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Diez-Martin E, Hernandez-Suarez L, Muñoz-Villafranca C, Martin-Souto L, Astigarraga E, Ramirez-Garcia A, Barreda-Gómez G. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Molecular Bases, Predictive Biomarkers, Diagnostic Methods, and Therapeutic Options. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7062. [PMID: 39000169 PMCID: PMC11241012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the immune system relentlessly attacks intestinal cells, causing recurrent tissue damage over the lifetime of patients. The etiology of IBD is complex and multifactorial, involving environmental, microbiota, genetic, and immunological factors that alter the molecular basis of the organism. Among these, the microbiota and immune cells play pivotal roles; the microbiota generates antigens recognized by immune cells and antibodies, while autoantibodies target and attack the intestinal membrane, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage. Given the altered molecular framework, the analysis of multiple molecular biomarkers in patients proves exceedingly valuable for diagnosing and prognosing IBD, including markers like C reactive protein and fecal calprotectin. Upon detection and classification of patients, specific treatments are administered, ranging from conventional drugs to new biological therapies, such as antibodies to neutralize inflammatory molecules like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and integrin. This review delves into the molecular basis and targets, biomarkers, treatment options, monitoring techniques, and, ultimately, current challenges in IBD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eguzkiñe Diez-Martin
- Research and Development Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., 48170 Zamudio, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leidi Hernandez-Suarez
- Research and Development Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., 48170 Zamudio, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Villafranca
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Basurto, Avda Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Leire Martin-Souto
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Egoitz Astigarraga
- Research and Development Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Ilieva NM, Hoffman EK, Ghalib MA, Greenamyre JT, De Miranda BR. LRRK2 kinase inhibition protects against Parkinson's disease-associated environmental toxicants. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106522. [PMID: 38705492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is epidemiologically linked with exposure to toxicants such as pesticides and solvents, which comprise a wide array of chemicals that pollute our environment. While most are structurally distinct, a common cellular target for their toxicity is mitochondrial dysfunction, a key pathological trigger involved in the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. We and others have shown that environmental mitochondrial toxicants such as the pesticides rotenone and paraquat, and the organic solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) appear to be influenced by the protein LRRK2, a genetic risk factor for PD. As LRRK2 mediates vesicular trafficking and influences endolysosomal function, we postulated that LRRK2 kinase activity may inhibit the autophagic removal of toxicant damaged mitochondria, resulting in elevated oxidative stress. Conversely, we suspected that inhibition of LRRK2, which has been shown to be protective against dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by mitochondrial toxicants, would reduce the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent mitochondrial toxicity from inducing cell death. To do this, we tested in vitro if genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of LRRK2 (MLi2) protected against ROS caused by four toxicants associated with PD risk - rotenone, paraquat, TCE, and tetrachloroethylene (PERC). In parallel, we assessed if LRRK2 inhibition with MLi2 could protect against TCE-induced toxicity in vivo, in a follow up study from our observation that TCE elevated LRRK2 kinase activity in the nigrostriatal tract of rats prior to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We found that LRRK2 inhibition blocked toxicant-induced ROS and promoted mitophagy in vitro, and protected against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial damage caused by TCE in vivo. We also found that cells with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation displayed exacerbated levels of toxicant induced ROS, but this was ameliorated by LRRK2 inhibition with MLi2. Collectively, these data support a role for LRRK2 in toxicant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction linked to PD risk through oxidative stress and the autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda M Ilieva
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric K Hoffman
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammed A Ghalib
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Choudhury SR, Byrum SD, Blossom SJ. Trichloroethylene metabolite modulates DNA methylation-dependent gene expression in Th1-polarized CD4+ T cells from autoimmune-prone mice. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:289-300. [PMID: 38518092 PMCID: PMC11131021 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and widespread environmental contaminant associated with CD4+ T-cell activation and autoimmune disease. Prior studies showed that exposure to TCE in the drinking water of autoimmune-prone mice expanded effector/memory CD4+ T cells with an interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-secreting Th1-like phenotype. However, very little is known how TCE exposure skews CD4+ T cells towards this pro-inflammatory Th1 subset. As observed previously, TCE exposure was associated with hypermethylation of regions of the genome related to transcriptional repression in purified effector/memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that TCE modulates transcriptional and/or epigenetic programming of CD4+ T cells as they differentiate from a naive to effector phenotype. In the current study, purified naive CD4 T cells from both male and female autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ mice were activated ex vivo and polarized towards a Th1 subset for 4 days in the presence or absence of the oxidative metabolite of TCE, trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate (TCAH) in vitro. An RNA-seq assessment and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation were conducted on Th1 cells or activated, non-polarized cells. The results demonstrated TCAH's ability to regulate key genes involved in the immune response and autoimmunity, including Ifng, by altering the level of DNA methylation at the gene promoter. Intriguing sex differences were observed and for the most part, the effects were more robust in females compared to males. In conclusion, TCE via TCAH epigenetically regulates gene expression in CD4+ T cells. These results may have implications for mechanistic understanding or future therapeutics for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Roy Choudhury
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Sarah J Blossom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Li D, Yu SF, Lin L, Guo JR, Huang SM, Wu XL, You HL, Cheng XJ, Zhang QY, Zeng YQ, Pan XD. Deficiency of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 aggravates thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:123. [PMID: 38725082 PMCID: PMC11084037 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is closely associated with inflammatory responses. However, as a crucial regulator of the immune and inflammatory responses, the role of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in the pathogenesis of HE remains unraveled. Herein, we investigated this issue in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE following acute liver failure (ALF). METHODS TAA-induced HE mouse models of LRRK2 wild type (WT), LRRK2 G2019S mutation (Lrrk2G2019S) and LRRK2 knockout (Lrrk2-/-) were established. A battery of neurobehavioral experiments was conducted. The biochemical indexes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum (STR), hippocampus (HIP), and liver were examined by pathology and electron microscopy. The changes of autophagy-lysosomal pathway and activity of critical Rab GTPases were analyzed. RESULTS The Lrrk2-/--HE model reported a significantly lower survival rate than the other two models (24% vs. 48%, respectively, p < 0.05), with no difference found between the WT-HE and Lrrk2G2019S-HE groups. Compared with the other groups, after the TAA injection, the Lrrk2-/- group displayed a significant increase in ammonium and pro-inflammatory cytokines, aggravated hepatic inflammation/necrosis, decreased autophagy, and abnormal phosphorylation of lysosomal Rab10. All three models reported microglial activation, neuronal loss, disordered vesicle transmission, and damaged myelin structure. The Lrrk2-/--HE mice presented no severer neuronal injury than the other genotypes. CONCLUSIONS LRRK2 deficiency may exacerbate TAA-induced ALF and HE in mice, in which inflammatory response is evident in the brain and aggravated in the liver. These novel findings indicate a need of sufficient clinical awareness of the adverse effects of LRRK2 inhibitors on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29, Xinquan Road, Fujian, 350001, China.
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Digestive System Tumors and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - Shu-Fang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29, Xinquan Road, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jie-Ru Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29, Xinquan Road, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Si-Mei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29, Xinquan Road, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Xi-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Han-Lin You
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qiu-Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yu-Qi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Fonseca-Alves CE, Leis-Filho AF, Lacerda ZA, de Faria Lainetti P, Amorim RL, Rogatto SR. Lapatinib antitumor effect is associated with PI3K and MAPK pathway: An analysis in human and canine prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297043. [PMID: 38564578 PMCID: PMC10986952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of HER2 has a pivotal role in bone metastasis implantation and progression in several tumor types, including prostate cancer (PC). Trastuzumab and other anti-HER2 therapies, such as lapatinib, have been used in human breast cancer HER2 positive. Although HER2 overexpression has been reported in PC, anti-HER2 therapy response has revealed conflicting results. We investigated the potential of lapatinib in inhibiting cell migration and inducing apoptosis in two human (LNCaP and PC3) and two canine PC cell lines (PC1 and PC2). Cell migration and apoptosis were evaluated by Annexin V/PI analysis after lapatinib treatment. The transcriptome analysis of all cell lines before and after treatment with lapatinib was also performed. We found increased apoptosis and migration inhibition in LNCaP cells (androgen-sensitive cell line), while PC1, PC2, and PC3 cells showed no alterations after the treatment. The transcriptome analysis of LNCaP and PC3 cell lines showed 158 dysregulated transcripts in common, while PC1 and PC2 cell lines presented 82. At the doses of lapatinib used, we observed transcriptional modifications in all cell lines. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were enriched in human PC cells, while canine PC cells showed enrichment of tyrosine kinase antitumor response and HER2-related pathways. In canine PC cells, the apoptosis failed after lapatinib treatment, possibly due to the downregulation of MAPK genes. Prostate cancer cells insensitive to androgens may be resistant to lapatinib through PI3K gene dysregulation. The association of lapatinib with PI3K inhibitors may provide a more effective antitumor response and clinical benefits to PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University–UNIP, Bauru-SP, 17048–290, Brazil
| | - Antonio Fernando Leis-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Zara Alves Lacerda
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia de Faria Lainetti
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Renee Laufer Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu-SP, 18618–681, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Jiang F, Hu SY, Tian W, Wang NN, Yang N, Dong SS, Song HM, Zhang DJ, Gao HW, Wang C, Wu H, He CY, Zhu DL, Chen XF, Guo Y, Yang Z, Yang TL. A landscape of gene expression regulation for synovium in arthritis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1409. [PMID: 38360850 PMCID: PMC10869817 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The synovium is an important component of any synovial joint and is the major target tissue of inflammatory arthritis. However, the multi-omics landscape of synovium required for functional inference is absent from large-scale resources. Here we integrate genomics with transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility features of human synovium in up to 245 arthritic patients, to characterize the landscape of genetic regulation on gene expression and the regulatory mechanisms mediating arthritic diseases predisposition. We identify 4765 independent primary and 616 secondary cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) in the synovium and find that the eQTLs with multiple independent signals have stronger effects and heritability than single independent eQTLs. Integration of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and eQTLs identifies 84 arthritis related genes, revealing 38 novel genes which have not been reported by previous studies using eQTL data from the GTEx project or immune cells. We further develop a method called eQTac to identify variants that could affect gene expression by affecting chromatin accessibility and identify 1517 regions with potential regulatory function of chromatin accessibility. Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive synovium multi-omics resource for arthritic diseases and gains new insights into the regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Ye Hu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, P.R. China
| | - Wen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Nai-Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Da-Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Wu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, P.R. China.
