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Miao X, Alidadipour A, Saed V, Sayyadi F, Jadidi Y, Davoudi M, Amraee F, Jadidi N, Afrisham R. Hepatokines: unveiling the molecular and cellular mechanisms connecting hepatic tissue to insulin resistance and inflammation. Acta Diabetol 2024:10.1007/s00592-024-02335-9. [PMID: 39031190 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Insulin resistance arising from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) stands as a prevalent global ailment, a manifestation within societies stemming from individuals' suboptimal dietary habits and lifestyles. This form of insulin resistance emerges as a pivotal factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence underscores the significant role of hepatokines, as hepatic-secreted hormone-like entities, in the genesis of insulin resistance and eventual onset of type 2 diabetes. Hepatokines exert influence over extrahepatic metabolism regulation. Their principal functions encompass impacting adipocytes, pancreatic cells, muscles, and the brain, thereby playing a crucial role in shaping body metabolism through signaling to target tissues. This review explores the most important hepatokines, each with distinct influences. Our review shows that Fetuin-A promotes lipid-induced insulin resistance by acting as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). FGF21 reduces inflammation in diabetes by blocking the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in adipocytes and adipose tissue, while also improving glucose metabolism. ANGPTL6 enhances AMPK and insulin signaling in muscle, and suppresses gluconeogenesis. Follistatin can influence insulin resistance and inflammation by interacting with members of the TGF-β family. Adropin show a positive correlation with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), a key regulator of gluconeogenesis. This article delves into hepatokines' impact on NAFLD, inflammation, and T2DM, with a specific focus on insulin resistance. The aim is to comprehend the influence of these recently identified hormones on disease development and their underlying physiological and pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Arian Alidadipour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vian Saed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firooze Sayyadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Jadidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Davoudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amraee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Jadidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shams S, Tavasolian M, Amani-Shalamzari S, Motamedi P, Rajabi H, Weiss K, Knechtle B. Effects of swimming in cold water on lipolysis indicators via fibroblast growth factor-21 in male Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101662. [PMID: 38375421 PMCID: PMC10875249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of swimming in cold water on the release of FGF21 from various tissues and its impact on fat metabolism. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: untrained (C), trained in thermo-neutral water (TN, 30 °C) and trained in cold water (TC, 15 °C). The training groups swam intervals (2-3 min) until exhaustion, 1 min rest, three days a week for six weeks, with 3-6% bodyweight load. The mRNA expression of variables was determined in white fat tissue (WAT), and FGF21 protein was also measured in the liver, brown fat tissue (BAT), serum, and muscle. The experimental protocols resulted in lower body weight gain, associated with reduced WAT volume; the most remarkable improvement was observed in the TC group. Swimming significantly increased FGF21 protein levels in WAT, BAT, and muscle tissues compared to the C group; substantial increases were in the TC group. Changes in FGF21 were highly correlated with the activation of genes involved in fat metabolisms, such as CPT1, CD36, and HSL, and with glycerol in WAT. The findings indicate a positive correlation between swimming in cold water and the activation of genes involved in fat metabolism, possibly through FGF21 production, which was highly correlated with fat-burning genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shams
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Tavasolian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pezhman Motamedi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katja Weiss
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kakoti BB, Alom S, Deka K, Halder RK. AMPK pathway: an emerging target to control diabetes mellitus and its related complications. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:441-459. [PMID: 38932895 PMCID: PMC11196491 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Purpose In this extensive review work, the important role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in causing of diabetes mellitus has been highlighted. Structural feature of AMPK as well its regulations and roles are described nicely, and the association of AMPK with the diabetic complications like nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy are also explained along with the connection between AMPK and β-cell function, insulin resistivity, mTOR, protein metabolism, autophagy and mitophagy and effect on protein and lipid metabolism. Methods Published journals were searched on the database like PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science by using keywords such as AMPK, diabetes mellitus, regulation of AMPK, complications of diabetes mellitus, autophagy, apoptosis etc. Result After extensive review, it has been found that, kinase enzyme like AMPK is having vital role in management of type II diabetes mellitus. AMPK involve in enhance the concentration of glucose transporter like GLUT 1 and GLUT 4 which result in lowering of blood glucose level in influx of blood glucose into the cells; AMPK increases the insulin sensitivity and decreases the insulin resistance and further AMPK decreases the apoptosis of β-cells which result into secretion of insulin and AMPK is also involve in declining of oxidative stress, lipotoxicity and inflammation, owing to which organ damage due to diabetes mellitus can be lowered by activation of AMPK. Conclusion As AMPK activation leads to overall control of diabetes mellitus, designing and developing of small molecules or peptide that can act as AMPK agonist will be highly beneficial for control or manage diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B. Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, 786004 Dibrugarh, Assam India
| | - Shahnaz Alom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, 786004 Dibrugarh, Assam India
- Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury University- Tezpur campus, 784501 Sonitpur, Assam India
| | - Kangkan Deka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, 786004 Dibrugarh, Assam India
- Department of Pharmacognosy, NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, NEMCARE Group of Institutions, 781125 Mirza, Kamrup, Assam India
| | - Raj Kumar Halder
- Ruhvenile Biomedical, Plot -8 OCF Pocket Institution, Sarita Vihar, 110076 Delhi, India
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Liang Y, Chen Q, Chang Y, Han J, Yan J, Chen Z, Zhou J. Critical role of FGF21 in diabetic kidney disease: from energy metabolism to innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333429. [PMID: 38312833 PMCID: PMC10834771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) stands as the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on a global scale, with its incidence witnessing a consistent annual rise, thereby imposing a substantial burden on public health. The pathogenesis of DKD is primarily rooted in metabolic disorders and inflammation. Recent years have seen a surge in studies highlighting the regulatory impact of energy metabolism on innate immunity, forging a significant area of research interest. Within this context, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), recognized as an energy metabolism regulator, assumes a pivotal role. Beyond its role in maintaining glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis, FGF21 exerts regulatory influence on innate immunity, concurrently inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis. Serving as a nexus between energy metabolism and innate immunity, FGF21 has evolved into a therapeutic target for diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases. While the relationship between FGF21 and DKD has garnered increased attention in recent studies, a comprehensive exploration of this association has yet to be systematically addressed. This paper seeks to fill this gap by summarizing the mechanisms through which FGF21 operates in DKD, encompassing facets of energy metabolism and innate immunity. Additionally, we aim to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of FGF21 in DKD and explore its potential role as a treatment modality for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Han
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Qiu Y, Gan M, Wang X, Liao T, Chen Q, Lei Y, Chen L, Wang J, Zhao Y, Niu L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhu L, Shen L. The global perspective on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in ectopic fat deposition: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127042. [PMID: 37742894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Excessive expansion of adipocytes can have unhealthy consequences as excess free fatty acids enter other tissues and cause ectopic fat deposition by resynthesizing triglycerides. This lipid accumulation in various tissues is harmful and can increase the risk of related metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that play a key role in energy metabolism as fatty acid metabolism sensors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the main subtype responsible for fat cell differentiation and adipogenesis. In this paper, we introduce the main structure and function of PPARγ and its regulatory role in the process of lipogenesis in the liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. This information can serve as a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanisms and measures of the PPAR family in the process of ectopic fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Qiu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianci Liao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiuyang Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhang Lei
