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Fathi-Karkan S, Sargazi S, Shojaei S, Farasati Far B, Mirinejad S, Cordani M, Khosravi A, Zarrabi A, Ghavami S. Biotin-functionalized nanoparticles: an overview of recent trends in cancer detection. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12750-12792. [PMID: 38899396 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00634h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical bio-sensing is a potent and efficient method for converting various biological recognition events into voltage, current, and impedance electrical signals. Biochemical sensors are now a common part of medical applications, such as detecting blood glucose levels, detecting food pathogens, and detecting specific cancers. As an exciting feature, bio-affinity couples, such as proteins with aptamers, ligands, paired nucleotides, and antibodies with antigens, are commonly used as bio-sensitive elements in electrochemical biosensors. Biotin-avidin interactions have been utilized for various purposes in recent years, such as targeting drugs, diagnosing clinically, labeling immunologically, biotechnology, biomedical engineering, and separating or purifying biomolecular compounds. The interaction between biotin and avidin is widely regarded as one of the most robust and reliable noncovalent interactions due to its high bi-affinity and ability to remain selective and accurate under various reaction conditions and bio-molecular attachments. More recently, there have been numerous attempts to develop electrochemical sensors to sense circulating cancer cells and the measurement of intracellular levels of protein thiols, formaldehyde, vitamin-targeted polymers, huwentoxin-I, anti-human antibodies, and a variety of tumor markers (including alpha-fetoprotein, epidermal growth factor receptor, prostate-specific Ag, carcinoembryonic Ag, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 15-3, etc.). Still, the non-specific binding of biotin to endogenous biotin-binding proteins present in biological samples can result in false-positive signals and hinder the accurate detection of cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes various categories of biotin-functional nanoparticles designed to detect such biomarkers and highlights some challenges in using them as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 94531-55166 Iran.
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 9414974877, Iran.
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Shirin Shojaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Turkiye.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkiye.
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320315, Taiwan
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Anjo SI, He Z, Hussain Z, Farooq A, McIntyre A, Laughton CA, Carvalho AN, Finelli MJ. Protein Oxidative Modifications in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Advances in Detection and Modelling to Their Use as Disease Biomarkers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:681. [PMID: 38929122 PMCID: PMC11200609 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidation-reduction post-translational modifications (redox-PTMs) are chemical alterations to amino acids of proteins. Redox-PTMs participate in the regulation of protein conformation, localization and function, acting as signalling effectors that impact many essential biochemical processes in the cells. Crucially, the dysregulation of redox-PTMs of proteins has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review aims to highlight the current gaps in knowledge in the field of redox-PTMs biology and to explore new methodological advances in proteomics and computational modelling that will pave the way for a better understanding of the role and therapeutic potential of redox-PTMs of proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the main types of redox-PTMs of proteins while providing examples of their occurrence in neurodegenerative diseases and an overview of the state-of-the-art methods used for their detection. We explore the potential of novel computational modelling approaches as essential tools to obtain insights into the precise role of redox-PTMs in regulating protein structure and function. We also discuss the complex crosstalk between various PTMs that occur in living cells. Finally, we argue that redox-PTMs of proteins could be used in the future as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I. Anjo
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zhicheng He
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Zohaib Hussain
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aruba Farooq
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Charles A. Laughton
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andreia Neves Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mattéa J. Finelli
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Savini C, Tenti E, Mikus E, Eligini S, Munno M, Gaspardo A, Gianazza E, Greco A, Ghilardi S, Aldini G, Tremoli E, Banfi C. Albumin Thiolation and Oxidative Stress Status in Patients with Aortic Valve Stenosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1713. [PMID: 38136584 PMCID: PMC10742097 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species play an important causative role in the onset and progression of valvular diseases. Here, we analyzed the oxidative modifications of albumin (HSA) occurring on Cysteine 34 and the antioxidant capacity of the serum in 44 patients with severe aortic stenosis (36 patients underwent aortic valve replacement and 8 underwent a second aortic valve substitution due to a degenerated bioprosthetic valve), and in 10 healthy donors (controls). Before surgical intervention, patients showed an increase in the oxidized form of albumin (HSA-Cys), a decrease in the native reduced form (HSA-SH), and a significant reduction in serum free sulfhydryl groups and in the total serum antioxidant activity. Patients undergoing a second valve replacement showed levels of HSA-Cys, free sulfhydryl groups, and total antioxidant activity similar to those of controls. In vitro incubation of whole blood with aspirin (ASA) significantly increased the free sulfhydryl groups, suggesting that the in vivo treatment with ASA may contribute to reducing oxidative stress. We also found that N-acetylcysteine and its amide derivative were able to regenerate HSA-SH. In conclusion, the systemic oxidative stress reflected by high levels of HSA-Cys is increased in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Thiol-disulfide breaking agents regenerate HSA-SH, thus paving the way to the use these compounds to mitigate the oxidative stress occurring in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Savini
- GVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (C.S.); (E.T.); (E.M.); (E.T.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Tenti
- GVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (C.S.); (E.T.); (E.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Elisa Mikus
- GVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (C.S.); (E.T.); (E.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (S.E.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (A.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Marco Munno
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (S.E.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (A.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Anna Gaspardo
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (S.E.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (A.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Erica Gianazza
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (S.E.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (A.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Arianna Greco
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (S.E.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (A.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefania Ghilardi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (S.E.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (A.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Elena Tremoli
- GVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (C.S.); (E.T.); (E.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (S.E.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (A.G.); (S.G.)
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Turan Ç, Şenormancı G, Neşelioğlu S, Budak Y, Erel Ö, Şenormancı Ö. Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in People with Methamphetamine Use Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:572-582. [PMID: 37424424 PMCID: PMC10335902 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.22.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the blood serum levels of biomarkers specifying oxidative stress status and systemic inflammation between people using methamphetamine (METH) and the control group (CG). Serum thiol/disulfide balance and ischemia-modified albumin levels were studied to determine oxidative stress, and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and complete blood count (CBC) were to assess inflammation. Methods Fifty patients with METH use disorder (MUD) and 36 CG participants were included in the study. Two tubes of venous blood samples were taken to measure oxidative stress, serum thiol/disulfide balance, ischemia-modified albumin, and IL-6 levels between groups. The correlation of parameters measuring oxidative stress and inflammation between groups with sociodemographic data was investigated. Results In this study, serum total thiol, free thiol levels, disulfide/native thiol percentage ratios, and serum ischemia- modified albumin levels of the patients were statistically significantly higher than the healthy controls. No difference was observed between the groups in serum disulfide levels and serum IL-6 levels. Considering the regression analysis, only the duration of substance use was a statistically significant factor in explaining serum IL-6 levels. The parameters showing inflammation in the CBC were significantly higher in the patients than in the CG. Conclusion CBC can be used to evaluate systemic inflammation in patients with MUD. Parameters measuring thiol/disulfide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin can be, also, used to assess oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çetin Turan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Güliz Şenormancı
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Salim Neşelioğlu
- Clinic of Clinical Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Budak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Özcan Erel
- Clinic of Clinical Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şenormancı
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Beykent, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sadowska-Krępa E, Rzetecki A, Zając-Gawlak I, Nawrat-Szołtysik A, Rozpara M, Mikuľáková W, Stanek A, Pałka T. Comparison of selected prooxidant-antioxidant balance and bone metabolism indicators and BDNF levels between older women with different levels of physical activity. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:489. [PMID: 37580674 PMCID: PMC10424411 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given a lack of studies precisely indicating how many steps elderly people should take daily for their antioxidant defence, bone metabolism, and cognitive abilities to improve, our study set out to compare the selected antioxidant, prooxidant, bone turnover, and BDNF indicators between elderly women differing in physical activity (PA) measured by the daily number of steps. METHODS The PA levels of 62 women aged 72.1 ± 5.4 years were assessed based on their daily number of steps and then were used to allocate the participants to three groups: group I (n = 18; <5,000 steps a day); group II (n = 22; from 5,000 to 9,999 steps a day); and group III (n = 22; ≥10,000 steps a day). Blood samples were collected from the participants in early morning hours and subjected to biochemical analysis for prooxidant-antioxidant balance indicators (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, UA, MDA and TOS/TOC), bone metabolism indicators (Ca, 25-OH vitamin D, osteocalcin, CTX-I, and PTH), and BDNF levels. RESULTS The groups were not statistically significantly different in the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR, but their concentrations of GSH (H = 22.10, p < 0.001) and UA (H = 12.20, p = 0.002) proved to be significantly associated with the groups' daily PA. The between-group differences in the concentrations of MDA and TOS/TOC were not significant, with both these indicators tending to take higher values in group I than in groups II and III. Significant differences between the groups were established for the concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D (H = 24.21, p < 0.001), osteocalcin (H = 7.88, p = 0.019), CTX-I (H = 12.91, p = 0.002), and BDNF (H = 14.47, p = 0.001), but not for Ca and PTH. CONCLUSIONS Significantly higher concentrations of GSH, slightly lower oxidative stress indicators, significantly higher BDNF levels, and moderately better bone turnover indicators and resorption markers in the group taking more than 5,000 steps a day suggest that this level of PA can promote successful aging. More research is, however, needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Activity, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, 40-065, Poland.
