS/MS. KEY RESULTS AEA and 2-AG were unaffected throughout the brain in CB1 KO mice; however, there was an increase in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite, PGE2 in the majority of brain areas. By contrast, PGE2 and AA levels were significantly reduced throughout the brain in the MAGL KO corresponding to significant increases in 2-AG. No changes in AA or PGE2 were seen throughout in the FAAH KO brain, despite significant increases in AEA, suggesting AA liberated by FAAH does not contribute to steady state levels of AA or PGE2. Changes in the lipidome were not confined to the AA derivatives and showed regional variation in each of the eCB KO models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AEA and 2-AG hydrolyzing enzymes and the CB1 receptor link the eCB system to broader lipid signaling networks in contrasting ways, potentially altering neurotransmission and behavior independently of cannabinoid receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ben Cornett
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Karl Spork
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Alex Straiker
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Gill Center for Biomolecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rubio M, Valdeolivas S, Piscitelli F, Verde R, Satta V, Barroso E, Montolio M, Aras LM, Di Marzo V, Sagredo O, Fernández-Ruiz J. Analysis of endocannabinoid signaling elements and related proteins in lymphocytes of patients with Dravet syndrome. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00220. [PMID: 27069631 PMCID: PMC4804326 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) reduces seizures in childhood epilepsy syndromes including Dravet syndrome (DS). A formulation of CBD has obtained orphan drug designation for these syndromes and clinical trials are currently underway. The mechanism responsible for CBD effects is not known, although it could involve targets sensitive to CBD in other neurological disorders. We believe of interest to investigate whether these potential targets are altered in DS, in particular whether the endocannabinoid system is dysregulated. To this end, lymphocytes from patients and controls were used for analysis of gene expression of transmitter receptors and transporters, ion channels, and enzymes associated with CBD effects, as well as endocannabinoid genes. Plasma endocannabinoid levels were also analyzed. There were no differences between DS patients and controls in most of the CBD targets analyzed, except an increase in the voltage-dependent calcium channel α-1h subunit. We also found that cannabinoid type-2 (CB 2) receptor gene expression was elevated in DS patients, with no changes in other endocannabinoid-related receptors and enzymes, as well as in plasma levels of endocannabinoids. Such elevation was paralleled by an increase in CD70, a marker of lymphocyte activation, and certain trends in inflammation-related proteins (e.g., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ receptors, cytokines). In conclusion, together with changes in the voltage-dependent calcium channel α-1h subunit, we found an upregulation of CB 2 receptors, associated with an activation of lymphocytes and changes in inflammation-related genes, in DS patients. Such changes were also reported in inflammatory disorders and may indirectly support the occurrence of a potential dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Medicina Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Madrid Spain
| | - Sara Valdeolivas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Medicina Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Madrid Spain
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Pozzuoli, Naples Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Pozzuoli, Naples Italy
| | - Valentina Satta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Medicina Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Madrid Spain
| | - Eva Barroso
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)Hospital Universitario La Paz Universidad Autónoma de MadridIdi PAZ Madrid Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Marisol Montolio
- Dravet Syndrome Foundation Madrid Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular Facultad de Biología Universidad de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Aras
- Dravet Syndrome Foundation Madrid Spain; Servicio Navarro de Salud Osasunbidea Estella Spain
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Pozzuoli, Naples Italy
| | - Onintza Sagredo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Medicina Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Medicina Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Benyó Z, Ruisanchez É, Leszl-Ishiguro M, Sándor P, Pacher P. Endocannabinoids in cerebrovascular regulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H785-801. [PMID: 26825517 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00571.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated by myogenic, endothelial, metabolic, and neural mechanisms under physiological conditions, and a large body of recent evidence indicates that inflammatory pathways have a major influence on the cerebral blood perfusion in certain central nervous system disorders, like hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and vascular dementia. All major cell types involved in cerebrovascular control pathways (i.e., smooth muscle, endothelium, neurons, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and leukocytes) are capable of synthesizing endocannabinoids and/or express some or several of their target proteins [i.e., the cannabinoid 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) receptors and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel]. Therefore, the endocannabinoid system may importantly modulate the regulation of cerebral circulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in a very complex manner. Experimental data accumulated since the late 1990s indicate that the direct effect of cannabinoids on cerebral vessels is vasodilation mediated, at least in part, by CB1 receptors. Cannabinoid-induced cerebrovascular relaxation involves both a direct inhibition of smooth muscle contractility and a release of vasodilator mediator(s) from the endothelium. However, under stress conditions (e.g., in conscious restrained animals or during hypoxia and hypercapnia), cannabinoid receptor activation was shown to induce a reduction of the cerebral blood flow, probably via inhibition of the electrical and/or metabolic activity of neurons. Finally, in certain cerebrovascular pathologies (e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as traumatic and ischemic brain injury), activation of CB2 (and probably yet unidentified non-CB1/non-CB2) receptors appear to improve the blood perfusion of the brain via attenuating vascular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Miriam Leszl-Ishiguro
