1
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Kwan GT, Andrade LR, Prime KJ, Tresguerres M. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the inner ear epithelial cells of splitnose rockfish ( Sebastes diploproa). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R277-R296. [PMID: 38189166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The inner ear of teleost fish regulates the ionic and acid-base chemistry and secretes protein matrix into the endolymph to facilitate otolith biomineralization, which is used to maintain vestibular and auditory functions. The otolith is biomineralized in a concentric ring pattern corresponding to seasonal growth, and this calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polycrystal has become a vital aging and life-history tool for fishery managers, ecologists, and conservation biologists. Moreover, biomineralization patterns are sensitive to environmental variability including climate change, thereby threatening the accuracy and relevance of otolith-reliant toolkits. However, the cellular biology of the inner ear is poorly characterized, which is a hurdle for a mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes. This study provides a systematic characterization of the cell types in the inner ear of splitnose rockfish (Sebastes diploproa). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the apical morphologies of six inner ear cell types. In addition, immunostaining and confocal microscopy characterized the expression and subcellular localization of the proteins Na+-K+-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, V-type H+-ATPase, Na+-K+-2Cl--cotransporter, otolith matrix protein 1, and otolin-1 in six inner ear cell types bordering the endolymph. This fundamental cytological characterization of the rockfish inner ear epithelium illustrates the intricate physiological processes involved in otolith biomineralization and highlights how greater mechanistic understanding is necessary to predict their multistressor responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garfield T Kwan
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Leonardo R Andrade
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Kaelan J Prime
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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2
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Różycka MO, Bielak K, Ptak M, Jost B, Melo Rodriguez G, Schoelkopf J, Stolarski J, Dobryszycki P, Ożyhar A. Effect of Gel Exposition on Calcium and Carbonate Ions Determines the Stm-l Effect on the Crystal Morphology of Calcium Carbonate. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4042-4050. [PMID: 37605889 PMCID: PMC10498444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization of fish otoliths is regulated by macromolecules, such as proteins, whose presence is crucial for the functionality and properties of these mineralized structures. Special regulatory effects are exerted by intrinsically disordered proteins, such as the polyanionic Starmaker-like protein from medaka, a homolog of zebrafish Starmaker. In this study, we employed a set of bioinspired mineralization experiments with a single diffusion system to investigate the effect of the Starmaker-like protein on calcium carbonate biominerals with regards to the prior exposition of the protein to calcium or carbonate ions. Interestingly, the bioinspired minerals grown in the presence of the Starmaker-like protein in calcium- or carbonate-type experiments differ significantly in terms of morphology and protein distribution within the crystals. Our deeper analysis shows that the Starmaker-like protein action is a result of the environmental conditions to which it is exposed. These findings may be of special interest in the areas of biomineralization process pathways and biomaterial sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława O. Różycka
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Klaudia Bielak
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw 50-422, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Stolarski
- Institute
of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-818, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
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3
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Singh A, Yadav H, Verma H, Sikka K, Abraham RA, Irugu DVK. Normal Serum Levels of Otolin-1 in Patients with Meniere Disease in Remission. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 27:e440-e444. [PMID: 37564467 PMCID: PMC10411270 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Degenerative changes in the otolithic organs have been theorized to be caused by the mechanical obstruction to endolymphatic flow, possibly resulting in endolymphatic hydrops (ELH). Otolin-1 is an otoconial matrix protein that crosses the blood labyrinth barrier and has been found in the serum of healthy and diseased patients. Objective To measure the serum levels of Otolin-1 in Meniere disease (MD) patients and compared them with the healthy individuals. Methods This pilot, cross-sectional study was performed at our tertiary care referral center to compare the serum Otolin-1 levels of healthy individuals with those of MD patients. The blood samples were obtained during patients' visit to the vertigo clinic following remission of an acute episode. The data was analyzed using the Stata/SE version 12.0 (StataCorp. College Station, TX, USA). Comparison between the serum Otolin-1 levels in the two groups was performed using the unpaired t -test. A p -value of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The participants were divided into two groups, with 31 MD patients, and 30 age and gender-matched members of the control group. The serum levels of Otolin-1 in MD patients (247.6, ± 44.2 pg/ml) were not found to be significantly different from those of the control group (236.2, ± 43.5 pg/ml) ( p = 0.31). Conclusion The current study reveals that the serum levels of Otolin-1 are not significantly different between the patients with MD in the interictal phase and the control group's healthy ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Harsha Yadav
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Hitesh Verma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Sikka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ransi Ann Abraham
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - David Victor Kumar Irugu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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4