| | - Adam Rzetecki
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Activity, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, 40-065, Poland
| | - Izabela Zając-Gawlak
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy in Internal Diseases, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, 40-065, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrat-Szołtysik
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, 40-065, Poland
| | - Michał Rozpara
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Health-Promoting Physical Activity and Tourism, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, 40-065, Poland
| | - Wioletta Mikuľáková
- Faculty of Health Care, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Presov, Presov, 080 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, 41-902, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, 31-571, Poland
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Gaspar RS, Laurindo FRM. Sulfenylation: an emerging element of the protein disulfide isomerase code for thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2054-2057. [PMID: 37468176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Simões Gaspar
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Tsiasioti A, Tzanavaras PD. Pulsed-post column derivatization coupled to green liquid chromatography for the determination of glutathione and cysteine based on thioacrylates formation. Talanta 2023; 259:124488. [PMID: 37001400 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we developed a method for the determination of thiols (cysteine and glutathione) in yeast samples under the new concept of Pulsed-post column derivatization (Pulsed-PCD). For the chromatographic separation of the analytes, 100% aqueous mobile phase was used and the eluted compounds reacted on-line with the injected pulses (100 μL) of the derivatizing reagent (ethyl propiolate + Britton-Robinson buffer). Spectrophotometric detection of the derivatives was carried out at 285 nm. The Pulsed-PCD configuration, the selection of the analytical column and the pulsed-PCD reaction conditions were investigated. The method was validated for the determination of endogenous content of the analytes in dry and fresh yeasts, with LODs of 3.0 μmol L-1. The percent recovery ranged between 85.2 and 114.4% in all cases and the results were compared with a corroborative method based on classical PCD. The analytical greenness of the proposed method was evaluated using two tools; Analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). The greenness score of the HPLC-Pulsed-PCD method (score = 77) was compared with that of the corroborative HILIC-PCD method (score = 71) and was found to be greener in terms of the amount of chemicals used and the produced wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolia Tsiasioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Paraskevas D Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
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Piechocka J, Wyszczelska-Rokiel M, Głowacki R. Simultaneous determination of 2-(3-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxymethyl-2-methyl-4-pyridyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and main plasma aminothiols by HPLC-UV based method. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9294. [PMID: 37286735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The report presents the first method for simultaneous determination of plasma 2-(3-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxymethyl-2-methyl-4-pyridyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (HPPTCA), an adduct of cysteine (Cys) and active form of vitamin B6 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), as well as total low molecular-weight thiols content, including Cys, homocysteine (Hcy), cysteinyl-glycine (Cys-Gly), and glutathione (GSH). The assay is based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) and involves disulfides reduction with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), derivatization with 2-chloro-1-methylquinolinium tetrafluoroborate (CMQT) followed by sample deproteinization with perchloric acid (PCA). The chromatographic separation of obtained stable UV-absorbing derivatives is achieved on ZORBAX SB-C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) column using gradient elution with eluent consisted of 0.1 mol/L trichloroacetic acid (TCA), pH 1.7 and acetonitrile (ACN), delivered at a flow rate 1 mL/min. Under these conditions, the analytes are separated within 14 min at room temperature, and quantified by monitoring at 355 nm. Regarding HPPTCA, the assay linearity was demonstrated within a 1-100 µmol/L in plasma and the lowest concentration on the calibration curve was recognized as the limit of quantification (LOQ). The accuracy ranged from 92.74 to 105.57% and 95.43 to 115.73%, while precision varied from 2.48 to 6.99% and 0.84 to 6.98% for intra- and inter-day measurements, respectively. The utility of the assay was proved by application to plasma samples delivered by apparently healthy donors (n = 18) in which the HPPTCA concentration ranged from 19.2 to 65.6 µmol/L. The HPLC-UV assay provides complementary tool for routine clinical analysis, facilitating further studies on the role of aminothiols and HPPTCA in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piechocka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Monika Wyszczelska-Rokiel
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
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Sołtysik BK, Karolczak K, Kostka T, Stephenson SS, Watala C, Kostka J. Contribution of Physical Activity to the Oxidative and Antioxidant Potential in 60-65-Year-Old Seniors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1200. [PMID: 37371930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Both acute exercise and regular physical activity (PA) are directly related to the redox system. However, at present, there are data suggesting both positive and negative relationships between the PA and oxidation. In addition, there is a limited number of publications differentiating the relationships between PA and numerous markers of plasma and platelets targets for the oxidative stress. In this study, in a population of 300 participants from central Poland (covering the age range between 60 and 65 years), PA was assessed as regards energy expenditure (PA-EE) and health-related behaviors (PA-HRB). Total antioxidant potential (TAS), total oxidative stress (TOS) and several other markers of an oxidative stress, monitored in platelet and plasma lipids and proteins, were then determined. The association of PA with oxidative stress was determined taking into the account basic confounders, such as age, sex and the set of the relevant cardiometabolic factors. In simple correlations, platelet lipid peroxides, free thiol and amino groups of platelet proteins, as well as the generation of superoxide anion radical, were inversely related with PA-EE. In multivariate analyses, apart from other cardiometabolic factors, a significant positive impact of PA-HRB was revealed for TOS (inverse relationship), while in the case of PA-EE, the effect was found to be positive (inverse association) for lipid peroxides and superoxide anion but negative (lower concentration) for free thiol and free amino groups in platelets proteins. Therefore, the impact of PA may be different on oxidative stress markers in platelets as compared to plasma proteins and also dissimilar on platelet lipids and proteins. These associations are more visible for platelets than plasma markers. For lipid oxidation, PA seems to have protective effect. In the case of platelets proteins, PA tends to act as pro-oxidative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej K Sołtysik
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Haller Square No. 1, 90-419 Łódź, Poland
| | - Kamil Karolczak
- Department of Hemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka Street 6/8, 92-215 Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Haller Square No. 1, 90-419 Łódź, Poland
| | - Serena S Stephenson
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Haller Square No. 1, 90-419 Łódź, Poland
| | - Cezary Watala
- Department of Hemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka Street 6/8, 92-215 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Kostka
- Department of Gerontology, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa Street No. 14, 93-113 Łódź, Poland
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Clark V, Pellitero MA, Arroyo-Currás N. Explaining the Decay of Nucleic Acid-Based Sensors under Continuous Voltammetric Interrogation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4974-4983. [PMID: 36881708 PMCID: PMC10035425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors (NBEs) can support continuous and highly selective molecular monitoring in biological fluids, both in vitro and in vivo, via affinity-based interactions. Such interactions afford a sensing versatility that is not supported by strategies that depend on target-specific reactivity. Thus, NBEs have significantly expanded the scope of molecules that can be monitored continuously in biological systems. However, the technology is limited by the lability of the thiol-based monolayers employed for sensor fabrication. Seeking to understand the main drivers of monolayer degradation, we studied four possible mechanisms of NBE decay: (i) passive desorption of monolayer elements in undisturbed sensors, (ii) voltage-induced desorption under continuous voltammetric interrogation, (iii) competitive displacement by thiolated molecules naturally present in biofluids like serum, and (iv) protein binding. Our results indicate that voltage-induced desorption of monolayer elements is the main mechanism by which NBEs decay in phosphate-buffered saline. This degradation can be overcome by using a voltage window contained between -0.2 and 0.2 V vs Ag|AgCl, reported for the first time in this work, where electrochemical oxygen reduction and surface gold oxidation cannot occur. This result underscores the need for chemically stable redox reporters with more positive reduction potentials than the benchmark methylene blue and the ability to cycle thousands of times between redox states to support continuous sensing for long periods. Additionally, in biofluids, the rate of sensor decay is further accelerated by the presence of thiolated small molecules like cysteine and glutathione, which can competitively displace monolayer elements even in the absence of voltage-induced damage. We hope that this work will serve as a framework to inspire future development of novel sensor interfaces aiming to eliminate the mechanisms of signal decay in NBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Clark
- Chemistry-Biology
Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Miguel Aller Pellitero
- Departamento
de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias, Avenida de Roma, Oviedo 33011, Spain
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Chemistry-Biology
Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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11
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Elshorbagy A, Bastani NE, Lee-Ødegård S, Øvrebø B, Haj-Yasein N, Svendsen K, Turner C, Refsum H, Vinknes KJ, Olsen T. The association of fasting plasma thiol fractions with body fat compartments, biomarker profile, and adipose tissue gene expression. Amino Acids 2023; 55:313-323. [PMID: 36542145 PMCID: PMC10038976 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
People with high plasma total cysteine (tCys) have higher fat mass and higher concentrations of the atherogenic apolipoprotein B (apoB). The disulfide form, cystine, enhanced human adipogenesis and correlated with total fat mass in a Middle-Eastern cohort. In 35 European adults with overweight (88.6% women) and with dual-X-ray absorptiometry measurements of regional fat, we investigated how cystine compared to other free disulfides in their association with total regional adiposity, plasma lipid and glucose biomarkers, and adipose tissue lipid enzyme mRNA (n = 19). Most total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) (78%) was protein-bound; 63% of total glutathione (tGSH) was reduced. tCys was 49% protein-bound, 30% mixed-disulfide, 15% cystine, and 6% reduced. Controlling for age and lean mass, cystine and total free cysteine were the fractions most strongly associated with android and total fat: 1% higher cystine predicted 1.97% higher android fat mass (95% CI 0.64, 3.31) and 1.25% (0.65, 2.98) higher total fat mass (both p = 0.005). A positive association between tCys and apoB (β: 0.64%; 95% CI 0.17, 1.12%, p = 0.009) was apparently driven by free cysteine and cystine; cystine was also inversely associated with the HDL-associated apolipoprotein A1 (β: -0.57%; 95% CI -0.96, -0.17%, p = 0.007). No independent positive associations with adiposity were noted for tGSH or tHcy fractions. Plasma cystine correlated with CPT1a mRNA (Spearman's r = 0.68, p = 0.001). In conclusion, plasma cystine-but not homocysteine or glutathione disulfides-is associated with android adiposity and an atherogenic plasma apolipoprotein profile. The role of cystine in human adiposity and cardiometabolic risk deserves investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02647970 and NCT03629392.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Elshorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nasser E Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Øvrebø