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Péter Sándor
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Petrosino S, Puigdemont A, Della Valle MF, Fusco M, Verde R, Allarà M, Aveta T, Orlando P, Di Marzo V. Adelmidrol increases the endogenous concentrations of palmitoylethanolamide in canine keratinocytes and down-regulates an inflammatory reaction in an in vitro model of contact allergic dermatitis. Vet J 2015; 207:85-91. [PMID: 26639824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate potential new target(s)/mechanism(s) for the palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) analogue, adelmidrol, and its role in an in vitro model of contact allergic dermatitis. Freshly isolated canine keratinocytes, human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, wild-type or transfected with cDNA encoding for N-acylethanolamine-hydrolysing acid amidase (NAAA), were treated with adelmidrol or azelaic acid, and the concentrations of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and related mediators (PEA and oleoylethanolamide) were measured. The mRNA expression of PEA catabolic enzymes (NAAA and fatty acid amide hydrolase, FAAH), and biosynthetic enzymes (N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D, NAPE-PLD) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 1, was also measured. Brain or HEK-293 cell membrane fractions were used to assess the ability of adelmidrol to inhibit FAAH and NAAA activity, respectively. HaCaT cells were stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and the release of the pro-inflammatory chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2), was measured in the presence of adelmidrol. Adelmidrol increased PEA concentrations in canine keratinocytes and in the other cellular systems studied. It did not inhibit the activity of PEA catabolic enzymes, although it reduced their mRNA expression in some cell types. Adelmidrol modulated the expression of PEA biosynthetic enzyme, NAPE-PLD, in HaCaT cells, and inhibited the release of the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-2 from stimulated HaCaT cells. This study demonstrates for the first time an 'entourage effect' of adelmidrol on PEA concentrations in keratinocytes and suggests that this effect might mediate, at least in part, the anti-inflammatory effects of this compound in veterinary practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - A Puigdemont
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | - M Fusco
- Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - R Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - M Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - T Aveta
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - P Orlando
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hillard CJ. The Endocannabinoid Signaling System in the CNS: A Primer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:1-47. [PMID: 26638763 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the mechanisms for the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling through CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system. The processes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the two most well-studied endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and N-arachidonylethanolamine are outlined along with information regarding the regulation of the proteins involved. Signaling mechanisms and pharmacology of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor are outlined, as is the paradigm of endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor regulation of neurotransmitter release. The reader is encouraged to appreciate the importance of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor signaling system in the regulation of synaptic activity in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sesay JS, Gyapong RNK, Najafi LT, Kabler SL, Diz DI, Howlett AC, Awumey EM. Gαi/o-dependent Ca(2+) mobilization and Gαq-dependent PKCα regulation of Ca(2+)-sensing receptor-mediated responses in N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:142-51. [PMID: 26190181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A functional Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaS) is expressed endogenously in mouse N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells, and sequence analysis of the cDNA indicates high homology with both rat and human parathyroid CaS cDNAs. The CaS in N18TG2 cells appears as a single immunoreactive protein band at about 150 kDa on Western blots, consistent with native CaS from dorsal root ganglia. Both wild type (WT) and Gαq antisense knock-down (KD) cells responded to Ca(2+) and calindol, a positive allosteric modulator of the CaS, with a transient increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), which was larger in the Gαq KD cells. Stimulation with 1 mM extracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)e) increased [Ca(2+)]i in N18TG2 Gαq KD compared to WT cells. Ca(2+) mobilization was dependent on pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi/o proteins and reduced by 30 μM 2-amino-ethyldiphenyl borate and 50 μM nifedipine to the same plateau levels in both cell types. Membrane-associated PKCα and p-PKCα increased with increasing [Ca(2+)]e in WT cells, but decreased in Gαq KD cells. Treatment of cells with 1 μM Gӧ 6976, a Ca(2+)-specific PKC inhibitor reduced Ca(2+) mobilization and membrane-associated PKCα and p-PKCα in both cell types. The results indicate that the CaS-mediated increase in [Ca(2+)]i in N18TG2 cells is dependent on Gαi/o proteins via inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) channels and store-operated Ca(2+) entry channels, whereas modulation of CaS responses involving PKCα phosphorylation and translocation to the plasma membrane occurs via a Gαq mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Sesay