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Wang LH, Wang YY, Liu L, Gong Q. From Diabetes to Diabetic Complications: Role of Autophagy. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4. [PMID: 37115396 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications reduce quality of life and are life-limiting. At present, diabetes treatment consists of hypoglycemic agents to control blood glucose and the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to overcome insulin resistance. In diabetes, autophagy is impaired and thus there is poor intracellular environment homeostasis. Pancreatic β-cells and insulin target tissues are protected by enhancing autophagy. Autophagy decreases β-cell apoptosis, promotes β-cell proliferation, and alleviates insulin resistance. Autophagy in diabetes is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and others. Autophagy enhancers can likely be used as a treatment for diabetes and its complications. This review examines the evidence linking autophagy to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
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Huang X, Xia Z, Huang Y, Sun Y, Zhang L, Xiong W, Zhang Z. Combined therapy with pioglitazone and FGF21 mRNA synergistically ameliorates metabolic disorders in NAFLD rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15146. [PMID: 37123911 PMCID: PMC10133668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current study aims to investigate the ameliorative effect of pioglitazone (PIO) combined with mRNA encoding FGF21 (termed mFGF21) on the metabolic disorders in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its potential mechanism. Methods In vitro functional activity of FGF21 protein expressed by mFGF21 was evaluated in human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). The pharmacokinetic profiles of FGF21 protein expressed by mFGF21 were investigated in normal SD rats and NAFLD rats, respectively. Results As the results, it showed that the PIO could enhanced in vitro functional activity of FGF21 protein expressed from mFGF21 in hASCs. Not only that, mFGF21 turns the body into a processing plant for endogenous protein expression, which enhanced the pharmacokinetic profiles of FGF21 proteins. Combined treatment with PIO and mFGF21 significantly reduced body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, insulin levels and lipid metabolism in NAFLD rats compared with control or both two monotherapy groups. The results of H&E staining and Western blot revealed that combined treatment with PIO and mFGF21 significantly decreased hepatic fat accumulation in NAFLD rats by activating the SHP1/AMPK signaling pathway. Conclusions Our finding collectively demonstrated that PIO and mFGF21 combination therapy could synergistically ameliorate metabolic disorders in NAFLD rats.
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Shams S, Amirinejad M, Amani-Shalamzari S, Rajabi H, Suzuki K. Swimming in cold water upregulates genes involved in thermogenesis and the browning of white adipose tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 265:110834. [PMID: 36740139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an interacting effect of six weeks of swimming in cold water on the gene expression of browning markers in adipose tissue in rodents. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (C, 25 °C), Cold Exposure (CE, 4 °C), Swimming in tepid Water (STW, 30 °C), and Swimming in Cold Water (SCW, 15 °C). The swimming included 2-3 min intervals, 1 min rest, until exhaustion, three days a week for six weeks, with 3 to 6% of bodyweight overload. Rats from CE were exposed to cold for 2 h per day, five days per week. After the experimental protocol, interscapular brown (BAT) and inguinal subcutaneous white (WAT) fat tissues were excised, weighed, and processed for beiging and mitochondrial biogenesis markers gene expression. The experimental protocols resulted in an apparent increase in the number of brown adipocytes (per mm2) in the adipose deposits compared to the C group; substantial changes were observed in the SCW group. Compared to other groups, cold exposure alone increased significantly serum norepinephrine, and also β2-adrenergic receptor expression was upregulated in the adipocytes compared to the C group. The STW group increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), β2-adrenergic receptor, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins-α(c/EBP-α) in WAT in comparison with the C group(p < 0.05). In both adipocytes, the SCW intervention significantly upregulated the expression of PGC-1α, PPAR-γ, and c/EBP-α genes in comparison with the C and CE groups. In addition, the expression of TFAM and UCP1 was upregulated substantially in the SCW group compared to other groups. Our data demonstrate that swim training and cold exposure present additive effects in the expression of genes involved in the beiging process and mitochondrial biogenesis markers in BAT and WAT. In addition, it seems that the upregulation of these genes is related to the activation of β2-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shams
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Amirinejad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
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Cui X, Feng J, Wei T, Zhang L, Lang S, Yang K, Yang J, Liu J, Sterr M, Lickert H, Wei R, Hong T. Pancreatic alpha cell glucagon-liver FGF21 axis regulates beta cell regeneration in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:535-550. [PMID: 36331598 PMCID: PMC9892158 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism ameliorates hyperglycaemia and promotes beta cell regeneration in mouse models of type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of beta cell regeneration induced by GCGR antagonism in mice. METHODS The db/db mice and high-fat diet (HFD)+streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice with type 2 diabetes were treated with antagonistic GCGR monoclonal antibody (mAb), and the metabolic variables and islet cell quantification were evaluated. Plasma cytokine array and liver RNA sequencing data were used to screen possible mediators, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). ELISA, quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to verify FGF21 change. Blockage of FGF21 signalling by FGF21-neutralising antibody (nAb) was used to clarify whether FGF21 was involved in the effects of GCGR mAb on the expression of beta cell identity-related genes under plasma-conditional culture and hepatocyte co-culture conditions. FGF21 nAb-treated db/db mice, systemic Fgf21-knockout (Fgf21-/-) diabetic mice and hepatocyte-specific Fgf21-knockout (Fgf21Hep-/-) diabetic mice were used to reveal the involvement of FGF21 in beta cell regeneration. A BrdU tracing study was used to analyse beta cell proliferation in diabetic mice treated with GCGR mAb. RESULTS GCGR mAb treatment improved blood glucose control, and increased islet number (db/db 1.6±0.1 vs 0.8±0.1 per mm2, p<0.001; HFD+STZ 1.2±0.1 vs 0.5±0.1 per mm2, p<0.01) and area (db/db 2.5±0.2 vs 1.2±0.2%, p<0.001; HFD+STZ 1.0±0.1 vs 0.3±0.1%, p<0.01) in diabetic mice. The plasma cytokine array and liver RNA sequencing data showed that FGF21 levels in plasma and liver were upregulated by GCGR antagonism. The GCGR mAb induced upregulation of plasma FGF21 levels (db/db 661.5±40.0 vs 466.2±55.7 pg/ml, p<0.05; HFD+STZ 877.0±106.8 vs 445.5±54.0 pg/ml, p<0.05) and the liver levels of Fgf21 mRNA (db/db 3.2±0.5 vs 1.8±0.1, p<0.05; HFD+STZ 2.0±0.3 vs 1.0±0.2, p<0.05) and protein (db/db 2.0±0.2 vs 1.4±0.1, p<0.05; HFD+STZ 1.6±0.1 vs 1.0±0.1, p<0.01). Exposure to plasma or hepatocytes from the GCGR mAb-treated mice upregulated the mRNA levels of characteristic genes associated with beta cell identity in cultured mouse islets and a beta cell line, and blockage of FGF21 activity by an FGF21 nAb diminished this upregulation. Notably, the effects of increased beta cell number induced by GCGR mAb were attenuated in FGF21 nAb-treated db/db mice, Fgf21-/- diabetic mice and Fgf21Hep-/- diabetic mice. Moreover, GCGR mAb treatment enhanced beta cell proliferation in the two groups of diabetic mice, and this effect was weakened in Fgf21-/- and Fgf21Hep-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate that liver-derived FGF21 is involved in the GCGR antagonism-induced beta cell regeneration in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linxi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Stem Research Cell Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Liang K. Mitochondrial CPT1A: Insights into structure, function, and basis for drug development. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160440. [PMID: 37033619 PMCID: PMC10076611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase1A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation, and its deficiency or abnormal regulation can result in diseases like metabolic disorders and various cancers. Therefore, CPT1A is a desirable drug target for clinical therapy. The deep comprehension of human CPT1A is crucial for developing the therapeutic inhibitors like Etomoxir. CPT1A is an appealing druggable target for cancer therapies since it is essential for the survival, proliferation, and drug resistance of cancer cells. It will help to lower the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis, reduce mortality, and offer prospective therapy options for clinical treatment if the effects of CPT1A on the lipid metabolism of cancer cells are inhibited. Targeted inhibition of CPT1A can be developed as an effective treatment strategy for cancers from a metabolic perspective. However, the pathogenic mechanism and recent progress of CPT1A in diseases have not been systematically summarized. Here we discuss the functions of CPT1A in health and diseases, and prospective therapies targeting CPT1A. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CPT1A, hoping to prompt further understanding of it, and provide foundation for CPT1A-targeting drug development.