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.
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Pike SC, Havrda M, Gilli F, Zhang Z, Salas LA. Immunological shifts during early-stage Parkinson's disease identified with DNA methylation data on longitudinally collected blood samples. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38212355 PMCID: PMC10784484 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the United States. Decades before motor symptoms manifest, non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder are highly predictive of PD. Previous immune profiling studies have identified alterations to the proportions of immune cells in the blood of clinically defined PD patients. However, it remains unclear if these phenotypes manifest before the clinical diagnosis of PD. We utilized longitudinal DNA methylation (DNAm) microarray data from the Parkinson's Progression Marker's Initiative (PPMI) to perform immune profiling in clinically defined PD and prodromal PD patients (Prod). We identified previously reported changes in neutrophil, monocyte, and T cell numbers in PD patients. Additionally, we noted previously unrecognized decreases in the naive B cell compartment in the defined PD and Prod patient group. Over time, we observed the proportion of innate immune cells in PD blood increased, but the proportion of adaptive immune cells decreased. We identified decreases in T and B cell subsets associated with REM sleep disturbances and early cognitive decline. Lastly, we identified increases in B memory cells associated with both genetic (LRRK2 genotype) and infectious (cytomegalovirus seropositivity) risk factors of PD. Our analysis shows that the peripheral immune system is dynamic as the disease progresses. The study provides a platform to understand how and when peripheral immune alterations occur in PD and whether intervention at particular stages may be therapeutically advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Pike
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Matthew Havrda
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Francesca Gilli
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lucas A Salas
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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8
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Zhang W, Ju Y, Ren Y, Miao Y, Wang Y. Exploring the Efficient Natural Products for the Therapy of Parkinson's Disease via Drosophila Melanogaster (Fruit Fly) Models. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:77-93. [PMID: 38213160 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501281402231218071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, partly attributed to mutations, environmental toxins, oxidative stress, abnormal protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the precise pathogenesis of PD and its treatment strategy still require investigation. Fortunately, natural products have demonstrated potential as therapeutic agents for alleviating PD symptoms due to their neuroprotective properties. To identify promising lead compounds from herbal medicines' natural products for PD management and understand their modes of action, suitable animal models are necessary. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) serves as an essential model for studying genetic and cellular pathways in complex biological processes. Diverse Drosophila PD models have been extensively utilized in PD research, particularly for discovering neuroprotective natural products. This review emphasizes the research progress of natural products in PD using the fruit fly PD model, offering valuable insights into utilizing invertebrate models for developing novel anti-PD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Ju
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunuo Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodong Miao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300250, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
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Benítez‐Fernández R, Josa‐Prado F, Sánchez E, Lao Y, García‐Rubia A, Cumella J, Martínez A, Palomo V, de Castro F. Efficacy of a benzothiazole-based LRRK2 inhibitor in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14552. [PMID: 38287523 PMCID: PMC10808848 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease that currently lacks effective curative treatments. There is a need to find effective therapies, especially to reverse the progressive demyelination and neuronal damage. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo mechanisms that enable spontaneously the partial repair of damaged lesions. The aim of this study was to discover small molecules with potential effects in demyelinating diseases, including (re)myelinating properties. METHODS Recently, it has been shown how LRRK2 inhibition promotes oligodendrogliogenesis and therefore an efficient repair or myelin damaged lesions. Here we explored small molecules inhibiting LRRK2 as potential enhancers of primary OPCs proliferation and differentiation, and their potential impact on the clinical score of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitys (EAE) mice, a validated model of the most frequent clinical form of MS, relapsing-remitting MS. RESULTS One of the LRRK2 inhibitors presented in this study promoted the proliferation and differentiation of OPC primary cultures. When tested in the EAE murine model of MS, it exerted a statistically significant reduction of the clinical burden of the animals, and histological evidence revealed how the treated animals presented a reduced lesion area in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a small molecule with LRRK2 inhibition properties presented (re)myelinating properties in primary OPCs cultures and potentially in the in vivo murine model. This study provides an in vivo proof of concept for a LRRK2 inhibitor, confirming its potential for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Benítez‐Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas‐CSICMadridSpain
- Instituto Cajal‐CSICMadridSpain
| | | | | | | | | | - José Cumella
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM‐CSICMadridSpain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas‐CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios AvanzadosIMDEA NanocienciaMadridSpain
- Unidad de Nanobiotecnología Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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10
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Otsuka Y, Hara A, Minaga K, Sekai I, Kurimoto M, Masuta Y, Takada R, Yoshikawa T, Kamata K, Kudo M, Watanabe T. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 promotes the development of experimental severe acute pancreatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:182-196. [PMID: 37847786 PMCID: PMC10714192 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation of gut bacteria into the pancreas promotes the development of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Recent clinical studies have also highlighted the association between fungal infections and SAP. The sensing of gut bacteria by pattern recognition receptors promotes the development of SAP via the production of proinflammatory cytokines; however, the mechanism by which gut fungi mediate SAP remains largely unknown. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multifunctional protein that regulates innate immunity against fungi via Dectin-1 activation. Here, we investigated the role of LRRK2 in SAP development and observed that administration of LRRK2 inhibitors attenuated SAP development. The degree of SAP was greater in Lrrk2 transgenic (Tg) mice than in control mice and was accompanied by an increased production of nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines. Ablation of the fungal mycobiome by anti-fungal drugs inhibited SAP development in Lrrk2 Tg mice, whereas the degree of SAP was comparable in Lrrk2 Tg mice with or without gut sterilization by a broad range of antibiotics. Pancreatic mononuclear cells from Lrrk2 Tg mice produced large amounts of IL-6 and TNF-α upon stimulation with Dectin-1 ligands, and inhibition of the Dectin-1 pathway by a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor protected Lrrk2 Tg mice from SAP. These data indicate that LRRK2 activation is involved in the development of SAP through proinflammatory cytokine responses upon fungal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikue Sekai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Takada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoe Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Wallings RL, Mark JR, Staley HA, Gillett DA, Neighbarger N, Kordasiewicz H, Hirst WD, Tansey MG. ASO-mediated knockdown or kinase inhibition of G2019S-Lrrk2 modulates lysosomal tubule-associated antigen presentation in macrophages. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102064. [PMID: 38028198 PMCID: PMC10661462 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk for both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 levels have become an appealing target for potential PD therapeutics with LRRK2 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) now moving toward clinical trials. However, LRRK2 has been suggested to play a fundamental role in peripheral immunity, and it is currently unknown if targeting increased LRRK2 levels in peripheral immune cells will be beneficial or deleterious. Here it was observed that G2019S macrophages exhibited increased stimulation-dependent lysosomal tubule formation (LTF) and MHC-II trafficking from the perinuclear lysosome to the plasma membrane in an mTOR-dependent manner with concomitant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Both ASO-mediated knockdown of mutant Lrrk2 and LRRK2 kinase inhibition ameliorated this phenotype and decreased these immune responses in control cells. Given the critical role of antigen presentation, lysosomal function, and cytokine release in macrophages, it is likely LRRK2-targeting therapies with systemic activity may have therapeutic value with regard to mutant LRRK2, but deleterious effects on the peripheral immune system, such as altered pathogen control in these cells, should be considered when reducing levels of non-mutant LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Julian R. Mark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Hannah A. Staley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Drew A. Gillett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Noelle Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Holly Kordasiewicz
- Neurology, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Warren D. Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology and Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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12
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Zhou QM, Zheng L. Research progress on the relationship between Paneth cells-susceptibility genes, intestinal microecology and inflammatory bowel disease. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:8111-8125. [PMID: 38130785 PMCID: PMC10731169 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i34.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder of the immune system and intestinal microecosystem caused by environmental factors in genetically susceptible people. Paneth cells (PCs) play a central role in IBD pathogenesis, especially in Crohn's disease development, and their morphology, number and function are regulated by susceptibility genes. In the intestine, PCs participate in the formation of the stem cell microenvironment by secreting antibacterial particles and play a role in helping maintain the intestinal microecology and intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Moreover, PC proliferation and maturation depend on symbiotic flora in the intestine. This paper describes the interactions among susceptibility genes, PCs and intestinal microecology and their effects on IBD occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanxi 321100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lie Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
