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Yashpal S, Liese AD, Boucher BA, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM, Johnston LW, Bazinet RP, Rewers M, Rotter JI, Watkins SM, Hanley AJ. Metabolomic profiling of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet provides novel insights for the nutritional epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:487-497. [PMID: 34511138 PMCID: PMC10410496 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. Metabolic changes due to DASH adherence and their potential relationship with incident T2DM have not been described. The objective is to determine metabolite clusters associated with adherence to a DASH-like diet in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study cohort and explore if the clusters predicted 5-year incidence of T2DM. The current study included 570 non-diabetic multi-ethnic participants aged 40–69 years. Adherence to a DASH-like diet was determined a priori through an eighty-point scale for absolute intakes of the eight DASH food groups. Quantitative measurements of eighty-seven metabolites (acylcarnitines, amino acids, bile acids, sterols and fatty acids) were obtained at baseline. Metabolite clusters related to DASH adherence were determined through partial least squares (PLS) analysis using R. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to explore the associations between metabolite clusters and incident T2DM. A group of acylcarnitines and fatty acids loaded strongly on the two components retained under PLS. Among strongly loading metabolites, a select group of acylcarnitines had over 50 % of their individual variance explained by the PLS model. Component 2 was inversely associated with incident T2DM (OR: 0·89; (95 % CI 0·80, 0·99), P-value = 0·043) after adjustment for demographic and metabolic covariates. Component 1 was not associated with T2DM risk (OR: 1·02; (95 % CI 0·88, 1·19), P-value = 0·74). Adherence to a DASH-type diet may contribute to reduced T2DM risk in part through modulations in acylcarnitine and fatty acid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahen Yashpal
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela D. Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Beatrice A. Boucher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lynne E. Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA (LEW)
| | | | | | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Anthony J. Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood MM, Smesny S, Sen ZD, Guo AC, Oler E, Tian S, Zheng J, Wishart DS, Liepinsh E, Schiöth HB. Acylcarnitines: Nomenclature, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Potential, Drug Targets, and Clinical Trials. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:506-551. [PMID: 35710135 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylcarnitines are fatty acid metabolites that play important roles in many cellular energy metabolism pathways. They have historically been used as important diagnostic markers for inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation and are being intensively studied as markers of energy metabolism, deficits in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β -oxidation activity, insulin resistance, and physical activity. Acylcarnitines are increasingly being identified as important indicators in metabolic studies of many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, neurologic disorders, and certain cancers. The US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug L-carnitine, along with short-chain acylcarnitines (acetylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine), is now widely used as a dietary supplement. In light of their growing importance, we have undertaken an extensive review of acylcarnitines and provided a detailed description of their identity, nomenclature, classification, biochemistry, pathophysiology, supplementary use, potential drug targets, and clinical trials. We also summarize these updates in the Human Metabolome Database, which now includes information on the structures, chemical formulae, chemical/spectral properties, descriptions, and pathways for 1240 acylcarnitines. This work lays a solid foundation for identifying, characterizing, and understanding acylcarnitines in human biosamples. We also discuss the emerging opportunities for using acylcarnitines as biomarkers and as dietary interventions or supplements for many wide-ranging indications. The opportunity to identify new drug targets involved in controlling acylcarnitine levels is also discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of acylcarnitines, including their nomenclature, structure and biochemistry, and use as disease biomarkers and pharmaceutical agents. We present updated information contained in the Human Metabolome Database website as well as substantial mapping of the known biochemical pathways associated with acylcarnitines, thereby providing a strong foundation for further clarification of their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Janis Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Didi Nordberg
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Zumrut Duygu Sen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - An Chi Guo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Eponine Oler
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Siyang Tian
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - David S Wishart
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
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3
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Wu ZE, Kruger MC, Cooper GJS, Sequeira IR, McGill AT, Poppitt SD, Fraser K. Dissecting the relationship between plasma and tissue metabolome in a cohort of women with obesity: Analysis of subcutaneous and visceral adipose, muscle, and liver. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22371. [PMID: 35704337 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics of blood samples has become widely applied to study metabolic alterations underpinning disease and to identify biomarkers. However, understanding the relevance of a blood metabolite marker can be challenging if it is unknown whether it reflects the concentration in relevant tissues. To explore this field, metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of plasma, four sites of adipose tissues (ATs) from peripheral or central depot, two sites of muscle tissue, and liver tissue from a group of nondiabetic women with obesity who were scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery (n = 21) or other upper GI surgery (n = 5), were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Relationships between plasma and tissue profiles were examined using Pearson correlation analysis subject to Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Plasma metabolites and lipids showed the highest number of significantly positive correlations with their corresponding concentrations in liver tissue, including lipid species of ceramide, mono- and di-hexosylceramide, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), lysophosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl phosphatidylethanolamine, ether-linked PC, ether-linked PE, free fatty acid, cholesteryl ester, diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol, and polar metabolites linked to several metabolic functions and gut microbial metabolism. Plasma also showed significantly positive correlations with muscle for several phospholipid species and polar metabolites linked to metabolic functions and gut microbial metabolism, and with AT for several triacylglycerol species. In conclusion, plasma metabolomic and lipidomic profiles were reflective more of the liver profile than any of the muscle or AT sites examined in the present study. Our findings highlighted the importance of taking into consideration the metabolomic relationship of various tissues with plasma when postulating plasma metabolites marker to underlying mechanisms occurring in a specific tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanxuan E Wu
- Food Chemistry and Structure, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ivana R Sequeira
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne-Thea McGill
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Food Chemistry and Structure, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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4
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Kosacka J, Berger C, Ceglarek U, Hoffmann A, Blüher M, Klöting N. Ramipril Reduces Acylcarnitines and Distinctly Increases Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression in Lungs of Rats. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040293. [PMID: 35448480 PMCID: PMC9028516 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor has been identified as the entry receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is abundantly expressed in many organs. With respect to the role of circulating ACE2 and its receptor expression in the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is still debated whether diseases such as hypertension or pharmacotherapies, including ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers that affect ACE2 receptor expression, may modulate the severity and outcome of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We therefore tested the hypothesis that treatment with the ACE inhibitor Ramipril affects organ-specific ACE2 receptor mRNA and protein expression as well as the serum metabolome in BioBreeding (BB) rats. Twelve male BioBreeding rats were randomly divided into a Ramipril (10 mg/kg body weight) treatment group or a control group (N = 12; n = 6 per group) over a period of seven days. Ramipril treatment resulted in the reduction of acylcarnitines (C3–C6) out of 64 metabolites. Among the different organs studied, only in the lungs did Ramipril treatment significantly increase both Ace2 mRNA and ACE2 receptor membrane protein levels. Increased ACE2 receptor lung expression after Ramipril treatment was not associated with differences in ACE2 serum concentrations between experimental groups. Our data provide experimental in vivo evidence that the ACE inhibitor Ramipril selectively increases pulmonary ACE2 receptor mRNA and protein levels and reduces acylcarnitines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kosacka
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9713405
| | - Claudia Berger
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Anne Hoffmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (N.K.)
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.B.); (M.B.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (N.K.)
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.H.); (N.K.)