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Reginald N K Gyapong
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Leila T Najafi
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Sandra L Kabler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Debra I Diz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Emmanuel M Awumey
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Picone RP, Kendall DA. Minireview: From the bench, toward the clinic: therapeutic opportunities for cannabinoid receptor modulation. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:801-13. [PMID: 25866875 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of cannabinoids have been known for centuries and over the past several decades two G protein-coupled receptors, CB1 and CB2, that are responsible for their activity have been identified. Endogenous lipid-derived cannabinergic agents have been found, biosynthetic and catabolic machinery has been characterized, and synthetic agents have been designed to modulate these receptors. Selective agents including agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists, and novel allosteric modulators targeting either CB1 or CB2 have been developed to inhibit or augment their basal tone. As a result, the role these receptors play in human physiology and their potential therapeutic applications in disease states are being elucidated. The CB1 receptor, although ubiquitous, is densely expressed in the brain, and CB2 is largely found on cells of immune origin. This minireview highlights the role of CB1 in excitotoxic assaults in the brain and its potential to limit addiction liability. In addition, it will examine the relationship between receptor activity and stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, insulin resistance, and feeding behavior leading toward obesity. The roles of CB2 in the neuropathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in the central manifestations of chronic HIV infection potentially converge at inflammatory cell activation, thereby providing an opportunity for intervention. Last, CB2 modulation is discussed in the context of an experimental model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Achieving exquisite receptor selectivity and elucidating the mechanisms underlying receptor inhibition and activation will be essential for the development of the next generation of cannabinergic-based therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Picone
- Clinical Development (R.P.P.), Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Novo Nordisk Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.A.K.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Clinical Development (R.P.P.), Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Novo Nordisk Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.A.K.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Changes in the endocannabinoid signaling system in CNS structures of TDP-43 transgenic mice: relevance for a neuroprotective therapy in TDP-43-related disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:233-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
35
|
Shonesy BC, Winder DG, Patel S, Colbran RJ. The initiation of synaptic 2-AG mobilization requires both an increased supply of diacylglycerol precursor and increased postsynaptic calcium. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:57-62. [PMID: 25484252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
On-demand postsynaptic synthesis and release of endocannabinoid lipids and subsequent binding to presynaptic CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) mediates short and long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory transmission in many brain regions. However, mechanisms involved in the synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) by diacylglycerol lipase α (DGLα) are poorly understood. Since Gq-coupled receptor activation can stimulate production of a major DGL substrate 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (SAG) by PLCβ, we sought to determine if 2-AG biosynthesis was limited only by a lack of substrate availability, or if other pathways, such as Ca(2+) signaling, also need to be simultaneously engaged. To address this question, we loaded medium spiny neurons of the dorsolateral striatum with SAG while monitoring excitatory synaptic inputs. SAG-loading had no significant effect on evoked excitatory synaptic currents when cells were voltage-clamped at -80 mV. However, depolarization of MSNs to -50 mV revealed a SAG-loading dependent decrease in the amplitude of excitatory currents that was accompanied by an increase in paired pulse ratio, consistent with decreased glutamate release. Both effects of loading SAG at -50 mV were blocked by chelation of postsynaptic Ca(2+) using BAPTA or by bath application of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), a DGL inhibitor. Loading of SAG into glutamatergic pyramidal neurons of the amygdala similarly inhibited excitatory synaptic inputs and increased the PPR. SAG-induced depression was absent in both regions from mice lacking CB1Rs. These data show that increasing substrate availability alone is insufficient to drive 2-AG mobilization and that DGL-dependent synaptic depression via CB1R activation requires postsynaptic Ca(2+) signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Shonesy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roger J Colbran