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13
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Wang Z, Liu T, Li W, Yu G, Mi Z, Wang C, Liao X, Huai P, Chu T, Liu D, Sun L, Fu X, Sun Y, Wang H, Wang N, Liu J, Liu H, Zhang F. Genome-wide meta-analysis and fine-mapping prioritize potential causal variants and genes related to leprosy. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e415. [PMID: 38020709 PMCID: PMC10674079 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered 35 susceptible loci of leprosy; however, the cumulative effects of these loci can only partially explain the overall risk of leprosy, and the causal variants and genes within these loci remain unknown. Here, we conducted out new GWASs in two independent cohorts of 5007 cases and 4579 controls and then a meta-analysis in these newly generated and multiple previously published (2277 cases and 3159 controls) datasets were performed. Three novel and 15 previously reported risk loci were identified from these datasets, increasing the known leprosy risk loci of explained genetic heritability from 23.0 to 38.5%. A comprehensive fine-mapping analysis was conducted, and 19 causal variants and 14 causal genes were identified. Specifically, manual checking of epigenomic information from the Epimap database revealed that the causal variants were mainly located within the immune-relevant or immune-specific regulatory elements. Furthermore, by using gene-set, tissue, and cell-type enrichment analyses, we highlighted the key roles of immune-related tissues and cells and implicated the PD-1 signaling pathways in the pathogenetic mechanism of leprosy. Collectively, our study identified candidate causal variants and elucidated the potential regulatory and coding mechanisms for genes associated with leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Wenchao Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Gongqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Xiaojie Liao
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Pengcheng Huai
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Tongsheng Chu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Dianchang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Lele Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Xi'an Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Yonghu Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Honglei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Na Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
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Wu J, Yang S, Wu H, Huang Y, Miao Y. Knockdown of LRRK2 inhibits the progression of lung cancer by regulating TLR4/NF-κB pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:178-184. [PMID: 37970545 PMCID: PMC10636582 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) plays an important role in a variety of inflammatory diseases, as well as peripheral and central immune responses. At present, there are few reports about the role of LRRK2 in lung cancer, and need to be further explored. The main purpose of this study is to explore the role and mechanism of LRRK2 in lung cancer. The results revealed that the expression of LRRK2 was increased in the tissues of lung cancer patient and lung cancer cells. Further studies found that interference with LRRK2 expression significantly induced the apoptosis, and promoted the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax. More importantly, si-LRRK2 inhibited the expression of VEGF and P-gp, indicating inhibition of cell proliferation and drug resistance. What's more, LRRK2 regulated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome, and TLR4/NF-κB pathways was involved in the molecular mechanism of LRRK2 on lung cancer cells. In conclusion, this study suggested that the mechanism of si-LRRK2 inhibiting the progression of lung cancer is to regulate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Shumei Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Yongcheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xi’an Central Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710068, China
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15
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Sharp RC, Guenther DT, Farrer MJ. Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281705. [PMID: 38022545 PMCID: PMC10646240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to systematically review the neuroimmunology literature to determine the average immune cell counts reported by flow cytometry in wild-type (WT) homogenized mouse brains. Background Mouse models of gene dysfunction are widely used to study age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The importance of the neuroimmune system in these multifactorial disorders has become increasingly evident, and methods to quantify resident and infiltrating immune cells in the brain, including flow cytometry, are necessary. However, there appears to be no consensus on the best approach to perform flow cytometry or quantify/report immune cell counts. The development of more standardized methods would accelerate neuroimmune discovery and validation by meta-analysis. Methods There has not yet been a systematic review of 'neuroimmunology' by 'flow cytometry' via examination of the PROSPERO registry. A protocol for a systematic review was subsequently based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) using the Studies, Data, Methods, and Outcomes (SDMO) criteria. Literature searches were conducted in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. From that search, 900 candidate studies were identified, and 437 studies were assessed for eligibility based on formal exclusion criteria. Results Out of the 437 studies reviewed, 58 were eligible for inclusion and comparative analysis. Each study assessed immune cell subsets within homogenized mouse brains and used flow cytometry. Nonetheless, there was considerable variability in the methods, data analysis, reporting, and results. Descriptive statistics have been presented on the study designs and results, including medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) and overall means with standard deviations (SD) for specific immune cell counts and their relative proportions, within and between studies. A total of 58 studies reported the most abundant immune cells within the brains were TMEM119+ microglia, bulk CD4+ T cells, and bulk CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Experiments to conduct and report flow cytometry data, derived from WT homogenized mouse brains, would benefit from a more standardized approach. While within-study comparisons are valid, the variability in methods of counting of immune cell populations is too broad for meta-analysis. The inclusion of a minimal protocol with more detailed methods, controls, and standards could enable this nascent field to compare results across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Mazaki Y, Handa H, Fumoto Y, Horinouchi T, Onodera Y. LRRK2 is involved in the chemotaxis of neutrophils and differentiated HL-60 cells, and the inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity increases fMLP-induced chemotactic activity. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:300. [PMID: 37904222 PMCID: PMC10614378 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils depend heavily on glycolysis for energy production under normal conditions. In contrast, neutrophils require energy supplied by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) during chemotaxis. However, the mechanism by which the energy supply changes from glycolysis to OXPHOS remains unknown. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is partially present in the outer mitochondrial membrane fraction. Lrrk2-deficient cells show mitochondrial fragmentation and reduced OXPHOS activity. We have previously reported that mitofusin (MFN) 2 is involved in chemotaxis and OXPHOS activation upon chemoattractant N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) stimulation in differentiated HL-60 (dHL-60) cells. It has been previously reported that LRRK2 binds to MFN2 and partially colocalizes with MFN2 at the mitochondrial membranes. This study investigated the involvement of LRRK2 in chemotaxis and MFN2 activation in neutrophils and dHL-60 cells. METHODS Lrrk2 knockout neutrophils and Lrrk2 knockdown dHL-60 cells were used to examine the possible involvement of LRRK2 in chemotaxis. Lrrk2 knockdown dHL-60 cells were used a tetracycline-inducible small hairpin RNA (shRNA) system to minimize the effects of LRRK2 knockdown during cell culture. The relationship between LRRK2 and MFN2 was investigated by measuring the GTP-binding activity of MFN2 in Lrrk2 knockdown dHL-60 cells. The effects of LRRK2 kinase activity on chemotaxis were examined using the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor MLi-2. RESULTS fMLP-induced chemotactic activity was reduced in Lrrk2 knockout neutrophils in vitro and in vivo. Lrrk2 knockdown in dHL-60 cells expressing Lrrk2 shRNA also reduced fMLP-induced chemotactic activity. Lrrk2 knockdown dHL-60 cells showed reduced OXPHOS activity and suppressed mitochondrial morphological change, similar to Mfn2 knockdown dHL-60 cells. The amount of LRRK2 in the mitochondrial fraction and the GTP-binding activity of MFN2 increased upon fMLP stimulation, and the MFN2 GTP-binding activity was suppressed in Lrrk2 knockdown dHL-60 cells. Furthermore, the kinase activity of LRRK2 and Ser935 phosphorylation of LRRK2 were reduced upon fMLP stimulation, and LRRK2 kinase inhibition by MLi-2 increased the migration to fMLP. CONCLUSIONS LRRK2 is involved in neutrophil chemotaxis and the GTP-binding activity of MFN2 upon fMLP stimulation. On the other hand, the kinase activity of LRRK2 shows a negative regulatory effect on fMLP-induced chemotactic activity in dHL-60 cells. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Mazaki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Haruka Handa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshizuki Fumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Onodera
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering (GCB), Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Wallings RL, Mark JR, Staley HA, Gillett DA, Neighbarger N, Kordasiewicz H, Hirst WD, Tansey MG. Totally tubular: ASO-mediated knock-down of G2019S -Lrrk2 modulates lysosomal tubule-associated antigen presentation in macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.14.549028. [PMID: 37503274 PMCID: PMC10370014 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 levels have become an appealing target for potential PD-therapeutics with LRRK2 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) now in clinical trials. However, LRRK2 has been suggested to play a fundamental role in peripheral immunity, and it is currently unknown if targeting increased LRRK2 levels in peripheral immune cells will be beneficial or deleterious. Furthermore, the precise role of LRRK2 in immune cells is currently unknown, although it has been suggested that LRRK2-mediated lysosomal function may be crucial to immune responses. Here, it was observed that G2019S macrophages exhibited increased stimulation-dependent lysosomal tubule formation (LTF) and MHC-II trafficking from the perinuclear lysosome to the plasma membrane in an mTOR dependent manner with concomitant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Both ASO-mediated knock down of mutant Lrrk 2 and LRRK2 kinase inhibition ameliorated this phenotype and decreased these immune responses in control cells. Given the critical role of antigen presentation, lysosomal function, and cytokine release in macrophages, it is likely LRRK2-targetting therapies may have therapeutic value with regards to mutant LRRK2 but deleterious effects on the peripheral immune system, such as altered pathogen control and infection resolution.