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5
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Olsson M, Hellman U, Wixner J, Anan I. Metabolomics analysis for diagnosis and biomarker discovery of transthyretin amyloidosis. Amyloid 2021; 28:234-242. [PMID: 34319177 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2021.1958775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics is a well-established technique and a powerful tool to find potential plasma biomarkers for early diagnosing hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is a disabling and fatal disease with different clinical features such as polyneuropathy, cardiomyopathy, different gastrointestinal symptoms and renal failure. Plasma specimens collected from 27 patients with ATTRv (ATTRV30M), 26 asymptomatic TTRV30M carriers and 26 control individuals were subjected to gas chromatography (GC)- and liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics analysis. Partial least squares discriminant and univariate analysis was used to analyse the data. The models constructed by Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) could clearly discriminate ATTRV30M patients from controls and asymptomatic TTRV30M carriers. In total, 24 plasma metabolites (VIP > 1.0 and p < .05) were significantly altered in ATTRV30M patient group (6 increased and 18 decreased). Eleven of these distinguished the ATTRV30M group from both controls and TTRV30M carriers. Plasma metabolomics analysis revealed marked changes in several pathways in patients with ATTRV30M amyloidosis. Statistical analysis identified a panel of biomarkers that could effectively separate controls/TTRV30M carriers from ATTRV30M patients. These biomarkers can potentially be used to diagnose patients at an early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Urban Hellman
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Wixner
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Intissar Anan
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Tosi I, Art T, Boemer F, Votion DM, Davis MS. Acylcarnitine profile in Alaskan sled dogs during submaximal multiday exercise points out metabolic flexibility and liver role in energy metabolism. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256009. [PMID: 34383825 PMCID: PMC8360531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alaskan sled dogs develop a particular metabolic strategy during multiday submaximal exercise, allowing them to switch from intra-muscular to extra-muscular energy substrates thus postponing fatigue. Specifically, a progressively increasing stimulus for hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis provides glucose for both fueling exercise and replenishing the depleted muscle glycogen. Moreover, recent studies have shown that with continuation of exercise sled dogs increase their insulin-sensitivity and their capacity to transport and oxidize glucose and carbohydrates rather than oxidizing fatty acids. Carnitine and acylcarnitines (AC) play an essential role as metabolic regulators in both fat and glucose metabolism; they serve as biomarkers in different species in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. We assessed the effect of multiday exercise in conditioned sled dogs on plasma short (SC), medium (MC) and long (LC) chain AC by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Our results show chain-specific modification of AC profiles during the exercise challenge: LCACs maintained a steady increase throughout exercise, some SCACs increased during the last phase of exercise and acetylcarnitine (C2) initially increased before decreasing during the later phase of exercise. We speculated that SCACs kinetics could reflect an increased protein catabolism and C2 pattern could reflect its hepatic uptake for energy-generating purposes to sustain gluconeogenesis. LCACs may be exported by muscle to avoid their accumulation to preserve glucose oxidation and insulin-sensitivity or they could be distributed by liver as energy substrates. These findings, although representing a “snapshot” of blood as a crossing point between different organs, shed further light on sled dogs metabolism that is liver-centric and more carbohydrate-dependent than fat-dependent and during prolonged submaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tosi
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana Art
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michael S. Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
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7
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Kistner S, Döring M, Krüger R, Rist MJ, Weinert CH, Bunzel D, Merz B, Radloff K, Neumann R, Härtel S, Bub A. Sex-Specific Relationship between the Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Plasma Metabolite Patterns in Healthy Humans-Results of the KarMeN Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:463. [PMID: 34357357 PMCID: PMC8303204 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) represents a strong predictor of all-cause mortality and is strongly influenced by regular physical activity (PA). However, the biological mechanisms involved in the body's adaptation to PA remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to systematically examine the relationship between CRF and plasma metabolite patterns in 252 healthy adults from the cross-sectional Karlsruhe Metabolomics and Nutrition (KarMeN) study. CRF was determined by measuring the peak oxygen uptake during incremental exercise. Fasting plasma samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry coupled to one- or two-dimensional gas chromatography or liquid chromatography. Based on this multi-platform metabolomics approach, 427 plasma analytes were detected. Bi- and multivariate association analyses, adjusted for age and menopausal status, showed that CRF was linked to specific sets of metabolites primarily indicative of lipid metabolism. However, CRF-related metabolite patterns largely differed between sexes. While several phosphatidylcholines were linked to CRF in females, single lyso-phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins were associated with CRF in males. When controlling for further assessed clinical and phenotypical parameters, sex-specific CRF tended to be correlated with a smaller number of metabolites linked to lipid, amino acid, or xenobiotics-related metabolism. Interestingly, sex-specific CRF explanation models could be improved when including selected plasma analytes in addition to clinical and phenotypical variables. In summary, this study revealed sex-related differences in CRF-associated plasma metabolite patterns and proved known associations between CRF and risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases such as fat mass, visceral adipose tissue mass, or blood triglycerides in metabolically healthy individuals. Our findings indicate that covariates like sex and, especially, body composition have to be considered when studying blood metabolic markers related to CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kistner
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.D.); (R.K.); (M.J.R.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Maik Döring
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.D.); (R.K.); (M.J.R.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Ralf Krüger
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.D.); (R.K.); (M.J.R.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Manuela J. Rist
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.D.); (R.K.); (M.J.R.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Christoph H. Weinert
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.H.W.); (D.B.)
| | - Diana Bunzel
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.H.W.); (D.B.)
| | - Benedikt Merz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.D.); (R.K.); (M.J.R.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Katrin Radloff
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.D.); (R.K.); (M.J.R.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Rainer Neumann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (R.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Sascha Härtel
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (R.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.D.); (R.K.); (M.J.R.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (A.B.)
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (R.N.); (S.H.)
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8
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Riba A, Hassani K, Walker A, van Best N, von Zezschwitz D, Anslinger T, Sillner N, Rosenhain S, Eibach D, Maiga-Ascofaré O, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Basic M, Binz A, Mocek S, Sodeik B, Bauerfeind R, Mohs A, Trautwein C, Kiessling F, May J, Klingenspor M, Gremse F, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Bleich A, Torow N, von Bergen M, Hornef MW. Disturbed gut microbiota and bile homeostasis in Giardia-infected mice contributes to metabolic dysregulation and growth impairment. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/565/eaay7019. [PMID: 33055245 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay7019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although infection with the human enteropathogen Giardia lamblia causes self-limited diarrhea in adults, infant populations in endemic areas experience persistent pathogen carriage in the absence of diarrhea. The persistence of this protozoan parasite in infants has been associated with reduced weight gain and linear growth (height-for-age). The mechanisms that support persistent infection and determine the different disease outcomes in the infant host are incompletely understood. Using a neonatal mouse model of persistent G. lamblia infection, we demonstrate that G. lamblia induced bile secretion and used the bile constituent phosphatidylcholine as a substrate for parasite growth. In addition, we show that G. lamblia infection altered the enteric microbiota composition, leading to enhanced bile acid deconjugation and increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 15. This resulted in elevated energy expenditure and dysregulated lipid metabolism with reduced adipose tissue, body weight gain, and growth in the infected mice. Our results indicate that this enteropathogen's modulation of bile acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in the neonatal mouse host led to an altered body composition, suggesting how G. lamblia infection could contribute to growth restriction in infants in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Riba
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kasra Hassani
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels van Best
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology and NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dunja von Zezschwitz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Teresa Anslinger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Sillner
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Rosenhain
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Mocek
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit for Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Mohs
- Medizinische Klinik III, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Medizinische Klinik III, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jürgen May
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Software Tools for Computational Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany.,Gremse-IT GmbH, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia Torow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Bruderstrase 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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9
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Pereyra AS, Rajan A, Ferreira CR, Ellis JM. Loss of Muscle Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 2 Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance despite Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Accumulation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108374. [PMID: 33176143 PMCID: PMC7680579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the effects of acylcarnitine accumulation on muscle insulin sensitivity, a model of muscle acylcarnitine accumulation was generated by deleting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) specifically from skeletal muscle (Cpt2Sk-/- mice). CPT2 is an irreplaceable enzyme for mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation, converting matrix acylcarnitines to acyl-CoAs. Compared with controls, Cpt2Sk-/- muscles do not accumulate anabolic lipids but do accumulate ∼22-fold more long-chain acylcarnitines. High-fat-fed Cpt2Sk-/- mice resist weight gain, adiposity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and impairments in insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Obesity resistance of Cpt2Sk-/- mice could be attributed to increases in lipid excretion via feces, GFD15 production, and energy expenditure. L-carnitine supplement intervention lowers acylcarnitines and improves insulin sensitivity independent of muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity. The loss of muscle CPT2 results in a high degree of long-chain acylcarnitine accumulation, simultaneously protecting against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Pereyra
