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Qian S, Chen G, Li R, Ma Y, Pan L, Wang X, Wang X. Disulfide stress and its role in cardiovascular diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103297. [PMID: 39127015 PMCID: PMC11364009 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in humans, and oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in disease progression. This phenomenon typically arises from weakening of the cellular antioxidant system or excessive accumulation of peroxides. This review focuses on a specialized form of oxidative stress-disulfide stress-which is triggered by an imbalance in the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin antioxidant systems within the cell, leading to the accumulation of disulfide bonds. The genesis of disulfide stress is usually induced by extrinsic pathological factors that disrupt the thiol-dependent antioxidant system, manifesting as sustained glutathionylation of proteins, formation of abnormal intermolecular disulfide bonds between cysteine-rich proteins, or irreversible oxidation of thiol groups to sulfenic and sulfonic acids. Disulfide stress not only precipitates the collapse of the antioxidant system and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, exacerbating oxidative stress, but may also initiate cellular inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis through a cascade of signaling pathways. Furthermore, this review explores the detrimental effects of disulfide stress on the progression of various CVDs including atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. This review also proposes several potential therapeutic avenues to improve the future treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoju Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yinghua Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lin Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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2
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Pillay CS, Rohwer JM. Computational models as catalysts for investigating redoxin systems. Essays Biochem 2024; 68:27-39. [PMID: 38356400 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Thioredoxin, glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin systems play central roles in redox regulation, signaling and metabolism in cells. In these systems, reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H are transferred by coupled thiol-disulfide exchange reactions to redoxins which then reduce a wide array of targets. However, the characterization of redoxin activity has been unclear, with redoxins regarded as enzymes in some studies and redox metabolites in others. Consequently, redoxin activities have been quantified by enzyme kinetic parameters in vitro, and redox potentials or redox ratios within cells. By analyzing all the reactions within these systems, computational models showed that many kinetic properties attributed to redoxins were due to system-level effects. Models of cellular redoxin networks have also been used to estimate intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, analyze redox signaling and couple omic and kinetic data to understand the regulation of these networks in disease. Computational modeling has emerged as a powerful complementary tool to traditional redoxin enzyme kinetic and cellular assays that integrates data from a number of sources into a single quantitative framework to accelerate the analysis of redoxin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Pillay CS, John N, Barry CJ, Mthethwa LMDC, Rohwer JM. Atypical network topologies enhance the reductive capacity of pathogen thiol antioxidant defense networks. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102802. [PMID: 37423162 PMCID: PMC10338151 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a significant health burden for developing countries, particularly with the rise of multidrug resistance. There is an urgent need to elucidate the factors underlying the persistence of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei. In contrast to host cells, these pathogens traverse multiple and varied redox environments during their infectious cycles, including exposure to high levels of host-derived reactive oxygen species. Pathogen antioxidant defenses such as the peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin systems play critical roles in the redox stress tolerance of these cells. However, many of the kinetic rate constants obtained for the pathogen peroxiredoxins are broadly similar to their mammalian homologs and therefore, their contributions to the redox tolerances within these cells are enigmatic. Using graph theoretical analysis, we show that compared to a canonical Escherichia coli redoxin network, pathogen redoxin networks contain unique network connections (motifs) between their thioredoxins and peroxiredoxins. Analysis of these motifs reveals that they increase the hydroperoxide reduction capacity of these networks and, in response to an oxidative insult, can distribute fluxes into specific thioredoxin-dependent pathways. Our results emphasize that the high oxidative stress tolerance of these pathogens depends on both the kinetic parameters for hydroperoxide reduction and the connectivity within their thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
| | - Nolyn John
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Christopher J Barry
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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More than Just Antioxidants: Redox-Active Components and Mechanisms Shaping Redox Signalling Network. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122403. [PMID: 36552611 PMCID: PMC9774234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of oxidative stress as a condition underlying a multitude of human diseases has led to immense interest in the search for antioxidant-based remedies. The simple and intuitive story of "the bad" reactive oxygen species (ROS) and "the good" antioxidants quickly (and unsurprisingly) lead to the commercial success of products tagged "beneficial to health" based solely on the presence of antioxidants. The commercial success of antioxidants by far preceded the research aimed at understanding the exact redox-related mechanisms that are in control of shaping the states of health and disease. This review describes the redox network formed by the interplay of ROS with cellular molecules and the resulting regulation of processes at the genomic and proteomic levels. Key players of this network are presented, both involved in redox signalling and control of cellular metabolism linked to most, if not all, physiological processes. In particular, this review focuses on the concept of reductive stress, which still remains less well-established compared to oxidative stress.