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Stauch KL, Totusek S, Trease AJ, Estrella LD, Emanuel K, Fangmeier A, Fox HS. Longitudinal in vivo metabolic labeling reveals tissue-specific mitochondrial proteome turnover rates and proteins selectively altered by parkin deficiency. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11414. [PMID: 37452120 PMCID: PMC10349111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study utilizes a longitudinal isotopic metabolic labeling approach in vivo in combination with organelle fraction proteomics to address the role of parkin in mitochondrial protein turnover in mice. The use of metabolic labeling provides a method to quantitatively determine the global changes in protein half-lives whilst simultaneously assessing protein expression. Studying two diverse mitochondrial populations, we demonstrated the median half-life of brain striatal synaptic mitochondrial proteins is significantly greater than that of hepatic mitochondrial proteins (25.7 vs. 3.5 days). Furthermore, loss of parkin resulted in an overall, albeit modest, increase in both mitochondrial protein abundance and half-life. Pathway and functional analysis of our proteomics data identified both known and novel pathways affected by loss of parkin that are consistent with its role in both mitochondrial quality control and neurodegeneration. Our study therefore adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting dependence on parkin is low for basal mitophagy in vivo and provides a foundation for the investigation of novel parkin targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S Totusek
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A J Trease
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - L D Estrella
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - K Emanuel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A Fangmeier
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - H S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Müller-Nedebock AC, Dekker MCJ, Farrer MJ, Hattori N, Lim SY, Mellick GD, Rektorová I, Salama M, Schuh AFS, Stoessl AJ, Sue CM, Tan AH, Vidal RL, Klein C, Bardien S. Different pieces of the same puzzle: a multifaceted perspective on the complex biological basis of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:110. [PMID: 37443150 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological basis of the neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD), is still unclear despite it being 'discovered' over 200 years ago in Western Medicine. Based on current PD knowledge, there are widely varying theories as to its pathobiology. The aim of this article was to explore some of these different theories by summarizing the viewpoints of laboratory and clinician scientists in the PD field, on the biological basis of the disease. To achieve this aim, we posed this question to thirteen "PD experts" from six continents (for global representation) and collated their personal opinions into this article. The views were varied, ranging from toxin exposure as a PD trigger, to LRRK2 as a potential root cause, to toxic alpha-synuclein being the most important etiological contributor. Notably, there was also growing recognition that the definition of PD as a single disease should be reconsidered, perhaps each with its own unique pathobiology and treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amica C Müller-Nedebock
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marieke C J Dekker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Research Institute of Disease of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
| | - Shen-Yang Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irena Rektorová
- First Department of Neurology and International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (I-GHHE), The American University in Cairo (AUC), New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahleya, Egypt
- Atlantic Senior Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Artur F S Schuh
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology), Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales; Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst; Department of Neurology, Prince of Wales Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Ai Huey Tan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rene L Vidal
- Instituto de Neurociencia Biomédica (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Gerociencia, Salud Mental y Metabolismo (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Alula KM, Theiss AL. Autophagy in Crohn's Disease: Converging on Dysfunctional Innate Immunity. Cells 2023; 12:1779. [PMID: 37443813 PMCID: PMC10341259 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease marked by relapsing, transmural intestinal inflammation driven by innate and adaptive immune responses. Autophagy is a multi-step process that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading intracellular components, such as damaged organelles and invading bacteria. Dysregulation of autophagy in CD is revealed by the identification of several susceptibility genes, including ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2, LRRK2, ULK1, ATG4, and TCF4, that are involved in autophagy. In this review, the role of altered autophagy in the mucosal innate immune response in the context of CD is discussed, with a specific focus on dendritic cells, macrophages, Paneth cells, and goblet cells. Selective autophagy, such as xenophagy, ERphagy, and mitophagy, that play crucial roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis in these innate immune cells, are discussed. As our understanding of autophagy in CD pathogenesis evolves, the development of autophagy-targeted therapeutics may benefit subsets of patients harboring impaired autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianne L. Theiss
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Taymans JM, Fell M, Greenamyre T, Hirst WD, Mamais A, Padmanabhan S, Peter I, Rideout H, Thaler A. Perspective on the current state of the LRRK2 field. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:104. [PMID: 37393318 PMCID: PMC10314919 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 2 decades after linking LRRK2 to Parkinson's disease, a vibrant research field has developed around the study of this gene and its protein product. Recent studies have begun to elucidate molecular structures of LRRK2 and its complexes, and our understanding of LRRK2 has continued to grow, affirming decisions made years ago to therapeutically target this enzyme for PD. Markers of LRRK2 activity, with potential to monitor disease progression or treatment efficacy, are also under development. Interestingly, there is a growing understanding of the role of LRRK2 outside of the central nervous system in peripheral tissues such as gut and immune cells that may also contribute to LRRK2 mediated pathology. In this perspective, our goal is to take stock of LRRK2 research by discussing the current state of knowledge and critical open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Matt Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 7039, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY, 10120, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Avner Thaler
- Movement Disorders Unit and Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Faculty of medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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22
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Tang Y, Wei L, Wu Z, Xu P, Mo M. Parkinson's disease in a patient with GBA and LRRK2 covariants after acute hypoxic insult: a case report. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:226. [PMID: 37301871 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genes are associated with the risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). As an environmental factor, hypoxic insults may impair dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and exacerbate PD symptoms. However, covariants of GBA and LRRK2 combined with hypoxic insults in clinical cases of Parkinsonism have not yet been reported. CASE PRESENTATION A 69-year-old male patient with PD and his relatives were clinically characterized and sequenced using the whole-exome technique. A novel covariant, c.1448 T > C (p. L483P, rs421016) on GBA and c.691 T > C (p. S231P, rs201332859) on LRRK2 were identified in this patient who first developed bradykinesia and rigidity in the neck at one month after an acute hypoxic insult during mountaineering. The patient presented with a mask-like face, festinating gait, asymmetric bradykinesia, and moderate rigidity. These symptoms were treated with levodopa and pramipexole, resulting in a 65% improvement in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score. These parkinsonian symptoms persisted and developed with hallucinations, constipation, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. After 4 years, the patient exhibited a wearing-off phenomenon and died from pulmonary infection 8 years after disease onset. His parents, wife, and siblings were not diagnosed with PD, and his son carried p. L483P without Parkinsonism-like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This is a case report of PD after hypoxic insult in a patient carrying a covariant of GBA and LRRK2. This study may help us understand the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in clinical PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijian Wei
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuohua Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Nott A, Holtman IR. Genetic insights into immune mechanisms of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1168539. [PMID: 37359515 PMCID: PMC10285485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1168539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the macrophages of the brain, are vital for brain homeostasis and have been implicated in a broad range of brain disorders. Neuroinflammation has gained traction as a possible therapeutic target for neurodegeneration, however, the precise function of microglia in specific neurodegenerative disorders is an ongoing area of research. Genetic studies offer valuable insights into understanding causality, rather than merely observing a correlation. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many genetic loci that are linked to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders. (Post)-GWAS studies have determined that microglia likely play an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The process of understanding how individual GWAS risk loci affect microglia function and mediate susceptibility is complex. A rapidly growing number of publications with genomic datasets and computational tools have formulated new hypotheses that guide the biological interpretation of AD and PD genetic risk. In this review, we discuss the key concepts and challenges in the post-GWAS interpretation of AD and PD GWAS risk alleles. Post-GWAS challenges include the identification of target cell (sub)type(s), causal variants, and target genes. Crucially, the prediction of GWAS-identified disease-risk cell types, variants and genes require validation and functional testing to understand the biological consequences within the pathology of the disorders. Many AD and PD risk genes are highly pleiotropic and perform multiple important functions that might not be equally relevant for the mechanisms by which GWAS risk alleles exert their effect(s). Ultimately, many GWAS risk alleles exert their effect by changing microglia function, thereby altering the pathophysiology of these disorders, and hence, we believe that modelling this context is crucial for a deepened understanding of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexi Nott
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inge R. Holtman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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24
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Sosero YL, Gan‐Or Z. LRRK2 and Parkinson's disease: from genetics to targeted therapy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:850-864. [PMID: 37021623 PMCID: PMC10270275 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 variants are implicated in both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-PD has a generally benign clinical presentation and variable pathology, with inconsistent presence of Lewy bodies and marked Alzheimer's disease pathology. The mechanisms underlying LRRK2-PD are still unclear, but inflammation, vesicle trafficking, lysosomal homeostasis, and ciliogenesis have been suggested, among others. As novel therapies targeting LRRK2 are under development, understanding the role and function of LRRK2 in PD is becoming increasingly important. Here, we outline the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical features of LRRK2-PD, and discuss the arising therapeutic approaches targeting LRRK2 and possible future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Sosero
