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Riggs KC, Sankar U. Inflammatory mechanisms in post-traumatic osteoarthritis: a role for CaMKK2. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00031. [PMID: 37849987 PMCID: PMC10578519 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a multifactorial disease of the cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone resulting from direct joint trauma and altered joint mechanics after traumatic injury. There are no current disease-modifying therapies for PTOA, and early surgical interventions focused on stabilizing the joint do not halt disease progression. Chronic pain and functional disability negatively affect the quality of life and take an economic toll on affected patients. While multiple mechanisms are at play in disease progression, joint inflammation is a key contributor. Impact-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death or altered joint mechanics after trauma culminate in inflammatory cytokine release from synoviocytes and chondrocytes, cartilage catabolism, suppression of cartilage anabolism, synovitis, and subchondral bone disease, highlighting the complexity of the disease. Current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease pathology has allowed for the investigation of a variety of therapeutic strategies that target unique apoptotic and/or inflammatory processes in the joint. This review provides a concise overview of the inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms underlying PTOA pathogenesis and identifies potential therapeutic targets to mitigate disease progression. We highlight Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2), a serine/threonine protein kinase that was recently identified to play a role in murine and human osteoarthritis pathogenesis by coordinating chondrocyte inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Given its additional effects in regulating macrophage inflammatory signaling and bone remodeling, CaMKK2 emerges as a promising disease-modifying therapeutic target against PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan C. Riggs
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Uma Sankar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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2
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Dilley JE, Seetharam A, Ding X, Bello MA, Shutter J, Burr DB, Natoli RM, McKinley TO, Sankar U. CAMKK2 is upregulated in primary human osteoarthritis and its inhibition protects against chondrocyte apoptosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:908-918. [PMID: 36858195 PMCID: PMC10272098 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) in human osteoarthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paired osteochondral plugs and articular chondrocytes were isolated from the relatively healthier (intact) and damaged portions of human femoral heads collected from patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis (OA). Cartilage from femoral plugs were either flash frozen for gene expression analysis or histology and immunohistochemistry. Chondrocyte apoptosis in the presence or absence of CAMKK2 inhibition was measured using flow cytometry. CAMKK2 overexpression and knockdown in articular chondrocytes were achieved via Lentivirus- and siRNA-mediated approaches respectively, and their effect on pro-apoptotic and cartilage catabolic mechanisms was assessed by immunoblotting. RESULTS CAMKK2 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in articular chondrocytes from human OA cartilage compared to paired healthier intact samples. This increase was associated with elevated catabolic marker matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and diminished anabolic markers aggrecan (ACAN) and type II collagen (COL2A1) levels. OA chondrocytes displayed enhanced apoptosis, which was suppressed following pharmacological inhibition of CAMKK2. Levels of MMP13, pSTAT3, and the pro-apoptotic marker BAX became elevated when CAMKK2, but not its kinase-defective mutant was overexpressed, whereas knockdown of the kinase decreased the levels of these proteins. CONCLUSIONS CAMKK2 is upregulated in human OA cartilage and is associated with elevated levels of pro-apoptotic and catabolic proteins. Inhibition or knockdown of CAMKK2 led to decreased chondrocyte apoptosis and catabolic protein levels, whereas its overexpression elevated them. CAMKK2 may be a therapeutic target to prevent or mitigate human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dilley
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - A Seetharam
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - X Ding
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - M A Bello
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - J Shutter
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - D B Burr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - R M Natoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - T O McKinley
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - U Sankar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Shentu CY, Yan G, Xu DC, Chen Y, Peng LH. Emerging pharmaceutical therapeutics and delivery technologies for osteoarthritis therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:945876. [PMID: 36467045 PMCID: PMC9712996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.945876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint degenerative diseases in the world. At present, the management of OA depends on the lifestyle modification and joint replacement surgery, with the lifespan of prosthesis quite limited yet. Effective drug treatment of OA is essential. However, the current drugs, such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen, as well as glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, are accompanied by obvious side effects, with the therapeutic efficacy to be enhanced. Recently, novel reagents such as IL-1 antagonists and nerve growth factor inhibitors have entered clinical trials. Moreover, increasing evidence demonstrated that active ingredients of natural plants have great potential for treating OA. Meanwhile, the use of novel drug delivery strategies may overcome the shortcomings of conventional preparations and enhance the bioavailability of drugs, as well as decrease the side effects significantly. This review therefore summarizes the pathological mechanisms, management strategies, and research progress in the drug molecules including the newly identified active ingredient derived from medicinal plants for OA therapy, with the drug delivery technologies also summarized, with the expectation to provide the summary and outlook for developing the next generation of drugs and preparations for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Shentu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ge Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Chen Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Valli A, Kuuliala K, Virtanen A, Kuuliala A, Palmroth M, Peltomaa R, Vidqvist KL, Leirisalo-Repo M, Silvennoinen O, Isomäki P. Tofacitinib treatment modulates the levels of several inflammation-related plasma proteins in rheumatoid arthritis and baseline levels of soluble biomarkers associate with the treatment response. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:141-150. [PMID: 36124688 PMCID: PMC9750823 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The data on the effects of tofacitinib on soluble proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is currently very limited. We analyzed how tofacitinib treatment and thus inhibition of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activation of transcription pathway affects the in vivo levels of inflammation-related plasma proteins in RA patients. In this study, 16 patients with active RA [28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) >3.2] despite treatment with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) started tofacitinib treatment 5 mg twice daily. Levels of 92 inflammation-related plasma proteins were determined by proximity extension assay at baseline and at 3 months. Tofacitinib treatment for 3 months, in csDMARD background, decreased the mean DAS28 from 4.4 to 2.6 (P < 0.001). Marked (>20%) and statistically significant (P < 0.05) changes were found in the levels of 21 proteins, 18 of which decreased and 3 increased. Of these proteins, 17 are directly involved in inflammatory responses or in the cellular response to cytokines. The highest (>50%) decrease was observed for interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and AXIN1. Higher baseline levels of IL-6 and lower levels of C-C motif chemokine 11 and Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptors were associated with DAS28 improvement. Our results indicate that tofacitinib downregulates several proinflammatory plasma proteins that may contribute to the clinical efficacy of tofacitinib. In addition, soluble biomarkers may predict the treatment response to tofacitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atte Valli
- Molecular Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Krista Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Virtanen
- Molecular Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maaria Palmroth
- Molecular Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ritva Peltomaa
- Inflammation Center, Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marjatta Leirisalo-Repo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Inflammation Center, Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Molecular Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Tampere, Finland,Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Isomäki
- Correspondence: Pia Isomäki, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box, 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland.