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5
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McHugh CS, Cook PD. Structure of BrxA from Staphylococcus aureus, a bacilliredoxin involved in redox homeostasis in Firmicutes. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2022; 78:144-149. [PMID: 35400666 PMCID: PMC8996147 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x22002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacilliredoxins are small proteins that are involved in redox homeostasis in bacillithiol-producing bacteria. They reduce mixed bacillithiol disulfides on protected proteins through a disulfide-exchange reaction, restoring the thiol group on the target protein. Bacilliredoxins contain an unusual conserved CGC motif, and their exact catalytic mechanism remains unclear. Here, a 1.6 Å resolution X-ray crystallographic structure of the bacilliredoxin BrxA (YphP) from Staphylococcus aureus is presented. The structure contains bacillithiol in a mixed disulfide with Cys54, as well as a disulfide linkage at Cys56, which may play a role in dimer stabilization. The structure presented here will provide insight into the function of BrxA and other bacilliredoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S. McHugh
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Paul D. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
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Pillay CS, John N. Can thiol-based redox systems be utilized as parts for synthetic biology applications? Redox Rep 2021; 26:147-159. [PMID: 34378494 PMCID: PMC8366655 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1966183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synthetic biology has emerged from molecular biology and engineering approaches and aims to develop novel, biologically-inspired systems for industrial and basic research applications ranging from biocomputing to drug production. Surprisingly, redoxin (thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin) and other thiol-based redox systems have not been widely utilized in many of these synthetic biology applications. METHODS We reviewed thiol-based redox systems and the development of synthetic biology applications that have used thiol-dependent parts. RESULTS The development of circuits to facilitate cytoplasmic disulfide bonding, biocomputing and the treatment of intestinal bowel disease are amongst the applications that have used thiol-based parts. We propose that genetically encoded redox sensors, thiol-based biomaterials and intracellular hydrogen peroxide generators may also be valuable components for synthetic biology applications. DISCUSSION Thiol-based systems play multiple roles in cellular redox metabolism, antioxidant defense and signaling and could therefore offer a vast and diverse portfolio of components, parts and devices for synthetic biology applications. However, factors limiting the adoption of redoxin systems for synthetic biology applications include the orthogonality of thiol-based components, limitations in the methods to characterize thiol-based systems and an incomplete understanding of the design principles of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S. Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Nolyn John
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Tamang TM, Sprague SA, Kakeshpour T, Liu S, White FF, Park S. Ectopic Expression of a Heterologous Glutaredoxin Enhances Drought Tolerance and Grain Yield in Field Grown Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105331. [PMID: 34069397 PMCID: PMC8158702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is a major constraint in global maize production, causing almost 30–90% of the yield loss depending upon growth stage and the degree and duration of the stress. Here, we report that ectopic expression of Arabidopsis glutaredoxin S17 (AtGRXS17) in field grown maize conferred tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, which is the most drought sensitive stage for seed set and, consequently, grain yield. AtGRXS17-expressing maize lines displayed higher seed set in the field, resulting in 2-fold and 1.5-fold increase in yield in comparison to the non-transgenic plants when challenged with drought stress at the tasseling and silking/pollination stages, respectively. AtGRXS17-expressing lines showed higher relative water content, higher chlorophyll content, and less hydrogen peroxide accumulation than wild-type (WT) control plants under drought conditions. AtGRXS17-expressing lines also exhibited at least 2-fold more pollen germination than WT plants under drought stress. Compared to the transgenic maize, WT controls accumulated higher amount of proline, indicating that WT plants were more stressed over the same period. The results present a robust and simple strategy for meeting rising yield demands in maize under water limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Man Tamang
- Department of Horticulture and Natural resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (T.M.T.); (S.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Stuart A. Sprague
- Department of Horticulture and Natural resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (T.M.T.); (S.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tayebeh Kakeshpour
- Department of Horticulture and Natural resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (T.M.T.); (S.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Frank F. White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Sunghun Park
- Department of Horticulture and Natural resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (T.M.T.); (S.A.S.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang JJ, Yin YP, Song JZ, Hu SJ, Cheng W, Qiu L. A p53-like transcription factor, BbTFO1, contributes to virulence and oxidative and thermal stress tolerances in the insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249350. [PMID: 33788872 PMCID: PMC8011754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-like transcription factor (TF) NDT80 plays a vital role in the regulation of pathogenic mechanisms and meiosis in certain fungi. However, the effects of NDT80 on entomopathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this paper, the NDT80 orthologue BbTFO1 was examined in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous entomopathogenic fungus, to explore the role of an NDT80-like protein for fungal pest control potential. Disruption of BbTFO1 resulted in impaired resistance to oxidative stress (OS) in a growth assay under OS and a 50% minimum inhibitory concentration experiment. Intriguingly, the oxidation resistance changes were accompanied by transcriptional repression of the two key antioxidant enzyme genes cat2 and cat5. ΔBbTFO1 also displayed defective conidial germination, virulence and heat resistance. The specific supplementation of BbTFO1 reversed these phenotypic changes. As revealed by this work, BbTFO1 can affect the transcription of catalase genes and play vital roles in the maintenance of phenotypes associated with the biological control ability of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JJW); (LQ)