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
| | - Ziv Gan‐Or
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 0G4Canada
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25
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Dou D, Smith EM, Evans CS, Boecker CA, Holzbaur ELF. Regulatory imbalance between LRRK2 kinase, PPM1H phosphatase, and ARF6 GTPase disrupts the axonal transport of autophagosomes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112448. [PMID: 37133994 PMCID: PMC10304398 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause Parkinson's disease (PD), increasing phosphorylation of RAB GTPases through hyperactive kinase activity. We find that LRRK2-hyperphosphorylated RABs disrupt the axonal transport of autophagosomes by perturbing the coordinated regulation of cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin. In iPSC-derived human neurons, knockin of the strongly hyperactive LRRK2-p.R1441H mutation causes striking impairments in autophagosome transport, inducing frequent directional reversals and pauses. Knockout of the opposing protein phosphatase 1H (PPM1H) phenocopies the effect of hyperactive LRRK2. Overexpression of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a GTPase that acts as a switch for selective activation of dynein or kinesin, attenuates transport defects in both p.R1441H knockin and PPM1H knockout neurons. Together, these findings support a model where a regulatory imbalance between LRRK2-hyperphosphorylated RABs and ARF6 induces an unproductive "tug-of-war" between dynein and kinesin, disrupting processive autophagosome transport. This disruption may contribute to PD pathogenesis by impairing the essential homeostatic functions of axonal autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erin M Smith
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chantell S Evans
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Zhu H, Xu B, Hu C, Li A, Liao Q. Identification and validation of autophagy-related genes in Kawasaki disease. Hereditas 2023; 160:17. [PMID: 37085930 PMCID: PMC10120123 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology affecting mainly children. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of KD may be related to autophagy. Using bioinformatics analysis, we assessed the significance of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in KD. METHODS Common ARGs were identified from the GeneCards Database, the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB), and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. ARGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Furthermore, related microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and drug interaction network were predicted. The immune cell infiltration of ARGs in tissues was explored. Finally, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the diagnostic value and expression levels of ARGs in KD. RESULTS There were 20 ARGs in total. GO analysis showed that ARGs were mainly rich in autophagy, macro-autophagy, and GTPase activity. KEGG analysis showed that ARGs were mainly rich in autophagy-animal and the collecting duct acid secretion pathway. The expression of WIPI1, WDFY3, ATP6V0E2, RALB, ATP6V1C1, GBA, C9orf72, LRRK2, GNAI3, and PIK3CB is the focus of PPI network. A total of 72 related miRNAs and 130 related TFs were predicted by miRNA and TF targeting network analyses. Ten pairs of gene-drug interaction networks were also predicted; immune infiltration analysis showed that SH3GLB1, ATP6V0E2, PLEKHF1, RALB, KLHL3, and TSPO were closely related to CD8 + T cells and neutrophils. The ROC curve showed that ARGs had good diagnostic value in KD. qRT-PCR showed that WIPI1 and GBA were significantly upregulated. CONCLUSION Twenty potential ARGs were identified by bioinformatics analysis, and WIPI1 and GBA may be used as potential drug targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Cunshu Hu
- XianNing Public Inspection and Testing Cente, Xianning, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
| | - Qing Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.
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27
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Moreira-Júnior RE, Guimarães MADF, Etcheverria da Silva M, Maioli TU, Faria AMC, Brunialti-Godard AL. Animal model for high consumption and preference of ethanol and its interplay with high sugar and butter diet, behavior, and neuroimmune system. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1141655. [PMID: 37063320 PMCID: PMC10097969 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMechanisms that dictate the preference for ethanol and its addiction are not only restricted to the central nervous system (CNS). An increasing body of evidence has suggested that abusive ethanol consumption directly affects the immune system, which in turn interacts with the CNS, triggering neuronal responses and changes, resulting in dependence on the drug. It is known that neuroinflammation and greater immune system reactivity are observed in behavioral disorders and that these can regulate gene transcription. However, there is little information about these findings of the transcriptional profile of reward system genes in high consumption and alcohol preference. In this regard, there is a belief that, in the striatum, an integrating region of the brain reward system, the interaction of the immune response and the transcriptional profile of the Lrrk2 gene that is associated with loss of control and addiction to ethanol may influence the alcohol consumption and preference. Given this information, this study aimed to assess whether problematic alcohol consumption affects the transcriptional profile of the Lrrk2 gene, neuroinflammation, and behavior and whether these changes are interconnected.MethodsAn animal model developed by our research group has been used in which male C57BL/6 mice and knockouts for the Il6 and Nfat genes were subjected to a protocol of high fat and sugar diet intake and free choice of ethanol in the following stages: Stage 1 (T1)—Dietary treatment, for 8 weeks, in which the animals receive high-calorie diet, High Sugar and Butter (HSB group), or standard diet, American Institute of Nutrition 93-Growth (AIN93G group); and Stage 2 (T2)—Ethanol consumption, in which the animals are submitted, for 4 weeks, to alcohol within the free choice paradigm, being each of them divided into 10 groups, four groups continued with the same diet and in the other six the HSB diet is substituted by the AIN93G diet. Five groups had access to only water, while the five others had a free choice between water and a 10% ethanol solution. The weight of the animals was evaluated weekly and the consumption of water and ethanol daily. At the end of the 12-week experiment, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by the light/dark box test; compulsive-like behavior by Marble burying, transcriptional regulation of genes Lrrk2, Tlr4, Nfat, Drd1, Drd2, Il6, Il1β, Il10, and iNOS by RT-qPCR; and inflammatory markers by flow cytometry. Animals that the diet was replaced had an ethanol high preference and consumption.Results and discussionWe observed that high consumption and preference for ethanol resulted in (1) elevation of inflammatory cells in the brain, (2) upregulation of genes associated with cytokines (Il6 and Il1β) and pro-inflammatory signals (iNOS and Nfat), downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (Il10), dopamine receptor (Drd2), and the Lrrk2 gene in the striatum, and (3) behavioral changes such as decreased anxiety-like behavior, and increased compulsive-like behavior. Our findings suggest that interactions between the immune system, behavior, and transcriptional profile of the Lrrk2 gene influence the ethanol preferential and abusive consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Elias Moreira-Júnior
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Andrade de Freitas Guimarães
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Miguel Etcheverria da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti-Godard
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard,
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Rajan S, Tryphena KP, Khan S, Vora L, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Understanding the involvement of innate immunity and the Nrf2-NLRP3 axis on mitochondrial health in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101915. [PMID: 36963313 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a multifactorial movement disorder, is interlinked with numerous molecular pathways, including neuroinflammation, which is a critical factor in the development and progression of PD. Microglia play a central role in driving neuroinflammation through activation and overexpression of the M1 phenotype, which has a significant impact on mitochondria. Multiple regulators converge together, and among these, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes have been implicated in transmitting inflammatory and deleterious components to the mitochondria. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome and acts as the saviour of the mitochondria. Together, the NLRP3-Nrf2 axis functions in regulating mitochondrial function in the case of PD. It regulates fundamental processes such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial respiratory function, and mitochondrial dynamics. In this review, we discuss the contributions that a variety of miRNAs make to the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and Nrf2, which can be used to target this important axis and contribute to the preservation of mitochondrial integrity. This axis may prove to be a crucial target for extending the lives of Parkinson's patients by deferring neuroinflammatory damage to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rajan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Sabiya Khan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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Rajasegaran T, How CW, Saud A, Ali A, Lim JCW. Targeting Inflammation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer through Drug Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030451. [PMID: 36986550 PMCID: PMC10051080 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Lung cancers can be classified as small-cell (SCLC) or non-small cell (NSCLC). About 84% of all lung cancers are NSCLC and about 16% are SCLC. For the past few years, there have been a lot of new advances in the management of NSCLC in terms of screening, diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, most of the NSCLCs are resistant to current treatments and eventually progress to advanced stages. In this perspective, we discuss some of the drugs that can be repurposed to specifically target the inflammatory pathway of NSCLC utilizing its well-defined inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Continuous inflammatory conditions are responsible to induce DNA damage and enhance cell division rate in lung tissues. There are existing anti-inflammatory drugs which were found suitable for repurposing in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment and drug modification for delivery via inhalation. Repurposing anti-inflammatory drugs and their delivery through the airway is a promising strategy to treat NSCLC. In this review, suitable drug candidates that can be repurposed to treat inflammation-mediated NSCLC will be comprehensively discussed together with their administration via inhalation from physico-chemical and nanocarrier perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiviyadarshini Rajasegaran
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anoosha Saud
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Ali