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Diacerein is a potent and selective inhibitor of palmitoylethanolamide inactivation with analgesic activity in a rat model of acute inflammatory pain. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:9-14. [PMID: 25447594 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is produced by mammalian cells from its biosynthetic precursor, N-palmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, and inactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis to palmitic acid and ethanolamine. Apart from fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), a lysosomal enzyme, was also shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of PEA and to limit its analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. Here we report the finding of a new potential inhibitor of NAAA, EPT4900 (4,5-diacetyloxy-9,10-dioxo-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid, diacerein). EPT4900 exhibited a high inhibitory activity on human recombinant NAAA over-expressed in HEK293 cells (HEK-NAAA cells). EPT4900 selectively increased the levels of PEA in intact HEK-NAAA cells, and inhibited inflammation as well as hyperalgesia in rats treated with an intraplantar injection of carrageenan. This latter effect was accompanied by elevation of PEA endogenous levels in the paw skin.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rossi F, Perrotta S, Bellini G, Luongo L, Tortora C, Siniscalco D, Francese M, Torella M, Nobili B, Di Marzo V, Maione S. Iron overload causes osteoporosis in thalassemia major patients through interaction with transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels. Haematologica 2014; 99:1876-84. [PMID: 25216685 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bone resorption in β-thalassemia major is multifactorial and our understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remains incomplete. Considering the emerging importance of the endocannabinoid/endovanilloid system in bone metabolism, it may be instructive to examine a potential role for this system in the development of osteoporosis in patients with β-thalassemia major and its relationship with iron overload and iron chelation therapy. This study demonstrates that, in thalassemic-derived osteoclasts, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase expression inversely correlates with femoral and lumbar bone mineral density, and directly correlates with ferritin levels and liver iron concentration. The vanilloid agonist resiniferatoxin dramatically reduces cathepsin K levels and osteoclast numbers in vitro, without affecting tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase expression. The iron chelators deferoxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox decrease both tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K expression, as well as osteoclast activity. Taken together, these data show that transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 activation/desensitization influences tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase expression and activity, and this effect is dependent on iron, suggesting a pivotal role for iron overload in the dysregulation of bone metabolism in patients with thalassemia major. Our applied pharmacology provides evidence for the potential of iron chelators to abrogate these effects by reducing osteoclast activity. Whether iron chelation therapy is capable of restoring bone health in humans requires further study, but the potential to provide dual benefits for patients with β-thalassemia major -preventing iron-overload and alleviating associated osteoporotic changes - is exciting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rossi
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples
| | - Silverio Perrotta
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples;
| | - Giulia Bellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples
| | - Chiara Tortora
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples; Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples
| | - Matteo Francese
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples
| | - Marco Torella
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples
| | - Bruno Nobili
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry and Institute of Cybernetics, National Research Council, Pozzuoli; and The Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; The Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Messalli EM, Grauso F, Luise R, Angelini A, Rossiello R. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 immunoreactivity and disease severity in human epithelial ovarian tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:234.e1-6. [PMID: 24721263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In light of recent findings indicating that endocannabinoid system has antitumor actions, our study aimed to localize it in the human epithelial ovarian tumors, highlighting the differences among benign, borderline, and invasive forms and correlating cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) expression with disease severity. STUDY DESIGN We determined CB1R immunohistochemical expression in 66 epithelial ovarian tumors treated in the Department of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples, at S. Maria del Popolo degli Incurabili Hospital (Naples): 36 borderline ovarian tumors, the main target of interest being intermediate forms, 15 benign and 15 invasive ovarian tumors. RESULTS The benign ovarian tumors showed a weak expression of CB1R in the 33% of the cases and moderate expression in the 67% of the cases. Borderline ovarian tumors had a similar trend. They showed weak CB1R expression in 28% of the cases, moderate expression in 53% of the cases, and strong expression in 19% of the cases. In contrast, invasive tumors showed a weak expression of CB1R in 7% of the cases, moderate expression in 20% of the cases, and strong expression in 73% of the cases. CONCLUSION The recorded data show that the expression of CB1R increased from benign and borderline to malignant tumors. In the near future, endocannabinoid receptors might be used in clinical practice, alone or in combination with other markers, to identify or better characterize ovarian tumors, without considering the great opportunity that they might represent as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Michelino Messalli
- Department of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Flavio Grauso
- Department of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Luise
- Division of Pathology, Department of Public, Clinic, and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Angelini
- Pathologic Service, P.O.S. Maria del Popolo degli Incurabili, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Rossiello