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Haj-Yasein
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karianne Svendsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrine J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Efficacy of N-acetyl Cysteine in Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp-129817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Today, various drugs have been investigated as the primary or complementary treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used as a mucolytic in pulmonary diseases. This drug apparently contributes to the retrieval of the intracellular antioxidant system. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of NAC in severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This single-blinded randomized controlled phase III clinical trial included 40 patients with confirmed COVID-19 (based on polymerase chain reaction) admitted to the Shahid Mohammadi Hospital’s ICU, Bandar Abbas, Iran, in 2020. All cases had severe COVID-19. They were allocated randomly to two equal groups. Patients in the control group received standard drug therapy based on the treatment protocol of the national COVID-19 committee, while those in the NAC group received a single dose of intravenous NAC (300 mg/kg) upon admission to the ICU in addition to standard drug treatment. Clinical status and laboratory tests were done on admission to the ICU and then 14 days later or at discharge without knowing the patient grouping. Results: The two groups were comparable regarding age, gender, and other baseline laboratory and clinical parameters. At the final evaluation, respiratory rate (21.25 ± 4.67 vs. 27.37 ± 6.99 /min) and D-dimer (186.37 ± 410.23 vs. 1339.04 ± 2183.87 ng/mL) were significantly lower in the NAC group (P = 0.004 and P = 0.030, respectively). Also, a lower percentage of patients in the NAC group had lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≤ 245 U/L (0% vs. 25%, P = 0.047). Although the length of ward and ICU stay was shorter in the NAC group than in controls, the difference was statistically insignificant (P = 0.598 and P = 0.629, respectively). Mortality, on the other hand, was 75% in the control group and 50% in the NAC group, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.102). Concerning the change in the study parameters, only the decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly higher with NAC (P = 0.042). The intubation and mechanical ventilation rates were higher, while oxygen with mask and nasal oxygen rates were lower with NAC, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusions: Based on the current research, NAC is related to a significant decrease in RR, D-dimer, and DBP in severe COVID-19. Also, LDH was significantly lower in the NAC group than in the controls. More research with larger sample sizes is needed to validate the current study results.
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13
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Sui Y, Jiang R, Niimi M, Hong J, Yan Q, Shi Z, Yao J. Development of Dietary Thiol Antioxidant via Reductive Modification of Whey Protein and Its Application in the Treatment of Ischemic Kidney Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:193. [PMID: 36671055 PMCID: PMC9854561 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiol antioxidants play important roles in cell and body defense against oxidative stress. In body fluid, albumin is the richest source of thiol antioxidants. One recent study showed that the reductive modification of thiol residues in albumin potentiated its antioxidative activity. Given that whey protein (WP) contains albumin and other thiol-active proteins, this property of WP could be exploited to develop novel thiol antioxidants. The aim of this study was to address this possibility. WP was reductively modified with dithiothreitol (DTT). The modified protein exhibited significantly elevated free sulfhydryl groups (-SH) and thiol antioxidative activity. It detoxified H2O2 and prevented H2O2-initiated protein oxidation and cell death in a -SH group-dependent way in vitro. In addition, it reacted with GSH/GSSG and altered the GSH/GSSG ratio via thiol-disulfide exchange. In vivo, oral administration of the reductively modified WP prevented oxidative stress and renal damage in a mouse model of renal injury caused by ischemia reperfusion. It significantly improved renal function, oxidation, inflammation, and cell injury. These protective effects were not observed in the WP control and were lost after blocking the -SH groups with maleimide. Furthermore, albumin, one of the ingredients of WP, also exhibited similar protective effects when reductively modified. In conclusion, the reductive modification of thiol residues in WP transformed it into a potent thiol antioxidant that protected kidneys from ischemia reperfusion injury. Given that oxidative stress underlies many life-threatening diseases, the reductively modified dietary protein could be used for the prevention and treatment of many oxidative-stress-related conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sui
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
| | - Rui Jiang
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
| | - Manabu Niimi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
| | - Jingru Hong
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
| | - Qiaojing Yan
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
| | - Zhuheng Shi
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
| | - Jian Yao
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
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14
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Jia R, Bai H, He Y. Electrochemical Determination of Homocysteine Using Self-Assembled 6-Ferrocenylhexanethiol on a Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticle Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2138421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, P.R. China
| | - Huiyun Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin He
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, P.R. China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Food with Homologous of Medicine and Food, Changzhi, P.R. China
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15
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Ngo ATP, Gollomp K. Building a better
NET
: Neutrophil extracellular trap targeted therapeutics in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anh T. P. Ngo
- Division of Hematology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kandace Gollomp
- Division of Hematology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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16
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Jentzer A, Attal A, Roué C, Raymond J, Lleixà C, Illa I, Querol L, Taieb G, Devaux J. IgG4 Valency Modulates the Pathogenicity of Anti–Neurofascin-155 IgG4 in Autoimmune Nodopathy. NEUROLOGY - NEUROIMMUNOLOGY NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/5/e200014. [PMID: 35948442 PMCID: PMC9365386 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives IgG4 autoantibodies to neurofascin-155 (Nfasc155) are associated with a subgroup of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), currently named autoimmune nodopathy. We previously demonstrated that those antibodies alter conduction along myelinated axons by inducing Nfasc155 depletion and paranode destruction. In blood, IgG4 have the potency to exchange their moiety with other unrelated IgG4 through a process called Fab-arm exchange (FAE). This process results in functionally monovalent antibodies and may affect the pathogenicity of autoantibodies. Here, we examined this issue and whether FAE is beneficial or detrimental for Nfasc155 autoimmune nodopathy. Methods The bivalency and monospecificity of anti-Nfasc155 were examined by sandwich ELISA in 10 reactive patients, 10 unreactive CIDP patients, and 10 healthy controls. FAE was induced in vitro using reduced glutathione and unreactive IgG4, and the ratio of the κ:λ light chain was monitored. To determine the pathogenic potential of bivalent anti-Nfasc155 IgG4, autoantibodies derived from patients were enzymatically cleaved into monovalent Fab and bivalent F(ab’)2 or swapped with unreactive IgG4 and then were injected in neonatal animals. Results Monospecific bivalent IgG4 against Nfasc155 were detected in the serum of all reactive patients, indicating that a fraction of IgG4 have not undergone FAE in situ. These IgG4 were, nonetheless, capable of engaging into FAE with unreactive IgG4 in vitro, and this decreased the levels of monospecific antibodies and modulated the ratio of the κ:λ light chain. When injected in animals, monovalent anti-Nfasc155 Fab did not alter the formation of paranodes; by contrast, both native anti-Nfasc155 IgG4 and F(ab’)2 fragments strongly impaired paranode formation. The promotion of FAE with unreactive IgG4 also strongly diminished the pathogenic potential of anti-Nfasc155 IgG4 in animals and decreased IgG4 clustering on Schwann cells. Discussion Our findings demonstrate that monospecific and bivalent anti-Nfasc155 IgG4 are detected in patients and that those autoantibodies are the pathogenic ones. The transformation of anti-Nfasc155 IgG4 into monovalent Fab or functionally monovalent IgG4 through FAE strongly decreases paranodal alterations. Bivalency thus appears crucial for Nfasc155 clustering and paranode destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Jentzer
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arthur Attal
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clémence Roué
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Raymond
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Lleixà
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Illa
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Querol
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Taieb
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Devaux
- From the Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (A.J., A.A., G.T., J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hôpital Saint Eloi, France; Department of Immunology (A.J.), CHU Montpellier, France ; Department of Neurology (A.A., G.T.), CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, France; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (C.R., J.R., G.T., J.D.), CNRS UMR5203, France; and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., I.I., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Duran E, Taşkın A, Pehlivan B, Çelik H, Pehlivan VF, Taşkın S. Dynamic Thiol Disulphide Homeostasis in the Follow-Up of the Prognosis of Patients Treated for COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit. Cureus 2022; 14:e27542. [PMID: 36060378 PMCID: PMC9428424 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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18
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Garavaglia ML, Giustarini D, Colombo G, Reggiani F, Finazzi S, Calatroni M, Landoni L, Portinaro NM, Milzani A, Badalamenti S, Rossi R, Dalle-Donne I. Blood Thiol Redox State in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052853. [PMID: 35269995 PMCID: PMC8911004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiols (sulfhydryl groups) are effective antioxidants that can preserve the correct structure of proteins, and can protect cells and tissues from damage induced by oxidative stress. Abnormal levels of thiols have been measured in the blood of patients with moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to healthy subjects, as well as in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The levels of protein thiols (a measure of the endogenous antioxidant capacity inversely related to protein oxidation) and S-thiolated proteins (mixed disulphides of protein thiols and low molecular mass thiols), and the protein thiolation index (the molar ratio of the S-thiolated proteins to free protein thiols in plasma) have been investigated in the plasma or red blood cells of CKD and ESRD patients as possible biomarkers of oxidative stress. This type of minimally invasive analysis provides valuable information on the redox status of the less-easily accessible tissues and organs, and of the whole organism. This review provides an overview of reversible modifications in protein thiols in the setting of CKD and renal replacement therapy. The evidence suggests that protein thiols, S-thiolated proteins, and the protein thiolation index are promising biomarkers of reversible oxidative stress that could be included in the routine monitoring of CKD and ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lisa Garavaglia
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Finazzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Marta Calatroni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Landoni
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (I.D.-D.)