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Identification of JUN as determinant of osteoarthritis and its inhibition by the Chinese herbal formulae Zhuanggu Huoxue Tang. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhou Q, Ren Q, Jiao L, Huang J, Yi J, Chen J, Lai J, Ji G, Zheng T. The potential roles of JAK/STAT signaling in the progression of osteoarthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1069057. [PMID: 36506076 PMCID: PMC9729341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1069057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related chronic progressive degenerative disease that induces persistent pain and disabilities. The development of OA is a complex process, and the risk factors are various, including aging, genetics, trauma and altered biomechanics. Inflammation and immunity play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA. JAK/STAT pathway is one of the most prominent intracellular signaling pathways, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Inflammatory factors can act as the initiators of JAK/STAT pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiological activity of chondrocyte. In this article, we provide a review on the importance of JAK/STAT pathway in the pathological development of OA. Potentially, JAK/STAT pathway becomes a therapeutic target for managing OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingluo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qun Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Linhui Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jishang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jincai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jinliang Lai
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guanglin Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanglin Ji, ; Tiansheng Zheng,
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanglin Ji, ; Tiansheng Zheng,
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7
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Tissue Engineering of Cartilage Using a Random Positioning Machine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249596. [PMID: 33339388 PMCID: PMC7765923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a skeletal tissue of avascular nature and limited self-repair capacity. Cartilage-degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), are difficult to treat and often necessitate joint replacement surgery. Cartilage is a tough but flexible material and relatively easy to damage. It is, therefore, of high interest to develop methods allowing chondrocytes to recolonize, to rebuild the cartilage and to restore joint functionality. Here we studied the in vitro production of cartilage-like tissue using human articular chondrocytes exposed to the Random Positioning Machine (RPM), a device to simulate certain aspects of microgravity on Earth. To screen early adoption reactions of chondrocytes exposed to the RPM, we performed quantitative real-time PCR analyses after 24 h on chondrocytes cultured in DMEM/F-12. A significant up-regulation in the gene expression of IL6, RUNX2, RUNX3, SPP1, SOX6, SOX9, and MMP13 was detected, while the levels of IL8, ACAN, PRG4, ITGB1, TGFB1, COL1A1, COL2A1, COL10A1, SOD3, SOX5, MMP1, and MMP2 mRNAs remained unchanged. The STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) analysis demonstrated among others the importance of these differentially regulated genes for cartilage formation. Chondrocytes grown in DMEM/F-12 medium produced three-dimensional (3D) spheroids after five days without the addition of scaffolds. On day 28, the produced tissue constructs reached up to 2 mm in diameter. Using specific chondrocyte growth medium, similar results were achieved within 14 days. Spheroids from both types of culture media showed the typical cartilage morphology with aggrecan positivity. Intermediate filaments form clusters under RPM conditions as detected by vimentin staining after 7 d and 14 d. Larger meshes appear in the network in 28-day samples. Furthermore, they were able to form a confluent chondrocyte monolayer after being transferred back into cell culture flasks in 1 g conditions showing their suitability for transplantation into joints. Our results demonstrate that the cultivation medium has a direct influence on the velocity of tissue formation and tissue composition. The spheroids show properties that make them interesting candidates for cellular cartilage regeneration approaches in trauma and OA therapy.
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Mahmud-Al-Rafat A, Muzammal Haque Asim M, Taylor-Robinson AW, Majumder A, Muktadir A, Muktadir H, Karim M, Khan I, Mainul Ahasan M, Morsaline Billah M. A combinational approach to restore cytokine balance and to inhibit virus growth may promote patient recovery in severe COVID-19 cases. Cytokine 2020; 136:155228. [PMID: 32822911 PMCID: PMC7428755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to twin public health and economic crises around the world. Not only has it cost hundreds of thousands of lives but also severely impacted livelihoods and placed enormous strain on community healthcare and welfare services. In this review, we explore the events associated with SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and host immunopathological reactivity due to the clinical manifestations of this coronavirus infection. We discuss that the metallopeptidase enzyme ADAM17, also known as tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme, TACE, is responsible for shedding of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-6 receptor. This leads to elevated pro-inflammatory responses that result in cytokine storm syndrome. We argue that cytokine balance may be restored by recovering an IL-6 trans-signaling neutralizing buffer system through the mediation of recombinant soluble glycoprotein 130 and recombinant ADAM17/TACE prodomain inhibitor. This cytokine restoration, possibly combined with inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry as well as replication and coagulopathy, could be introduced as a novel approach to treat patients with severe COVID-19. In cases of co-morbidity, therapies related to the management of associated disease conditions could ameliorate those clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Muzammal Haque Asim
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew W Taylor-Robinson
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Apurba Majumder
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Abdul Muktadir
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Hasneen Muktadir
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Karim
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Imran Khan
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mainul Ahasan
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Morsaline Billah
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
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Role of Signal Transduction Pathways and Transcription Factors in Cartilage and Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041340. [PMID: 32079226 PMCID: PMC7072930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are common cartilage and joint diseases that globally affect more than 200 million and 20 million people, respectively. Several transcription factors have been implicated in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis, including Runx2, C/EBPβ, HIF2α, Sox4, and Sox11. Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) leads to osteoarthritis through NF-ĸB, IκBζ, and the Zn2+-ZIP8-MTF1 axis. IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) play a major pathological role in rheumatoid arthritis through NF-ĸB and JAK/STAT pathways. Indeed, inhibitory reagents for IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα provide clinical benefits for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Several growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and Indian hedgehog, play roles in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Disruption and excess of these signaling pathways cause genetic disorders in cartilage and skeletal tissues. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, an autosomal genetic disorder characterized by ectopic ossification, is induced by mutant ACVR1. Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) inhibitors can prevent ectopic ossification induced by ACVR1 mutations. C-type natriuretic peptide is currently the most promising therapy for achondroplasia and related autosomal genetic diseases that manifest severe dwarfism. In these ways, investigation of cartilage and chondrocyte diseases at molecular and cellular levels has enlightened the development of effective therapies. Thus, identification of signaling pathways and transcription factors implicated in these diseases is important.