- Division of Pathology, Department of Public, Clinic, and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang H, Lupica CR. Release of endogenous cannabinoids from ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and the modulation of synaptic processes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 52:24-7. [PMID: 24495779 PMCID: PMC4018213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoids play important roles in a variety of functions in the mammalian brain, including the regulation reward-related information processing. The primary mechanism through which this is achieved is the presynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission. During reward- and reinforcement-related behavior dopamine levels increase in forebrain areas and this has recently been shown to be modulated by the endocannabinoid system. Therefore, understanding how endocannabinoids are mobilized to modulate synaptic inputs impinging on midbrain dopamine neurons is crucial to a complete understanding of the roles that these molecules play in reward behavior, drug abuse and addiction. Here we summarize the literature describing short-term and long-term regulation of afferent connections on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area via endocannabinoid activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, and describe the mechanisms through which these molecules are released during reward-based behavior and exposure to abused drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl R. Lupica
- Corresponding author: 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Phone: (443) 740-2824,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kolomiiets' OV, Danylovych IV, Danylovych HV, Kosterin SO. [Ca2+ accumulation study in isolated smooth muscle mitochondria using fluo-4 AM]. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013; 85:30-9. [PMID: 24319970 DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunity of Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye Fluo-4 AM and spectrofluorimetry method application for the study of energy-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in mitochondria from uterus smooth muscle is proved. It has been found that the presence of mitochondrial preparation increases time-dependent fluorescent response considerably and this effect depends on Ca2+ concentration in the medium. Thus, in these conditions, deesterification active probe is formed which is sensitive to Ca2+. It is shown that the accumulation of calcium ions in mitochondria in the presence of Mg-ATP and succinate depends on exogenous Ca2+ concentration and is characterized by substrate saturating. The apparent activation constant of Ca2+ accumulation is 53.9 +/- 6.9 mM, which corresponds to the physiological concentration of the cation in the cell next to mitochondria. Transit addition of Ca2+-ionophore A23187 to the incubation me- dium caused a rapid release of ionized cation from mitochondria. When proton gradient on the inner mitochondrial membrane is dissipated by protonophore CCCP, in the case of suppressing the generation of the gradient by oligomycin and in the presence of ruthenium red that inhibits Ca2+ mitochondrial accumulation systems, Ca2+ entry is significantly reduced. The results indicate the prospects of using Fluo-4 AM to study the properties of the Ca2+ accumulation system in isolated mitochondria of the myometrium.
Collapse
|
41
|
Wolfson ML, Aisemberg J, Salazar AI, Domínguez Rubio AP, Vercelli CA, Franchi AM. Progesterone reverts LPS-reduced FAAH activity in murine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by a receptor-mediated fashion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:97-105. [PMID: 23906535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased anandamide concentrations are associated with pregnancy failure. Anandamide levels are regulated by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The aim of the study was to investigate the role of progesterone (P) on FAAH modulation in murine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) under septic conditions. We observed that in vivo administration of LPS to non-pregnant (NP) mice decreased FAAH activity of PBMC while in pregnant mice no changes in FAAH activity were observed. NP animals administered with P had a similar response to LPS as the pregnant animals. Also, NP mice injected with P antagonist and P showed that the effect of P on LPS-reduced FAAH activity was impaired. Furthermore, LPS produced a decrease in the ratio of PR-B/PR-A in NP animals. Our results showed that, in our model the endotoxin decreased PBMC's FAAH activity and this condition was reverted by P in a receptor-mediated fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel L Wolfson
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labor, Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, National Research Council, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Appiah KK, Blat Y, Robertson BJ, Pearce BC, Pedicord DL, Gentles RG, Yu XC, Mseeh F, Nguyen N, Swaffield JC, Harden DG, Westphal RS, Banks MN, O'Connell JC. Identification of small molecules that selectively inhibit diacylglycerol lipase-α activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:595-605. [PMID: 24241710 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113511111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic evidence suggests that the diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL-α) isoform is the major biosynthetic enzyme for the most abundant endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), in the central nervous system. Revelation of its essential role in regulating retrograde synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis has made it an attractive therapeutic target. Therefore, it has become apparent that selective inhibition of DAGL-α enzyme activity with a small molecule could be a strategy for the development of novel therapies for the treatment of disease indications such as depression, anxiety, pain, and cognition. In this report, the authors present the identification of small-molecule inhibitor chemotypes of DAGL-α, which were selective (≥10-fold) against two other lipases, pancreatic lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase, via high-throughput screening of a diverse compound collection. Seven chemotypes of interest from a list of 185 structural clusters, which included 132 singletons, were initially selected for evaluation and characterization. Selection was based on potency, selectivity, and chemical tractability. One of the chemotypes, the glycine sulfonamide series, was prioritized as an initial lead for further medicinal chemistry optimization.