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Arvind Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | | | - Jessica M Ellis
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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10
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Zhou Y, Tan Y, Hou G, Ren Y, Deng Y, Yan K, Zhang Y, Lin L, Lou X, Liu S. Pathway attenuation of fatty acid beta-oxidation in the skeletal muscle of a type 2 diabetic mouse model. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8869. [PMID: 32562559 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Whether catabolic abnormalities of fatty acids exist in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been determined. In this study, we postulated that a systematic evaluation of the protein abundance and metabolic activity related to fatty acids in the skeletal muscle tissues of a T2DM mouse model was feasible to address this question. METHODS Mitochondria were extracted from wild-type (WT) and db/db mice followed by quantitative analysis of the proteins involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mFAO). The pathway activity of mFAO in skeletal muscle tissues was monitored in vitro using mass spectrometry, and tissue lipidomic analysis was conducted in profiling and target mode to distinguish the levels of long-chain acylcarnitines between WT and db/db mice. RESULTS Two proteins related to the mFAO pathway were significantly downregulated in the skeletal muscle mitochondria of db/db mice. The measurement of mFAO pathway activity in vitro revealed that the abundance of long-chain acylcarnitines (C14 to C18) in db/db mice was lower than that in WT mice, and the determination of acylcarnitines in skeletal muscle tissues in vivo revealed that most long-chain acylcarnitines were decreased in db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS The findings of lower abundance of ACAD9 and CPT1B, reduced activity of the mFAO pathway in vitro and decreased acylcarnitines in vivo firmly support that the mFAO pathway in the skeletal muscle of diabetic mice is attenuated, possibly resulting in cell/tissue dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifan Tan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixue Hou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yamei Deng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keqiang Yan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Lin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Bruls YMH, op den Kamp YJM, Phielix E, Lindeboom L, Havekes B, Schaart G, Moonen-Kornips E, Wildberger JE, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. L-carnitine infusion does not alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239506. [PMID: 32976523 PMCID: PMC7518598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low carnitine status may underlie the development of insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility. Intravenous lipid infusion elevates plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration and is a model for simulating insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility in healthy, insulin sensitive volunteers. Here, we hypothesized that co-infusion of L-carnitine may alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility. METHODS In a randomized crossover trial, eight young healthy volunteers underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (40mU/m2/min) with simultaneous infusion of saline (CON), Intralipid (20%, 90mL/h) (LIPID), or Intralipid (20%, 90mL/h) combined with L-carnitine infusion (28mg/kg) (LIPID+CAR). Ten volunteers were randomized for the intervention arms (CON, LIPID and LIPID+CAR), but two dropped-out during the study. Therefore, eight volunteers participated in all three intervention arms and were included for analysis. RESULTS L-carnitine infusion elevated plasma free carnitine availability and resulted in a more pronounced increase in plasma acetylcarnitine, short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines compared to lipid infusion, however no differences in skeletal muscle free carnitine or acetylcarnitine were found. Peripheral insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility were blunted upon lipid infusion compared to CON but L-carnitine infusion did not alleviate this. CONCLUSION Acute L-carnitine infusion could not alleviated lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility and did not alter skeletal muscle carnitine availability. Possibly, lipid-induced insulin resistance may also have affected carnitine uptake and may have blunted the insulin-induced carnitine storage in muscle. Future studies are needed to investigate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. H. Bruls
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo J. M. op den Kamp
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim E. Wildberger
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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12
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Huang Z, Pan Z, Yang R, Bi Y, Xiong X. The canine gastrointestinal microbiota: early studies and research frontiers. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:635-654. [PMID: 31992112 PMCID: PMC7524387 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1704142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canine gut microbiota is a complex microbial population that is potentially related to metabolism, immunologic activity and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Early studies revealed that the canine gut microbiota was dynamic, and bacterial populations in the adjacent gut segments were similar, with anaerobes predominating. Metagenomics analysis revealed that nutrient contents in the diet modulated bacterial populations and metabolites in the canine gut. Further research revealed significant correlations between dietary factors and canine gut core microbiomes. Canine GI diseases are closely correlated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. Probiotic-related therapies can effectively treat canine GI diseases. Recent studies have revealed that the canine gut microbiota is similar to the human gut microbiota, and dietary factors affect both. Studying canine intestinal microorganisms enables clarifying changes in the canine intestinal bacteria under different conditions, simulating human diseases in dog models, and conducting in-depth studies of the interactions between intestinal bacteria and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Huang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,CONTACT Yujing Bi State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China,Xiaohui Xiong Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Sobhi HF, Zhao X, Plomgaard P, Hoene M, Hansen JS, Karus B, Niess AM, Häring HU, Lehmann R, Adams SH, Xu G, Weigert C. Identification and regulation of the xenometabolite derivatives cis- and trans-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine in plasma and skeletal muscle of exercising humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E701-E709. [PMID: 32101032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00510.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about xenometabolites in human metabolism, particularly under exercising conditions. Previously, an exercise-modifiable, likely xenometabolite derivative, cis-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine, was reported in human plasma. Here, we identified trans-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine, and its cis-isomer, in plasma and skeletal muscle by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We analyzed the regulation by exercise and the arterial-to-venous differences of these cyclopropane ring-containing carnitine esters over the hepatosplanchnic bed and the exercising leg in plasma samples obtained in three separate studies from young, lean and healthy males. Compared with other medium-chain acylcarnitines, the plasma concentrations of the 3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine isomers only marginally increased with exercise. Both isomers showed a more than twofold increase in the skeletal muscle tissue of the exercising leg; this may have been due to the net effect of fatty acid oxidation in the exercising muscle and uptake from blood. The latter idea is supported by a more than twofold increased net uptake in the exercising leg only. Both isomers showed a constant release from the hepatosplanchnic bed, with an increased release of the trans-isomer after exercise. The isomers differ in their plasma concentration, with a four times higher concentration of the cis-isomer regardless of the exercise state. This is the first approach studying kinetics and fluxes of xenolipid isomers from tissues under exercise conditions, supporting the hypothesis that hepatic metabolism of cyclopropane ring-containing fatty acids is one source of these acylcarnitines in plasma. The data also provide clear evidence for an exercise-dependent regulation of xenometabolites, opening perspectives for future studies about the physiological role of this largely unknown class of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany F Sobhi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Center for Organic Synthesis, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedikt Karus
- Department for Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department for Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans U Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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14
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Liu Q, Yin A, Wen S, Shi X, Fang L, Rao T, Liang J, Wu J. Analysis of amino acids and acylcarnitines profiles in small, appropriate, and large for gestational age neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:439-446. [PMID: 32037923 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1720640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To identify the amino acid (AA) and acylcarnitines (ACs) profiles in dry blood spot (DBS) of small, appropriate and large for gestational age neonates, and to investigate the difference AA and AC profiles in groups.Methods: Eight thousand nine hundred and fourteen healthy singleton newborns were divided into three groups: small for gestational age (SGA) (n = 713), appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (n = 7866), and LGA (n = 335). Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was taken to evaluate the concentrations of 11 AAs and 31 ACs in DBS specimens obtained from all enrolled neonates.Results: Compared with the AGA neonates, except propionylcarnitine, the concentrations of SGA neonatal most AAs and AC in the newborn were higher, while those of the newborns in the LGA group were lower.Conclusion: Different concentrations of AAs and ACs in the three groups suggest that SGA may be associated with under anabolic metabolism, while LGA may be associated with over anabolic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Yin
- Department of Medical Genetics Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shen Wen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Fang
- Department of Medical Genetics Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tengzi Rao
- Department of Medical Genetics Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqun Liang
- Department of Children Inherited Metabolism and Endocrine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Dysregulated Choline, Methionine, and Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in Patients with Wilson Disease: Exploratory Metabolomic Profiling and Implications for Hepatic and Neurologic Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235937. [PMID: 31779102 PMCID: PMC6928853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a genetic copper overload condition characterized by hepatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms with a not well-understood pathogenesis. Dysregulated methionine cycle is reported in animal models of WD, though not verified in humans. Choline is essential for lipid and methionine metabolism. Defects in neurotransmitters as acetylcholine, and biogenic amines are reported in WD; however, less is known about their circulating precursors. We aimed to study choline, methionine, aromatic amino acids, and phospholipids in serum of WD subjects. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed to profile serum of WD subjects categorized as hepatic, neurologic, and pre-clinical. Hepatic transcript levels of genes related to choline and methionine metabolism were verified in the Jackson Laboratory toxic milk mouse model of WD (tx-j). Compared to healthy subjects, choline, methionine, ornithine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine were significantly elevated in WD, with marked alterations in phosphatidylcholines and reductions in sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingomyelins, and acylcarnitines. In tx-j mice, choline, methionine, and phosphatidylcholine were similarly dysregulated. Elevated choline is a hallmark dysregulation in WD interconnected with alterations in methionine and phospholipid metabolism, which are relevant to hepatic steatosis. The elevated phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine carry implications for neurologic manifestations and are worth further investigation.