| | - Ya-Ping Yin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Zheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JJW); (LQ)
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Stoichiometric Thiol Redox Proteomics for Quantifying Cellular Responses to Perturbations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030499. [PMID: 33807006 PMCID: PMC8004825 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications regulate the structure and function of proteins that can result in changes to the activity of different pathways. These include modifications altering the redox state of thiol groups on protein cysteine residues, which are sensitive to oxidative environments. While mass spectrometry has advanced the identification of protein thiol modifications and expanded our knowledge of redox-sensitive pathways, the quantitative aspect of this technique is critical for the field of redox proteomics. In this review, we describe how mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics has enabled researchers to accurately quantify the stoichiometry of reversible oxidative modifications on specific cysteine residues of proteins. We will describe advancements in the methodology that allow for the absolute quantitation of thiol modifications, as well as recent reports that have implemented this approach. We will also highlight the significance and application of such measurements and why they are informative for the field of redox biology.
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10
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Kim G, Omeka WKM, Liyanage DS, Lee J. Molecular characterization, redox regulation, and immune responses of monothiol and dithiol glutaredoxins from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:385-394. [PMID: 33141077 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are well-known oxidoreductases involved in a wide range of redox activities in organisms. In this study, two invertebrate Grxs (AbGrx1-like and AbGrx2) from disk abalone were identified and characterized in an effort to gain a deeper understanding into their immune and redox regulatory roles. Both AbGrxs share typical thioredoxin/Grx structures. AbGrx1-like and AbGrx2 were identified as monothiol and diothiol Grxs, respectively. AbGrxs were significantly expressed at the egg and 16-cell stage of early abalone development. Although the expression of both AbGrxs demonstrated similar patterns, the expression of AbGrx1-like was higher than AbGrx2 during development stages. In contrast, AbGrx2 expression was significantly higher than that of AbGrx1-like in adult tissues. Highest AbGrx1-like expression was observed in the hepatopancreas and digestive tract, while highest AbGrx2 expression was found in the gills, followed by the mantle, in healthy adult abalone tissues. The highest expression of AbGrx1-like was observed in the gills at 12 h and 6 h post injection (p.i) of Vibrio parahemolyticus and other stimulants, respectively. The highest expression of AbGrx2 in the gills were observed at 120 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 12 h post injection of V. parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, and Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, respectively. AbGrxs possessed significant 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (HED) and dehydroascorbate (DHA) reduction activity, but AbGrx2 exhibited higher redox activity than AbGrx1-like. Altogether, our results suggest an important role of AbGrx1-like and AbGrx2 in redox homeostasis, as well as in the invertebrate immune defense system. Our findings will aid the development of new disease management strategies for this economically valuable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeun Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Burns M, Rizvi SHM, Tsukahara Y, Pimentel DR, Luptak I, Hamburg NM, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM. Role of Glutaredoxin-1 and Glutathionylation in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6803. [PMID: 32948023 PMCID: PMC7555996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and as rates continue to increase, discovering mechanisms and therapeutic targets become increasingly important. An underlying cause of most cardiovascular diseases is believed to be excess reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Glutathione, the most abundant cellular antioxidant, plays an important role in the body's reaction to oxidative stress by forming reversible disulfide bridges with a variety of proteins, termed glutathionylation (GSylation). GSylation can alter the activity, function, and structure of proteins, making it a major regulator of cellular processes. Glutathione-protein mixed disulfide bonds are regulated by glutaredoxins (Glrxs), thioltransferase members of the thioredoxin family. Glrxs reduce GSylated proteins and make them available for another redox signaling cycle. Glrxs and GSylation play an important role in cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, and atherosclerosis. This review primarily concerns the role of GSylation and Glrxs, particularly glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx), in cardiovascular diseases and the potential of Glrx as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannix Burns
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Syed Husain Mustafa Rizvi
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Yuko Tsukahara
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
| | - David R. Pimentel
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivan Luptak
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Naomi M. Hamburg
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (D.R.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Markus M. Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.B.); (S.H.M.R.); (Y.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.B.)