- Cancer Science Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Chee Woei Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Kim S, Pajarillo E, Nyarko-Danquah I, Aschner M, Lee E. Role of Astrocytes in Parkinson's Disease Associated with Genetic Mutations and Neurotoxicants. Cells 2023; 12:622. [PMID: 36831289 PMCID: PMC9953822 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the aggregation of Lewy bodies in the basal ganglia, resulting in movement impairment referred to as parkinsonism. However, the etiology of PD is not well known, with genetic factors accounting only for 10-15% of all PD cases. The pathogenetic mechanism of PD is not completely understood, although several mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, have been suggested. Understanding the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis is critical for developing highly efficacious therapeutics. In the PD brain, dopaminergic neurons degenerate mainly in the basal ganglia, but recently emerging evidence has shown that astrocytes also significantly contribute to dopaminergic neuronal death. In this review, we discuss the role of astrocytes in PD pathogenesis due to mutations in α-synuclein (PARK1), DJ-1 (PARK7), parkin (PARK2), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8), and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1, PARK6). We also discuss PD experimental models using neurotoxins, such as paraquat, rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, and MPTP/MPP+. A more precise and comprehensive understanding of astrocytes' modulatory roles in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD will help develop novel strategies for effective PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Edward Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ivan Nyarko-Danquah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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31
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Boecker CA. The Role of LRRK2 in Intracellular Organelle Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2023:167998. [PMID: 36764357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and lead to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Membrane recruitment of LRRK2 and the identification of RAB GTPases as bona fide LRRK2 substrates strongly indicate that LRRK2 regulates intracellular trafficking. This review highlights the current literature on the role of LRRK2 in intracellular organelle dynamics. With a focus on the effects of LRRK2 on microtubule function, mitochondrial dynamics, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and synaptic vesicle trafficking, it summarizes our current understanding of how intracellular dynamics are altered upon pathogenic LRRK2 hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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32
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Filippini A, Salvi V, Dattilo V, Magri C, Castrezzati S, Veerhuis R, Bosisio D, Gennarelli M, Russo I. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibition Attenuates Astrocytic Activation in Response to Amyloid β 1-42 Fibrils. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020307. [PMID: 36830676 PMCID: PMC9953366 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral accumulation of amyloid-β in the extracellular plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains represents the main cause of reactive astrogliosis and neuroinflammatory response. Of relevance, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a kinase linked to genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), has been identified as a positive mediator of neuroinflammation upon different inflammatory stimuli, however its pathogenicity in AD remains mainly unexplored. In this study, by using pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 and murine primary astrocytes, we explored whether LRRK2 regulates astrocytic activation in response to amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42). Our results showed that murine primary astrocytes become reactive and recruit serine 935 phosphorylated LRRK2 upon Aβ1-42 fibril exposure. Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2, with two different kinase inhibitors, can attenuate Aβ1-42-mediated inflammation and favor the clearance of Aβ1-42 fibrils in astrocytes. Overall, our findings report that LRRK2 kinase activity modulates astrocytic reactivity and functions in the presence of Aβ1-42 deposits and indicate that PD-linked LRRK2 might contribute to AD-related neuroinflammation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Filippini
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Oncology and Experimental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dattilo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Magri
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Castrezzati
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Oncology and Experimental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-371-7461; Fax: +39-030-370-1157
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Peripheral inflammatory immune response differs among sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 36720879 PMCID: PMC9889312 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammatory immune responses are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a biomarker of systemic inflammation, has been reported to be higher in patients with PD than in healthy controls (HCs). The present study was aimed at determining if the peripheral inflammatory immune response could be influenced by the genetic background of patients with PD. We included a discovery cohort with 222 patients with PD (132 sporadic PD, 44 LRRK2-associated PD (with p.G2019S and p.R1441G variants), and 46 GBA-associated PD), as well as 299 HCs. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Leukocytes and their subpopulations, and the NLR were measured in peripheral blood. Multivariate lineal regression and post-hoc tests were applied to determine the differences among the groups. Subsequently, a replication study using the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative cohort was performed which included 401 patients with PD (281 sPD patients, 66 LRRK2-PD patients, 54 GBA-PD patients) and a group of 174 HCs. Patients with sporadic PD and GBA-associated PD showed a significantly lower lymphocyte count, a non-significantly higher neutrophil count and a significantly higher NLR than HCs. The peripheral inflammatory immune response of patients with LRRK2-associated PD did not differ from HCs. Our study supports the involvement of a peripheral inflammatory immune response in the pathophysiology of sPD and GBA-associated PD. However, this inflammatory response was not found in LRRK2-associated PD, probably reflecting different pathogenic inflammatory mechanisms.
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Zheng W, Feng D, Xiong X, Liao X, Wang S, Xu H, Le W, Wei Q, Yang L. The Role of cGAS-STING in Age-Related Diseases from Mechanisms to Therapies. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0117. [PMID: 37163421 PMCID: PMC10389832 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, the incidence of age-related diseases increases. Hence, age-related diseases are inevitable. However, the mechanisms by which aging leads to the onset and progression of age-related diseases remain unclear. It has been reported that inflammation is closely associated with age-related diseases and that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which can sense the aberrant presence of cytosolic DNA during aging and induce an inflammatory response, is an important mediator of inflammation in age-related diseases. With a better understanding of the structure and molecular biology of the cGAS-STING signaling axis, numerous selective inhibitors and agonists targeting the cGAS-STING pathway in human age-related diseases have been developed to modulate inflammatory responses. Here, we provide a narrative review of the activity of the cGAS- STING pathway in age-related diseases and discuss its general mechanisms in the onset and progression of age-related diseases. In addition, we outline treatments targeting the cGAS-STING pathway, which may constitute a potential therapeutic alternative for age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zheng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingyu Xiong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyang Liao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhen Le
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Li HX, Zhang C, Zhang K, Liu YZ, Peng XX, Zong Q. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of Parkinson's disease: evidence from a meta-analysis of 14 studies involving more than 13.4 million individuals. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1137366. [PMID: 37153103 PMCID: PMC10157095 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1137366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the risk of Parkinson's Disease (PD) has been investigated in several epidemiological studies. However, the results of these studies were inconclusive and inconsistent. We evaluated the potential relationship between IBD and PD risk by a meta-analysis. Methods Search the electronic databases PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases from inception to November 30, 2022, to identify relevant studies that assess the risk of PD in patients with IBD. The cohort, cross-sectional, mendelian randomization and case-control studies that reported risk estimates of PD and IBD were included in our analysis. The random-effect model and fixed-effects model were used to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results In total, 14 studies (nine cohort studies, two cross-sectional studies, two mendelian randomization studies and one case-control study) involving more than 13.4 million individuals were analyzed in our analysis. Our results suggested that the risk of PD in IBD patients is moderately increased, with the pooled RR was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.03-1.33, P = 0.019). Omit of any single study from this analysis had little effect on the combined risk estimate. No evidence of publication bias was found. In the subgroup analysis, the combined RR was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.12, P = 0.311) for Crohn's disease (CD), and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.31, P = 0.002) for ulcerative colitis (UC). In addition, a significant association was identified in patients with IBD aged ≥ 60 years (RR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.06-1.41, P = 0.007), but not in age < 60 years (RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.58-2.41, P = 0.639). Meanwhile, the meta-analysis results suggested a protective role for IBD medication use against PD development, with the RR was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.04, P = 0.126). Conclusion Our results indicated that patients with IBD had a moderately higher risk of PD compared to non-IBD individuals. Patients with IBD should be aware of the potential risks for PD, especially who were ≥ 60 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-zhe Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-xiao Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Dongying District People’s Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Zong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Zong,
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36
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Garrido A, Pérez‐Sisqués L, Simonet C, Campoy‐Campos G, Solana‐Balaguer J, Martín‐Flores N, Fernández M, Soto M, Obiang D, Cámara A, Valldeoriola F, Muñoz E, Compta Y, Pérez‐Navarro E, Alberch J, Tolosa E, Martí M, Ezquerra M, Malagelada C, Fernández‐Santiago R. Increased Phospho-AKT in Blood Cells from LRRK2 G2019S Mutation Carriers. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:888-894. [PMID: 35929078 PMCID: PMC9827833 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differential phosphorylation states of blood markers can identify patients with LRRK2 Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed phospho(P)-Ser-935-LRRK2 and P-Ser-473-AKT levels in peripheral blood cells from patients with G2019S LRRK2-associated PD (L2PD, n = 31), G2019S LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (L2NMC, n = 26), idiopathic PD (iPD, n = 25), and controls (n = 40, total n = 122). We found no differences at P-Ser-935-LRRK2 between groups but detected a specific increase of P-Ser-473-AKT levels in all G2019S carriers, either L2PD or L2NMC, absent in iPD. Although insensitive to LRRK2 inhibition, our study identifies P-Ser-473-AKT as an endogenous candidate biomarker for peripheral inflammation in G2019S carriers using accessible blood cells. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:888-894.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garrido