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11
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Mechanism of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists-Mediated Attenuation of Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipotoxicity in L6 Myoblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6237405. [PMID: 36619308 PMCID: PMC9812596 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6237405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methods Cells were divided into 5 groups-control, high-fat, 10 nmol/L LR + 0.6 mmol/L palmitic acid (PA) (10LR), 100 nmol/L LR + 0.6 mmol/L PA (100LR), and 1000 nmol/L LR + 0.6 mmol/L PA (1000LR). CCK-8 method to detect cell viability, GPO-PAP enzymatic method to detect intracellular triglyceride content, and reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting methods to detect fatty acid translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in L6 cells, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively, were performed. Results We found that after PA intervention for 24 h, the cell viability decreased significantly; the cell viability of the LR group was higher than that of the high-fat group (P < 0.01). After PA intervention, compared with those in the high-fat group, GRP-78, FAT/CD36, FABP4 mRNA ((4.36 ± 0.32 vs. 8.15 ± 0.35); (1.00 ± 0.04 vs. 2.46 ± 0.08); (2.88 ± 0.55 vs. 8.29 ± 0.52), P < 0.01) and protein ((3338.13 ± 333.15 vs. 4963.98 ± 277.29); (1978.85 ± 124.24 vs. 2676.07 ± 100.64); (3372.00 ± 219.84 vs. 6083.20 ± 284.70), both P < 0.01) expression decreased in the LR group. The expression levels of GLUT4 mRNA ((0.75 ± 0.04 vs. 0.34 ± 0.03), P < 0.01) and protein ((3443.71 ± 191.89 vs. 2137.79 ± 118.75), P < 0.01) increased. Conclusion Therefore, we conclude that LR can reverse PA-induced cell inactivation and lipid deposition, which may be related to the change in GRP-78, FAT/CD36, FABP4, GLUT4, and other factors.
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12
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Alfaro‐Lara V, Muñoz‐Hernández R, Giménez‐Miranda L, Beltrán‐Romero L, Castell‐Montsalve FJ, Stiefel P. Pancreas fat content, insulin homeostasis and circulating endothelial microparticles in male essential hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 25:38-46. [PMID: 36537194 PMCID: PMC9832238 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas fat content has been poorly investigated in essential hypertension. The authors aim to relate pancreas and liver fat content with parameters measuring insulin resistance, beta-cell function and also with markers of endothelial dysfunction and platelet or endothelial cell destruction. The authors studied a group of 40 male hypertensive patients with well-controlled blood pressure, maintaining a stable weight, and having not changed their medication during the last year. Pancreas fat content was correlated with HOMA-IR (r = .616, p < .001), HOMA-S (r = -.439, p < .005), beta cell function parameter (r = .457, p < .005), and QUICKI (r = .412, p < .01), whereas liver fat was not patients in the highest quartile of pancreas fat content had more circulating endothelial microparticles than patients in the other quartiles (median 129 [94.3-200] vs. 60.9 [49.4-88.8], p = .002). However, patients in the highest quartile of the pancreas fat content distribution did not differ from the lowest in hyperemic response after ischemia nor circulating platelet microparticles count. Liver fat content was not related to any of the parameters studied. In a multivariate stepwise binary logistic regression analysis (Wald Method) circulating endothelial microparticles remain significantly associated with pancreas fat content after adjusting for confounding factors, such as tobacco, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, or metabolic syndrome. Our results reflect that in essential hypertension, pancreas fat content is superior to liver fat to study beta-cell functionality and insulin resistance. Moreover, the authors described for the first time that pancreas fat content is related to endothelial cell destruction. Further studies are needed to confirm this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Alfaro‐Lara
- Unidad clínica de Atención Médica Integral (UCAMI) y Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo VascularInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)Servicio Andaluz de Salud/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleEspañaSpain
| | - Rocío Muñoz‐Hernández
- SeLiver GroupInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleEspañaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)MadridSpainoSpain
| | - Luis Giménez‐Miranda
- Unidad clínica de Atención Médica Integral (UCAMI) y Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo VascularInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)Servicio Andaluz de Salud/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleEspañaSpain
| | - Luis Beltrán‐Romero
- Unidad clínica de Atención Médica Integral (UCAMI) y Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo VascularInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)Servicio Andaluz de Salud/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleEspañaSpain
| | | | - Pablo Stiefel
- Unidad clínica de Atención Médica Integral (UCAMI) y Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo VascularInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)Servicio Andaluz de Salud/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleEspañaSpain
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Milk Exosomal microRNAs: Postnatal Promoters of β Cell Proliferation but Potential Inducers of β Cell De-Differentiation in Adult Life. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911503. [PMID: 36232796 PMCID: PMC9569743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell expansion and functional maturation during the birth-to-weaning period is driven by epigenetic programs primarily triggered by growth factors, hormones, and nutrients provided by human milk. As shown recently, exosomes derived from various origins interact with β cells. This review elucidates the potential role of milk-derived exosomes (MEX) and their microRNAs (miRs) on pancreatic β cell programming during the postnatal period of lactation as well as during continuous cow milk exposure of adult humans to bovine MEX. Mechanistic evidence suggests that MEX miRs stimulate mTORC1/c-MYC-dependent postnatal β cell proliferation and glycolysis, but attenuate β cell differentiation, mitochondrial function, and insulin synthesis and secretion. MEX miR content is negatively affected by maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, psychological stress, caesarean delivery, and is completely absent in infant formula. Weaning-related disappearance of MEX miRs may be the critical event switching β cells from proliferation to TGF-β/AMPK-mediated cell differentiation, whereas continued exposure of adult humans to bovine MEX miRs via intake of pasteurized cow milk may reverse β cell differentiation, promoting β cell de-differentiation. Whereas MEX miR signaling supports postnatal β cell proliferation (diabetes prevention), persistent bovine MEX exposure after the lactation period may de-differentiate β cells back to the postnatal phenotype (diabetes induction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-52-4198-8060
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Maternal Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels Decrease during Early Pregnancy in Normotensive Pregnant Women but Are Higher in Preeclamptic Women-A Longitudinal Study. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142251. [PMID: 35883694 PMCID: PMC9322099 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine factor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism that exerts pleiotropic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum FGF-21 profile in healthy and mild preeclamptic pregnant women at each trimester of pregnancy; (2) Methods: Serum FGF-21 levels were determined by ELISA in a nested case-control study within a longitudinal cohort study that included healthy (n = 54) and mild preeclamptic (n = 20) pregnant women, women at three months after delivery (n = 20) and eumenorrheic women during the menstrual cycle (n = 20); (3) Results: FGF-21 levels were significantly lower in the mid-luteal phase compared to the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women (p < 0.01). Maternal levels of FGF-21 were significantly lower in the first and second trimesters and peaked during the third trimester in healthy pregnant women (p < 0.01). Serum levels of FGF-21 in healthy pregnant were significantly lower in the first and second trimester of pregnancy compared with the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and postpartum (p < 0.01). Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic compared to healthy pregnant women during pregnancy (p < 0.01); (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that a peak of FGF-21 towards the end of pregnancy in healthy pregnancy and higher levels in preeclamptic women might play a critical role that contributes to protecting against the negatives effects of high concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hypertensive disorder. Furthermore, FGF-21 might play an important role in reproductive function in healthy eumenorrheic women during the menstrual cycle.