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Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ-Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1367-1393. [PMID: 31098621 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes, including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Through the use of advanced mass spectrometry "omics" approaches and detailed experimentation in cells, mice, and humans, we now understand that the liver secretes a wide array of proteins, metabolites, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and that many of these secreted factors exert powerful effects on metabolic processes both in the liver and in peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the rapidly evolving field of "hepatokine" biology with a particular focus on delineating previously unappreciated communication between the liver and other tissues in the body. We describe the NAFLD-induced changes in secretion of liver proteins, lipids, other metabolites, and miRNAs, and how these molecules alter metabolism in liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas to induce insulin resistance. We also synthesize the limited information that indicates that extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may be an important mechanism for intertissue communication in normal physiology and in promoting metabolic dysregulation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula M Miotto
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William De Nardo
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Le Bacquer O, Combe K, Patrac V, Ingram B, Combaret L, Dardevet D, Montaurier C, Salles J, Giraudet C, Guillet C, Sonenberg N, Boirie Y, Walrand S. 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 double knockout mice are protected from aging-associated sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:696-709. [PMID: 30927336 PMCID: PMC6596930 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass/function that occurs during the aging process. The links between mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity and muscle development are largely documented, but the role of its downstream targets in the development of sarcopenia is poorly understood. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) are targets of mTOR that repress mRNA translation initiation and are involved in the control of several physiological processes. However, their role in skeletal muscle is still poorly understood. The goal of this study was to assess how loss of 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 expression impacts skeletal muscle function and homeostasis in aged mice and to characterize the associated metabolic changes by metabolomic and lipidomic profiling. METHODS Twenty-four-month-old wild-type and whole body 4E-BP1/4E-BP2 double knockout (DKO) mice were used to measure muscle mass and function. Protein homeostasis was measured ex vivo in extensor digitorum longus by incorporation of l-[U-14 C]phenylalanine, and metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of skeletal muscle was performed by Metabolon, Inc. RESULTS The 4E-BP1/2 DKO mice exhibited an increase in muscle mass that was associated with increased grip strength (P < 0.05). Protein synthesis was higher under both basal (+102%, P < 0.05) and stimulated conditions (+65%, P < 0.05) in DKO skeletal muscle. Metabolomic and complex lipid analysis of skeletal muscle revealed robust differences pertaining to amino acid homeostasis, carbohydrate abundance, and certain aspects of lipid metabolism. In particular, levels of most free amino acids were lower within the 4E-BP1/2 DKO muscle. Interestingly, although glucose levels were unchanged, differences were observed in the isobaric compound maltitol/lactitol (33-fold increase, P < 0.01) and in several additional carbohydrate compounds. 4E-BP1/2 depletion also resulted in accumulation of medium-chain acylcarnitines and a 20% lower C2/C0 acylcarnitine ratio (P < 0.01) indicative of reduced β-oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings demonstrate that deletion of 4E-BPs is associated with perturbed energy metabolism in skeletal muscle and could have beneficial effects on skeletal muscle mass and function in aging mice. They also identify 4E-BPs as potential targets for the treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Le Bacquer
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kristell Combe
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Patrac
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Lydie Combaret
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Montaurier
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérôme Salles
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Giraudet
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Boirie
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Nutrition Clinique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- INRA, UMR1019, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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18
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Makarova E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Vilks K, Volska K, Sevostjanovs E, Grinberga S, Zarkova-Malkova O, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E. Decreases in Circulating Concentrations of Long-Chain Acylcarnitines and Free Fatty Acids During the Glucose Tolerance Test Represent Tissue-Specific Insulin Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:870. [PMID: 31920980 PMCID: PMC6927987 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of both carbohydrate and lipid intermediate turnover and metabolism. In the transition from a fasted to fed state, insulin action inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes, and acylcarnitine synthesis in the muscles and heart. The aim of this study was to measure free fatty acid (FFA) and acylcarnitine levels during the glucose tolerance test as indicators of tissue-specific insulin resistance. Results: Insulin release in response to glucose administration decreased both FFA and long-chain acylcarnitine levels in plasma in healthy control animals by 30% (120 min). The glucose tolerance test and [3H]-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in tissues revealed that high fat diet-induced lipid overload in C57bl/6N mice evoked only adipose tissue insulin resistance, and plasma levels of FFAs did not decrease after glucose administration. In comparison, db/db mice developed type 2 diabetes with severely impaired insulin sensitivity and up to 70% lower glucose uptake in both adipose tissues and muscles (skeletal muscle and heart), and both plasma concentrations of FFAs and long-chain acylcarnitines did not decrease in response to glucose administration. Conclusions: These results link impaired adipose tissue insulin sensitivity with continuous FFA release in the transition from a fasted to postprandial state, while a blunted decrease in long-chain acylcarnitine levels is associated with muscle and heart insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Makarova
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Vilks
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristine Volska
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Eduards Sevostjanovs
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Solveiga Grinberga
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olga Zarkova-Malkova
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- *Correspondence: Edgars Liepinsh
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Gancheva S, Jelenik T, Álvarez-Hernández E, Roden M. Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1371-1415. [PMID: 29767564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure drive the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic signals derived from dietary intake or secreted from adipose tissue, gut, and liver contribute to energy homeostasis. Recent metabolomic studies identified novel metabolites and enlarged our knowledge on classic metabolites. This review summarizes the evidence of their roles as mediators of interorgan crosstalk and regulators of insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Circulating lipids such as free fatty acids, acetate, and palmitoleate from adipose tissue and short-chain fatty acids from the gut effectively act on liver and skeletal muscle. Intracellular lipids such as diacylglycerols and sphingolipids can serve as lipotoxins by directly inhibiting insulin action in muscle and liver. In contrast, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids have been recently shown to exert a series of beneficial effects. Also, ketoacids are gaining interest as potent modulators of insulin action and mitochondrial function. Finally, branched-chain amino acids not only predict metabolic diseases, but also inhibit insulin signaling. Here, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk in humans, which regulates insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Elisa Álvarez-Hernández
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
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20
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Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1375] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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21
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Pomar CA, Kuda O, Kopecky J, Rombaldova M, Castro H, Picó C, Sánchez J, Palou A. Alterations in plasma acylcarnitine and amino acid profiles may indicate poor nutrition during the suckling period due to maternal intake of an unbalanced diet and may predict later metabolic dysfunction. FASEB J 2018; 33:796-807. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800327rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyNutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity) Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue BiologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue BiologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rombaldova
- Department of Adipose Tissue BiologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Heriberto Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyNutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity) Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Facultad de Salud Pública y NutriciónUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Nuevo León México
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyNutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity) Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyNutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity) Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyNutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity) Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN)University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
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22
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Bray GA, Redman LM, de Jonge L, Rood J, Sutton EF, Smith SR. Plasma fatty acyl-carnitines during 8 weeks of overfeeding: relation to diet energy expenditure and body composition: the PROOF study. Metabolism 2018; 83:1-10. [PMID: 29374510 PMCID: PMC9058975 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overfeeding is a strategy for evaluating the effects of excess energy intake. In this secondary analysis we tested the possibility that different levels of dietary protein might differentially modify the response of fatty acyl-carnitines to overfeeding. METHODS Twenty-three healthy adult men and women were overfed by 40% for 8 weeks while in-patients with diets containing 5% (LPD), 15% (NPD) or 25% (HPD) protein. Plasma fatty acyl-carnitines were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) at baseline and after 8 weeks of overfeeding. Measurements included: body composition by DXA, energy expenditure by ventilated hood and doubly-labeled water, fat cell size from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and fat distribution by CT scan. RESULTS Analysis was done on 5 groups of fatty acyl-carnitines identified by principal components analysis and 6 individual short-chain fatty acyl carnitines. Higher protein intake was associated with significantly lower 8 week levels of medium chain fatty acids and C2, C4-OH and C 6:1, but higher values of C3 and C5:1 acyl-carnitines derived from essential amino acids. In contrast energy and fat intake were only weakly related to changes in fatty acyl-carnitines. A decease or smaller rise in 8 week medium chain acyl-carnitines was associated with an increase in sleeping energy expenditure (P = 0.0004), and fat free mass (P < 0.0001) and a decrease in free fatty acid concentrations (FFA) (P = 0.0067). In contrast changes in short-chain fatty acyl-carnitines were related to changes in resting energy expenditure (P = 0.0026), and fat free mass (P = 0.0007), and C4-OH was positively related to FFA (P = 0006). CONCLUSION Protein intake was the major factor influencing changes in fatty acyl carnitines during overfeeding with higher values of most acyl-fatty acids on the low protein diet. The association of dietary protein and fat intake may explain the changes in energy expenditure and metabolic variables resulting in the observed patterns of fatty acyl carnitines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Leanne M Redman
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Elizabeth F Sutton
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States.