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Sun C, Yang J, Cheng HB, Shen WX, Jiang ZQ, Wu MJ, Li L, Li WT, Chen TT, Rao XW, Zhou JR, Wu MH. 2-Hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone inhibits lung carcinoma cells through modulation of IL-6-induced JAK2/STAT3 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 61:152848. [PMID: 31035048 PMCID: PMC9618327 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (HMA), an anthraquinone monomer in traditional Chinese medicine Hedyotis diffusa, has been reported to inhibit the growth of several types of cancer, but its effect on lung cancer has not been adequately investigated. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that HMA inhibit the growth, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells in part via downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6-induced JAK2/STAT3 pathway. METHODS Growth and apoptosis of lung cancer cells were quantitated by CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Migration and invasion of A549 cells were determined by wound-healing assay and transwell invasion assay, respectively. The effect of HMA on cytokines expression in A549 cells was evaluated by the cytokine antibody array assay. Gene expression and protein levels of related molecular markers were quantitated by real time-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS HMA significantly inhibited IL-6-stimulated growth and colony formation of A549 cells, increased the number of apoptotic cells, and inhibited invasion associated with downregulation of expression of IL-6-induced MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 genes. IL-6 increased the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in A549 cells, which was reversed by HMA treatment. In addition, HMA reduced the expression of a series of inflammation-related cytokines in A549 cells supernatant, including IL-6, G-CSF, IL-6R, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, TNF-α. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HMA may inhibit the growth and invasion of lung cancer cells in part via downregulation of IL-6-induced JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Institute of Oncology, the First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Institute of Oncology, the First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hai-Bo Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei-Xing Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Ze-Qun Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Institute of Oncology, the First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Ming-Jie Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Institute of Oncology, the First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wen-Ting Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Institute of Oncology, the First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xi-Wu Rao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Mian-Hua Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Institute of Oncology, the First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Stoker AM, Caldwell KM, Stannard JP, Cook JL. Metabolic responses of osteochondral allografts to re-warming. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1530-1536. [PMID: 30912859 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Symptomatic chondral and osteochondral defects affect a large and growing number of patients. A safe and effective surgical treatment for large articular defects is osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation. One of the major causes of failure for OCA transplantation is loss of essential chondrocyte viability during the preservation and storage period. It is also possible that metabolic responses of the OCA when transitioning from storage temperature to body temperature may contribute to mechanisms causing failure. The present study was designed to compare MOPSSM -preserved OCAs to those stored using the current standard of care (SOC) method with respect to metabolic responses when rewarmed for transplantation to and maintenance at body temperature (37°C). It was theorized that grafts stored using the MOPSSM protocol would maintain significantly higher chondrocyte viability and produce significantly lower levels of inflammatory mediators and degradative enzymes, and significantly higher levels of chemokines compared to grafts stored using the SOC protocol. Left over SOC and MOPSSM -stored OCA tissues were collected after surgery, and cartilage explants were cultured for 6 days. Media was analyzed for biomarkers using commercially available assays. Cartilage from SOC grafts released significantly higher levels of PGE2, MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-13, and significantly lower levels of IL-8 and Gro-α, compared to cartilage from MOPSSM -stored grafts. Clinical significance: These data suggest that OCAs stored using the MOPSSM protocol have potentially less detrimental initial inflammatory and degradative responses to re-warming for transplantation compared to OCAs stored using the current tissue bank protocols. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1530-1536, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Stoker
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Ave., DC953.00, Columbia, 65212, Missouri
| | | | - James P Stannard
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Ave., DC953.00, Columbia, 65212, Missouri
| | - James L Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Ave., DC953.00, Columbia, 65212, Missouri
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12
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Ye F, Xu H, Yin H, Zhao X, Li D, Zhu Q, Wang Y. The role of BMP6 in the proliferation and differentiation of chicken cartilage cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204384. [PMID: 31260450 PMCID: PMC6602178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 6 may play an important role in skeletal system development and progression. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of BMP6 in cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation remains unknown. In this study, cartilage cells were isolated from shanks of chicken embryos and treated with different concentrations of Growth Hormone. Cell proliferation potential was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting and CCK-8 assays in vitro. The results showed that at 48 h, the Collagen II and BMP6 expression levels in 50 ng/μl GH-treated cartilage cells were significantly higher than in groups treated with 100 ng/μl or 200 ng/μl GH. We further observed that knockdown of BMP6 in cartilage cells led to significantly decreased expression mRNAs and proteins of Collagen II and Collagen X. Moreover, the suppression of BMP6 expression by a specific siRNA led to significantly decreased expression mRNA levels of IGF1R, JAK2, PKC, PTH, IHH and PTHrP and decreased protein levels of PKC, IHH and PTHrP. Taken together, our data suggest that BMP6 may play a critical role in chicken cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation through the regulation of IGF1, JAK2, PKC, PTH, and IHH-PTHrP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Malemud CJ. Inhibition of MMPs and ADAM/ADAMTS. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:33-40. [PMID: 30826330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motif (ADAMTS) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that play a critical role in the destruction of extracellular matrix proteins and, the shedding of membrane-bound receptor molecules in various forms of arthritis and other diseases. Under normal conditions, MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS gene expression aids in the maintenance of homeostasis. However, in inflamed synovial joints characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS production is greatly increased under the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Analyses based on medicinal chemistry strategies designed to directly inhibit the activity of MMPs have been largely unsuccessful when these MMP inhibitors were employed in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This is despite the fact that these MMP inhibitors were largely able to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced MMP production in vitro. A focus on ADAM and ADAMTS inhibitors has also been pursued. Thus, recent progress has identified the "sheddase" activity of ADAMs as a viable target and the development of GW280264X is an experimental ADAM17 inhibitor. Of note, a monoclonal antibody, GLPG1972, developed as an ADAMTS-5 inhibitor, entered a Phase I OA clinical trial. However, the failure of many of these previously developed inhibitors to move beyond the preclinical testing phase has required that novel strategies be developed that are designed to suppress both MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS production and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Foley Medical Building, 2061 Cornell Road, Room 207, Cleveland, OH 44106-5076, United States.