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Leticia Pérez‐Sisqués
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Simonet
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Genís Campoy‐Campos
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Júlia Solana‐Balaguer
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Núria Martín‐Flores
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Soto
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Donina Obiang
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ana Cámara
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Francesc Valldeoriola
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esther Pérez‐Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - María‐José Martí
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rubén Fernández‐Santiago
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:657-673. [PMID: 35246670 PMCID: PMC8895080 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the 'perfect storm' that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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38
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Kim J, Daadi EW, Oh T, Daadi ES, Daadi MM. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Phenotyping and Preclinical Modeling of Familial Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36360174 PMCID: PMC9689743 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily idiopathic and a highly heterogenous neurodegenerative disease with patients experiencing a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. A major challenge for understanding susceptibility to PD is to determine the genetic and environmental factors that influence the mechanisms underlying the variations in disease-associated traits. The pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain and post-mortem Lewy pathology, which leads to the loss of projecting axons innervating the striatum and to impaired motor and cognitive functions. While the cause of PD is still largely unknown, genome-wide association studies provide evidence that numerous polymorphic variants in various genes contribute to sporadic PD, and 10 to 15% of all cases are linked to some form of hereditary mutations, either autosomal dominant or recessive. Among the most common mutations observed in PD patients are in the genes LRRK2, SNCA, GBA1, PINK1, PRKN, and PARK7/DJ-1. In this review, we cover these PD-related mutations, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as a disease in a dish model, and genetic animal models to better understand the diversity in the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes seen in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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39
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Jaago M, Rähni A, Pupina N, Pihlak A, Sadam H, Tuvikene J, Avarlaid A, Planken A, Planken M, Haring L, Vasar E, Baćević M, Lambert F, Kalso E, Pussinen P, Tienari PJ, Vaheri A, Lindholm D, Timmusk T, Ghaemmaghami AM, Palm K. Differential patterns of cross-reactive antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detected for chronically ill and healthy COVID-19 naïve individuals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16817. [PMID: 36207326 PMCID: PMC9540097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to previously encountered viruses can alter response to unrelated pathogens. We reasoned that similar mechanism may also involve SARS-CoV-2 and thereby affect the specificity and the quality of the immune response against the virus. Here, we employed high-throughput next generation phage display method to explore the link between antibody immune response to previously encountered antigens and spike (S) glycoprotein. By profiling the antibody response in COVID-19 naïve individuals with a diverse clinical history (including cardiovascular, neurological, or oncological diseases), we identified 15 highly antigenic epitopes on spike protein that showed cross-reactivity with antigens of seasonal, persistent, latent or chronic infections from common human viruses. We observed varying degrees of cross-reactivity of different viral antigens with S in an epitope-specific manner. The data show that pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2 cross-reactive serum antibody is readily detectable in pre-pandemic cohort. In the severe COVID-19 cases, we found differential antibody response to the 15 defined antigenic and cross-reactive epitopes on spike. We also noted that despite the high mutation rates of Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants of SARS-CoV-2, some of the epitopes overlapped with the described mutations. Finally, we propose that the resolved epitopes on spike if targeted by re-called antibody response from SARS-CoV-2 infections or vaccinations can function in chronically ill COVID-19 naïve/unvaccinated individuals as immunogenic targets to boost antibodies augmenting the chronic conditions. Understanding the relationships between prior antigen exposure at the antibody epitope level and the immune response to subsequent infections with viruses from a different strain is paramount to guiding strategies to exit the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Jaago
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Annika Rähni
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | - Helle Sadam
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Tuvikene
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,DXLabs LLC, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Annela Avarlaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anu Planken
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margus Planken
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Center of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Miljana Baćević
- Dental Biomaterial Research Unit (d-BRU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - France Lambert
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eija Kalso
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Programme, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Immunology and Immuno-Bioengineering Group, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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40
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Peripheral Blood DNA Methylation Profiles Do Not Predict Endoscopic Post-Operative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810467. [PMID: 36142381 PMCID: PMC9503775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of endoscopic post-operative recurrence (POR) in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients following ileocolonic resection (ICR) using clinical risk factors alone has thus far been inadequate. While peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) DNA methylation has shown promise as a tool for predicting recurrence in cancer, no data in CD patients exists. Therefore, this study explored the association and predictive value of PBL DNA methylation in CD patients following ICR. From a cohort of 117 CD patients undergoing ICR, epigenome-wide PBL methylation profiles from 25 carefully selected patients presenting either clear endoscopic remission (n = 12) or severe recurrence (n = 13) were assessed using the Illumina MethylationEPIC (850K) array. No statistically significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) or regions (DMRs) associated with endoscopic POR were identified (FDR p ≤ 0.05), further evidenced by the low accuracy (0.625) following elastic net classification analysis. Nonetheless, interrogating the most significant differences in methylation suggested POR-associated hypermethylation in the MBNL1, RAB29 and LEPR genes, respectively, which are involved in intestinal fibrosis, inflammation and wound healing. Notably, we observed a higher estimated proportion of monocytes in endoscopic POR compared to remission. Altogether, we observed limited differences in the genome-wide DNA methylome among CD patients with and without endoscopic POR. We therefore conclude that PBL DNA methylation is not a feasible predictive tool in post-operative CD.
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41
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Moreira-Júnior RE, Souza RM, de Carvalho JG, Bergamini JP, Brunialti-Godard AL. Possible association between the lrrk2 gene and anxiety behavior: a systematic literature review. J Neurogenet 2022; 36:98-107. [PMID: 36415932 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2144293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to the LRRK2 gene have been associated with Parkinson's disease and alcohol consumption in animals and humans. Furthermore, these disorders are strongly related to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, we investigated how the LRRK2 gene might influence anxiety in humans and mice. We elaborated a systematic review based on the PRISMA Statement of studies that investigated levels of anxiety in animal or human models with alterations in the LRRK2 gene. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and in reference lists with descriptors related to ADs and the LRRK2. From the 62 articles assessed for eligibility, 16 were included: 11 conducted in humans and seven, in mice. Lrrk2 KO mice and the LRRK2 G2019S, LRRK2 R1441G, and LRRK2 R1441C variants were addressed. Five articles reported an increase in anxiety levels concerning the LRRK2 variants. Decreased anxiety levels were observed in two articles, one focusing on the LRRK2 G2019S and the other, on the Lrrk2 KO mice. Eight other articles reported no differences in anxiety levels in individuals with Lrrk2 alterations compared to their healthy controls. This study discusses a possible influence between the LRRK2 gene and anxiety, adding information to the existing knowledge respecting the influence of genetics on anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Moreira-Júnior
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R M Souza
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J G de Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J P Bergamini
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A L Brunialti-Godard
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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42
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Spriano F, Sartori G, Tarantelli C, Barreca M, Golino G, Rinaldi A, Napoli S, Mascia M, Scalise L, Arribas AJ, Cascione L, Zucca E, Stathis A, Gaudio E, Bertoni F. Pharmacologic screen identifies active combinations with BET inhibitors and LRRK2 as a novel putative target in lymphoma. EJHAEM 2022; 3:764-774. [PMID: 36051080 PMCID: PMC9422027 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Bromo‐ and Extra‐Terminal domain (BET) family proteins have strong preclinical antitumor activity in multiple tumor models, including lymphomas. Limited single‐agent activity has been reported in the clinical setting. Here, we have performed a pharmacological screening to identify compounds that can increase the antitumor activity of BET inhibitors in lymphomas. The germinal center B‐cell like diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines OCI‐LY‐19 and WSU‐DLCL2 were exposed to 348 compounds given as single agents at two different concentrations and in combination with the BET inhibitor birabresib. The combination partners included small molecules targeting important biologic pathways such as PI3K/AKT/MAPK signaling and apoptosis, approved anticancer agents, kinase inhibitors, epigenetic compounds. The screening identified a series of compounds leading to a stronger antiproliferative activity when given in combination than as single agents: the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors panobinostat and dacinostat, the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) inhibitor everolimus, the ABL/SRC (ABL proto‐oncogene/SRC proto oncogene) inhibitor dasatinib, the AKT1/2/3 inhibitor MK‐2206, the JAK2 inhibitor TG101209. The novel finding was the benefit given by the addition of the LRRK2 inhibitor LRRK2‐IN‐1, which was validated in vitro and in vivo. Genetic silencing demonstrated that LRRK2 sustains the proliferation of lymphoma cells, a finding paired with the association between high expression levels and inferior outcome in DLBCL patients. We identified combinations that can improve the response to BET inhibitors in lymphomas, and LRRK2 as a gene essential for lymphomas and as putative novel target for this type of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Giulio Sartori
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Marilia Barreca