Collapse
|
43
|
Valdeolivas S, Pazos MR, Bisogno T, Piscitelli F, Iannotti FA, Allarà M, Sagredo O, Di Marzo V, Fernández-Ruiz J. The inhibition of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) biosynthesis, rather than enhancing striatal damage, protects striatal neurons from malonate-induced death: a potential role of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent metabolism of 2-AG. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e862. [PMID: 24136226 PMCID: PMC3920947 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB2 receptor, which is activated by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), protects striatal neurons from apoptotic death caused by the local administration of malonate, a rat model of Huntington's disease (HD). In the present study, we investigated whether endocannabinoids provide tonic neuroprotection in this HD model, by examining the effect of O-3841, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipases, the enzymes that catalyse 2-AG biosynthesis, and JZL184 or OMDM169, two inhibitors of 2-AG inactivation by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). The inhibitors were injected in rats with the striatum lesioned with malonate, and several biochemical and morphological parameters were measured in this brain area. Similar experiments were also conducted in vitro in cultured M-213 cells, which have the phenotypic characteristics of striatal neurons. O-3841 produced a significant reduction in the striatal levels of 2-AG in animals lesioned with malonate. However, surprisingly, the inhibitor attenuated malonate-induced GABA and BDNF deficiencies and the reduction in Nissl staining, as well as the increase in GFAP immunostaining. In contrast, JZL184 exacerbated malonate-induced striatal damage. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was induced in the striatum 24 h after the lesion simultaneously with other pro-inflammatory responses. The COX-2-derived 2-AG metabolite, prostaglandin E2 glyceryl ester (PGE2-G), exacerbated neurotoxicity, and this effect was antagonized by the blockade of PGE2-G action with AGN220675. In M-213 cells exposed to malonate, in which COX-2 was also upregulated, JZL184 worsened neurotoxicity, and this effect was attenuated by the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib or AGN220675. OMDM169 also worsened neurotoxicity and produced measurable levels of PGE2-G. In conclusion, the inhibition of 2-AG biosynthesis is neuroprotective in rats lesioned with malonate, possibly through the counteraction of the formation of pro-neuroinflammatory PGE2-G, formed from COX-2-mediated oxygenation of 2-AG. Accordingly, MAGL inhibition or the administration of PGE2-G aggravates the malonate toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Valdeolivas
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain [3] Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sticht MA, Rock EM, Parker LA. 2-arachidonoylglycerol interferes with lithium-induced vomiting in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus. Physiol Behav 2013; 120:228-32. [PMID: 23958470 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of the endocannabinoid system in vomiting has been previously studied using several animal species. These investigations have clearly demonstrated an anti-emetic role for the eCB, anandamide, in these animal models; however, research concerning the role of 2-arhachidonoylglycerol (2AG) has been less clear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of exogenous 2AG administration in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus. In Experiment 1, shrews were injected with vehicle or 2AG (1, 2, 5, 10 mg/kg) 15 min prior to behavioral testing in which the frequency of vomiting episodes was observed. In Experiment 2, shrews were pre-treated with 2AG (2, 5 mg/kg) prior to being administered the emetic drug, lithium chloride (LiCl). It was found that 2AG alone did not induce emesis, but interfered with vomiting in response to LiCl administration. The anti-emetic effects of 2AG in Suncus murinus do not appear to be mediated by CB1 receptors, as concomitant pretreatment with the CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716, did not reverse the suppressive effects of 2AG. These results confirm that manipulations that increase levels of 2AG exert anti-emetic effects in the house musk shrew.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Sticht
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dalton GD, Peterson LJ, Howlett AC. CB₁ cannabinoid receptors promote maximal FAK catalytic activity by stimulating cooperative signaling between receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins in neuronal cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1665-77. [PMID: 23571270 PMCID: PMC4165595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation (Tyr-P) of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates FAK activation. Phosphorylated FAK Tyr 397 binds Src family kinases (Src), which in turn directly phosphorylate FAK Tyr 576/577 to produce maximal FAK enzymatic activity. CB₁ cannabinoid receptors (CB₁) are abundantly expressed in the nervous system and influence FAK activation by presently unknown mechanisms. The current investigation determined that CB₁-stimulated maximal FAK catalytic activity is mediated by Gi/o proteins in N18TG2 neuronal cells, and that G12/13 regulation of Rac1 and RhoA occurs concomitantly. Immunoblotting analyses using antibodies against FAK phospho-Tyr 397 and phospho-Tyr 576/577 demonstrated that the time-course of CB₁-stimulated FAK 576/577 Tyr-P occurred in three phases: Phase I (0-2 min) maximal Tyr-P, Phase II (5-20 min) rapid decline in Tyr-P, and Phase III (>20 min) plateau in Tyr-P at submaximal levels. In contrast, FAK 397 Tyr-P was monophasic and significantly lower in magnitude. FAK 397 Tyr-P and Phase I FAK 576/577 Tyr-P involved protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B and Shp1/Shp2)-mediated Src activation, Protein Kinase A (PKA) inhibition, and integrin activation. Phase I maximal FAK 576/577 Tyr-P also required cooperative signaling between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. The integrin antagonist RGDS peptide, Flk-1 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) antagonist SU5416, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist AG 1478 blocked Phase I FAK 576/577 Tyr-P. CB₁ agonists failed to stimulate FAK Tyr-P in the absence of integrin activation upon suspension in serum-free culture media. In contrast, cells grown on the integrin ligands fibronectin and laminin displayed increased FAK 576/577 Tyr-P that was augmented by CB₁ agonists and blocked by the Src inhibitor PP2 and Flk-1 VEGFR antagonist SU5416. Taken together, these studies have identified a complex integrative pathway utilized by CB₁ to stimulate maximal FAK 576/577 Tyr-P in neuronal cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Fibronectins/pharmacology