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14
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Zinter MS, Delucchi KL, Kong MY, Orwoll BE, Spicer AS, Lim MJ, Alkhouli MF, Ratiu AE, McKenzie AV, McQuillen PS, Dvorak CC, Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Sapru A. Early Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase Profiles. A Novel Pathway in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:181-189. [PMID: 30114376 PMCID: PMC6353006 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201804-0678oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinases) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors may contribute to lung injury through extracellular matrix degradation and modulation of inflammation and fibrosis. OBJECTIVES To test for an association between MMP pathway proteins and inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and clinical outcomes. METHODS We measured MMPs in plasma collected on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Day 1 from 235 children at five hospitals between 2008 and 2017. We used latent class analysis to identify patients with distinct MMP profiles and then associated those profiles with markers of inflammation (IL-1RA, -6, -8, -10, and -18; macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and -1β; tumor necrosis factor-α and -R2), endothelial injury (angiopoietin-2, von Willebrand factor, soluble thrombomodulin), impaired oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2 [P/F] ratio, oxygenation index), morbidity, and mortality. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In geographically distinct derivation and validation cohorts, approximately one-third of patients demonstrated an MMP profile characterized by elevated MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, and -8 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2; and depressed active and total MMP-9. This MMP profile was associated with multiple markers of inflammation, endothelial injury, and impaired oxygenation on Day 1 of ARDS, and conferred fourfold increased odds of mortality or severe morbidity independent of the P/F ratio and other confounders (95% confidence interval, 2.1-7.6; P < 0.001). Logistic regression using both the P/F ratio and MMP profiles was superior to the P/F ratio alone in prognosticating mortality or severe morbidity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.68-0.82 vs. area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.73; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients with ARDS have specific plasma MMP profiles associated with inflammation, endothelial injury, morbidity, and mortality. MMPs may play a role in the pathobiology of children with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Y. Kong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | | | | | - Michelle J. Lim
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Anna E. Ratiu
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Christopher C. Dvorak
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Department of Anesthesia and
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Anesthesia and
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Anil Sapru
- Division of Critical Care and
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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15
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Brown JL, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lee DE, Brown LA, Perry RA, Shimkus KL, Blackwell TA, Fluckey JD, Carson JA, Dridi S, Washington TA, Greene NP. PGC-1α4 gene expression is suppressed by the IL-6-MEK-ERK 1/2 MAPK signalling axis and altered by resistance exercise, obesity and muscle injury. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:275-288. [PMID: 27809412 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM PGC-1α4 is a novel regulator of muscle hypertrophy; however, there is limited understanding of the regulation of its expression and role in many (patho)physiological conditions. Therefore, our purpose was to elicit signalling mechanisms regulating gene expression of Pgc1α4 and examine its response to (patho)physiological stimuli associated with altered muscle mass. METHODS IL-6 knockout mice and pharmacological experiments in C2C12 myocytes were used to identify regulation of Pgc1α4 transcription. To examine Pgc1α4 gene expression in (patho)physiological conditions, obese and lean Zucker rats with/without resistance exercise (RE), ageing mice and muscle regeneration from injury were examined. RESULTS In IL-6 knockout mice, Pgc1α4mRNA was ~sevenfold greater than wild type. In C2C12 cells, Pgc1α4mRNA was suppressed ~70% by IL-6. Suppression of Pgc1α4 by IL-6 was prevented by MEK-ERK-MAPK inhibition. RE led to ~260% greater Pgc1α4mRNA content in lean rats. However, obese Zucker rats exhibited ~270% greater Pgc1α4mRNA than lean, sedentary with no further augmentation by RE. No difference was seen in IL-6mRNA or ERK-MAPK phosphorylation in Zucker rats. Aged mice demonstrated ~50% lower Pgc1α4mRNA and ~fivefold greater ERK-MAPK phosphorylation than young despite unchanged Il-6mRNA. During muscle regeneration, Pgc1α4 content is ~30% and IL-6mRNA >threefold of uninjured controls 3 days following injury; at 5 days, Pgc1α4 was >twofold greater in injured mice with no difference in IL-6mRNA. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a novel mechanism suppressing Pgc1α4 gene expression via IL-6-ERK-MAPK and suggest this signalling axis may inhibit Pgc1α4 in some, but not all, (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Brown
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - M. E. Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - D. E. Lee
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - L. A. Brown
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - R. A. Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - K. L. Shimkus
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health & Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - T. A. Blackwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - J. D. Fluckey
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health & Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - J. A. Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - S. Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - T. A. Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - N. P. Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
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16
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of several pro-inflammatory cytokines present at elevated levels in the synovial fluid of individuals with confirmed clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). The mechanism of action of IL-6 was shown to involve its capacity to interact with a membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (mIL-6Rα), also known as the "classical" IL-6 pathway, or through its interaction with a soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) termed the "trans-signaling" pathway. Activation of downstream signaling is transduced via these IL-6 receptors and principally involves the Janus Kinase/Signal Transduction and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway that is further regulated by glycoprotein-130 (gp130) interacting with the IL-6/mIL-6R complex. Phosphorylation of STAT proteins via JAK activation facilitates STAT proteins to act as transcription factors in inflammation. However, the biological function(s) of the sIL-6R in human chondrocytes requires further elucidation, although we previously showed that exogenous sIL-6R significantly suppressed the synthesis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the immortalized line of human chondrocytes, C28/I2. NGAL was shown to regulate the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), whose activity is crucial in OA for the destruction of articular cartilage. The "shedding" of sIL-6R from the plasma membrane is carried out by a family of enzymes known as A Distintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM), which are also elevated in OA. In this paper, we have systematically reviewed the role played by IL-6 in OA. We have proposed that sIL-6R may be an important target for future drug development in OA by ameliorating cartilage extracellular protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Akeson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charles J. Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Foley Medical Building, 2061 Cornell Road, Room 207, Cleveland, OH 44106-5076, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(216)-844-7846 or +1-(216)-536-1945; Fax: +1-(216)-844-2288
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17
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Infrapatellar fat pad aggravates degeneration of acute traumatized cartilage: a possible role for interleukin-6. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:138-145. [PMID: 27616684 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP), which is located underneath the patella, close to cartilage surfaces, functions in distributing mechanical load and has been shown to produce cytokines. This study aims to assess the involvement of the IPFP in the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) through investigating the crosstalk between the IPFP and injured cartilage in vitro. METHODS A single blunt impact (36 MPa) on healthy bovine articular cartilage explants was used to generate traumatized cartilage. Conditioned media from IPFP and traumatized cartilage (FP-CM and TC-CM) were prepared separately. After culturing in FP-CM, the posttraumatic cartilage explants were analyzed for expression of cartilage degeneration associated genes and secretion of the interleukin (IL)-6, into the culture medium. The effect of traumatized cartilage on IPFP was studied by treating IPFP-derived adipocytes and IPFP adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSC) with TC-CM followed by analysis of cytokine expression. RESULTS FP-CM aggravated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release in traumatized cartilage, but did not significantly affect healthy cartilage. FP-CM raised gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and IL-6 in traumatized cartilage explants, and lowered expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, 2, 3, compared to non-conditioned medium. Of particular significance is that medium IL-6 levels increased substantially in both FP-CM and FP-CM treated traumatized cartilage cultures. Extrinsic IL-6 treatment of traumatized cartilage simulated part of the effects of FP-CM. TC-CM elevated levels of IL-6 expression in IPFP derived adipocytes and ADSCs. CONCLUSIONS IPFP aggravates post-traumatized cartilage degeneration, and IL-6 is a candidate tissue degeneration mediator.