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Madusanka RK, Tharuka MDN, Liyanage DS, Sirisena DMKP, Lee J. Role of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) glutaredoxin 1 in innate immunity, and alleviation of cellular oxidative stress: Insights into localization, molecular characteristics, transcription, and function. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 243-244:110432. [PMID: 32119919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are a group of heat stable oxidoreductases ubiquitously found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are widely known for GSH (glutathione)-dependent protein disulfide reduction and cellular redox homeostasis. This study was performed to identify and characterize rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) glutaredoxin 1 (SsGrx1) at molecular, transcriptional, and functional levels. The coding sequence of SsGrx1 was 318 bp in length and encoded a protein containing 106 amino acids. The molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point of the putative SsGrx1 protein were 11.6 kDa and 6.71 kDa, respectively. The amino acid sequence of SsGrx1 comprised a CPYC redox active motif surrounded by several conserved GSH binding sites. The modeled protein structure was found to consist of five α-helices and four β-sheets, similar to human Grx1. SsGrx1 showed a tissue specific expression in all the tissues tested, with the highest expression in the kidney. Immune stimulation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), and Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) could significantly modulate the SsGrx1 expression pattern in the blood and gills. Analysis of its subcellular localization disclosed that SsGrx1 was prominently localized in the cytosol. Recombinant SsGrx1 (rSsGrx1) exhibited significant activity in insulin disulfide reduction assay and HED (β-Hydroxyethyl Disulfide) assay. Furthermore, transient overexpression of SsGrx1 in FHM (fathead minnow) cells significantly enhanced cell survival upon H2O2-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that SsGrx1 plays a crucial role in providing rockfish immune protection against pathogens and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanthrilage Kasun Madusanka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D M K P Sirisena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Padayachee L, Rohwer JM, Pillay CS. The thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge are surrogate measures for flux in the thioredoxin system. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108231. [PMID: 31877266 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system plays a central role in intracellular redox regulation and its dysregulation is associated with a number of pathologies. However, the connectivity within this system poses a significant challenge for quantification and consequently several disparate measures have been used to characterize the system. For in vitro studies, the thioredoxin system flux has been measured by NADPH oxidation while the thioredoxin redox state has been used to estimate the activity of the system in vivo. The connection between these measures has been obscure although substrate saturation in the thioredoxin system results from the saturation of the thioredoxin redox cycle. We used computational modeling and in vitro kinetic assays to clarify the relationship between flux and the current in vivo measures of the thioredoxin system together with a novel measure, the thioredoxin redox charge (reduced thioredoxin/total thioredoxin). Our results revealed that the thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge closely tracked flux perturbations showing that these indices could be used as surrogate measures of the flux in vivo and, provide a mechanistic explanation for the previously observed correlations between thioredoxin oxidation and certain pathologies. While we found no significant difference in the linear correlations obtained for the thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge with the flux, the redox charge may be preferred because it is bounded between zero and one and can be determined over a wider range of conditions allowing for quantitative flux comparisons between cell types and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letrisha Padayachee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
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Ko KY, Lee JH, Jang JK, Jin Y, Kang H, Kim IY. S-Glutathionylation of mouse selenoprotein W prevents oxidative stress-induced cell death by blocking the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:362-371. [PMID: 31299423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mouse selenoprotein W (SELENOW) is a small protein containing a selenocysteine (Sec, U) and four cysteine (Cys, C) residues. The Sec residue in SELENOW is located within the conserved CXXU motif corresponding to the CXXC redox motif of thioredoxin (Trx). It is known that glutathione (GSH) binds to SELENOW and that this binding is involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the glutathionylation of SELENOW in oxidative stress are unclear. In this study, using purified recombinant SELENOW in which Sec13 was changed to Cys, we found that SELENOW was glutathionylated at Cys33 and that this S-glutathionylation was enhanced by oxidative stress. We also found that the S-glutathionylation of SELENOW at Cys33 in HEK293 cells was due to glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTpi) and that this modification was reversed by glutaredoxin1 (Grx1). In addition to the disulfide bond between the Cys10 and Cys13 of SELENOW, a second disulfide bond was formed between Cys33 and Cys87 under oxidative stress conditions. The second disulfide bond was reduced by Trx1, but the disulfide bond between Cys10 and Cys13 was not. The second disulfide bond was also reduced