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Correia MJ, Pimpão AB, Fernandes DGF, Morello J, Sequeira CO, Calado J, Antunes AMM, Almeida MS, Branco P, Monteiro EC, Vicente JB, Serpa J, Pereira SA. Cysteine as a Multifaceted Player in Kidney, the Cysteine-Related Thiolome and Its Implications for Precision Medicine. Molecules 2022; 27:1416. [PMID: 35209204 PMCID: PMC8874463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review encouraged by original data, we first provided in vivo evidence that the kidney, comparative to the liver or brain, is an organ particularly rich in cysteine. In the kidney, the total availability of cysteine was higher in cortex tissue than in the medulla and distributed in free reduced, free oxidized and protein-bound fractions (in descending order). Next, we provided a comprehensive integrated review on the evidence that supports the reliance on cysteine of the kidney beyond cysteine antioxidant properties, highlighting the relevance of cysteine and its renal metabolism in the control of cysteine excess in the body as a pivotal source of metabolites to kidney biomass and bioenergetics and a promoter of adaptive responses to stressors. This view might translate into novel perspectives on the mechanisms of kidney function and blood pressure regulation and on clinical implications of the cysteine-related thiolome as a tool in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Correia
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - António B. Pimpão
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Dalila G. F. Fernandes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Catarina O. Sequeira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Joaquim Calado
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel S. Almeida
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Branco
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - João B. Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
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20
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Piechocka J, Litwicka N, Głowacki R. Identification and Determination of 1,3-Thiazinane-4-carboxylic Acid in Human Urine-Chromatographic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:598. [PMID: 35054809 PMCID: PMC8776240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that homocysteine (Hcy) and its thiolactone (HTL) are reactive towards aldehydes in an aqueous environment, forming substituted thiazinane carboxylic acids. This report provides evidence that Hcy/HTL and formaldehyde (FA) adduct, namely 1,3-thiazinane-4-carboxylic acid (TCA) is formed in vivo in humans. In order to provide definitive proof, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based method was elaborated to identify and quantify TCA in human urine. The GC-MS assay involves chemical derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate (IBCF) in the presence of pyridine as a catalyst, followed by an ethyl acetate extraction of the obtained isobutyl derivative of TCA (TCA-IBCF). The validity of the method has been demonstrated based upon United States Food and Drug Administration recommendations. The assay linearity was observed within a 1-50 µmol L-1 range for TCA in urine, while the lowest concentration on the calibration curve was recognized as the limit of quantification (LOQ). Importantly, the method was successfully applied to urine samples delivered by apparently healthy volunteers (n = 15). The GC-MS assay may provide a new analytical tool for routine clinical analysis of the role of TCA in living systems in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piechocka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland;
| | | | - Rafał Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland;
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Oxidative distress in aging and age-related diseases: Spatiotemporal dysregulation of protein oxidation and degradation. Biochimie 2021; 195:114-134. [PMID: 34890732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept of oxidative distress had arisen from the assessment of cellular response to high concentrations of reactive species that result from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and cause biomolecular damage. The intracellular distribution and flux of reactive species dramatically change in time and space contributing to the remodeling of the redox landscape and sensitivity of protein residues to oxidants. Here, we hypothesize that compromised spatiotemporal control of generation, conversions, and removal of reactive species underlies protein damage and dysfunction of protein degradation machineries. This leads to the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins resulted in an age-dependent decline in the organismal adaptability to oxidative stress. We highlight recent data obtained with the use of various cell cultures, animal models, and patients on irreversible and non-repairable oxidation of key redox-sensitive residues. Multiple reaction products include peptidyl hydroperoxides, alcohols, carbonyls, and carbamoyl moieties as well as Tyr-Tyr, Trp-Tyr, Trp-Trp, Tyr-Cys, His-Lys, His-Arg, and Tyr-Lys cross-links. These lead to protein fragmentation, misfolding, covalent cross-linking, oligomerization, aggregation, and ultimately, causing impaired protein function and turnover. 20S proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways are two major types of machinery for the degradation and elimination of oxidatively damaged proteins. Spatiotemporal dysregulation of these pathways under oxidative distress conditions is implicated in aging and age-related disorders such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Future investigations in this field allow the discovery of new drugs to target components of dysregulated cell signaling and protein degradation machinery to combat aging and age-related chronic diseases.
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Zhou Y, Zou L, Li G, Shi T, Yu S, Wang F, Liu X. A Cooperatively Activatable DNA Nanoprobe for Cancer Cell-Selective Imaging of ATP. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13960-13966. [PMID: 34605640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA-based nanoprobes have attracted extensive interest in the field of bioanalysis. Notably, engineered DNA nanoprobes that can respond to multiple pathological parameters are desirable to detect targets precisely. Here we design a split aptamer/DNAzyme (aptazyme)-based DNA probe for fluorescence detection of ATP and further develop a cooperatively activatable DNA nanoprobe for tumor-specific imaging of ATP in vivo. The DNA nanoprobes comprising split aptazyme-coated MnO2 nanovectors have high stability and are synergistically activated by multiple biomarkers, GSH and ATP. Upon stimuli by overexpressed GSH in tumor cells, this DNA nanoprobe can release the aptazyme and self-supply cofactor Mn2+ of the DNAzyme. Sequentially, intracellular ATP induces the proper folding of the split ATP aptamer and Mn2+-dependent DNAzyme, which activates the specific cleavage of substrate and generates the optical readout signal. This nanoprobe exhibits remarkable resistance to enzymatic degradation, satisfactory biosafety, identifies ATP specifically within cancer cells, and selectively lights up solid tumors. Our research provides a reliable method for ATP imaging in cancer cells and opens a new avenue for biochemical research and highly accurate disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lina Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Gaiping Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Tianhui Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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23
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Zhao J, Dong B, Zhao Y, Yang J, Pei P, Ji X, Quan Y. High-throughput and high-sensitivity capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry method for sulfur-containing amino acids. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBiological thiol amino acids have been suggested as biomarkers for pathological changes because they are reactive chemicals that participate in various physiological processes. In this study, multisegmented injection capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry with online sample preconcentration was used for analysis of thiol amino acids and intermediates of sulfur metabolism in human glioma cell line U-251 with high accuracy, throughput, and sensitivity. This was achieved using multiple, large-volume injections for online sample preconcentration. The 16 intermediates of sulfur metabolism had a good linear correlation coefficient range of 0.984–1 and the limit of detection range was 1.4–203.9 ng/mL. The recovery ranges of most amino acids were 88.1–114.5%, 89.0–104.3%, and 76.9–104.5% at 0.3, 0.75, and 1.5 μg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation ranges for the inter- and intra-day precision were 1.8–10.7% and 4.3–18.8%, respectively. Compared with the traditional injection method, the analytical time for compounds in sulfur metabolism was reduced to 4 min/sample, the method throughput was enhanced five times, and the sensitivity was increased 14.4–33.1 times. Customized injection sequences were applied in experimental optimization. The developed method simplified the experimental optimization to one injection and is suitable for the analysis of sulfur metabolites in biological samples and has high sensitivity, throughput, speed, and accuracy.