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Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Guidelli GM, Selvi E, Acampa M, Laghi-Pasini F. Spotlight on sirukumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: the evidence to date. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3083-3098. [PMID: 27713619 PMCID: PMC5044992 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s99898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease primarily affecting synovial joints and is characterized by persistent high-grade systemic inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6), are of crucial importance in the pathogenesis of the disease, driving both joint inflammation and extra-articular comorbidities. Tocilizumab, a humanized IL-6 receptor-inhibiting monoclonal antibody, has been the first, and, to date, the only, IL-6 inhibitor approved for the treatment of RA. Many studies have demonstrated the potency and effectiveness of tocilizumab in controlling disease activity and radiological progression of RA. These successful results have encouraged the development of novel IL-6 inhibitors, among which a promising agent is sirukumab (SRK), a human anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody currently under evaluation in Phase II/III studies in patients with RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, giant-cell arteritis, and major depressive disorder. The evidence to date indicates SRK as an effective and well-tolerated new therapeutic tool for patients with active RA, with some preliminary data suggesting a specific beneficial impact on relevant systemic complications associated with the disease, such as depression and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, although pathophysiological considerations make plausible the hypothesis that IL-6 blockade with SRK may also be beneficial in the treatment of many diseases other than RA (either autoimmune or not), available clinical data in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus do not seem to support this view, also giving rise to potentially relevant concerns about drug safety. If large Phase III clinical trials currently in progress in patients with RA confirm the efficacy and tolerability of SRK, then in the long term, this drug could, in the near future, occupy a place in the treatment of the disease, potentially also opening the doors to a more extended use of SRK in a wide range of disorders in which IL-6 plays a key pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico Selvi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena
| | | | - Franco Laghi-Pasini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena
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19
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Apple ethanol extract promotes proliferation of human adult stem cells, which involves the regenerative potential of stem cells. Nutr Res 2016; 36:925-936. [PMID: 27632912 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration using adult stem cells (ASCs) has significant potential as a novel treatment for many degenerative diseases. Previous studies have established that age negatively affects the proliferation status and differentiation potential of ASCs, suggesting a possible limitation in their potential therapeutic use. Therefore, we hypothesized that apple extract might exert beneficial effects on ASCs. The specific objectives were to investigate the proliferative effect of apple ethanol extract on human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CB-MSCs), and identify the possible molecular mechanisms. Apple extract promoted proliferation of ADSCs and CB-MSCs as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and Click-iT 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine flow cytometry assays. In addition, phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK (ERK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP), eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4B and eIF4E was induced stepwise in ADSCs. Furthermore, apple extract significantly induced the production of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in both ADSCs and CB-MSCs. Similarly, apple extract-induced phosphorylation of the mTOR/p70S6K/S6RP/eIF4B/eIF4E pathway was blocked by pretreatment with PD98059, a specific ERK inhibitor. These results indicate that apple extract-induced proliferation of ADSCs under serum-free conditions is mediated by ERK-dependent cytokine production. Moreover, the beneficial effect of apple extract on proliferation of ASCs may overcome the limitation in therapeutic use of stem cells in tissue regeneration and maintenance of stem cell homeostasis.
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20
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Yang C, Cao P, Gao Y, Wu M, Lin Y, Tian Y, Yuan W. Differential expression of p38 MAPK α, β, γ, δ isoforms in nucleus pulposus modulates macrophage polarization in intervertebral disc degeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22182. [PMID: 26911458 PMCID: PMC4766431 DOI: 10.1038/srep22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
P38MAPK mediates cytokine induced inflammation in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and involves in multiple cellular processes which are related to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression, activation and function of p38 MAPK isoforms (α,β, γ and δ) in degenerative NP and the effect of p38 activation in NP cells on macrophage polarization. P38 α, β and δ isoforms are preferential expressed, whereas the p38γ isoform is absent in human NP tissue. LV-sh-p38α, sh-p38β transfection in NP cells significantly decreased the ADAMTS-4,-5, MMP-13,CCL3 expression and restored collagen-II and aggrecan expression upon IL-1β stimulation. As compared with p38α and p38β, p38δ exhibited an opposite effect on ADAMTS-4,-5, MMP-13 and aggrecan expression in NP cells. Furthermore, the production of GM-CSF and IFNγ which were trigged by p38α or p38β in NP cells induced macrophage polarization into M1 phenotype. Our finding indicates that p38 MAPK α, β and δ isoform are predominantly expressed and activated in IDD. P38 positive NP cells modulate macrophage polarization through the production of GM-CSF and IFNγ. Hence, Our study suggests that selectively targeting p38 isoforms could ameliorate the inflammation in IDD and regard IDD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Kidney Institute, Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology &Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
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21
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Zhou R, Wu X, Wang Z, Ge J, Chen F. Interleukin-6 enhances acid-induced apoptosis via upregulating acid-sensing ion channel 1a expression and function in rat articular chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:748-760. [PMID: 26359543 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a causative agent of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease complicated with degenerative arthritic cartilage. However, the precise mechanism of IL-6 on chondrocyte apoptosis is largely unclear. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), a family of extracellular H(+)-activated cation channels, can be transiently activated by extracellular acid and play a pivotal role in acid-induced cell injury. In the present study, to investigate the role of IL-6 in regulating acid-induced articular chondrocyte apoptosis, primary rat articular chondrocytes were subjected to different treatments with or without IL-6 in the presence of acid. The results showed that the mRNA and protein expressions of ASIC1a were significantly increased in articular cartilage and chondrocytes of adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats. IL-6 could dramatically upregulate the level of ASIC1a in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and induce the activation of JAK2, STAT3, ERK, JNK and NF-κB in articular chondrocytes. Moreover, both the respective inhibitors of these signaling pathways and the specific antibody against IL-6 receptor (tocilizumab) could partially abrogate the ASIC1a upregulation induced by IL-6. Furthermore, IL-6 inhibited the cell viability and enhanced LDH release, [Ca(2+)]i elevation, and apoptosis in acid-induced articular chondrocytes, and these changes could be reversed by using psalmotoxin 1(PcTX1), which is the specific antagonist of ASIC1a. In addition, pretreatment with PcTX1 could inhibit the downregulated expression of Bcl-2 and the upregulated expression of Bax induced by IL-6 in acid-induced articular chondrocytes. Taken together, these results indicated that IL-6 could enhance acid-induced articular chondrocyte apoptosis, the mechanism of which might partially be involved with its ability of regulating the activation of ASIC1a-dependent JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhisen Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jinfang Ge