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Bene J, Hadzsiev K, Melegh B. Role of carnitine and its derivatives in the development and management of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:8. [PMID: 29549241 PMCID: PMC5856836 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a highly prevalent chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and associated with several complications such as retinopathy, hyperlipidemia and polyneuropathy. The dysregulated fatty acid metabolism along with tissue lipid accumulation is generally assumed to be associated in the development of insulin resistance and T2D. Moreover, several studies suggest a central role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease. Since L-carnitine (LC) has an indispensable role in lipid metabolism via its involvement in the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and it has antioxidant properties as well, carnitine supplementation may prove to be an effective tool in the management of the clinical course of T2D. In this review we summarize the results from animal and clinical studies demonstrating the effects of supplementation with LC or LC derivatives (acetyl-LC, propionyl-LC) on various metabolic and clinical parameters associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Hadzsiev
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.,Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Bela Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.,Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
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24
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Phan NN, Li KL, Lin YC. Arsenic induces cardiac rhythm dysfunction and acylcarnitines metabolism perturbation in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:423-431. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1440679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nhut Phan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lun Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Goetzman ES, Gong Z, Schiff M, Wang Y, Muzumdar RH. Metabolic pathways at the crossroads of diabetes and inborn errors. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:5-17. [PMID: 28952033 PMCID: PMC6757345 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past two decades has led to advances in our understanding of the genetic and metabolic factors that underlie the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While T2DM is defined by its hallmark metabolic symptoms, the genetic risk factors for T2DM are more immune-related than metabolism-related, and the observed metabolic disease may be secondary to chronic inflammation. Regardless, these metabolic changes are not benign, as the accumulation of some metabolic intermediates serves to further drive the inflammation and cell stress, eventually leading to insulin resistance and ultimately to T2DM. Because many of the biochemical changes observed in the pre-diabetic state (i.e., ectopic lipid storage, increased acylcarnitines, increased branched-chain amino acids) are also observed in patients with rare inborn errors of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, an interesting question is raised regarding whether isolated metabolic gene defects can confer an increased risk for T2DM. In this review, we attempt to address this question by summarizing the literature regarding the metabolic pathways at the crossroads of diabetes and inborn errors of metabolism. Studies using cell culture and animal models have revealed that, within a given pathway, disrupting some genes can lead to insulin resistance while for others there may be no effect or even improved insulin sensitivity. This differential response to ablating a single metabolic gene appears to be dependent upon the specific metabolic intermediates that accumulate and whether these intermediates subsequently activate inflammatory pathways. This highlights the need for future studies to determine whether certain inborn errors may confer increased risk for diabetes as the patients age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos 5117, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Manuel Schiff
- UMR1141, PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Robert Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Radhika H Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
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26
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Makrecka-Kuka M, Sevostjanovs E, Vilks K, Volska K, Antone U, Kuka J, Makarova E, Pugovics O, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E. Plasma acylcarnitine concentrations reflect the acylcarnitine profile in cardiac tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17528. [PMID: 29235526 PMCID: PMC5727517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma concentrations of acylcarnitines (ACs) are suggested as a marker of metabolism disorders. The aim of the present study was to clarify which tissues are responsible for changes in the AC pool in plasma. The concentrations of medium- and long-chain ACs were changing during the fed-fast cycle in rat heart, muscles and liver. After 60 min running exercise, AC content was increased in fasted mice muscles, but not in plasma or heart. After glucose bolus administration in fasted rats, the AC concentrations in plasma decreased after 30 min but then began to increase, while in the muscles and liver, the contents of medium- and long-chain ACs were unchanged or even increased. Only the heart showed a decrease in medium- and long-chain AC contents that was similar to that observed in plasma. In isolated rat heart, but not isolated-contracting mice muscles, the significant efflux of medium- and long-chain ACs was observed. The efflux was reduced by 40% after the addition of glucose and insulin to the perfusion solution. Overall, these results indicate that during fed-fast cycle shifting the heart determines the medium- and long-chain AC profile in plasma, due to a rapid response to the availability of circulating energy substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.
| | - Eduards Sevostjanovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Karlis Vilks
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Kristine Volska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Unigunde Antone
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Elina Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Osvalds Pugovics
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
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Ku CW, Tan ZW, Lim MK, Tam ZY, Lin CH, Ng SP, Allen JC, Lek SM, Tan TC, Tan NS. Spontaneous miscarriage in first trimester pregnancy is associated with altered urinary metabolite profile. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 8:48-55. [PMID: 28879096 PMCID: PMC5574812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Threatened miscarriage is the most common gynecological emergency, occurring in about 20% of pregnant women. Approximately one in four of these patients go on to have spontaneous miscarriage and the etiology of miscarriage still remains elusive. In a bid to identify possible biomarkers and novel treatment targets, many studies have been undertaken to elucidate the pathways that lead to a miscarriage. Luteal phase deficiency has been shown to contribute to miscarriages, and the measurement of serum progesterone as a prognostic marker and the prescription of progesterone supplementation has been proposed as possible diagnostic and treatment methods. However, luteal phase deficiency only accounts for 35% of miscarriages. In order to understand the other causes of spontaneous miscarriage and possible novel urine biomarkers for miscarriage, we looked at the changes in urinary metabolites in women with threatened miscarriage. To this end, we performed a case-control study of eighty patients who presented with threatened miscarriage between 6 and 10 weeks gestation. Urine metabolomics analyses of forty patients with spontaneous miscarriages and forty patients with ongoing pregnancies at 16 weeks gestation point to an impaired placental mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids as the possible cause of spontaneous miscarriage. This study also highlighted the potential of urine metabolites as a non-invasive screening tool for the risk stratification of women presenting with threatened miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wai Ku
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore
| | - Zhen Wei Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Mark Kit Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Zhi Yang Tam
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Chih-Hsien Lin
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Sean Pin Ng
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - John Carson Allen
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, 20 College Road, Academia, 169856, Singapore
| | - Sze Min Lek
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
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Bouchouirab FZ, Fortin M, Noll C, Dubé J, Carpentier AC. Plasma Palmitoyl-Carnitine (AC16:0) Is a Marker of Increased Postprandial Nonesterified Incomplete Fatty Acid Oxidation Rate in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2017; 42:382-388.e1. [PMID: 29129455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enhanced mitochondrial fatty acid utilization is known to increase radical oxidative stress and induce insulin resistance. An increased level of plasma acylcarnitine (AC) has been proposed to indicate mitochondrial energy substrate overload, a possible mechanism leading to insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to determine fasting and postprandial plasma acetyl-carnitine (AC2:0), palmitoyl-carnitine (AC16:0), oleoyl-carnitine (AC18:1) and linoleoyl-carnitine (AC18:2) levels and their relationships with plasma nonesterified fatty acid appearance and oxidation rates and insulin sensitivity in participants with type 2 diabetes and normoglycemic offspring of 2 parents with type 2 diabetes (FH+) compared to healthy participants without family histories of type 2 diabetes (FH-). METHODS All participants underwent 3 metabolic protocols: 1) a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp at fasting; 2) a 6-hour steady-state oral standard liquid meal and 3) an identical 6-hour steady-state meal intake study with a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. AC levels were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) rates were measured by stable isotopic tracer techniques with indirect respiratory calorimetry. RESULTS During the insulin clamp at fasting, AC16:0 was significantly higher in the group with type 2 diabetes vs. FH- (p<0.05). In the postprandial state, AC2:0, AC16:0 and AC18:1 decreased significantly, but this reduction was blunted in type 2 diabetes, even during normalization of postprandial glucose levels during the insulin clamp. Fasting AC16:0 correlated with FAO (ρ=+0.604; p=0.0002); triacylglycerol (ρ=+0.427; p<0.02) and waist circumference (ρ=+0.416; p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Spillover of AC occurs in type 2 diabetes but is not fully established in FH+. AC16:0 can be a useful biomarker of excessive FAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zahra Bouchouirab
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mélanie Fortin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Christophe Noll
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Jean Dubé