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Valadares ACDA, Sampaio RO. Thiol Homeostasis in Rheumatic Heart Disease: Biomarker or Risk Factor? Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:444-445. [PMID: 34550229 PMCID: PMC8462955 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília de Almeida Valadares
- Unidade Clínica de Doenças Valvares - Instituto do Coração - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Roney Orismar Sampaio
- Unidade Clínica de Doenças Valvares - Instituto do Coração - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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Abstract
Abstract
Ebselen is a well-known synthetic compound mimicking glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyses some vital reactions that protect against oxidative damage. Based on a large number of in vivo and in vitro studies, various mechanisms have been proposed to explain its actions on multiple targets. It targets thiol-related compounds, including cysteine, glutathione, and thiol proteins (e.g., thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase). Owing to this, ebselen is a unique multifunctional agent with important effects on inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell differentiation, immune regulation and neurodegenerative disease, with anti-microbial, detoxifying and anti-tumour activity. This review summarises the current understanding of the multiple biological processes and molecules targeted by ebselen, and its pharmacological applications.
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Correia MJ, Pimpão AB, Lopes-Coelho F, Sequeira CO, Coelho NR, Gonçalves-Dias C, Barouki R, Coumoul X, Serpa J, Morello J, Monteiro EC, Pereira SA. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Cysteine Redox Dynamics Underlie (Mal)adaptive Mechanisms to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Kidney Cortex. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091484. [PMID: 34573115 PMCID: PMC8469308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that an interplay between aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and cysteine-related thiolome at the kidney cortex underlies the mechanisms of (mal)adaptation to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), promoting arterial hypertension (HTN). Using a rat model of CIH-HTN, we investigated the impact of short-term (1 and 7 days), mid-term (14 and 21 days, pre-HTN), and long-term intermittent hypoxia (IH) (up to 60 days, established HTN) on CYP1A1 protein level (a sensitive hallmark of AhR activation) and cysteine-related thiol pools. We found that acute and chronic IH had opposite effects on CYP1A1 and the thiolome. While short-term IH decreased CYP1A1 and increased protein-S-thiolation, long-term IH increased CYP1A1 and free oxidized cysteine. In addition, an in vitro administration of cystine, but not cysteine, to human endothelial cells increased Cyp1a1 expression, supporting cystine as a putative AhR activator. This study supports CYP1A1 as a biomarker of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity and oxidized pools of cysteine as risk indicator of OSA-HTN. This work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phenotype of OSA-HTN, mimicked by this model, which is in line with precision medicine challenges in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Correia
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - António B. Pimpão
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Filipa Lopes-Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina O. Sequeira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Nuno R. Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Clara Gonçalves-Dias
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Robert Barouki
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, 3TS, Environmental Toxicity, Therapeutic Targets, Cellular Signaling and Biomarkers, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; (R.B.); (X.C.)
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, 3TS, Environmental Toxicity, Therapeutic Targets, Cellular Signaling and Biomarkers, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; (R.B.); (X.C.)
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Extracellular cystine influences human preadipocyte differentiation and correlates with fat mass in healthy adults. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1623-1634. [PMID: 34519922 PMCID: PMC8521515 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cysteine is associated with human obesity, but it is unknown whether this is mediated by reduced, disulfide (cystine and mixed-disulfides) or protein-bound (bCys) fractions. We investigated which cysteine fractions are associated with adiposity in vivo and if a relevant fraction influences human adipogenesis in vitro. In the current study, plasma cysteine fractions were correlated with body fat mass in 35 adults. Strong positive correlations with fat mass were observed for cystine and mixed disulfides (r ≥ 0.61, P < 0.001), but not the quantitatively major form, bCys. Primary human preadipocytes were differentiated in media containing cystine concentrations varying from 10-50 μM, a range similar to that in plasma. Increasing extracellular cystine (10-50 μM) enhanced mRNA expression of PPARG2 (to sixfold), PPARG1, PLIN1, SCD1 and CDO1 (P = 0.042- < 0.001). Adipocyte lipid accumulation and lipid-droplet size showed dose-dependent increases from lowest to highest cystine concentrations (P < 0.001), and the malonedialdehyde/total antioxidant capacity increased, suggesting increased oxidative stress. In conclusion, increased cystine concentrations, within the physiological range, are positively associated with both fat mass in healthy adults and human adipogenic differentiation in vitro. The potential role of cystine as a modifiable factor regulating human adipocyte turnover and metabolism deserves further study.
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Redox index of Cys-thiol residues of serum apolipoprotein E and its diagnostic potential. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229292. [PMID: 34286848 PMCID: PMC8350432 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The redox modulation of Cys-thiol participates in various pathophysiological processes. We explored the proper index for estimating the redox status of Cys-thiol of serum apolipoprotein E (apoE), named “redox-IDX-apoE,” which is necessary to understand the redox biology of age-related diseases. Methods: The fractions of the reduced form (red-), reversible oxidized form (roxi-), and irreversibly oxidized form (oxi-) apoE in serum, obtained from the patients with no apparent disease (controls, n=192) and with atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes (patients, n=16), were measured by a band-shift assay using a maleimide compound. Redox-IDX-apoE candidates were determined by calculating the values of these fractions and the total apoE concentration. Results: Cys number of apoE significantly increased for the ratio of roxi-apoE to total-apoE (roxi/total) (E2/E3>E3/E3>E3/E4) but decreased for the ratios of red-apoE to roxi-apoE (red/roxi) and [red-apoE + oxi-apoE] to roxi-apoE ([red + oxi]/roxi) (E2/E3<E3/E3<E3/E4). Considering the subjects with apoE3/E3, these ratios were independent of age and sex. Roxi/total showed negative correlations with serum triglyceride (TG) and HbA1c levels, while both red/roxi and [red + oxi]/roxi showed significant positive correlations with them. However, red/roxi and [red + oxi]/roxi in patients were significantly lower than those in controls, although serum TG and HbA1c levels in the patients were significantly higher than those in controls. Conclusion: The redox status of serum apoE-Cys-thiol is closely involved in the metabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and glucose. The appropriate use of redox-IDX-apoE could be helpful in the diagnosis and prognosis of age-related diseases and in understanding the underlying mechanisms.
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Mete AÖ, Koçak K, Saracaloglu A, Demiryürek S, Altınbaş Ö, Demiryürek AT. Effects of antiviral drug therapy on dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis and nitric oxide levels in COVID-19 patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174306. [PMID: 34245744 PMCID: PMC8262407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a serious global pandemic. Although an oxidative stress imbalance occurs in COVID-19 patients, the contributions of thiol/disulphide homeostasis and nitric oxide (NO) generation to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 have been poorly identified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of antiviral drug therapy on the serum dynamics of thiol/disulphide homeostasis and NO levels in COVID-19 patients. A total of 50 adult patients with COVID-19 and 43 sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled in this prospective study. Venous blood samples were collected immediately on admission to the hospital within 24 h after the diagnosis (pre-treatment) and at the 15th day of drug therapy (post-treatment). Serum native thiol and total thiol levels were measured, and the amounts of dynamic disulphide bonds and related ratios were calculated. The average pre-treatment total and native thiol levels were significantly lower than the post-treatment values (P < 0.001 for all). We observed no significant changes in disulphide levels or disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol, or native thiol/total thiol ratios between pre- and post-treatments. There was also a significant increase in serum NO levels in the pre-treatment values when compared to control (P < 0.001) and post-treatment measurements (P < 0.01). Our results strongly suggest that thiol/disulphide homeostasis and nitrosative stress can contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This study was the first to show that antiviral drug therapy can prevent the depletion in serum thiol levels and decrease serum NO levels in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Özlem Mete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Kübra Koçak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Saracaloglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Seniz Demiryürek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Özgür Altınbaş