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Feihu Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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Ghosh A, Pechota LVTA, Upchurch GR, Eliason JL. Cross-talk between macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells in response to cigarette smoke: the effects on MMP2 and 9. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 410:75-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Meszaros EC, Dahoud W, Mesiano S, Malemud CJ. Blockade of recombinant human IL-6 by tocilizumab suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-9 production in the C28/I2 immortalized human chondrocyte cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:304-310. [PMID: 26753098 DOI: 10.15761/imm.1000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two immortalized human juvenile chondrocyte cell lines, T/C28a2 and C28/I2, were employed to determine the extent to which recombinant human (rh) IL-6 or rh-TNF-α increased the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The effect of rhIL-6 on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was also assessed. Although C28/I2 chondrocytes incubated with rhIL-6 (50 ng/ml) increased MMP-9 production which could not be mimicked by the T/C28a2 chondrocyte line, the effect of rhTNF-α on MMP-9 was more robust than with rhIL-6. The combinations of rhIL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor-α (sIL-6Rα) or rhIL-6 and tocilizumab (TCZ), a fully-humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the interaction between IL-6 and IL-6R significantly reduced MMP-9 production by C28/I2 chondrocytes. However, TCZ had no effect on rhTNF-α-induced MMP-9 production. By contrast, rhIL-6 did not increase the production of NGAL by C28/I2 chondrocytes although the number of NGAL-positive cells was significantly reduced by sIL-6R compared to its control group, but not by the combination of rhIL-6 plus TCZ compared to rhIL-6. In summary, these results showed that rhIL-6 stimulated the production of MMP-9, but not NGAL, in the C28/I2 chondrocyte line. TCZ or sIL-6Rα suppressed rhIL-6-induced MMP-9 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Meszaros
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Wissam Dahoud
- Department of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Sam Mesiano
- Department of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA
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Meszaros EC, Malemud CJ. STAT1 is Constitutively Activated in the T/C28a2 Immortalized Juvenile Human Chondrocyte Line and Stimulated by IL-6 Plus Soluble IL-6R. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26213636 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T/C28a2 immortalized juvenile human chondrocytes were employed to determine the extent to which activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-1 (STAT1) occurred in response to recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) or rhIL-6 in combination with the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Two forms of STAT1, STAT1A and STAT1B, were identified on SDS-PAGE and western blotting with anti-STAT1 antibody. Western blotting revealed that STAT1 was constitutively phosphorylated (p-STAT1). Although incubation of T/C28a2 chondrocytes with rhIL-6 (50 ng/ml) increased p-STAT1A by Δ=22.3% after 30 min, this percent difference failed to reach significance by Chi-square analysis. Similarly, no effect of rhIL-6 (Δ=+10.7%) on p-STAT1B was seen at 30 min. In contrast, although the combination of rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R had no effect on p-STAT1A, rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R increased p-STAT1B by Δ=73.3% (p<0.0001) after 30 min compared to the control group and by Δ=56.7% (p<0.0001) compared to rhIL-6 alone. Janex-1, a Janus kinase-3-specific inhibitor (100 μM) partially reduced the effect of rhIL-6 on p-STAT1B by Δ=27.7% (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that STAT1A/STAT1B was constitutively activated in T/C28a2 chondrocytes. Although rhIL-6 increased p-STAT1B to a small extent, the combination of rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R was far more effective in stimulating STAT1B phosphorylation compared to controls or rhIL-6 alone. These data support the likelihood that although JAK3-mediated activation of STAT1 in T/C28a2 chondrocytes may involve the IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 pathway, these results indicated that STAT1 activation in response to IL-6 preferentially involved IL-6 trans-signaling via sIL-6R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Meszaros
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Arthritis Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Arthritis Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA ; Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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25
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Ghosh A, Pechota A, Coleman D, Upchurch GR, Eliason JL. Cigarette smoke-induced MMP2 and MMP9 secretion from aortic vascular smooth cells is mediated via the Jak/Stat pathway. Hum Pathol 2014; 46:284-94. [PMID: 25537973 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that cigarette smoke may increase MMP2 and MMP9 secretion through Jak/Stat pathway in the aorta, thereby facilitating abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation/progression in smokers. We observed through zymograms that treatment of male rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (RASMC) with an aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (CSE) for 24 hours resulted in a significant increase in pro-MMP9 (P = .005) and a modest increase in pro-MMP2 (P = .055) production. Western blot with protein extracts from CSE-treated RASMC showed up-regulation of pStat3, pJak2, and T-Jak2 and unchanged levels of T-Stat3. Transfection of RASMC with small interfering RNAs for Jak2, Stat3, or both Jak2 and Stat3 significantly reduced pro-MMP9 (P < .005) and pro-MMP2 (P < .05) in medium of CSE-treated RASMC compared with control small interfering RNA-transfected cells. Immunoprecipitation with total Jak2 antibody showed increased pStat3 and T-Stat3 in the cytoplasm and nucleus of CSE-treated RASMC. Immunofluorescence revealed increased presence of pJak2, T-Jak2, pStat3, and T-Stat3 in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the CSE-treated cells. Treatment of control human tissues with CSE resulted in pro-MMP9 secretion and up-regulation of the Jak/Stat proteins. In addition, AAA tissues showed more pJak2 and pStat3 than control human tissues. Therefore, inhibiting the Jak/Stat pathway could be a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867
| | - Angela Pechota
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867
| | - Dawn Coleman
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867
| | - Gilbert R Upchurch
- University of Virginia, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Charlottesville, VA 800679
| | - Jonathan L Eliason
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5867.