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Bielak K, Benkowska-Biernacka D, Ptak M, Stolarski J, Kalka M, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Otolin-1, an otolith- and otoconia-related protein, controls calcium carbonate bioinspired mineralization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130327. [PMID: 36791829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otoliths and otoconia are calcium carbonate biomineral structures that form in the inner ear of fish and humans, respectively. The formation of these structures is tightly linked to the formation of an organic matrix framework with otolin-1, a short collagen-like protein from the C1q family as one of its major constituents. METHODS In this study, we examined the activity of recombinant otolin-1 originating from Danio rerio and Homo sapiens on calcium carbonate bioinspired mineralization with slow-diffusion method and performed crystals characterization with scanning electron microscopy, two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS We show that both proteins are embedded in the core of CaCO3 crystals that form through the slow-diffusion mineralization method. Both of them influence the morphology but do not change the polymorphic mineral phase. D.rerio otolin-1 also closely adheres to the crystal surface. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest, that otolin-1 is not a passive scaffold, but is directly involved in regulating the morphology of the resulting calcium carbonate biocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Bielak
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Benkowska-Biernacka
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Okólna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Stolarski
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kalka
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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5
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First paleoproteome study of fossil fish otoliths and the pristine preservation of the biomineral crystal host. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3822. [PMID: 36882485 PMCID: PMC9992438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Otoliths are calcium carbonate components of the stato-acoustical organ responsible for hearing and maintenance of the body balance in teleost fish. During their formation, control over, e.g., morphology and carbonate polymorph is influenced by complex insoluble collagen-like protein and soluble non-collagenous protein assemblages; many of these proteins are incorporated into their aragonite crystal structure. However, in the fossil record these proteins are considered lost through diagenetic processes, hampering studies of past biomineralization mechanisms. Here we report the presence of 11 fish-specific proteins (and several isoforms) in Miocene (ca. 14.8-14.6 Ma) phycid hake otoliths. These fossil otoliths were preserved in water-impermeable clays and exhibit microscopic and crystallographic features indistinguishable from modern representatives, consistent with an exceptionally pristine state of preservation. Indeed, these fossil otoliths retain ca. 10% of the proteins sequenced from modern counterparts, including proteins specific to inner ear development, such as otolin-1-like proteins involved in the arrangement of the otoliths into the sensory epithelium and otogelin/otogelin-like proteins that are located in the acellular membranes of the inner ear in modern fish. The specificity of these proteins excludes the possibility of external contamination. Identification of a fraction of identical proteins in modern and fossil phycid hake otoliths implies a highly conserved inner ear biomineralization process through time.
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6
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Tarczewska A, Bielak K, Zoglowek A, Sołtys K, Dobryszycki P, Ożyhar A, Różycka M. The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation during Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091266. [PMID: 36139105 PMCID: PMC9496343 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some animal organs contain mineralized tissues. These so-called hard tissues are mostly deposits of calcium salts, usually in the form of calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. Examples of this include fish otoliths and mammalian otoconia, which are found in the inner ear, and they are an essential part of the sensory system that maintains body balance. The composition of ear stones is quite well known, but the role of individual components in the nucleation and growth of these biominerals is enigmatic. It is sure that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play an important role in this aspect. They have an impact on the shape and size of otoliths. It seems probable that IDPs, with their inherent ability to phase separate, also play a role in nucleation processes. This review discusses the major theories on the mechanisms of biomineral nucleation with a focus on the importance of protein-driven liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). It also presents the current understanding of the role of IDPs in the formation of calcium carbonate biominerals and predicts their potential ability to drive LLPS.
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7
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Hane Y, Ushikubo T, Yokoyama Y, Miyairi Y, Kimura S. Natal origin of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis determined by SIMS oxygen isotope analysis of otoliths. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272850. [PMID: 35947611 PMCID: PMC9365150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate understanding of changing population dynamics associated with climate change is critical for managing highly migratory fish species. However, long-term data on population dynamics and the resulting recruitment variability is still lacking for many species, making it difficult to predict and integrate the effects of ocean warming into management schemes. In this study, high-resolution stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis was performed on the otoliths of adult Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to determine the natal origin of an individual fish. The core δ18Ootolith corresponding to the larval stage greatly varied among the individuals, indicating that the larvae experienced a wide range of thermal environments. The non-hierarchical cluster analysis performed on the core δ18Ootolith grouped fish into those with higher δ18Ootolith (lower temperature) and those with lower δ18Ootolith (higher temperature), most likely representing relative temperature difference experienced between fish born in the Sea of Japan and in the Nansei Islands area. The Nansei Islands area cluster showed more variability in the early otolith growth indicating a longer spawning season, which is consistent with the observed longer spawning duration in this area. The absolute temperature estimates based on the SIMS-measured core δ18Ootolith were significantly higher than those expected from sea surface temperature data, suggesting the effects of matrix-related bias on the temperature offsets. The relative temperature difference, however, matched well with the known spawning temperature range of the two spawning grounds. The recruitment contribution from each spawning ground (all year-classes pooled, n = 51) was 45% in the Sea of Japan and 55% in the Nansei Islands area. Overall, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of SIMS δ18Ootolith analysis for investigating the natal origin of fish and its potential application in fish population dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulina Hane
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Ushikubo
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yokoyama
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