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biology, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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Liepinsh E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Makarova E, Volska K, Vilks K, Sevostjanovs E, Antone U, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Lola D, Loza E, Grinberga S, Dambrova M. Acute and long-term administration of palmitoylcarnitine induces muscle-specific insulin resistance in mice. Biofactors 2017; 43:718-730. [PMID: 28759135 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acylcarnitine accumulation has been linked to perturbations in energy metabolism pathways. In this study, we demonstrate that long-chain (LC) acylcarnitines are active metabolites involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism in vivo. Single-dose administration of palmitoylcarnitine (PC) in fed mice induced marked insulin insensitivity, decreased glucose uptake in muscles, and elevated blood glucose levels. Increase in the content of LC acylcarnitine induced insulin resistance by impairing Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. The long-term administration of PC using slow-release osmotic minipumps induced marked hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance, suggesting that the permanent accumulation of LC acylcarnitines can accelerate the progression of insulin resistance. The decrease of acylcarnitine content significantly improved glucose tolerance in a mouse model of diet-induced glucose intolerance. In conclusion, we show that the physiological increase in content of acylcarnitines ensures the transition from a fed to fasted state in order to limit glucose metabolism in the fasted state. In the fed state, the inability of insulin to inhibit LC acylcarnitine production induces disturbances in glucose uptake and metabolism. The reduction of acylcarnitine content could be an effective strategy to improve insulin sensitivity. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(5):718-730, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elina Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristine Volska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Vilks
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daina Lola
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Einars Loza
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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30
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Adeva-Andany MM, Calvo-Castro I, Fernández-Fernández C, Donapetry-García C, Pedre-Piñeiro AM. Significance of l-carnitine for human health. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:578-594. [PMID: 28653367 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine acyltransferases catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-coenzyme A esters to l-carnitine, forming acyl-carnitine esters that may be transported across cell membranes. l-Carnitine is a wáter-soluble compound that humans may obtain both by food ingestion and endogenous synthesis from trimethyl-lysine. Most l-carnitine is intracellular, being present predominantly in liver, skeletal muscle, heart and kidney. The organic cation transporter-2 facilitates l-carnitine uptake inside cells. Congenital dysfunction of this transporter causes primary l-carnitine deficiency. Carnitine acetyltransferase is involved in the export of excess acetyl groups from the mitochondria and in acetylation reactions that regulate gene transcription and enzyme activity. Carnitine octanoyltransferase is a peroxysomal enzyme required for the complete oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and phytanic acid, a branched-chain fatty acid. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 is a transmembrane protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it catalyzes the conversion of acyl-coenzyme A esters to acyl-carnitine esters. Carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase transports acyl-carnitine esters across the inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for free l-carnitine that exits the mitochondrial matrix. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 is anchored on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it converts acyl-carnitine esters back to acyl-coenzyme A esters, which may be used in metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial β-oxidation. l-Carnitine enhances nonoxidative glucose disposal under euglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions in both healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that l-carnitine strengthens insulin effect on glycogen storage. The plasma level of acyl-carnitine esters, primarily acetyl-carnitine, increases during diabetic ketoacidosis, fasting, and physical activity, particularly high-intensity exercise. Plasma concentration of free l-carnitine decreases simultaneously under these conditions. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(8):578-594, 2017.
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Consitt LA, Koves TR, Muoio DM, Nakazawa M, Newton CA, Houmard JA. Plasma acylcarnitines during insulin stimulation in humans are reflective of age-related metabolic dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:868-874. [PMID: 27693789 PMCID: PMC5067238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if plasma acylcarnitine (AC) profiling is altered under hyperinsulinemic conditions as part of the aging process. Fifteen young, lean (19-29 years) and fifteen middle-to older-aged (57-82 years) individuals underwent a 2-hr euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma samples were obtained at baseline, 20 min, 50 min, and 120 min for analysis of AC species and amino acids. Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed after 60 min of insulin-stimulation for analysis of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation. Insulin infusion decreased the majority of plasma short-, medium-, and long-chain (SC, MC, and LC, respectively) AC. However, during the initial 50 min, a number of MC and LC AC species (C10, C10:1, C12:1, C14, C16, C16:1, C18) remained elevated in aged individuals compared to their younger counterparts indicating a lag in responsiveness. Additionally, the insulin-induced decline in skeletal muscle ACC phosphorylation was blunted in the aged compared to young individuals (-24% vs. -56%, P < 0.05). These data suggest that a desensitization to insulin during aging, possibly at the level of skeletal muscle ACC phosphorylation, results in a diminished ability to transition to glucose oxidation indicative of metabolic inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Consitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Timothy R Koves
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA
| | - Masato Nakazawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
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Schooneman MG, Napolitano A, Houten SM, Ambler GK, Murgatroyd PR, Miller SR, Hollak CEM, Tan CY, Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A, Nunez DJ, Soeters MR. Assessment of plasma acylcarnitines before and after weight loss in obese subjects. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 606:73-80. [PMID: 27444119 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acylcarnitines, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) intermediates, have been implicated in diet-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as increased levels are found in obese insulin resistant humans. Moreover plasma acylcarnitines have been associated with clinical parameters related to glucose metabolism, such as fasting glucose levels and HbA1c. We hypothesized that plasma acylcarnitines would correlate with energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and other clinical parameters before and during a weight loss intervention. We measured plasma acylcarnitines in 60 obese subjects before and after a 12 week weight loss intervention. These samples originated from three different interventions (diet alone (n = 20); diet and exercise (n = 21); diet and drug treatment (n = 19)). Acylcarnitine profiles were analysed in relation to clinical parameters of glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure. Conclusions were drawn from all 60 subjects together. Despite amelioration of HOMA-IR, plasma acylcarnitines levels increased during weight loss. HOMA-IR, energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio were not related to plasma acylcarnitines. However non-esterified fatty acids correlated strongly with several acylcarnitines at baseline and during the weight loss intervention (p < 0.001). Acylcarnitines did not correlate with clinical parameters of glucose metabolism during weight loss, questioning their role in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke G Schooneman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonella Napolitano
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Graeme K Ambler
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter R Murgatroyd
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sam R Miller
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Carla E M Hollak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chong Y Tan
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Derek J Nunez
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK. http://www.metabolism.maartensoeters.nl/
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Plasma Acylcarnitines and Amino Acid Levels As an Early Complex Biomarker of Propensity to High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155776. [PMID: 27183228 PMCID: PMC4868278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, which represent characteristic features of the metabolic syndrome. Development of obesity is also linked to changes in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism observed in animal models of obesity as well as in humans. The aim of this study was to explore whether plasma metabolome, namely the levels of various acylcarnitines and amino acids, could serve as a biomarker of propensity to obesity and impaired glucose metabolism. Taking advantage of a high phenotypic variation in diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice, 12-week-old male and female mice (n = 155) were fed a high-fat diet (lipids ~32 wt%) for a period of 10 weeks, while body weight gain (BWG) and changes in insulin sensitivity (ΔHOMA-IR) were assessed. Plasma samples were collected before (week 4) and after (week 22) high-fat feeding. Both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were then used to examine the relationships between plasma metabolome and selected phenotypes including BWG and ΔHOMA-IR. Partial least squares-discrimination analysis was able to distinguish between animals selected either for their low or high BWG (or ΔHOMA-IR) in male but not female mice. Among the metabolites that differentiated male mice with low and high BWG, and which also belonged to the major discriminating metabolites when analyzed in plasma collected before and after high-fat feeding, were amino acids Tyr and Orn, as well as acylcarnitines C16-DC and C18:1-OH. In general, the separation of groups selected for their low or high ΔHOMA-IR was less evident and the outcomes of a corresponding multivariate analysis were much weaker than in case of BWG. Thus, our results document that plasma acylcarnitines and amino acids could serve as a gender-specific complex biomarker of propensity to obesity, however with a limited predictive value in case of the associated impairment of insulin sensitivity.