by glutathione, but the disulfide bond in the CXXC motif was not. The second disulfide bond of the mutant SELENOW, in which Cys37 was replaced with Ser, was formed at a much lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. We also observed that Cys37 was required for S-glutathionylation, and that S-glutathionylated SELENOW containing Cys37 protected the cells from oxidative stress. Furthermore, the SELENOW (C33, 87S) mutant, which could not form the second disulfide bond, also showed antioxidant activity. Taken together, these results indicate that GSTpi-mediated S-glutathionylation of mouse SELENOW at Cys33 is required for the protection of cells in conditions of oxidative stress, through inhibition of the formation of the second disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Young Ko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jea Hwang Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge ST, Boston, MA, 02114-2790, USA
| | - Jun Ki Jang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yunjung Jin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ick Young Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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15
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Ulrich K, Jakob U. The role of thiols in antioxidant systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:14-27. [PMID: 31201851 PMCID: PMC7041647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur biochemistry of the thiol group endows cysteines with a number of highly specialized and unique features that enable them to serve a variety of different functions in the cell. Typically highly conserved in proteins, cysteines are predominantly found in functionally or structurally crucial regions, where they act as stabilizing, catalytic, metal-binding and/or redox-regulatory entities. As highly abundant low molecular weight thiols, cysteine thiols and their oxidized disulfide counterparts are carefully balanced to maintain redox homeostasis in various cellular compartments, protect organisms from oxidative and xenobiotic stressors and partake actively in redox-regulatory and signaling processes. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein thiols as scavengers of hydrogen peroxide in antioxidant enzymes, use thiol peroxidases to exemplify how protein thiols contribute to redox signaling, provide an overview over the diverse set of low molecular weight thiol-based redox systems found in biology, and illustrate how thiol-based redox systems have evolved not only to protect against but to take full advantage of a world full of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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16
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Xiao Z, La Fontaine S, Bush AI, Wedd AG. Molecular Mechanisms of Glutaredoxin Enzymes: Versatile Hubs for Thiol-Disulfide Exchange between Protein Thiols and Glutathione. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:158-177. [PMID: 30552876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form glutathione disulfide (GSSG) constitute a key redox couple in cells. In particular, they partner protein thiols in reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions that act as switches in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. Disruption of these processes may impair cellular redox signal transduction and induce redox misbalances that are linked directly to aging processes and to a range of pathological conditions including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Glutaredoxins are a class of GSH-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes that specifically catalyze reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions between protein thiols and the abundant thiol pool GSSG/GSH. They protect protein thiols from irreversible oxidation, regulate their activities under a variety of cellular conditions and are key players in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. On the other hand, they may also function as metal-binding proteins with a possible role in the cellular homeostasis and metabolism of essential metals copper and iron. However, the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms of glutaredoxin action remain elusive in many situations. This review focuses specifically on these aspects in the context of recent developments that illuminate some of these uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xiao
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony G Wedd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Rozman Grinberg I, Lundin D, Sahlin M, Crona M, Berggren G, Hofer A, Sjöberg BM. A glutaredoxin domain fused to the radical-generating subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) functions as an efficient RNR reductant. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15889-15900. [PMID: 30166338 PMCID: PMC6187632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) consists of a catalytic subunit (NrdA) and a radical-generating subunit (NrdB) that together catalyze reduction of ribonucleotides to their corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. NrdB from the firmicute Facklamia ignava is a unique fusion protein with N-terminal add-ons of a glutaredoxin (Grx) domain followed by an ATP-binding domain, the ATP cone. Grx, usually encoded separately from the RNR operon, is a known RNR reductant. We show that the fused Grx domain functions as an efficient reductant of the F. ignava class I RNR via the common dithiol mechanism and, interestingly, also via a monothiol mechanism, although less efficiently. To our knowledge, a Grx that uses both of these two reaction mechanisms has not previously been observed with a native substrate. The ATP cone is in most RNRs an N-terminal domain of the catalytic subunit. It is an allosteric on/off switch promoting ribonucleotide reduction in the presence of ATP and inhibiting RNR activity in the presence of dATP. We found that dATP bound to the ATP cone of F. ignava NrdB promotes formation of tetramers that cannot form active complexes with NrdA. The ATP cone bound two dATP molecules but only one ATP molecule. F. ignava NrdB contains the recently identified radical-generating cofactor MnIII/MnIV We show that NrdA from F. ignava can form a catalytically competent RNR with the MnIII/MnIV-containing NrdB from the flavobacterium Leeuwenhoekiella blandensis In conclusion, F. ignava NrdB is fused with a Grx functioning as an RNR reductant and an ATP cone serving as an on/off switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Rozman Grinberg