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrins/genetics
- Integrins/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George D Dalton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zamberletti E, Piscitelli F, Cadeddu F, Rubino T, Fratta W, Fadda P, Di Marzo V, Parolaro D. Chronic blockade of CB(1) receptors reverses startle gating deficits and associated neurochemical alterations in rats reared in isolation. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1652-64. [PMID: 22762735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacological interventions aimed at restoring the endocannabinoid system functionality have been proposed as potential tools in the treatment of schizophrenia. Based on our previous results suggesting a potential antipsychotic-like profile of the CB(1) receptor inverse agonist/antagonist, AM251, here we further investigated the effect of chronic AM251 administration on the alteration of the sensorimotor gating functions and endocannabinoid levels induced by isolation rearing in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using the post-weaning social isolation rearing model, we studied its influence on sensorimotor gating functions through the PPI paradigm. The presence of alterations in the endocannabinoid levels as well as in dopamine and glutamate receptor densities was explored in specific brain regions following isolation rearing. The effect of chronic AM251 administration on PPI response and the associated biochemical alterations was assessed. KEY RESULTS The disrupted PPI response in isolation-reared rats was paralleled by significant alterations in 2-AG content and dopamine and glutamate receptor densities in specific brain regions. Chronic AM251 completely restored normal PPI response in isolated rats. This behavioural recovery was paralleled by the normalization of 2-AG levels in all the brain areas analysed. Furthermore, AM251 partially antagonized isolation-induced changes in dopamine and glutamate receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate the efficacy of chronic AM251 treatment in the recovery of isolation-induced disruption of PPI. Moreover, AM251 counteracted the imbalances in the endocannabinoid content, specifically 2-AG levels, and partially reversed the alterations in dopamine and glutamate systems associated with the disrupted behaviour. Together, these findings support the potential antipsychotic-like activity of CB(1) receptor blockade. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Zamberletti
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Biomedical Division and Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Starowicz K, Makuch W, Korostynski M, Malek N, Slezak M, Zychowska M, Petrosino S, De Petrocellis L, Cristino L, Przewlocka B, Di Marzo V. Full inhibition of spinal FAAH leads to TRPV1-mediated analgesic effects in neuropathic rats and possible lipoxygenase-mediated remodeling of anandamide metabolism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60040. [PMID: 23573230 PMCID: PMC3616060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain elevates spinal anandamide (AEA) levels in a way further increased when URB597, an inhibitor of AEA hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), is injected intrathecally. Spinal AEA reduces neuropathic pain by acting at both cannabinoid CB1 receptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels. Yet, intrathecal URB597 is only partially effective at counteracting neuropathic pain. We investigated the effect of high doses of intrathecal URB597 on allodynia and hyperalgesia in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Among those tested, the 200 µg/rat dose of URB597 was the only one that elevated the levels of the FAAH non-endocannabinoid and anti-inflammatory substrates, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and of the endocannabinoid FAAH substrate, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and fully inhibited thermal and tactile nociception, although in a manner blocked almost uniquely by TRPV1 antagonism. Surprisingly, this dose of URB597 decreased spinal AEA levels. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses demonstrated altered spinal expression of lipoxygenases (LOX), and baicalein, an inhibitor of 12/15-LOX, significantly reduced URB597 analgesic effects, suggesting the occurrence of alternative pathways of AEA metabolism. Using immunofluorescence techniques, FAAH, 15-LOX and TRPV1 were found to co-localize in dorsal spinal horn neurons of CCI rats. Finally, 15-hydroxy-AEA, a 15-LOX derivative of AEA, potently and efficaciously activated the rat recombinant TRPV1 channel. We suggest that intrathecally injected URB597 at full analgesic efficacy unmasks a secondary route of AEA metabolism via 15-LOX with possible formation of 15-hydroxy-AEA, which, together with OEA and PEA, may contribute at producing TRPV1-mediated analgesia in CCI rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starowicz
- Dept. of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Dept. of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Dept. of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Malek
- Dept. of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Slezak
- Dept. of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zychowska