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Nahon KJ, Boon MR, Bakker LE, Prehn C, Adamski J, Jazet IM, van Dijk KW, Rensen PC, Mook-Kanamori DO. Physiological changes due to mild cooling in healthy lean males of white Caucasian and South Asian descent: A metabolomics study. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 589:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Metabolomics is a promising approach for the identification of chemical compounds that serve for early detection, diagnosis, prediction of therapeutic response and prognosis of disease. Moreover, metabolomics has shown to increase the diagnostic threshold and prediction of type 2 diabetes. Evidence suggests that branched-chain amino acids, acylcarnitines and aromatic amino acids may play an early role on insulin resistance, exposing defects on amino acid metabolism, β-oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. This review aims to provide a panoramic view of the metabolic shifts that antecede or follow type 2 diabetes. Key messages BCAAs, AAAs and acylcarnitines are strongly associated with early insulin resistance. Diabetes risk prediction has been improved when adding metabolomic markers of dysglycemia to standard clinical and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- a Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" , Ciudad De México , D.F
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- a Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" , Ciudad De México , D.F
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van den Berg R, Mook-Kanamori DO, Donga E, van Dijk M, van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ, van Kralingen KW, Prehn C, Adamski J, Romijn JA, van Dijk KW, Corssmit EPM, Rensen PCN, Biermasz NR. A single night of sleep curtailment increases plasma acylcarnitines: Novel insights in the relationship between sleep and insulin resistance. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 589:145-51. [PMID: 26393786 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa van den Berg
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. of Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Epidemiology Section, Dept. of BESC, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esther Donga
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van Dijk
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Gert van Dijk
- Dept. of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Lammers
- Dept. of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelia Prehn
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstul für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora P M Corssmit
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Liepinsh E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Makarova E, Volska K, Svalbe B, Sevostjanovs E, Grinberga S, Kuka J, Dambrova M. Decreased acylcarnitine content improves insulin sensitivity in experimental mice models of insulin resistance. Pharmacol Res 2015; 113:788-795. [PMID: 26621248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The important pathological consequences of insulin resistance arise from the detrimental effects of accumulated long-chain fatty acids and their respective acylcarnitines. The aim of this study was to test whether exercise combined with decreasing the content of long-chain acylcarnitines represents an effective strategy to improve insulin sensitivity in diabetes. We used a novel compound, 4-[ethyl(dimethyl)ammonio]butanoate (methyl-GBB), treatment and exercise to decrease acylcarnitine contents in the plasma and muscles in the insulin resistance models of high fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6 mice and db/db mice. The methyl-GBB treatment induced a substantial decrease in all acylcarnitine concentrations in both fed and fasted states as well as when it was combined with exercise. In the HFD fed mice methyl-GBB treatment improved both glucose and insulin tolerance. Methyl-GBB administration, exercise and the combination of both improved insulin sensitivity and reduced blood glucose levels in db/db mice. Methyl-GBB administration and the combination of the drug and exercise activated the PPARα/PGC1α signaling pathway and stimulated the corresponding target gene expression. Insulin insensitivity in db/db mice was not induced by significantly increased fatty acid metabolism, while increased insulin sensitivity by both treatments was not related to decreased fatty acid metabolism in muscles. The pharmacologically reduced long-chain acylcarnitine content represents an effective strategy to improve insulin sensitivity. The methyl-GBB treatment and lifestyle changes via increased physical activity for one hour a day have additive insulin sensitizing effects in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia.
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str 16, Riga LV1007, Latvia
| | - Elina Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
| | - Kristine Volska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
| | - Baiba Svalbe
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
| | | | - Solveiga Grinberga
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str 16, Riga LV1007, Latvia
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Sunny NE, Kalavalapalli S, Bril F, Garrett TJ, Nautiyal M, Mathew JT, Williams CM, Cusi K. Cross-talk between branched-chain amino acids and hepatic mitochondria is compromised in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E311-9. [PMID: 26058864 PMCID: PMC4537921 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00161.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in the setting of insulin resistance have been relevant in predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset, but their role in the etiology of hepatic insulin resistance remains uncertain. We determined the link between BCAA and dysfunctional hepatic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which is a central feature of hepatic insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Plasma metabolites under basal fasting and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps (insulin stimulation) were measured in 94 human subjects with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity to identify their relationships with insulin resistance. Furthermore, the impact of elevated BCAA on hepatic TCA cycle was determined in a diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD, utilizing targeted metabolomics and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic flux analysis. Insulin stimulation revealed robust relationships between human plasma BCAA and indices of insulin resistance, indicating chronic metabolic overload from BCAA. Human plasma BCAA and long-chain acylcarnitines also showed a positive correlation, suggesting modulation of mitochondrial metabolism by BCAA. Concurrently, mice with NAFLD failed to optimally induce hepatic mTORC1, plasma ketones, and hepatic long-chain acylcarnitines, following acute elevation of plasma BCAA. Furthermore, elevated BCAA failed to induce multiple fluxes through hepatic TCA cycle in mice with NAFLD. Our data suggest that BCAA are essential to mediate efficient channeling of carbon substrates for oxidation through mitochondrial TCA cycle. Impairment of BCAA-mediated upregulation of the TCA cycle could be a significant contributor to mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth E Sunny
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Fernando Bril
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Manisha Nautiyal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Justin T Mathew
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Caroline M Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida; Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and Division of Diabetes, Audie L. Murphy VAMC, San Antonio, Texas; and
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39
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Hansen JS, Zhao X, Irmler M, Liu X, Hoene M, Scheler M, Li Y, Beckers J, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Häring HU, Pedersen BK, Lehmann R, Xu G, Plomgaard P, Weigert C. Type 2 diabetes alters metabolic and transcriptional signatures of glucose and amino acid metabolism during exercise and recovery. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1845-54. [PMID: 26067360 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The therapeutic benefit of physical activity to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes is commonly accepted. However, the impact of the disease on the acute metabolic response is less clear. To this end, we investigated the effect of type 2 diabetes on exercise-induced plasma metabolite changes and the muscular transcriptional response using a complementary metabolomics/transcriptomics approach. METHODS We analysed 139 plasma metabolites and hormones at nine time points, and whole genome expression in skeletal muscle at three time points, during a 60 min bicycle ergometer exercise and a 180 min recovery phase in type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls matched for age, percentage body fat and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2). RESULTS Pathway analysis of differentially regulated genes upon exercise revealed upregulation of regulators of GLUT4 (SLC2A4RG, FLOT1, EXOC7, RAB13, RABGAP1 and CBLB), glycolysis (HK2, PFKFB1, PFKFB3, PFKM, FBP2 and LDHA) and insulin signal mediators in diabetic participants compared with controls. Notably, diabetic participants had normalised rates of lactate and insulin levels, and of glucose appearance and disappearance, after exercise. They also showed an exercise-induced compensatory regulation of genes involved in biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids (PSPH, GATM, NOS1 and GLDC), which responded to differences in the amino acid profile (consistently lower plasma levels of glycine, cysteine and arginine). Markers of fat oxidation (acylcarnitines) and lipolysis (glycerol) did not indicate impaired metabolic flexibility during exercise in diabetic participants. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Type 2 diabetic individuals showed specific exercise-regulated gene expression. These data provide novel insight into potential mechanisms to ameliorate the disturbed glucose and amino acid metabolism associated with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob S Hansen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Schooneman MG, Ten Have GAM, van Vlies N, Houten SM, Deutz NEP, Soeters MR. Transorgan fluxes in a porcine model reveal a central role for liver in acylcarnitine metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E256-64. [PMID: 26037250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00503.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acylcarnitines are derived from mitochondrial acyl-CoA metabolism and have been associated with diet-induced insulin resistance. However, plasma acylcarnitine profiles have been shown to poorly reflect whole body acylcarnitine metabolism. We aimed to clarify the individual role of different organ compartments in whole body acylcarnitine metabolism in a fasted and postprandial state in a porcine transorgan arteriovenous model. Twelve cross-bred pigs underwent surgery where intravascular catheters were positioned before and after the liver, gut, hindquarter muscle compartment, and kidney. Before and after a mixed meal, we measured acylcarnitine profiles at several time points and calculated net transorgan acylcarnitine fluxes. Fasting plasma acylcarnitine concentrations correlated with net hepatic transorgan fluxes of free and C2- and C16-carnitine. Transorgan acylcarnitine fluxes were small, except for a pronounced net hepatic C2-carnitine production. The peak of the postprandial acylcarnitine fluxes was between 60 and 90 min. Acylcarnitine production or release was seen in the gut and liver and consisted mostly of C2-carnitine. Acylcarnitines were extracted by the kidney. No significant net muscle acylcarnitine flux was observed. We conclude that liver has a key role in acylcarnitine metabolism, with high net fluxes of C2-carnitine both in the fasted and fed state, whereas the contribution of skeletal muscle is minor. These results further clarify the role of different organ compartments in the metabolism of different acylcarnitine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke G Schooneman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Naomi van Vlies