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Research Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Fibrotic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5042762. [PMID: 35677107 PMCID: PMC9168133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5042762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of chronic injuries, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in organs, as seen in most chronic inflammatory diseases. At present, there is an increasing tendency of the morbidity and mortality of diseases caused by fibrosis, but the treatment measures for fibrosis are still limited. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily, which also has the name endocrine FGFs because of their endocrine manner. In recent years, it has been found that plasma FGF21 level is significantly correlated with fibrosis progression. Furthermore, there is evidence that FGF21 has a pronounced antifibrotic effect in a variety of fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this factor and fibrosis disease, highlighting emerging insights that warrant further research.
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16
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She QY, Bao JF, Wang HZ, Liang H, Huang W, Wu J, Zhong Y, Ling H, Li A, Qin SL. Fibroblast growth factor 21: A "rheostat" for metabolic regulation? Metabolism 2022; 130:155166. [PMID: 35183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is an evolutionarily conserved factor that plays multiple important roles in metabolic homeostasis. During the past two decades, extensive investigations have improved our understanding of its delicate metabolic roles and identified its pharmacological potential to mitigate metabolic disorders. However, most clinical trials have failed to obtain the desired results, which raises issues regarding its clinical value. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is dynamically regulated by nutrients derived from food intake and hepatic/adipose release, which in turn act on the central nervous system, liver, and adipose tissues to influence food preference, hepatic glucose, and adipose fatty acid output. Based on this information, we propose that fibroblast growth factor 21 should not be considered merely an anti-hyperglycemia or anti-obesity factor, but rather a means of balancing of nutrient fluctuations to maintain an appropriate energy supply. Hence, the specific functions of fibroblast growth factor 21 in glycometabolism and lipometabolism depend on specific metabolic states, indicating that its pharmacological effects require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying She
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China; Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing-Fu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huixin Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Yiwen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Hanxin Ling
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shu-Lan Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China.
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Transcriptome reveals key microRNAs involved in fat deposition between different tail sheep breeds. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264804. [PMID: 35231067 PMCID: PMC8887763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of noncoding RNA whose function involved in various biological processes in neuronal maturation and adipocyte cells, such as differentiation, proliferation, development, apoptosis, and metabolism. Herein, miRNA-Seq was used to identify miRNAs in the tail fat tissue of Hu sheep (short-fat-tailed) and Tibetan sheep (short-thin-tailed). In this study, 155 differentially expression miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified, including 78 up-regulated and 77 down-regulated. Among these DE miRNAs, 17 miRNAs were reported and related with lipid metabolism. MiRanda and RNAhybrid software were used to predict the target genes of DE miRNAs, obtaining the number of targeting relationships is 38553. Target genes were enriched by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). 742 terms and 302 single pathways are enriched, including lipid metabolic process, response to lipid, cellular lipid catabolic process, lipid catabolic process, cellular lipid metabolic process, inositol lipid-mediated signaling, calcium channel activity, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, AMPK signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and TGF-beta signaling pathway. Notably, miR-379-5p was associated with tail fat deposition of sheep. Dual-Luciferase reporter assays showed miR-379-5p and HOXC9 had targeted relationship. The result of RT-qPCR showed that the expression trend of miR-379-5p and HOXC9 was opposite. miR-379-5p was down-regulated and highly expressed in tail adipose tissue of Tibetan sheep. HOXC9 was highly expressed in adipose tissue of Hu sheep. These results could provide a meaningful theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanisms of sheep tail adipogenesis.
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Entezari M, Hashemi D, Taheriazam A, Zabolian A, Mohammadi S, Fakhri F, Hashemi M, Hushmandi K, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Ertas YN, Mirzaei S, Samarghandian S. AMPK signaling in diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and diabetic complications: A pre-clinical and clinical investigation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112563. [PMID: 35062059 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a main challenge in both developing and developed countries, as lifestyle has changed and its management seems to be vital. Type I and type II diabetes are the main kinds and they result in hyperglycemia in patients and related complications. The gene expression alteration can lead to development of DM and related complications. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor with aberrant expression in various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and DM. The present review focuses on understanding AMPK role in DM. Inducing AMPK signaling promotes glucose in DM that is of importance for ameliorating hyperglycemia. Further investigation reveals the role of AMPK signaling in enhancing insulin sensitivity for treatment of diabetic patients. Furthermore, AMPK upregulation inhibits stress and cell death in β cells that is of importance for preventing type I diabetes development. The clinical studies on diabetic patients have shown the role of AMPK signaling in improving diabetic complications such as brain disorders. Furthermore, AMPK can improve neuropathy, nephropathy, liver diseases and reproductive alterations occurring during DM. For exerting such protective impacts, AMPK signaling interacts with other molecular pathways such as PGC-1α, PI3K/Akt, NOX4 and NF-κB among others. Therefore, providing therapeutics based on AMPK targeting can be beneficial for amelioration of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Hashemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Shima Mohammadi
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Farima Fakhri
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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Yang F, Zhao S, Zhang X, Ding S, Xu Y. RNF6 Targeted by miR-26a-5p Protects Pancreatic β-Cell Function Against Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:93-102. [PMID: 35046680 PMCID: PMC8761081 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s335088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by progressive β-cell dysfunction. Regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) may be associated with this. METHODS Serum miR-26a-5p and RNF6 levels were detected in T2D patients and healthy volunteers via qRT-PCR. Subsequently, the role of specific dysregulated miR-26a-5p or RNF6 in regulating insulin content, cell proliferation, and apoptosis was studied in INS-1 cells. The targeting correlation between miR-26a-5p and RNF6 was detected using a luciferase assay. RESULTS RNF6 expression was significantly decreased in T2D individuals and INS-1 cells treated with high glucose, while miR-26a-5p expression was increased. In INS-1 cells, RNF6 overexpression or miR-26a-5p downregulation significantly increased insulin content and secretion, induced proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis. RNF6 has been identified as an miR-26a-5p target, which negatively regulates RNF6 to worsen INS-1 cell function. CONCLUSION RNF6 promoted insulin secretion and induced cell proliferation in INS-1 cells. This may be related to miR-26a-5p targeting and negatively regulating T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengxun Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yancheng Xu Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13907116967 Email
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Langlois A, Dumond A, Vion J, Pinget M, Bouzakri K. Crosstalk Communications Between Islets Cells and Insulin Target Tissue: The Hidden Face of Iceberg. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:836344. [PMID: 35185804 PMCID: PMC8851682 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.836344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of insulin secretion is under control of a complex inter-organ/cells crosstalk involving various metabolites and/or physical connections. In this review, we try to illustrate with current knowledge how β-cells communicate with other cell types and organs in physiological and pathological contexts. Moreover, this review will provide a better understanding of the microenvironment and of the context in which β-cells exist and how this can influence their survival and function. Recent studies showed that β-cell insulin secretion is regulated also by a direct and indirect inter-organ/inter-cellular communication involving various factors, illustrating the idea of "the hidden face of the iceberg". Moreover, any disruption on the physiological communication between β-cells and other cells or organs can participate on diabetes onset. Therefore, for new anti-diabetic treatments' development, it is necessary to consider the entire network of cells and organs involved in the regulation of β-cellular function and no longer just β-cell or pancreatic islet alone. In this context, we discuss here the intra-islet communication, the β-cell/skeletal muscle, β-cell/adipose tissue and β-cell/liver cross talk.