- Department of Operating Room Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Abdullah T Demiryürek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey; Vocational School of Health Services, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Shi T, Hu J, Wang W, Jiang Q, Xu Z, Yu S, Wang F, Liu X. Multiple Blockades of the HGF/Met Signaling Pathway for Metastasis Suppression Using Nanoinhibitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30350-30358. [PMID: 34165951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/HGF receptor (Met) signaling pathway serves as a potential target for preventing tumor metastasis yet poorly explored. Here, we developed a Met-targeted nanoinhibitor to efficiently suppress metastasis via a multiple blockading HGF/Met signaling pathway. A biocompatible nanovector comprising multiple type of inhibitors enables interrupting extracellular domain dimerization and intracellular domain phosphorylation simultaneously. Such a comprehensive blockade of signaling pathway restrains unregulated tumor cell migration, invasion, and proliferation and thus remarkably suppresses metastasis in an orthotopic breast tumor model. This method provides a safe and effective option for metastasis inhibition via modulation of the cell signaling pathway. To our best knowledge, the strategy of the multiple blockading signaling pathway has not been reported for preventing tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jialing Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qunying Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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de Alencar JCG, Moreira CDL, Müller AD, Chaves CE, Fukuhara MA, da Silva EA, Miyamoto MDFS, Pinto VB, Bueno CG, Lazar Neto F, Gomez Gomez LM, Menezes MCS, Marchini JFM, Marino LO, Brandão Neto RA, Souza HP. Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial With N-acetylcysteine for Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e736-e741. [PMID: 32964918 PMCID: PMC7543361 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A local increase in angiotensin 2 after inactivation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by SARS-CoV-2 may induce a redox imbalance in alveolar epithelium cells, causing apoptosis, increased inflammation and, consequently, impaired gas exchange. We hypothesized that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration could restore this redox homeostasis and suppress unfavorable evolution in Covid-19 patients. Objective To determine whether NAC in high doses can avoid respiratory failure in patients with Covid-19. Methods It was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, unicentric trial, conducted at the Emergency Department of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. We enrolled 135 patients with severe Covid-19 (confirmed or suspected), with an oxyhemoglobin saturation of less than 94% or respiratory rate higher than 24 breaths/min. Patients were randomized to receive NAC 21 g (approximately 300 mg/kg) for 20 hours, or dextrose 5%. Primary endpoint was the need for mechanical ventilation. Secondary endpoints were time of mechanical ventilation, admission to ICU, time in ICU, and mortality. Results Baseline characteristics were very similar in the two groups, with no significant difference in age, sex, comorbidities, medicines taken, and disease severity. Also, groups were similar in laboratory tests and chest CT scan findings. Sixteen patients (23.9%) in the Placebo group were submitted to endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, compared to 14 patients (20.6%) in the NAC group (p=0.675). No difference was observed in secondary endpoints. Conclusion Administration of NAC in high doses did not affect the evolution of severe Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia de Lucena Moreira
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia Dudy Müller
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleuber Esteves Chaves
- Pharmacy Division, Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Akemi Fukuhara
- Pharmacy Division, Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Aparecida da Silva
- Pharmacy Division, Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Silva Miyamoto
- Pharmacy Division, Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Barbosa Pinto
- Pharmacy Division, Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cauê Gasparotto Bueno
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felippe Lazar Neto
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luz Marina Gomez Gomez
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Saad Menezes
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Oliveira Marino
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Heraldo Possolo Souza
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kehm R, Baldensperger T, Raupbach J, Höhn A. Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101901. [PMID: 33744200 PMCID: PMC8113053 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species and related oxidants is an inevitable consequence of life. Proteins are major targets for oxidation reactions, because of their rapid reaction rates with oxidants and their high abundance in cells, extracellular tissues, and body fluids. Additionally, oxidative stress is able to degrade lipids and carbohydrates to highly reactive intermediates, which eventually attack proteins at various functional sites. Consequently, a wide variety of distinct posttranslational protein modifications is formed by protein oxidation, glycoxidation, and lipoxidation. Reversible modifications are relevant in physiological processes and constitute signaling mechanisms ("redox signaling"), while non-reversible modifications may contribute to pathological situations and several diseases. A rising number of publications provide evidence for their involvement in the onset and progression of diseases as well as aging processes. Certain protein oxidation products are chemically stable and formed in large quantity, which makes them promising candidates to become biomarkers of oxidative damage. Moreover, progress in the development of detection and quantification methods facilitates analysis time and effort and contributes to their future applicability in clinical routine. The present review outlines the most important classes and selected examples of oxidative protein modifications, elucidates the chemistry beyond their formation and discusses available methods for detection and analysis. Furthermore, the relevance and potential of protein modifications as biomarkers in the context of disease and aging is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kehm
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Tim Baldensperger
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Jana Raupbach
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Annika Höhn
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany.
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33
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Xu X, Chiu J, Chen S, Fang C. Pathophysiological roles of cell surface and extracellular protein disulfide isomerase and their molecular mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2911-2930. [PMID: 33837960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the prototypic member of the thiol isomerase family that catalyses disulfide bond rearrangement. Initially identified in the endoplasmic reticulum as folding catalysts, PDI and other members in its family have also been widely reported to reside on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Although how PDI is exported and retained on the cell surface remains a subject of debate, this unique pool of PDI is developing into an important mechanism underlying the redox regulation of protein sulfhydryls that are critical for the cellular activities under various disease conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiological roles of surface and extracellular PDI and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Understanding the involvement of extracellular PDI in these diseases will advance our knowledge in the molecular aetiology to facilitate the development of novel pharmacological strategies by specifically targeting PDI in extracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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34
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Ma Q, Li XL, Qi C, Zhang M, Zheng Y, Shi Q, Jin Y, Di L, Nan J, Min JZ. Simultaneous Determination of Chiral Thiol Compounds and Monitoring of Dynamic Changes in Human Urine after Drinking Chinese Korean Ethnic Rice Wine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5416-5427. [PMID: 33908777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese Korean ethnic rice wine, a traditional fermented wine made from rice or corn, has antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. Although the determination of amino acids and other nutrients in rice wine has been reported, the existence of chiral thiol compounds has not been published in the literature. Therefore, we established a highly sensitive and selective ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination and chiral separation of dl-Cys-GSH, dl-Cys-Cys, and dl-Cys-Hcy based on (R)-(5-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-oxopentyl) triphenylphosphonium derivatization. Three thiol diastereomers were completely separated on a YMC Triart C18 (2.0 × 150 mm, 1.9 μm) column with a resolution value (Rs) ≥ 1.52. The correlation coefficients were ≥0.9996, limit of detection was 2.40-7.20 fmol, and mean recoveries were 83.33-98.59%. Furthermore, fitted curves for dynamic changes in three kinds of chiral thiols in 10 human urine samples after drinking rice wine were drawn. Meanwhile, the metabolic changes in d/l-thiol compounds in human urine were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xi-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yueying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lei Di
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy Yanbian University, and Department of Pharmacy, Department of Orthopaedics, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
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35
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Wang M, Chen Z, Jing X, Zhou H, Wang Y, Ye J, Chu Q. Tween 20-capped gold nanoparticles for selective extraction of free low-molecular-weight thiols in saliva followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122756. [PMID: 34022759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight thiols are widely present in human fluids, and are regarded as a kind of potential broad-spectrum evaluation indicators for some clinical diseases. In this work, gold nanoparticles capped with Tween 20 were used for purification and microextraction of the main free thiols (cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione and methionine) in saliva based on Au-S bond formation. Ultrasound further sped up the releasing of the target analytes, and the releasing time needed was only 10 min, and the required sample volume was only 40 µL. The desorption solution could be directly injected for electrophoretic analysis without derivatization, and field-amplified sample stacking of electrophoretic online enrichment technology further improved the detection sensitivity. The synergistic enrichment effect made the enrichment factors of four analytes reach 1119-2067 times. This developed method was applied for the analyses of saliva samples of healthy volunteers. Acceptable sensitivity (LODs: 0.15-1.5 ng mL-1) and recoveries (97.6-116%) were obtained in the saliva sample matrix. This proposed method provides an alternative for the sensitive detection of low-molecular-weight thiols in noninvasive body fluids, which has potential application prospect in the preliminary noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zheyan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiannong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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36
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Yamamoto H, Fujiwara T, Funatsu T, Tsunoda M. Quantification of Intracellular Thiols by HPLC-Fluorescence Detection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082365. [PMID: 33921678 PMCID: PMC8072558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biothiols, such as cysteine and glutathione, play important roles in various intracellular reactions represented by the redox equilibrium against oxidative stress. In this study, a method for intracellular thiol quantification using HPLC-fluorescence detection was developed. Thiols were derivatized with a thiol-specific fluorescence derivatization reagent, viz. ammonium 7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonate (SBD-F), followed by reversed-phase separation on an InertSustain AQ-C18 column. Six different SBD-thiols (homocysteine, cysteine, cysteinylglycine, γ-glutamylcysteine, glutathione, and N-acetylcysteine as an internal standard) were separated within 30 min using a citric buffer (pH 3.0)/MeOH mobile phase. The calibration curves of all the SBD-thiols had strong linearity (R2 > 0.999). Using this developed method, the thiol concentrations of human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell samples were found to be 5.5–153 pmol/1 × 106 cells. The time-dependent effect of a thiol scavenger, viz. N-ethyl maleimide, on intracellular thiol concentrations was also quantified. This method is useful for elucidating the role of intracellular sulfur metabolism.