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lundin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sahlin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Crona
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- the Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Berggren
- the Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - Anders Hofer
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Sjöberg
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden,
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18
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Antioxidant enzymes and their contributions to biological control potential of fungal insect pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4995-5004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Glutathionylation: a regulatory role of glutathione in physiological processes. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:1-24. [DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) is an intracellular thiol molecule and a potent antioxidant that participates in the toxic metabolism phase II biotransformation of xenobiotics. It can bind to a variety of proteins in a process known as glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is now recognised as one of important posttranslational regulatory mechanisms in cell and tissue physiology. Direct and indirect regulatory roles in physiological processes include glutathionylation of major transcriptional factors, eicosanoids, cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO). This review looks into these regulatory mechanisms through examples of glutathione regulation in apoptosis, vascularisation, metabolic processes, mitochondrial integrity, immune system, and neural physiology. The focus is on the physiological roles of glutathione beyond biotransformational metabolism.
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Manta B, Bonilla M, Fiestas L, Sturlese M, Salinas G, Bellanda M, Comini MA. Polyamine-Based Thiols in Trypanosomatids: Evolution, Protein Structural Adaptations, and Biological Functions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:463-486. [PMID: 29048199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Major pathogenic enterobacteria and protozoan parasites from the phylum Euglenozoa, such as trypanosomatids, are endowed with glutathione (GSH)-spermidine (Sp) derivatives that play important roles in signaling and metal and thiol-redox homeostasis. For some Euglenozoa lineages, the GSH-Sp conjugates represent the main redox cosubstrates around which entire new redox systems have evolved. Several proteins underwent molecular adaptations to synthesize and utilize the new polyamine-based thiols. Recent Advances: The genomes of closely related organisms have recently been sequenced, which allows mining and analysis of gene sequences that belong to these peculiar redox systems. Similarly, the three-dimensional structures of several of these proteins have been solved, which allows for comparison with their counterparts in classical redox systems that rely on GSH/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. CRITICAL ISSUES The evolutionary and structural aspects related to the emergence and use of GSH-Sp conjugates in Euglenozoa are reviewed focusing on unique structural specializations that proteins developed to use N1,N8-bisglutathionylspermidine (trypanothione) as redox cosubstrate. An updated overview on the biochemical and biological significance of the major enzymatic activities is also provided. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A thiol-redox system strictly dependent on trypanothione is a feature unique to trypanosomatids. The physicochemical properties of the polyamine-GSH conjugates were a major driving force for structural adaptation of proteins that use these thiols as ligand and redox cofactor. In fact, the structural differences of indispensable components of this system can be exploited toward selective drug development. Future research should clarify whether additional cellular processes are regulated by the trypanothione system. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 463-486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manta
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica , Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica , Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Fiestas
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova , Padova, Italy