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Xiang L, Cheang WS, Lin SH, Wang L, Li YL, Huang Y, Cai ZW. Plasma metabolic signatures reveal the regulatory effect of exercise training in db/db mice. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:2588-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00363f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory effect of moderate exercise training on fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - W. S. Cheang
- Faculty of Medicine
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - S. H. Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - L. Wang
- Faculty of Medicine
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Y. L. Li
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection
- Shenzhen 518000
- China
| | - Y. Huang
- Faculty of Medicine
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Z. W. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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42
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Huynh J, Xiong G, Bentley-Lewis R. A systematic review of metabolite profiling in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2453-64. [PMID: 25193282 PMCID: PMC4221524 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes during, as well as subsequent to, pregnancy, including increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Because of the importance of early risk stratification in preventing these complications, improved first-trimester biomarker determination for diagnosing gestational diabetes would enhance our ability to optimise both maternal and fetal health. Metabolomic profiling, the systematic study of small molecule products of biochemical pathways, has shown promise in the identification of key metabolites associated with the pathogenesis of several metabolic diseases, including gestational diabetes. This article provides a systematic review of the current state of research on biomarkers and gestational diabetes and discusses the clinical relevance of metabolomics in the prediction, diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed) up to the end of February 2014 using the key term combinations of 'metabolomics,' 'metabonomics,' 'nuclear magnetic spectroscopy,' 'mass spectrometry,' 'metabolic profiling' and 'amino acid profile' combined (AND) with 'gestational diabetes'. Additional articles were identified through searching the reference lists from included studies. Quality assessment of included articles was conducted through the use of QUADOMICS. RESULTS This systematic review included 17 articles. The biomarkers most consistently associated with gestational diabetes were asymmetric dimethylarginine and NEFAs. After QUADOMICS analysis, 13 of the 17 included studies were classified as 'high quality'. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Existing metabolomic studies of gestational diabetes present inconsistent findings regarding metabolite profile characteristics. Further studies are needed in larger, more racially/ethnically diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Huynh
- Department of Medicine/Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Bulfinch 4-415, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Schooneman MG, Achterkamp N, Argmann CA, Soeters MR, Houten SM. Plasma acylcarnitines inadequately reflect tissue acylcarnitine metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:987-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Makrecka M, Kuka J, Volska K, Antone U, Sevostjanovs E, Cirule H, Grinberga S, Pugovics O, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E. Long-chain acylcarnitine content determines the pattern of energy metabolism in cardiac mitochondria. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 395:1-10. [PMID: 24878991 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the heart, a nutritional state (fed or fasted) is characterized by a unique energy metabolism pattern determined by the availability of substrates. Increased availability of acylcarnitines has been associated with decreased glucose utilization; however, the effects of long-chain acylcarnitines on glucose metabolism have not been previously studied. We tested how changes in long-chain acylcarnitine content regulate the metabolism of glucose and long-chain fatty acids in cardiac mitochondria in fed and fasted states. We examined the concentrations of metabolic intermediates in plasma and cardiac tissues under fed and fasted states. The effects of substrate availability and their competition for energy production at the mitochondrial level were studied in isolated rat cardiac mitochondria. The availability of long-chain acylcarnitines in plasma reflected their content in cardiac tissue in the fed and fasted states, and acylcarnitine content in the heart was fivefold higher in fasted state compared to the fed state. In substrate competition experiments, pyruvate and fatty acid metabolites effectively competed for the energy production pathway; however, only the physiological content of acylcarnitine significantly reduced pyruvate and lactate oxidation in mitochondria. The increased availability of long-chain acylcarnitine significantly reduced glucose utilization in isolated rat heart model and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that changes in long-chain acylcarnitine contents could orchestrate the interplay between the metabolism of pyruvate-lactate and long-chain fatty acids, and thus determine the pattern of energy metabolism in cardiac mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Makrecka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia,
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45
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Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids partially prevent lipid-induced insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle without limiting acylcarnitine accumulation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:315-22. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous infusion of lipid into healthy males caused insulin resistance. Addition of fish oil omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to the lipid infusion partially prevented the insulin resistance. This effect was not due to differences in muscle acylcarnitine content.
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Gillingham MB, Harding CO, Schoeller DA, Matern D, Purnell JQ. Altered body composition and energy expenditure but normal glucose tolerance among humans with a long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorder. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1299-308. [PMID: 24064340 PMCID: PMC3840216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00225.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of insulin resistance has been associated with impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but the exact relationship between FAO capacity and glucose metabolism continues to be debated. To address this controversy, patients with long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and measurement of energy expenditure, body composition, and plasma metabolites. Compared with controls, patients with LCHAD deficiency had a trend toward higher total body fat and extramyocellular lipid deposition but similar levels of intramyocelluar and intrahepatic lipids. Resting energy expenditure was similar between the groups, but respiratory quotient was higher and total energy expenditure was lower in LCHAD-deficient patients compared with controls. High-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin levels were lower and plasma long-chain acylcarnitines were higher among LCHAD-deficient patients. Fasting and post-OGTT levels of glucose, insulin, and ghrelin, along with estimates of insulin sensitivity, were the same between the groups. Despite decreased capacity for FAO, lower total energy expenditure and plasma HMW adiponectin, and increased plasma acylcarnitines, LCHAD-deficient patients exhibited normal glucose tolerance. These data suggest that inhibition of the FAO pathway in humans is not sufficient to induce insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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47
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Wolf M, Chen S, Zhao X, Scheler M, Irmler M, Staiger H, Beckers J, de Angelis MH, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Xu G, Lehmann R, Weigert C. Production and release of acylcarnitines by primary myotubes reflect the differences in fasting fat oxidation of the donors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1137-42. [PMID: 23633211 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acylcarnitines are biomarkers of incomplete β-oxidation and mitochondrial lipid overload but indicate also high rates of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. It is unknown whether the production of acylcarnitines in primary human myotubes obtained from lean, metabolically healthy subjects reflects the fat oxidation in vivo. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to quantify the acylcarnitine production in myotubes obtained from subjects with low and high fasting respiratory quotient (RQ). METHODS Fasting RQ was determined by indirect calorimetry. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were taken from 6 subjects with low fasting RQ (mean 0.79 ± 0.03) and 6 with high fasting RQ (0.90 ± 0.03), and satellite cells were isolated, cultured, and differentiated to myotubes. Myotubes were cultivated with 125 μM (13)C-labeled palmitate for 30 minutes and 4 and 24 hours. Quantitative profiling of 42 intracellular and 31 extracellular acylcarnitines was performed by stable isotope dilution-based metabolomics analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS Myotubes from donors with high fasting RQ produced and released significant higher amounts of medium-chain acylcarnitines. High (13)C8 and (13)C10 acylcarnitine levels in the extracellular compartment correlated with high fasting RQ. The decreased expression of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) in these myotubes can explain the higher rate of incomplete fatty acid oxidation. A lower intracellular [(13)C]acetylcarnitine to carnitine and lower intracellular (13)C16/(13)C18 acylcarnitine to carnitine ratio indicate reduced fatty acid oxidation capacity in these myotubes. Mitochondrial DNA content was not different. CONCLUSION Acylcarnitine production and release from primary human myotubes of donors with high fasting RQ indicate a reduced fatty acid oxidation capacity and a higher rate of incomplete fatty acid oxidation. Thus, quantitative profiling of acylcarnitine production in human myotubes can be a suitable tool to identify muscular determinants of fat oxidation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Wolf
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, Pathobiochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke G. Schooneman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M. Houten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten R. Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Maarten R. Soeters,
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Soeters MR, Soeters PB, Schooneman MG, Houten SM, Romijn JA. Adaptive reciprocity of lipid and glucose metabolism in human short-term starvation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1397-407. [PMID: 23074240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00397.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human organism has tools to cope with metabolic challenges like starvation that are crucial for survival. Lipolysis, lipid oxidation, ketone body synthesis, tailored endogenous glucose production and uptake, and decreased glucose oxidation serve to protect against excessive erosion of protein mass, which is the predominant supplier of carbon chains for synthesis of newly formed glucose. The starvation response shows that the adaptation to energy deficit is very effective and coordinated with different adaptations in different organs. From an evolutionary perspective, this lipid-induced effect on glucose oxidation and uptake is very strong and may therefore help to understand why insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is difficult to treat. The importance of reciprocity in lipid and glucose metabolism during human starvation should be taken into account when studying lipid and glucose metabolism in general and in pathophysiological conditions in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Perioperative perturbations in carnitine metabolism are attenuated by preoperative carbohydrate treatment: Another mechanism by which preoperative feeding may attenuate development of postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:717-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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