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Cisneros IE, Ghorpade A. Methamphetamine and HIV-1-induced neurotoxicity: role of trace amine associated receptor 1 cAMP signaling in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:499-507. [PMID: 24950453 PMCID: PMC4315503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is abused by about 5% of the United States population with approximately 10-15% of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) patients reporting its use. METH abuse accelerates the onset and severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and astrocyte-induced neurotoxicity. METH activates G-protein coupled receptors such as trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in presynaptic cells of monoaminergic systems. In the present study, we investigated the effects of METH and HIV-1 on primary human astrocyte TAAR1 expression, function and glutamate clearance. Our results demonstrate combined conditions increased TAAR1 mRNA levels 7-fold and increased intracellular cAMP levels. METH and beta-phenylethylamine (β-PEA), known TAAR1 agonists, increased intracellular cAMP levels in astrocytes. Further, TAAR1 knockdown significantly reduced intracellular cAMP levels in response to METH/β-PEA, indicating signaling through astrocyte TAAR1. METH±HIV-1 decreased excitatory amino acid transporter-2 (EAAT-2) mRNA and significantly decreased glutamate clearance. RNA interference for TAAR1 prevented METH-mediated decreases in EAAT-2. TAAR1 knockdown significantly increased glutamate clearance, which was further heightened significantly by METH. Moreover, TAAR1 overexpression significantly decreased EAAT-2 levels and glutamate clearance that were further reduced by METH. Taken together, our data show that METH treatment activated TAAR1 leading to intracellular cAMP in human astrocytes and modulated glutamate clearance abilities. Furthermore, molecular alterations in astrocyte TAAR1 levels correspond to changes in astrocyte EAAT-2 levels and function. To our knowledge this is the first report implicating astrocyte TAAR1 as a novel receptor for METH during combined injury in the context of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma E Cisneros
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Fahy N, de Vries-van Melle ML, Lehmann J, Wei W, Grotenhuis N, Farrell E, van der Kraan PM, Murphy JM, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, van Osch GJVM. Human osteoarthritic synovium impacts chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via macrophage polarisation state. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1167-75. [PMID: 24911520 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell type for the repair of damaged cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). However, OA synovial fluid and factors secreted by synovium impede chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, and the mechanism responsible for this effect remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate whether M1 and M2 synovial macrophages can contribute to the inhibition of MSC chondrogenesis. DESIGN The constitution of synovial macrophage subsets was analysed by immunohistochemical staining of human OA synovium sections for CD86 (M1 marker) and CD206 (M2 marker). To assess the effect of synovial macrophages on chondrogenesis, collagen type II (COL2) and aggrecan (ACAN) gene expression were compared between MSCs undergoing chondrogenic differentiation in medium conditioned (CM) by human OA synovial explants, human synovial macrophages and fibroblasts, or peripheral blood derived primary human monocytes differentiated towards an M1 or M2 phenotype. RESULTS OA synovium contained both M1 and M2 macrophages. Medium conditioned by synovial macrophages (CD45 + plastic adherent cells) down-regulated chondrogenic gene expression by MSCs. Additionally, CM of M1 polarised monocytes significantly decreased COL2 and ACAN gene expression by MSCs; this effect was not observed for treatment with CM of M2 polarised monocytes. CONCLUSION MSC chondrogenesis is inhibited by OA synovium CM through factors secreted by synovial macrophages and our findings suggest that M1 polarised subsets are potential mediators of this anti-chondrogenic effect. Modulation of macrophage phenotype may serve as a beneficial strategy to maximise the potential of MSCs for efficient cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fahy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M L de Vries-van Melle
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Lehmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - W Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - N Grotenhuis
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolarynogology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E Farrell
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J M Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | | | - G J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolarynogology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Retraction. Effects of osteopontin on expression of IL-6 and IL-8 inflammatory factors in human knee osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:703. [PMID: 24728945 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gentil K, Lentz CS, Rai R, Muhsin M, Kamath AD, Mutluer O, Specht S, Hübner MP, Hoerauf A. Eotaxin-1 is involved in parasite clearance during chronic filarial infection. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:60-77. [PMID: 24112106 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil migration as key feature of helminth infection is increased during infection with filarial nematodes. In a mouse model of filariasis, we investigated the role of the eosinophil-attracting chemokine Eotaxin-1 on disease outcome. BALB/c and Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice were infected with the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis, and parasitic parameters, cellular migration to the site of infection, and cellular responsiveness were investigated. We found increased parasite survival but unaffected eosinophil migration to the site of infection in Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice. Expression of CD80 and CD86 was reduced on eosinophils from Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice after in vitro TLR2 stimulation and exposure to filarial antigen, respectively, suggesting a potential reduced activation state of eosinophils in Eotaxin-1 deficient mice. We further demonstrated that macrophages from Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice produce decreased amounts of IL-6 in vitro, a cytokine found to be associated with parasite containment, suggesting possible mechanisms by which Eotaxin-1 regulates activation of inflammatory cells and thus parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gentil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Symeonidis C, Papakonstantinou E, Androudi S, Georgalas I, Rotsos T, Karakiulakis G, Diza E, Dimitrakos SA. Comparison of interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase expression in the subretinal fluid and the vitreous during proliferative vitreoretinopathy: correlations with extent, duration of RRD and PVR grade. Cytokine 2014; 67:71-6. [PMID: 24725542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The full extent of IL-6 involvement in PVR pathophysiology has not yet been comprehensively investigated. The aim of this study was the comparison of the IL-6 effect on MMP expression between SRF and the vitreous in the context of RRD complicated by PVR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one SRF samples from 31 eyes of 31 consecutive patients suffering from RRD with PVR were collected during treatment by scleral buckling. Twenty-eight vitreous samples from 28 eyes of 28 RRD patients with PVR were collected during surgical management with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was employed for the measurement of MMP-1, -3, -8 and TIMP-1 concentrations (in ng/ml). MMP gelatinolytic activity was determined with the use of gelatin zymography analysis using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). RESULTS Correlation analysis in the SRF revealed a significant correlation between MMP-1/IL6 and RRD duration. Regression analysis in the SRF revealed a significant correlation between the MMP-9/IL-6 and RRD extent. In the same fluid, with respect to PVR grade, ANOVA revealed a significant relationship with the proMMP-2/IL-6, MMP-2/IL6 and TIMP-1/IL-6 ratios. Graphical representation of the results revealed that, between the SRF and vitreous groups, significant peak values were observed for all MMP/IL-6 and TIMP-1/IL-6 ratios included in this study with the exception of the MMP-2/IL-6 ratio. CONCLUSIONS It appears that there is a significant correlation between the presence of IL-6 and MMP/TIMP ratio in the SRF, indicating that IL-6 may contribute to the increased MMP/TIMP ratio during PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sofia Androudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Ilias Georgalas