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- 4 Worm Biology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay .,5 Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova , Padova, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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Rohwer JM, Viljoen C, Christensen CD, Mashamaite LN, Pillay CS. Identifying the conditions necessary for the thioredoxin ultrasensitive response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pisc.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Padayachee L, Pillay CS. The thioredoxin system and not the Michaelis-Menten equation should be fitted to substrate saturation datasets from the thioredoxin insulin assay. Redox Rep 2016; 21:170-179. [PMID: 26102065 PMCID: PMC8900709 DOI: 10.1179/1351000215y.0000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The thioredoxin system, consisting of thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin and NADPH, is present in most living organisms and reduces a large array of target protein disulfides. OBJECTIVE The insulin reduction assay is commonly used to characterise thioredoxin activity in vitro, but it is not clear whether substrate saturation datasets from this assay should be fitted and modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation (thioredoxin enzyme model), or fitted to the thioredoxin system with insulin reduction described by mass-action kinetics (redox couple model). METHODS We utilized computational modeling and in vitro assays to determine which of these approaches yield consistent and accurate kinetic parameter sets for insulin reduction. RESULTS Using computational modeling, we found that fitting to the redox couple model, rather than to the thioredoxin enzyme model, resulted in consistent parameter sets over a range of thioredoxin reductase concentrations. Furthermore, we established that substrate saturation in this assay was due to the progressive redistribution of the thioredoxin moiety into its oxidised form. We then confirmed these results in vitro using the yeast thioredoxin system. DISCUSSION This study shows how consistent parameter sets for thioredoxin activity can be obtained regardless of the thioredoxin reductase concentration used in the insulin reduction assay, and validates computational systems biology modeling studies that have described the thioredoxin system with the redox couple modeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letrisha Padayachee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road Campus, Pietermaritzburg3201, South Africa
| | - Ché S. Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road Campus, Pietermaritzburg3201, South Africa
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23
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Pillay CS, Eagling BD, Driscoll SRE, Rohwer JM. Quantitative measures for redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:290-303. [PMID: 27151506 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling is now recognized as an important regulatory mechanism for a number of cellular processes including the antioxidant response, phosphokinase signal transduction and redox metabolism. While there has been considerable progress in identifying the cellular machinery involved in redox signaling, quantitative measures of redox signals have been lacking, limiting efforts aimed at understanding and comparing redox signaling under normoxic and pathogenic conditions. Here we have outlined some of the accepted principles for redox signaling, including the description of hydrogen peroxide as a signaling molecule and the role of kinetics in conferring specificity to these signaling events. Based on these principles, we then develop a working definition for redox signaling and review a number of quantitative methods that have been employed to describe signaling in other systems. Using computational modeling and published data, we show how time- and concentration- dependent analyses, in particular, could be used to quantitatively describe redox signaling and therefore provide important insights into the functional organization of redox networks. Finally, we consider some of the key challenges with implementing these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa.
| | - Beatrice D Eagling
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
| | - Scott R E Driscoll
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Begas P, Staudacher V, Deponte M. Systematic re-evaluation of the bis(2-hydroxyethyl)disulfide (HEDS) assay reveals an alternative mechanism and activity of glutaredoxins. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3788-3796. [PMID: 29218148 PMCID: PMC5707495 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential kinetic patterns of mono- and dithiol glutaredoxins in the HEDS assay reflect an alternative enzymatic mechanism for the glutathione-dependent reduction of disulfide substrates.
The reduction of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)disulfide (HEDS) by reduced glutathione (GSH) is the most commonly used assay to analyze the presence and properties of enzymatically active glutaredoxins (Grx), a family of central redox proteins in eukaryotes and glutathione-utilizing prokaryotes. Enzymatically active Grx usually prefer glutathionylated disulfide substrates. These are converted via a ping-pong mechanism. Sequential kinetic patterns for the HEDS assay have therefore been puzzling since 1991. Here we established a novel assay and used the model enzyme ScGrx7 from yeast and PfGrx from Plasmodium falciparum to test several possible causes for the sequential kinetics such as pre-enzymatic GSH depletion, simultaneous binding of a glutathionylated substrate and GSH, as well as substrate or product inhibition. Furthermore, we analyzed the non-enzymatic reaction between HEDS and GSH by HPLC and mass spectrometry suggesting that such a reaction is too slow to explain high Grx activities in the assay. The most plausible interpretation of our results is a direct Grx-catalyzed reduction of HEDS. Physiological implications of this alternative mechanism and of the Grx-catalyzed reduction of non-glutathione disulfide substrates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Begas
- Department of Parasitology , Ruprecht-Karls University , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Verena Staudacher
- Department of Parasitology , Ruprecht-Karls University , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Department of Parasitology , Ruprecht-Karls University , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
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