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37
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Chen H, Wang Z, Qin M, Zhang B, Lin L, Ma Q, Liu C, Chen X, Li H, Lai W, Zhong S. Comprehensive Metabolomics Identified the Prominent Role of Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in Coronary Artery Disease Progression. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:632950. [PMID: 33937325 PMCID: PMC8080796 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.632950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronary stenosis severity determines ischemic symptoms and adverse outcomes. The metabolomic analysis of human fluids can provide an insight into the pathogenesis of complex disease. Thus, this study aims to investigate the metabolomic and lipidomic biomarkers of coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and to develop diagnostic models for distinguishing individuals at an increased risk of atherosclerotic burden and plaque instability. Methods: Widely targeted metabolomic and lipidomic analyses of plasma in 1,435 CAD patients from three independent centers were performed. These patients were classified as stable coronary artery disease (SCAD), unstable angina (UA), and myocardial infarction (MI). Associations between CAD stages and metabolic conditions were assessed by multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. Furthermore, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic-based classifiers were used to identify biomarkers and to develop prediagnostic models for discriminating the diverse CAD stages. Results: On the basis of weighted correlation network analysis, 10 co-clustering metabolite modules significantly (p < 0.05) changed at different CAD stages and showed apparent correlation with CAD severity indicators. Moreover, cross-comparisons within CAD patients characterized that a total of 72 and 88 metabolites/lipid species significantly associated with UA (vs. SCAD) and MI (vs. UA), respectively. The disturbed pathways included glycerophospholipid metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism. Furthermore, models incorporating metabolic and lipidomic profiles with traditional risk factors were constructed. The combined model that incorporated 11 metabolites/lipid species and four traditional risk factors represented better discrimination of UA and MI (C-statistic = 0.823, 95% CI, 0.783–0.863) compared with the model involving risk factors alone (C-statistic = 0.758, 95% CI, 0.712–0.810). The combined model was successfully used in discriminating UA and MI patients (p < 0.001) in a three-center validation cohort. Conclusion: Differences in metabolic profiles of diverse CAD subtypes provided a new approach for the risk stratification of unstable plaque and the pathogenesis decipherment of CAD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Qin
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hanping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Lopes-Pires ME, Ahmed NS, Vara D, Gibbins JM, Pula G, Pugh N. Zinc regulates reactive oxygen species generation in platelets. Platelets 2021; 32:368-377. [PMID: 32248725 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1742311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular complications resulting from atherosclerosis development are a major cause of death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by platelets during activation, and have been demonstrated to positively regulate platelet activatory responses. Zn2+ is also an important hemostatic cofactor in platelets, acting both as a platelet agonist and second messenger. Whilst the effect of Zn2+-dependent signaling mechanisms on ROS production in nucleated cells has been demonstrated, comparable roles in platelets have yet to be investigated. In this study we investigated the relationship between fluctuations in cytosolic Zn2 [Zn2+]i and platelet ROS production. Agonist-evoked ROS production, GSH levels and GPx activity are abrogated in platelets treated with the Zn2+-chelator, TPEN. Conversely, increasing platelet [Zn2+]i using Zn2+ ionophores potentiated ROS generation and decreased GSH levels and GPx activity. Zn2+-dependent ROS production was sensitive to pretreatment with DPI or mitoTEMPO, NADPH oxidase and mitochondria inhibitors respectively. Increasing [Zn2+]i resulted in increases of Erk1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Our data are consistent with a functional association between [Zn2+]i and ROS production in platelets that could influence thrombus formation in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lopes-Pires
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - N S Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Vara
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - G Pula
- Hamburg Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Pugh
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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39
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Abstract
A link between oxidative stress and hypertension has been firmly established in multiple animal models of hypertension but remains elusive in humans. While initial studies focused on inactivation of nitric oxide by superoxide, our understanding of relevant reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite) and how they modify complex signaling pathways to promote hypertension has expanded significantly. In this review, we summarize recent advances in delineating the primary and secondary sources of reactive oxygen species (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria), the posttranslational oxidative modifications they induce on protein targets important for redox signaling, their interplay with endogenous antioxidant systems, and the role of inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticular stress in the development of hypertension. We highlight how oxidative stress in different organ systems contributes to hypertension, describe new animal models that have clarified the importance of specific proteins, and discuss clinical studies that shed light on how these processes and pathways are altered in human hypertension. Finally, we focus on the promise of redox proteomics and systems biology to help us fully understand the relationship between ROS and hypertension and their potential for designing and evaluating novel antihypertensive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
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40
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Yılmaz K, Çakırca G, Erel Ö. Impaired thiol/disulphide homoeostasis in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13794. [PMID: 33113265 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal thiol/disulphide homoeostasis (TDH) is responsible for the pathogenesis of various diseases. We aimed to examine the TDH in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). METHODS A total of 131 children, 60 with SSNS and 71 healthy controls, participated in the study. Plasma total thiol (TT), native thiol (SH) and disulphide (SS) levels in the SSNS during remission and control groups were estimated using a new method developed by Erel and Neselioglu. RESULTS Albumin, TT, SH levels and SH/TT ratio were decreased, whereas SS/SH and SS/TT ratios were elevated in SSNS group compared with control group. However, there was no significant difference in SS levels between the two groups. Albumin level was positively correlated with TT, SH and SS levels in the SSNS group. CONCLUSIONS We found that TDH shifts in favour of oxidants in children with SSNS in remission. This shift indicates that SSNS patients are exposed to augmented oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Çakırca
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Özcan Erel
- Biochemistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara
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Menzel A, Samouda H, Dohet F, Loap S, Ellulu MS, Bohn T. Common and Novel Markers for Measuring Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Ex Vivo in Research and Clinical Practice-Which to Use Regarding Disease Outcomes? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030414. [PMID: 33803155 PMCID: PMC8001241 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chronic conditions such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type-2 diabetes, obesity, peripheral/coronary artery disease and auto-immune diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Closely related to inflammation is oxidative stress (OS), which can be either causal or secondary to inflammation. While a low level of OS is physiological, chronically increased OS is deleterious. Therefore, valid biomarkers of these signalling pathways may enable detection and following progression of OS/inflammation as well as to evaluate treatment efficacy. Such biomarkers should be stable and obtainable through non-invasive methods and their determination should be affordable and easy. The most frequently used inflammatory markers include acute-phase proteins, essentially CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and procalcitonin, and cytokines, predominantly TNFα, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and their receptors and IFNγ. Some cytokines appear to be disease-specific. Conversely, OS-being ubiquitous-and its biomarkers appear less disease or tissue-specific. These include lipid peroxidation products, e.g., F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, DNA breakdown products (e.g., 8-OH-dG), protein adducts (e.g., carbonylated proteins), or antioxidant status. More novel markers include also -omics related ones, as well as non-invasive, questionnaire-based measures, such as the dietary inflammatory-index (DII), but their link to biological responses may be variable. Nevertheless, many of these markers have been clearly related to a number of diseases. However, their use in clinical practice is often limited, due to lacking analytical or clinical validation, or technical challenges. In this review, we strive to highlight frequently employed and useful markers of inflammation-related OS, including novel promising markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Menzel
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Hanen Samouda
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Francois Dohet
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Suva Loap
- Clinic Cryo Esthetic, 11 Rue Éblé, 75007 Paris, France;
| | - Mohammed S. Ellulu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University of Gaza (AUG), Gaza City 00970, Palestine;
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence:
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Bonifácio VDB, Pereira SA, Serpa J, Vicente JB. Cysteine metabolic circuitries: druggable targets in cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:862-879. [PMID: 33223534 PMCID: PMC7921671 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To enable survival in adverse conditions, cancer cells undergo global metabolic adaptations. The amino acid cysteine actively contributes to cancer metabolic remodelling on three different levels: first, in its free form, in redox control, as a component of the antioxidant glutathione or its involvement in protein s-cysteinylation, a reversible post-translational modification; second, as a substrate for the production of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which feeds the mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mediates per-sulphidation of ATPase and glycolytic enzymes, thereby stimulating cellular bioenergetics; and, finally, as a carbon source for epigenetic regulation, biomass production and energy production. This review will provide a systematic portrayal of the role of cysteine in cancer biology as a source of carbon and sulphur atoms, the pivotal role of cysteine in different metabolic pathways and the importance of H2S as an energetic substrate and signalling molecule. The different pools of cysteine in the cell and within the body, and their putative use as prognostic cancer markers will be also addressed. Finally, we will discuss the pharmacological means and potential of targeting cysteine metabolism for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco D B Bonifácio
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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Abstract
The therapeutic effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients is quite profound. However, it is generally accepted that further progress is curtailed by accompanying adverse events and by low cure rates linked to the tumor microenvironment. The multitudes of immune processes altered by low-molecular-weight thiols published over the past decades suggest they have potential to alter tumor microenvironment processes which could result in an increase in immune checkpoint inhibitor survival rates. Based on one of the most studied and most potent low-molecular-weight thiols, β-mercaptoethanol (BME), it is proposed that clinical assessment be undertaken to identify any BME benefits with relevance for proliferation/differentiation of immune cells, lymphocyte exhaustion, immunogenicity of tumor antigens and inactivation of suppressor cells/factors. The BME alterations projected to be most effective are: maintenance/replacement of glutathione in lymphocytes via facilitation of cysteine uptake, inhibition of suppressor cells/soluble factors and inactivation of free-radical, reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Click
- Altick Associates, 2000 Maxwell Drive, Suite 207, Hudson, WI 54016, USA
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44
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Wang R, Sun F, Ren C, Zhai L, Xiong R, Yang Y, Yang W, Yi R, Li C, Zhao X. Hunan insect tea polyphenols provide protection against gastric injury induced by HCl/ethanol through an antioxidant mechanism in mice. Food Funct 2020; 12:747-760. [PMID: 33367402 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02677h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to explore the preventive and treatment effects of Hunan insect tea polyphenols (HITPs) on gastric injury in mice induced by HCl/ethanol and to investigate their molecular mechanisms of action. Both HITPs and ranitidine inhibited the formation and further deterioration of gastric mucosal lesions, reduced the secretion of gastric juice, and raised gastric juice pH compared to the control. The HITPs-H treated group had lower serum levels of motilin, substance P, and endothelin than the control group, but they had higher serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin. Mice treated with HITPs had lower serum levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ than the control group. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were higher in the gastric tissues of HITP-treated mice, but the malondialdehyde content was lower. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the mRNA expression of occludin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor (EGFR), vascular EGF (VEGF), inhibitor kappaB-α, cuprozinc-superoxide dismutase, manganese-superoxide dismutase, GSH-Px, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and endothelial NOS increased significantly in the gastric tissues of HITP-treated mice. However, the activated B cell, inducible NOS, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 mRNA expression levels in the HITPs group were lower than those in the control group. The protective effect of a high concentration (200 mg per kg bw) of HITPs on gastric injury induced by HCl/ethanol was stronger than that of a low concentration (100 mg per kg bw) of HITPs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the HITPs contained cryptochlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin gallate, and isochlorogenic acid C. Taken together, our findings indicate that the HITPs played a role in the prevention of gastric damage. The antioxidant effect of the HITPs contributed to their potential value in the prevention and treatment of gastric injury. HITPs have broad prospects as biologically active substances for food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wang
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China.