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF) University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Gaetanina Golino
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Sara Napoli
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Michele Mascia
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Scalise
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Alberto J. Arribas
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
- Department of Oncology Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Anastasios Stathis
- Department of Oncology Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Bellinzona Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Lugano Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Bellinzona Switzerland
- Department of Oncology Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Bellinzona Switzerland
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43
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Sanchez-Mirasierra I, Ghimire S, Hernandez-Diaz S, Soukup SF. Targeting Macroautophagy as a Therapeutic Opportunity to Treat Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921314. [PMID: 35874822 PMCID: PMC9298504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, an evolutionary conserved catabolic process in the eukaryotic cell, regulates cellular homeostasis and plays a decisive role in self-engulfing proteins, protein aggregates, dysfunctional or damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. Growing evidence from in vivo and in vitro models shows that autophagy dysfunction plays decisive role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is an incurable and second most common neurodegenerative disease characterised by neurological and motor dysfunction accompanied of non-motor symptoms that can also reduce the life quality of patients. Despite the investment in research, the aetiology of the disease is still unknown and the therapies available are aimed mostly at ameliorating motor symptoms. Hence, therapeutics regulating the autophagy pathway might play an important role controlling the disease progression, reducing neuronal loss and even ameliorating non-motor symptoms. In this review, we highlight potential therapeutic opportunities involved in different targeting options like an initiation of autophagy, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibition, mitophagy, lysosomes, lipid metabolism, immune system, gene expression, biomarkers, and also non-pharmacological interventions. Thus, strategies to identify therapeutics targeting the pathways modulating autophagy might hold a future for therapy development against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Ghimire
- Universite Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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44
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Chen Y, Yin Q, Cheng XY, Zhang JR, Jin H, Li K, Mao CJ, Wang F, Bei HZ, Liu CF. G2019S LRRK2 Mutation Enhances MPP +-Induced Inflammation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Differentiated Dopaminergic Neurons. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947927. [PMID: 35873822 PMCID: PMC9298923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unprecedented opportunity to mimic human diseases of related cell types, but it is unclear whether they can successfully mimic age-related diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). We generated iPSCs lines from three patients with familial PD associated with the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene and one age-matched healthy individual (control). During long-term culture, dopaminergic (DA) neurons differentiated from iPSCs of G2019S LRRK2 PD patients exhibited morphological changes, including a reduced number of neurites and neurite arborization, which were not evident in DA neurons differentiated from control iPSCs. To mimic PD pathology in vitro, we used 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium (MPP+) to damage DA neurons and found that DA neurons differentiated from patients with G2019S LRRK2 mutation significantly reduced the survival rate and increased apoptosis compared with the controls. We also found that the mRNA level of inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-6, and inducible NO synthase] with G2019S LRRK2 mutation were higher than control group after exposure to MPP+. Our study provides an in vitro model based on iPSCs that captures the patients’ genetic complexity and investigates the pathogenesis of familial PD cases in a disease-associated cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Yin
- Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Bei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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45
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Huang D, Zhang M, Tan Z. Bone Marrow Stem Cell-Exo-Derived TSG-6 Attenuates 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium+-Induced Neurotoxicity via the STAT3/miR-7/NEDD4/LRRK2 Axis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:621-634. [PMID: 35773961 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome (BMSCs-Exo)-derived TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress-related properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) patients. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, we analyzed the effects of BMSCs-Exo-derived TSG-6 on in vitro models of PD induced with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). TSG-6 was abundant in BMSCs-Exo and it attenuated MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, BMSCs-Exo reversed the MPP+-induced toxicity accelerated by neural precursor cells expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) knockdown or miR-7 mimics. Further analysis indicated that NEDD4 combined with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) to accelerate ubiquitin degradation of LRRK2. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) bound to the miR-7 promoter and miR-7 targeted NEDD4. These data indicate that BMSCs-Exo-derived TSG-6 attenuated neurotoxicity via the STAT3-miR-7-NEDD4 axis. Our results define the specific mechanisms for BMSCs-Exo-derived TSG-6 regulation of MPP+-induced neurotoxicity that are relevant to understanding PD pathogenesis and developing therapies for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Huang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Tan
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Wallings RL, Hughes LP, Staley HA, Simon ZD, McFarland NR, Alcalay RN, Garrido A, Martí MJ, Sarró ET, Dzamko N, Tansey MG. WHOPPA Enables Parallel Assessment of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 and Glucocerebrosidase Enzymatic Activity in Parkinson's Disease Monocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:892899. [PMID: 35755775 PMCID: PMC9229349 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.892899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GCase) are promising targets for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Evidence suggests that both proteins are involved in biological pathways involving the lysosome. However, studies to date have largely investigated the enzymes in isolation and any relationship between LRRK2 and GCase remains unclear. Both enzymes are highly expressed in peripheral blood monocytes and have been implicated in immune function and inflammation. To facilitate the standardized measurement of these readouts in large cohorts of samples collected from persons with PD across the globe, we developed and optimized a sample collection and processing protocol with parallel flow cytometry assays. Assay parameters were first optimized using healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and then LRRK2 and GCase activities were measured in immune cells from persons with idiopathic PD (iPD). We tested the ability of this protocol to deliver similar results across institutes across the globe, and named this protocol the Wallings-Hughes Optimized Protocol for PBMC Assessment (WHOPPA). In the application of this protocol, we found increased LRRK2 levels and stimulation-dependent enzymatic activity, and decreased GBA index in classical iPD monocytes, as well as increased cytokine release in PD PBMCs. WHOPPA also demonstrated a strong positive correlation between LRRK2 levels, pRab10 and HLA-DR in classical monocytes from subjects with iPD. These data support a role for the global use of WHOPPA and expression levels of these two PD-associated proteins in immune responses, and provide a robust assay to determine if LRRK2 and GCase activities in monocytes have potential utility as reliable and reproducible biomarkers of disease in larger cohorts of subjects with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Laura P Hughes
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah A Staley
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zachary D Simon
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nikolaus R McFarland
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alicia Garrido
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Martí
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Kluss JH, Lewis PA, Greggio E. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2): an update on the potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:537-546. [PMID: 35642531 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2082937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AREAS COVERED In this review, we will provide an update on the current status of drugs and other technologies that have emerged in recent years and provide an overview of their efficacy in ameliorating LRRK2 kinase activity and overall safety in animal models and humans. EXPERT OPINION The growth of both target discovery and innovative drug design has sparked a lot of excitement for the future of how we treat Parkinson's disease. Given the immense focus on LRRK2 as a therapeutic target, it is expected within the next decade to determine its therapeutic properties, or lack thereof, for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Kluss
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.,Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Russo I, Bubacco L, Greggio E. LRRK2 as a target for modulating immune system responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Maternal Herpesviridae infection during pregnancy alters midbrain dopaminergic signatures in adult offspring. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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LRRK2 Inhibition Mitigates the Neuroinflammation Caused by TLR2-Specific α-Synuclein and Alleviates Neuroinflammation-Derived Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050861. [PMID: 35269482 PMCID: PMC8909553 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that crosstalk occurs between microglial leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-a regulator of neuroinflammation-and neuron-released α-synuclein (αSyn)-a promoter of microglial activation and neuroinflammatory responses-in neuroinflammation-mediated Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. Therefore, we examined whether LRRK2 inhibition reduces the responses of microglia to neuroinflammation caused by neuron-released αSyn. We examined the neuroinflammatory responses provoked by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-positive αSyn of neuronal cells using an LRRK2 inhibitor in the mouse glioma cells, rat primary microglia, and human microglia cell line; and the effects of LRRK2 inhibitor in the co-culture of ectopic αSyn-expressing human neuroblastoma cells and human microglia cells and in mouse models by injecting αSyn. We analyzed the association between LRRK2 activity and αSyn oligomer and TLR2 levels in the substantia nigra tissues of human patients with idiopathic PD (iPD). The TLR2-specific αSyn elevated LRRK2 activity and neuroinflammation, and the LRRK2 inhibitor ameliorated neuroinflammatory responses in various microglia cells, alleviated neuronal degeneration along with neuroinflammation in the co-culture, and blocked the further progression of locomotor failure and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration caused by TLR2-specific αSyn in mice. Furthermore, LRRK2 phosphorylation was increased in patients with iPD showing αSyn-specific high TLR2 level. These results suggest the application of LRRK2 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach against αSyn-mediated PD progression.
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