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21
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Maintaining Effective Beta Cell Function in the Face of Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Glucolipotoxicity-Nutraceutical Options. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 10:3. [PMID: 35052168 PMCID: PMC8775473 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In people with metabolic syndrome, episodic exposure of pancreatic beta cells to elevated levels of both glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs)-or glucolipotoxicity-can induce a loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). This in turn can lead to a chronic state of glucolipotoxicity and a sustained loss of GSIS, ushering in type 2 diabetes. Loss of GSIS reflects a decline in beta cell glucokinase (GK) expression associated with decreased nuclear levels of the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) factor that drives its transcription, along with that of Glut2 and insulin. Glucolipotoxicity-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), stemming from both mitochondria and the NOX2 isoform of NADPH oxidase, drives an increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity that promotes nuclear export of PDX1, and impairs autocrine insulin signaling; the latter effect decreases PDX1 expression at the transcriptional level and up-regulates beta cell apoptosis. Conversely, the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promotes nuclear import of PDX1 via cAMP signaling. Nutraceuticals that quell an increase in beta cell ROS production, that amplify or mimic autocrine insulin signaling, or that boost GLP-1 production, should help to maintain GSIS and suppress beta cell apoptosis in the face of glucolipotoxicity, postponing or preventing onset of type 2 diabetes. Nutraceuticals with potential in this regard include the following: phycocyanobilin-an inhibitor of NOX2; agents promoting mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, such as ferulic acid, lipoic acid, melatonin, berberine, and astaxanthin; myo-inositol and high-dose biotin, which promote phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation; and prebiotics/probiotics capable of boosting GLP-1 secretion. Complex supplements or functional foods providing a selection of these agents might be useful for diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
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Chen X, Xiao J, Pang J, Chen S, Wang Q, Ling W. Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093139. [PMID: 34579016 PMCID: PMC8468093 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity. However, the association between NAFLD and pancreatic β-cell function is still ambiguous. Here, we assessed whether pancreatic β-cell function is associated with NAFLD. Method: The data of NHANES III from 1988 to 1994 were used. NAFLD was diagnosed when subjects had ultrasonographically hepatic steatosis without other liver diseases. Disposition index (DI) was employed to assess pancreatic β-cell function. A total of 6168 participants were included in this study. Results: NAFLD participants had much higher HOMA2-%B (weighted mean, 124.1; standard error, 1.8) than the non-NAFLD participants (weighted mean, 100.7; standard error, 0.9). However, when evaluating the β-cell function in the context of insulin resistance by using DI index, DI levels were much lower in NAFLD subjects (weighted mean, 79.5; standard error, 1.0) compared to non-NAFLD (weighted mean, 95.0; standard error, 0.8). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that DI was inversely associated with NAFLD prevalence. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for quartile 1 versus quartile 4 was 1.81 (1.31–2.50) (p < 0.001 for trend). Moreover, DI was also inversely associated with the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis. The multivariable-adjusted ORs across quartiles of DI were 2.47, 1.44, 0.96 and 1.00 for the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis (p < 0.001 for trend). Conclusions: Pancreatic β-cell function might be a new predictor for the presence of NAFLD, and insufficient compensatory β-cell function is associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinghe Xiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Peng Y, Hu L, Nie X, Cai S, Yan R, Liu Y, Cai Y, Song W, Peng X. The Role of Serum Calcium Levels in Pediatric Dyslipidemia: Are There Any? Front Pediatr 2021; 9:712160. [PMID: 34434908 PMCID: PMC8380842 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.712160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No previous study explored the association between serum calcium levels and dyslipidemia in children. This study aimed to explore this relationship in children, based on a multicenter cross-sectional study population in China. Methods: Cross-sectional data was derived from the Pediatric Reference Intervals in China (PRINCE) study conducted between 2017 and 2018 involving 5,252 males and 5,427 females with a mean age of 10.0 ± 4.6 years. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for dyslipidemia of each serum calcium level and albumin-corrected calcium levels, which were sorted into quartiles. The restricted cubic spline model was fitted for the dose-response analysis. An L-shaped dose-response relation between calcium levels and the probability of dyslipidemia was found after the adjustment for multiple potential confounding factors, p for non-linear < 0.001. Results: Using the middle category of calcium level as the reference, multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of the lowest and the highest quartile categories were 0.96 (0.82-1.12) and 1.29 (1.12-1.48), respectively, for total serum calcium levels and 1.06 (0.91-1.23) and 1.39 (1.21-1.60) for albumin-corrected calcium levels. Conclusions: Individuals with higher levels of serum calcium were associated with increased risk of dyslipidemia in a sample of a healthy Chinese pediatric population. The association between serum calcium levels and dyslipidemia needs to be examined prospectively in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Peng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Hu
- Clinical Laboratory Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Nie
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Cai
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruohua Yan
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanying Cai
- Clinical Laboratory Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- Clinical Laboratory Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Peng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Liu X, Liu L, Wang R, Jia X, Liu B, Ma N, Lu Q. Early arteriosclerosis and its risk factors in subjects with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:599-606. [PMID: 33971618 PMCID: PMC8240705 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate early arteriosclerosis and its risk factors in populations with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 148 participants who did not have diabetes mellitus were assigned to three groups through an oral glucose tolerance test: the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group; the impaired glucose regulation, also known as prediabetes group and the new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus group. The insulin resistance index was assessed using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). An ELISA was used to determine the level of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). An arteriosclerosis detector was used to measure the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI). The baPWV, ABI, and FGF21 were used to assess early arteriosclerosis. RESULTS Significant differences in age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), 2-h insulin (2hINS), and HOMA-IR were found between the NGT group and the prediabetes and new-onset diabetes groups. All of the above, except 2hINS, showed an increasing trend. Moreover, the FGF21 was higher in the new-onset diabetes group than in the NGT group. The baPWV was higher in the new-onset diabetes group than in the other two groups, but no significant difference was noted in the ABI. Age, SBP, diastolic blood pressure, FPG, 2hPG, and FGF21 were positively correlated with the baPWV. In addition, FPG, SBP, FGF21, and HOMA-IR were independent risk factors for the baPWV. CONCLUSIONS Patients with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes may have more significant early arteriosclerosis. The blood glucose level and insulin resistance index may be independent risk factors for early arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaojiao Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Functional Examination, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Q Lu:
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Guo J, Zhang Y, Li B, Wang C. In utero exposure to phenanthrene induced islet cell dysfunction in adult mice: Sex differences in the effects and potential causes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145295. [PMID: 33513515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that the burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human body is associated with the occurrence of insulin resistance and diabetes. In the present study, pregnant mice were exposed to phenanthrene (Phe) at doses of 0, 60 and 600 μg/kg body weight of by gavage once every 3 days. The female F1 mice at 120 days of age showed no change in their fasting glucose levels (FGLs) but exhibited significantly decreased homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) β-cell (49% and 43%) and significantly downregulated pancreatic proinsulin gene (ins2) transcription. The downregulation of transcription factors, such as PDX1, PAX4 and FGF21, indicated impaired development and function of β-cells. The significantly reduced α-cell mass in 60 and 600 μg/kg groups, and the significantly downregulated expression of proglucagon gene gcg and ARX in the 600 μg/kg group suggested that the development and function of α-cells had been impacted. The males exhibited significantly increased FGLs (1.14- and 1.15-fold) in Phe exposed treatments and significantly elevated HOMA β-cell (3.15-fold) in the 600 μg/kg group. Upregulated ins2 transcription and FGF21 protein in male mice prenatally exposed to 600 μg/kg Phe suggested that these animals appeared compensatory enhancement in β-cell function. The reduced serum estradiol levels and downregulated pancreatic estrogen receptor α and β were responsible for the dysfunction of β-cells in the females. In the males, the significantly elevated androgen levels in the 600 μg/kg group might be related to the upregulated ins2 transcription, and the increased expression of pancreatic FGF21 further demonstrated the enhancement of β-cell potential. The results will be helpful for assessing the risk of developing diabetes in adulthood after prenatal exposure to phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Bingshui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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Yu H, Liu Y, He B, He T, Chen C, He J, Yang X, Wang J. Platelet biomarkers for a descending cognitive function: A proteomic approach. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13358. [PMID: 33942972 PMCID: PMC8135080 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory loss is the most common clinical sign in Alzheimer's disease (AD); thus, searching for peripheral biomarkers to predict cognitive decline is promising for early diagnosis of AD. As platelets share similarities to neuron biology, it may serve as a peripheral matrix for biomarkers of neurological disorders. Here, we conducted a comprehensive and in-depth platelet proteomic analysis using TMT-LC-MS/MS in the populations with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, MMSE = 18-23), severe cognitive impairments (AD, MMSE = 2-17), and the age-/sex-matched normal cognition controls (MMSE = 29-30). A total of 360 differential proteins were detected in MCI and AD patients compared with the controls. These differential proteins were involved in multiple KEGG pathways, including AD, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, telomerase RNA localization, platelet activation, and complement activation. By correlation analysis with MMSE score, three positively correlated pathways and two negatively correlated pathways were identified to be closely related to cognitive decline in MCI and AD patients. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that changes of nine proteins, including PHB, UQCRH, CD63, GP1BA, FINC, RAP1A, ITPR1/2, and ADAM10 could effectively distinguish the cognitively impaired patients from the controls. Further machine learning analysis revealed that a combination of four decreased platelet proteins, that is, PHB, UQCRH, GP1BA, and FINC, was most promising for predicting cognitive decline in MCI and AD patients. Taken together, our data provide a set of platelet biomarkers for predicting cognitive decline which may be applied for the early screening of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders School of Basic Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shenzhen China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders School of Basic Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Benrong He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders School of Basic Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ting He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders School of Basic Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chongyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders School of Basic Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shenzhen China
| | - Jiahua He
- School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shenzhen China
| | - Jian‐Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders School of Basic Medicine Department of Pathophysiology Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
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Tian J, Li J, Yin H, Ma L, Zhang J, Zhai Q, Duan S, Zhang L. In vitro and in vivo uterine metabolic disorders induced by silica nanoparticle through the AMPK signaling pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143152. [PMID: 33139001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) has been suggested to cause physical disorders, yet the effects of SiNPs on female reproduction have not been illustrated. This study was implemented to explore the reproductive toxicity of SiNPs on female and reveal its underlying mechanisms. Methodologically, the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-SiNPs were synthesized by coupling with FITC and then used to track the biodistribution of SiNPs in vitro and in vivo. In total, 30 mice were intratracheally injected 0.25 g of FITC-SiNPs, and 6 mice injected with the same volume of saline were used as controls. The results showed that SiNPs penetrated the cellular membrane, triggering apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, tube formation, and invasion of trophoblast. Mechanistically, SiNPs was demonstrated to dysregulate Fbp2, Cpt1a, Scd1, and Pfkl, and further induced accumulation of pyruvate and fatty acid in mitochondria through the AMPK signaling pathway, which finally activated the Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Consistently, the similar alterations of these genes were detected in vivo, and the uterine inflammatory infiltration aggravated with the extension of the observation duration. These results suggested that SiNPs induced trophoblast apoptosis and uterine inflammation, and ultimately caused acute reproductive toxicity on female. The underlying mechanism might be explained by the dysregulation of Fbp2/Cpt1a/Pfkl/Scd1 axis, which promoted the overload of glucose and lipid through the AMPK signaling pathway. These findings were of great significance to guide a comprehensive understanding of the reproductive toxicity of SiNPs as well as the development of environmental standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan 250001, China; School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China
| | - Junxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan 250001, China; School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China
| | - Haoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan 250001, China; School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan 250001, China; School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China
| | - Shuyin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan 250001, China; School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, Jinan 250001, China.