- Dept. of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | | | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Cibernetica, CNR, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Barbara Przewlocka
- Dept. of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna, Krakow, Poland
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Starowicz K, Di Marzo V. Non-psychotropic analgesic drugs from the endocannabinoid system: "magic bullet" or "multiple-target" strategies? Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 716:41-53. [PMID: 23500197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of preparations of Cannabis sativa to combat pain seems to date back to time immemorial, although their psychotropic effects, which are at the bases of their recreational use and limit their therapeutic use, are at least as ancient. Indeed, it has always been different to tease apart the unwanted central effects from the therapeutic benefits of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychotropic component of cannabis. The discovery of the cannabinoid receptors and of their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, which, unlike THC, play a pro-homeostatic function in a tissue- and time-selective manner, offered the opportunity to develop new analgesics from synthetic inhibitors of endocannabinoid inactivation. The advantages of this approach over direct activation of cannabinoid receptors as a therapeutic strategy against neuropathic and inflammatory pain are discussed here along with its potential complications. These latter have been such that clinical success has been achieved so far more rapidly with naturally occurring THC or endocannabinoid structural analogues acting at a plethora of cannabinoid-related and -unrelated molecular targets, than with selective inhibitors of endocannabinoid enzymatic hydrolysis, thus leading to revisit the potential usefulness of "multi-target" versus "magic bullet" compounds as new analgesics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Pain Pharmacolgy, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna str, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Han B, Wright R, Kirchhoff AM, Chester JA, Cooper BR, Davisson VJ, Barker E. Quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of arachidonoyl amino acids in mouse brain with treatment of FAAH inhibitor. Anal Biochem 2012; 432:74-81. [PMID: 23044255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An additional class of endogenous lipid amides, N-arachidonoyl amino acids (Ara-AAs), is growing in significance in the field of endocannabinoids. The development, validation, and application of a sensitive and selective method to simultaneously monitor and quantify the level of Ara-AAs along with anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in mouse brain has been established. The linearity of the method over the concentration ranges of 0.2-120 pg/μl for the standards of N-arachidonoyl amino acids, N-arachidonoyl alanine (NAAla), serine (NASer), γ-aminobutyric acid (NAGABA), and glycine (NAGly); 0.7-90 pg/μl for AEA-d(0)/d(8); and 7.5-950 pg/μl for 2-AG was determined with R(2) values of 0.99. Also the effects of the FAAH inhibitor URB 597 on the endogenous levels of these analytes were investigated. AEA and NASer brain levels exhibit a dose-dependent increase after systemic administration of URB 597, whereas NAGly and NAGABA were significantly decreased after treatment. NAAla and 2-AG were not altered after URB 597 treatment. The potential benefit of establishing this assay extends beyond the quantification of the Ara-AAs along with AEA and 2-AG in mouse brain, to reveal a variety of pharmacological effects and physiological roles of these analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47904, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dalton GD, Howlett AC. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors transactivate multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and regulate serine/threonine kinases to activate ERK in neuronal cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2497-511. [PMID: 21518335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Signalling networks that regulate the progression of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in neurons are poorly understood. We investigated the cellular mechanisms involved in CB(1) receptor-stimulated ERK phosphorylation in a neuronal cell model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Murine N18TG2 neuronal cells were used to analyse the effect of specific protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors on CB(1) receptor-stimulated ERK phosphorylation. The LI-COR In Cell Western assay and immunoblotting were used to measure ERK phosphorylation. KEY RESULTS The time-course of CB(1) receptor-stimulated ERK activation occurs in three phases that are regulated by distinct cellular mechanisms in N18TG2 cells. Phase I (0-5 min) maximal ERK phosphorylation is mediated by CB(1) receptor-stimulated ligand-independent transactivation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Phase I requires G(i/o) βγ subunit-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and Src kinase activation and is modulated by inhibition of cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) levels. Src kinase activation is regulated by the protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B and Shp1. The Phase II (5-10 min) rapid decline in ERK phosphorylation involves PKA inhibition and serine/threonine phosphatase PP1/PP2A activation. The Phase III (>10 min) plateau in ERK phosphorylation is mediated by CB(1) receptor-stimulated, ligand-independent, transactivation of multiple RTKs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The complex expression of CB(1) receptor-stimulated ERK activation provides cellular selectivity, modulation of sensitivity to agonists, and coincidence detection with RTK signalling. RTK and PKA pathways may provide routes to novel CB(1) -based therapeutic interventions in the treatment of addictive disorders or neurodegenerative diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George D Dalton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|