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Tryfon Rotsos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eudoxia Diza
- Department of Microbiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sriram S, Subramanian S, Juvvuna PK, Ge X, Lokireddy S, McFarlane CD, Wahli W, Kambadur R, Sharma M. Myostatin augments muscle-specific ring finger protein-1 expression through an NF-kB independent mechanism in SMAD3 null muscle. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:317-30. [PMID: 24438338 PMCID: PMC5414928 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad (Sma and Mad-related protein) 2/3 are downstream signaling molecules for TGF-β and myostatin (Mstn). Recently, Mstn was shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle via canonical Smad3, nuclear factor-κB, and TNF-α pathway. However, mice lacking Smad3 display skeletal muscle atrophy due to increased Mstn levels. Hence, our aims were first to investigate whether Mstn induced muscle atrophy in Smad3(-/-) mice by increasing ROS and second to delineate Smad3-independent signaling mechanism for Mstn-induced ROS. Herein we show that Smad3(-/-) mice have increased ROS levels in skeletal muscle, and inactivation of Mstn in these mice partially ablates the oxidative stress. Furthermore, ROS induction by Mstn in Smad3(-/-) muscle was not via nuclear factor-κB (p65) signaling but due to activated p38, ERK MAPK signaling and enhanced IL-6 levels. Consequently, TNF-α, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, and xanthine oxidase levels were up-regulated, which led to an increase in ROS production in Smad3(-/-) skeletal muscle. The exaggerated ROS in the Smad3(-/-) muscle potentiated binding of C/EBP homology protein transcription factor to MuRF1 promoter, resulting in enhanced MuRF1 levels leading to muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sriram
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology (S.Sr., S.Su., R.K.), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551; Department of Biochemistry (P.K.J., M.S.) YLLSoM, National University of Singapore, MD6, Level 14 S Core, Singapore 117599; Growth, Development and Metabolism Program (X.G., C.D.M., R.K.), Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore 117609; Department of Cell Biology (S.L.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5730; and Center for Integrative Genomics (W.W.), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tokito A, Jougasaki M, Ichiki T, Hamasaki S. Cardiotrophin-1 induces matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human aortic endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68801. [PMID: 23935888 PMCID: PMC3720803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is a key event in the development of cardiovascular disorders, in which matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) plays a crucial role by degradation of extracellular matrix resulting in plaque instability. Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of interleukin-6-type proinflammatory cytokines, has potent cardiovascular actions and is highly expressed in vascular endothelium, however its role in atherosclerosis has not been fully elucidated to date. The present study was designed to investigate whether CT-1 induces MMP-1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Ribonuclease protection assay demonstrated that MMP-1 gene level in HAECs was enhanced by the treatment of CT-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunocytochemical staining, Western immunoblot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that CT-1 augmented MMP-1 protein synthesis and secretion. MMP-1 activity assay revealed that MMP-1 present in the supernatant of HAECs was exclusively precursor form. Casein zymography disclosed proteolytic activity in the supernatant of HAECs, which was enhanced by CT-1 treatment. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitor study indicated the important roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways in mediating CT-1-induced MMP-1 gene and protein expression. These data reveal for the first time that CT-1 induces the proteolytic potential in HAECs by upregulating MMP-1 expression through ERK1/2, p38 MAP kinase, JNK and JAK/STAT pathways, and suggest that CT-1 may play an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Tokito
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michihisa Jougasaki
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ichiki
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
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Interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of posterior capsule opacification and the potential role for interleukin-6 inhibition in the future of cataract surgery. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:466-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Effect of body-weight loading onto the articular cartilage on the occurrence of quinolone-induced chondrotoxicity in juvenile rats. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nakai K, Kawato T, Morita T, Iinuma T, Kamio N, Zhao N, Maeno M. Angiotensin II induces the production of MMP-3 and MMP-13 through the MAPK signaling pathways via the AT(1) receptor in osteoblasts. Biochimie 2012; 95:922-33. [PMID: 23277113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays an important role in the maintenance of bone mass and integrity by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and by modulation of balance between resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts. However, the role of Ang II in the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) in osteoid by osteoblasts remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the effect of Ang II on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), plasminogen activators (PAs), and their inhibitors [i.e., tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] using osteoblastic ROS17/2.8 cells. Treatment with Ang II strikingly increased the expressions of MMP-3 and -13 and promoted cell proliferation associated with reduced alkaline phosphatase activity as well as enhanced phosphorylated expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 MAPK, and stress-activated protein kinases/c-jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNK) in ROS17/2.8 cells. However, Ang II had no effect on the expression of MMP-2, -9, -14, urokinase-type PA, tissue-type PA, TIMP-1, -2, -3, and PAI-1 in cells. Losartan (AT1 receptor blocker) blocked Ang II-induced expression of MMP-3 and -13, whereas PD123319 (AT2 receptor blocker) did not completely block these responses. Losartan also blocked the Ang II-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and SAPK/JNK. MAPK kinase 1/2 inhibitor PD98059 and JNK inhibitor SP600125 suppressed Ang II-induced expression of MMP-3 and -13. These results suggested that Ang II stimulated the degradation process that occurs during ECM turnover in osteoid by increasing the production of MMP-3 and -13 through MAPK signaling pathways via the AT1 receptor in osteoblasts. Furthermore, our findings suggest that Ang II does not influence the plasminogen/plasmin pathway in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakai
- Division of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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