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Luo Y, Li X, Ma J, Abbruzzese JL, Lu W. Pancreatic Tumorigenesis: Oncogenic KRAS and the Vulnerability of the Pancreas to Obesity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040778. [PMID: 33668583 PMCID: PMC7918840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a poor survival rate, and oncogenic mutant KRAS is a major driver of its initiation and progression; however, effective strategies/drugs targeting major forms of mutant KRAS have not been forthcoming. Of note, obesity is known to worsen mutant KRAS-mediated pathologies, leading to PDAC with high penetrance; however, the mechanistic link between obesity and pancreatic cancer remains elusive. The recent discovery of FGF21 as an anti-obesity and anti-inflammation factor and as a downstream target of KRAS has shed new light on the problem. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog) mutations have been considered a critical driver of PDAC initiation and progression. However, the effects of mutant KRAS alone do not recapitulate the full spectrum of pancreatic pathologies associated with PDAC development in adults. Historically, mutant KRAS was regarded as constitutively active; however, recent studies have shown that endogenous levels of mutant KRAS are not constitutively fully active and its activity is still subject to up-regulation by upstream stimuli. Obesity is a metabolic disease that induces a chronic, low-grade inflammation called meta-inflammation and has long been recognized clinically as a major modifiable risk factor for pancreatic cancer. It has been shown in different animal models that obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) and pancreatic inflammation promote the rapid development of mutant KRAS-mediated PDAC with high penetrance. However, it is not clear why the pancreas with endogenous levels of mutant KRAS is vulnerable to chronic HFD and inflammatory challenges. Recently, the discovery of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a novel anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory factor and as a downstream target of mutant KRAS has shed new light on this problem. This review is intended to provide an update on our knowledge of the vulnerability of the pancreas to KRAS-mediated invasive PDAC in the context of challenges engendered by obesity and associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China;
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaokun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Jianjia Ma
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - James L. Abbruzzese
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
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Wang Z, Yuan M, Xu C, Zhang Y, Ying C, Xiao X. FGF21 Serum Levels in the Early Second Trimester Are Positively Correlated With the Risk of Subsequent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Propensity-Matched Nested Case-Control Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:630287. [PMID: 33995273 PMCID: PMC8113961 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.630287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important endocrine hormone regulating glucose metabolism, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is increased in individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) after 24 gestational weeks. However, it is unknown whether the increase in FGF21 precedes the diagnosis of GDM. METHODS In this nested case-control study, 133 pregnant women with GDM and 133 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were identified through propensity score matching, and serum FGF21 levels were measured at 14 to 21 gestational weeks, before GDM is routinely identified. The differences in FGF21 levels were compared. The association between FGF21 and the occurrence of GDM was evaluated using logistic regression models with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS The serum FGF21 levels of the GDM group at 14 to 21 gestational weeks were significantly higher than those of the NGT group overall (P < 0.001), with similar results observed between the corresponding BMI subgroups (P < 0.05). The 2nd (OR 1.224, 95% CI 0.603-2.485), 3rd (OR 2.478, 1.229-5.000), and 4th (OR 3.419, 95% CI 1.626-7.188) FGF21 quartiles were associated with greater odds of GDM occurrence than the 1st quartile after multivariable adjustments. CONCLUSIONS The serum FGF21 levels in GDM groups increased in the early second trimester, regardless of whether participants were stratified according to BMI. After adjusting for confounding factors, the FGF21 levels in the highest quartile were associated with more than three times higher probability of the diagnosis of GDM in the pregnancy as compared to levels in the first quartile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjie Xu
- Information Section, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Ying
- Clinical Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunmei Ying, ; Xirong Xiao,
| | - Xirong Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunmei Ying, ; Xirong Xiao,
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30
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Wang K, Cui Y, Lin P, Yao Z, Sun Y. JunD Regulates Pancreatic β-Cells Function by Altering Lipid Accumulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:689845. [PMID: 34335468 PMCID: PMC8322846 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.689845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of pancreatic β-cells function is partly caused by lipotoxicity, which aggravates the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Activator Protein 1 member JunD modulates apoptosis and oxidative stress. Recently, it has been found that JunD regulates lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes. Here, we studied the role of JunD in pancreatic β-cells. The lipotoxic effects of palmitic acid on INS-1 cells were measured, and JunD small-interfering RNA was used to assess the effect of JunD in regulating lipid metabolism and insulin secretion. The results showed that palmitic acid stimulation induced the overexpression of JunD, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and increased intracellular lipid accumulation of β-cells. Moreover, the gene expression involved in lipid metabolism (Scd1, Fabp4, Fas, Cd36, Lpl, and Plin5) was upregulated, while gene expression involved in the pancreatic β-cells function (such as Pdx1, Nkx6.1, Glut2, and Irs-2) was decreased. Gene silencing of JunD reversed the lipotoxic effects induced by PA on β-cells. These results suggested that JunD regulated the function of pancreatic β-cells by altering lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yixin Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhina Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhina Yao, ; Yu Sun,
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhina Yao, ; Yu Sun,
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Al-Mrabeh A, Hollingsworth KG, Shaw JAM, McConnachie A, Sattar N, Lean MEJ, Taylor R. 2-year remission of type 2 diabetes and pancreas morphology: a post-hoc analysis of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:939-948. [PMID: 33031736 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pancreas is small and irregular in shape in people with type 2 diabetes. If these abnormalities are caused by the disease state itself rather than being a predisposing factor, remission of type 2 diabetes should restore normal pancreas morphology. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in pancreas volume and shape occurred during 2 years of remission. METHODS For this post-hoc analysis, we included a subset of adult participants of the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT), who had type 2 diabetes and were randomly assigned to a weight management intervention or routine diabetes management. Intervention group participants were categorised as responders (HbA1c <6·5% [48 mmol/mol] and fasting blood glucose <7·0 mmol/L, off all anti-diabetes medication) and non-responders, who were classified as remaining diabetic. Data on pancreas volume and irregularity of pancreas border at baseline, 5 months, 12 months, and 24 months after intervention were compared between responders and non-responders; additional comparisons were made between control group participants with type 2 diabetes and a non-diabetic comparator (NDC) group, who were matched to the intervention group by age, sex, and post-weight-loss weight, to determine the extent of any normalisation. We used a mixed-effects regression model based on repeated measures ANOVA with correction for potential confounding. Magnetic resonance techniques were employed to quantify pancreas volume, the irregularity of the pancreas borders, and intrapancreatic fat content. β-cell function and biomarkers of tissue growth were also measured. FINDINGS Between July 25, 2015, and Aug 5, 2016, 90 participants with type 2 diabetes in the DiRECT subset were randomly assigned to intervention (n=64) or control (n=26) and were assessed at baseline; a further 25 non-diabetic participants were enrolled into the NDC group. At baseline, mean pancreas volume was 61·7 cm3 (SD 16·0) in all participants with type 2 diabetes and 79·8 cm3 (14·3) in the NDC group (p<0·0001). At 24 months, pancreas volume had increased by 9·4 cm3 (95% CI 6·1 to 12·8) in responders compared with 6·4 cm3 (2·5 to 10·3) in non-responders (p=0·0008). Pancreas borders at baseline were more irregular in participants with type 2 diabetes than in the NDC group (fractal dimension 1·138 [SD 0·027] vs 1·097 [0·025]; p<0·0001) and had normalised by 24 months in responders only (1·099 [0·028]). Intrapancreatic fat declined by 1·02 percentage points (95% CI 0·53 to 1·51) in 32 responders and 0·51% (-0·17 to 1·19) in 13 non-responders (p=0·23). INTERPRETATION These data show for the first time, to our knowledge, reversibility of the abnormal pancreas morphology of type 2 diabetes by weight loss-induced remission. FUNDING Diabetes UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Mrabeh