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Piechocka J, Wieczorek M, Głowacki R. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Based Approach for the Determination of Methionine-Related Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Human Saliva. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239252. [PMID: 33291575 PMCID: PMC7729597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS) is mainly recognized as a tool of first choice when volatile compounds are determined. Here, we provide the credible evidence that its application in analysis can be extended to non-volatile sulfur-containing compounds, to which methionine (Met), homocysteine (Hcy), homocysteine thiolactone (HTL), and cysteine (Cys) belong. To prove this point, the first method, based on GC-MS, for the identification and quantification of Met-related compounds in human saliva, has been elaborated. The assay involves simultaneous disulfides reduction with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and acetonitrile (MeCN) deproteinization, followed by preconcentration by drying under vacuum and treatment of the residue with a derivatizing mixture containing anhydrous pyridine, N-trimethylsilyl-N-methyl trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). The validity of the method was demonstrated based upon US FDA recommendations. The assay linearity was observed over the range of 0.5-20 µmol L-1 for Met, Hcy, Cys, and 1-20 µmol L-1 for HTL in saliva. The limit of quantification (LOQ) equals 0.1 µmol L-1 for Met, Hcy, Cys, while its value for HTL was 0.05 µmol L-1. The method was successfully applied to saliva samples donated by apparently healthy volunteers (n = 10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piechocka
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (R.G.); Tel.: +48-42-635-58-46 (J.P.); +48-42-635-58-35 (R.G.)
| | | | - Rafał Głowacki
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (R.G.); Tel.: +48-42-635-58-46 (J.P.); +48-42-635-58-35 (R.G.)
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46
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Wu Y, Essex DW. Vascular thiol isomerases in thrombosis: The yin and yang. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2790-2800. [PMID: 32702157 PMCID: PMC10496414 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been considerable progress of the field of extracellular protein disulfide isomerases with vascular thiol isomerases in the forefront. Four members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of enzymes, PDI, ERp57, ERp72, and ERp5, have been shown to be secreted from activated platelets and endothelial cells at the site of vascular injury. Each isomerase individually supports platelet accumulation and coagulation, as indicated by multiple levels of evidence, including inhibitory antibodies, targeted knockout mice, and mutant isomerases. The transmembrane PDI family member TMX1 was recently shown to inhibit platelet function and thrombosis, demonstrating that the PDIs can have opposing functions in thrombosis. These observations provide a new concept that thiol isomerases can both positively and negatively regulate hemostasis, constituting off-on redox switches controlling activation of hemostatic factors. This redox network serves to maintain vascular homeostasis. Integrins such as the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor on platelets appear to be major substrates, with the platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein Ibα, as another substrate. S-nitrosylation of the prothrombotic PDIs may additionally negatively regulate platelets and thrombosis. Thiol isomerases also regulate coagulation in mouse models, and a clinical trial with the oral PDI inhibitor isoquercetin substantially decreased markers of coagulation in patients at risk for thrombosis. This review updates recent findings in the field and addresses emerging evidence that thiol/disulfide-based reactions mediated by the prothrombotic secreted PDIs are balanced by the transmembrane member of this family, TMX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David W Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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47
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Scassellati C, Galoforo AC, Bonvicini C, Esposito C, Ricevuti G. Ozone: a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant property as potential new strategy in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101138. [PMID: 32810649 PMCID: PMC7428719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systems medicine is founded on a mechanism-based approach and identifies in this way specific therapeutic targets. This approach has been applied for the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 plays a central role in different pathologies including neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), which are characterized by common pathogenetic features. We here present wide scientific background indicating how a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant/anti-apoptotic and pro-autophagy properties such as the ozone (O3) can represent a potential new strategy to delay neurodegeneration. Our hypothesis is based on different evidence demonstrating the interaction between O3 and Nrf2 system. Through a meta-analytic approach, we found a significant modulation of O3 on endogenous antioxidant-Nrf2 (p < 0.00001, Odd Ratio (OR) = 1.71 95%CI:1.17-2.25) and vitagene-Nrf2 systems (p < 0.00001, OR = 1.80 95%CI:1.05-2.55). O3 activates also immune, anti-inflammatory signalling, proteasome, releases growth factors, improves blood circulation, and has antimicrobial activity, with potential effects on gut microbiota. Thus, we provide a consistent rationale to implement future clinical studies to apply the oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) therapy in an early phase of aging decline, when it is still possible to intervene before to potentially develop a more severe neurodegenerative pathology. We suggest that O3 along with other antioxidants (polyphenols, mushrooms) implicated in the same Nrf2-mechanisms, can show neurogenic potential, providing evidence as new preventive strategies in aging and in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Carlo Galoforo
- Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Scientific Society (SIOOT), Gorle, Italy; University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy; Nephrology and dialysis unit, ICS S. Maugeri SPA SB Hospital, Pavia, Italy; High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy; P.D. High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy; St.Camillus Medical University, Rome, Italy
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Jiang Q, Pan M, Hu J, Sun J, Fan L, Zou Z, Wei J, Yang X, Liu X. Regulation of redox balance using a biocompatible nanoplatform enhances phototherapy efficacy and suppresses tumor metastasis. Chem Sci 2020; 12:148-157. [PMID: 34163586 PMCID: PMC8178807 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04983b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilize reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill tumor cells. However, elevated antioxidant defense systems in cancer cells result in resistance to the therapy involving ROS. Here we describe a highly effective phototherapy through regulation of redox homeostasis with a biocompatible and versatile nanotherapeutic to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. We systematically explore and exploit methylene blue adsorbed polydopamine nanoparticles as a targeted and precise nanocarrier, oxidative stress amplifier, photodynamic/photothermal agent, and multimodal probe for fluorescence, photothermal and photoacoustic imaging to enhance anti-tumor efficacy. Remarkably, following the glutathione-stimulated photosensitizer release to generate exogenous ROS, polydopamine eliminates the endogenous ROS scavenging system through depleting the primary antioxidant, thus amplifying the phototherapy and effectively suppressing tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this approach enables a robust inhibition against breast cancer metastasis, as oxidative stress is a vital impediment to distant metastasis in tumor cells. Innovative, safe and effective nanotherapeutics via regulation of redox balance may provide a clinically relevant approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Min Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Jialing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Junlin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Jianshuang Wei
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
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49
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Two-step reaction mechanism reveals new antioxidant capability of cysteine disulfides against hydroxyl radical attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18216-18223. [PMID: 32680962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006639117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine disulfides, which constitute an important component in biological redox buffer systems, are highly reactive toward the hydroxyl radical (•OH). The mechanistic details of this reaction, however, remain unclear, largely due to the difficulty in characterizing unstable reaction products. Herein, we have developed a combined approach involving mass spectrometry (MS) and theoretical calculations to investigate reactions of •OH with cysteine disulfides (Cys-S-S-R) in the gas phase. Four types of first-generation products were identified: protonated ions of the cysteine thiyl radical (+Cys-S•), cysteine (+Cys-SH), cysteine sulfinyl radical (+Cys-SO•), and cysteine sulfenic acid (+Cys-SOH). The relative reaction rates and product branching ratios responded sensitively to the electronic property of the R group, providing key evidence to deriving a two-step reaction mechanism. The first step involved •OH conducting a back-side attack on one of the sulfur atoms, forming sulfenic acid (-SOH) and thiyl radical (-S•) product pairs. A subsequent H transfer step within the product complex was favored for protonated systems, generating sulfinyl radical (-SO•) and thiol (-SH) products. Because sulfenic acid is a potent scavenger of peroxyl radicals, our results implied that cysteine disulfide can form two lines of defense against reactive oxygen species, one using the cysteine disulfide itself and the other using the sulfenic acid product of the conversion of cysteine disulfide. This aspect suggested that, in a nonpolar environment, cysteine disulfides might play a more active role in the antioxidant network than previously appreciated.
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50
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Tanaka LY, Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:280-307. [PMID: 31910038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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