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Kieren G Hollingsworth
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James A M Shaw
- Regenerative Medicine, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael E J Lean
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Roy Taylor
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Lu W, Li X, Luo Y. FGF21 in obesity and cancer: New insights. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:5-13. [PMID: 33264641 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine FGF21 was discovered as a novel metabolic regulator in 2005 with new functions bifurcating from the canonic heparin-binding FGFs that directly promote cell proliferation and growth independent of a co-receptor. Early studies have demonstrated that FGF21 is a stress sensor in the liver and possibly, several other endocrine and metabolic tissues. Hepatic FGF21 signals via endocrine routes to quench episodes of metabolic derangements, promoting metabolic homeostasis. The convergence of mouse and human studies shows that FGF21 promotes lipid catabolism, including lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial oxidative activity, and thermogenic energy dissipation, rather than directly regulating insulin and appetite. The white and brown adipose tissues and, to some extent, the hypothalamus, all of which host a transmembrane receptor binary complex of FGFR1 and co-receptor KLB, are considered the essential tissue and molecular targets of hepatic or pharmacological FGF21. On the other hand, a growing body of work has revealed that pancreatic acinar cells form a constitutive high-production site for FGF21, which then acts in an autocrine or paracrine mode. Beyond regulation of macronutrient metabolism and physiological energy expenditure, FGF21 appears to function in forestalling the development of fatty pancreas, steato-pancreatitis, fatty liver, and steato-hepatitis, thereby preventing the development of advanced pathologies such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. This review is intended to provide updates on these new discoveries that illuminate the protective roles of FGF21-FGFR1-KLB signal pathway in metabolic anomalies-associated severe tissue damage and malignancy, and to inform potential new preventive or therapeutic strategies for obesity-inflicted cancer patients via reducing metabolic risks and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Yongde Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China; Centeer BioTherapeutics Ltd Co, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Maeng HJ, Lee GY, Bae JH, Lim S. Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 on the Development of Atheromatous Plaque and Lipid Metabolic Profiles in an Atherosclerosis-Prone Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186836. [PMID: 32957703 PMCID: PMC7555741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormonal regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effect of an FGF21 analogue (LY2405319) on the development of atherosclerosis and its associated parameters. ApoE−/− mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 14 weeks and were randomly assigned to control (saline) or FGF21 (0.1 mg/kg) treatment group (n = 10/group) for 5 weeks. Plaque size in the aortic arch/valve areas and cardiovascular risk markers were evaluated in blood and tissues. The effects of FGF21 on various atherogenesis-related pathways were also assessed. Atherosclerotic plaque areas in the aortic arch/valve were significantly smaller in the FGF21 group than in controls after treatment. FGF21 significantly decreased body weight and glucose concentrations, and increased circulating adiponectin levels. FGF21 treatment alleviated insulin resistance and decreased circulating concentrations of triglycerides, which were significantly correlated with plaque size. FGF21 treatment reduced lipid droplets in the liver and decreased fat cell size and inflammatory cell infiltration in the abdominal visceral fat compared with the control group. The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels were decreased and β-hydroxybutyrate levels were increased by FGF21 treatment. Uncoupling protein 1 expression in subcutaneous fat was greater and fat cell size in brown fat was smaller in the FGF21 group compared with controls. Administration of FGF21 showed anti-atherosclerotic effects in atherosclerosis-prone mice and exerted beneficial effects on critical atherosclerosis pathways. Improvements in inflammation and insulin resistance seem to be mechanisms involved in the mitigation of atherosclerosis by FGF21 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Maeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.J.M.); (G.Y.L.)
| | - Gha Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.J.M.); (G.Y.L.)
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.J.M.); (G.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(31)-787-7035 or +82-(10)-9766-2706; Fax: +82-(31)-787-4051
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Ruiz-Padilla AJ, Ruiz-Noa Y, Del Rocio Ibarra-Reynoso L, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Alonso-Castro AJ, Sánchez-Barajas M, Alvarez-Alvarez RM, Del Carmen Preciado-Puga M. FGF21 and its Relationship with Inflammatory and Metabolic Parameters in HIV Patients after Antiretroviral Treatment. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18:308-314. [PMID: 32684151 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200719235625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) serum levels are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in HIV patients. OBJECTIVE To quantify FGF21 levels in HIV patients using antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to analyze a possible association between serum FGF21 levels and lipid profile, levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and atherogenic risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients with HIV infection, who received ART in a scheme consisting of Tenofovir/Emtricitabine+Lopinavir/Ritonavir, were enrolled in this study. The serum levels of FGF21, inflammatory parameters (IL-6 and IL-1β), glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin were determined at baseline and after 36 weeks of treatment. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the atherogenic risk factor were also calculated. RESULTS After 36 weeks, serum FGF21 levels decreased significantly (p=0.011), whereas IL-6 levels (r=0.821, p=0.0001) and the CD4+ T cell count (r=0.446, p=0.048), showed a positive correlation with the decrease in FGF21 levels. There was an increase in total cholesterol (r=-0.483, p=0.031), LDL (r=-0.496, p=0.026), VLDL (r=-0.320, p=0.045), and the atherogenic index factor (r=-0.539, p=0.014), these values showed a negative correlation with FGF21 levels. CONCLUSION The decrease of serum FGF21 levels due to ART is associated with the alteration in lipid profile and an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. These variations are predictors of inflammatory status in HIV patients using antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Joel Ruiz-Padilla
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus
Guanajuato- Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Yeniley Ruiz-Noa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Lorena Del Rocio Ibarra-Reynoso
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, León, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus
Guanajuato- Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Mauricio Sánchez-Barajas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, León, Guanajuato, México,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital General de Zona/MF 21, León, Guanajuato, México
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Roles of FGF21 and irisin in obesity-related diabetes and pancreatic diseases. JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jp9.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Tillman EJ, Rolph T. FGF21: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Related Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601290. [PMID: 33381084 PMCID: PMC7767990 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising global prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes has driven a sharp increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Approximately one-sixth of the NAFLD population progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver inflammation, hepatocyte injury and cell death, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. NASH is one of the leading causes of liver transplant, and an increasingly common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), underscoring the need for intervention. The complex pathophysiology of NASH, and a predicted prevalence of 3-5% of the adult population worldwide, has prompted drug development programs aimed at multiple targets across all stages of the disease. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics. Liver-related morbidity and mortality are highest in more advanced fibrotic NASH, which has led to an early focus on anti-fibrotic approaches to prevent progression to cirrhosis and HCC. Due to limited clinical efficacy, anti-fibrotic approaches have been superseded by mechanisms that target the underlying driver of NASH pathogenesis, namely steatosis, which drives hepatocyte injury and downstream inflammation and fibrosis. Among this wave of therapeutic mechanisms targeting the underlying pathogenesis of NASH, the hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) holds considerable promise; it decreases liver fat and hepatocyte injury while suppressing inflammation and fibrosis across multiple preclinical studies. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical data from studies with FGF21 and FGF21 analogs, in the context of the pathophysiology of NASH and underlying metabolic diseases.
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