- Organization for Programs on Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyairi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Kimura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Bielak K, Hołubowicz R, Zoglowek A, Żak A, Kędzierski P, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. N'-terminal- and Ca 2+-induced stabilization of high-order oligomers of full-length Danio rerio and Homo sapiens otolin-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1032-1047. [PMID: 35447266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Otolin-1 is a C1q family member and a major component of the organic matrix of fish otoliths and human otoconia. To date, the protein molecular properties have not been characterized. In this work, we describe biochemical characterization and comparative studies on saccular-specific otolin-1 derived from Danio rerio and Homo sapiens. Due to the low abundance of proteins in the otoconial matrix, we developed a production and purification method for both recombinant homologues of otolin-1. Danio rerio and Homo sapiens otolin-1 forms higher-order oligomers that can be partially disrupted under reducing conditions. The presence of Ca2+ stabilizes the oligomers and significantly increases the thermal stability of the proteins. Despite the high sequence coverage, the oligomerization of Danio rerio otolin-1 is more affected by the reducing conditions and presence of Ca2+ than the human homologue. The results show differences in molecular behaviour, which may be reflected in Danio rerio and Homo sapiens otolin-1 role in otolith and otoconia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Bielak
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zoglowek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Żak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kędzierski
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
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9
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Meng R, Zhang L, Zhou C, Liao K, Xiao P, Luo Q, Xu J, Cui Y, Hu X, Yan X. Genome Sequence of Chrysotila roscoffensis, a Coccolithphore Contributed to Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010040. [PMID: 35052381 PMCID: PMC8775090 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysotila is a genus of coccolithophores. Together with Emiliania, it is one of the representative genera in the Haptophyta which have been extensively studied. They are photosynthetic unicellular marine algae sharing the common characteristic of the production of CaCO3 platelets (coccoliths) on the surface of their cells and are crucial contributors to global biogeochemical cycles. Here, we report the genome assembly of Chrysotila roscoffensis. The assembled genome size was ~636 Mb distributed across 769 scaffolds with N50 of 1.63 Mb, and maximum contig length of ~2.6 Mb. Repetitive elements accounted for approximately 59% of the genome. A total of 23,341 genes were predicted from C. roscoffensis genome. The divergence time between C. roscoffensis and Emiliania huxleyi was estimated to be around 537.6 Mya. Gene families related to cytoskeleton, cellular motility and morphology, and ion transport were expanded. The genome of C. roscoffensis will provide a foundation for understanding the genetic and phenotypic diversification and calcification mechanisms of coccolithophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Meng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.M.); (C.Z.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.M.); (C.Z.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Kai Liao
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Qijun Luo
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jilin Xu
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yanze Cui
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-0574-87600458 (X.Y.); +86-0574-87600738 (X.H.)
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (P.X.); (Q.L.); (J.X.)
- School of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-0574-87600458 (X.Y.); +86-0574-87600738 (X.H.)
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10
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Hołubowicz R, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Natural Mutations Affect Structure and Function of gC1q Domain of Otolin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169085. [PMID: 34445792 PMCID: PMC8396674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Otolin-1 is a scaffold protein of otoliths and otoconia, calcium carbonate biominerals from the inner ear. It contains a gC1q domain responsible for trimerization and binding of Ca2+. Knowledge of a structure-function relationship of gC1q domain of otolin-1 is crucial for understanding the biology of balance sensing. Here, we show how natural variants alter the structure of gC1q otolin-1 and how Ca2+ are able to revert some effects of the mutations. We discovered that natural substitutions: R339S, R342W and R402P negatively affect the stability of apo-gC1q otolin-1, and that Q426R has a stabilizing effect. In the presence of Ca2+, R342W and Q426R were stabilized at higher Ca2+ concentrations than the wild-type form, and R402P was completely insensitive to Ca2+. The mutations affected the self-association of gC1q otolin-1 by inducing detrimental aggregation (R342W) or disabling the trimerization (R402P) of the protein. Our results indicate that the natural variants of gC1q otolin-1 may have a potential to cause pathological changes in otoconia and otoconial membrane, which could affect sensing of balance and increase the probability of occurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hołubowicz
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.D.); Tel.: +48-71-320-63-34 (R.H.); +48-71-320-63-32 (P.D.)
| | | | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.D.); Tel.: +48-71-320-63-34 (R.H.); +48-71-320-63-32 (P.D.)
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11
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Loeppky AR, Belding LD, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Morgan JD, Pracheil BM, Chakoumakos BC, Anderson WG. Influence of ontogenetic development, temperature, and pCO 2 on otolith calcium carbonate polymorph composition in sturgeons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13878. [PMID: 34230512 PMCID: PMC8260795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralization in aquatic organisms is among the many predicted effects of climate change. Because otolith (hearing/orientation structures in fish) CaCO3 precipitation and polymorph composition are controlled by genetic and environmental factors, climate change may be predicted to affect the phenotypic plasticity of otoliths. We examined precipitation of otolith polymorphs (aragonite, vaterite, calcite) during early life history in two species of sturgeon, Lake Sturgeon, (Acipenser fulvescens) and White Sturgeon (A. transmontanus), using quantitative X-ray microdiffraction. Both species showed similar fluctuations in otolith polymorphs with a significant shift in the proportions of vaterite and aragonite in sagittal otoliths coinciding with the transition to fully exogenous feeding. We also examined the effect of the environment on otolith morphology and polymorph composition during early life history in Lake Sturgeon larvae reared in varying temperature (16/22 °C) and pCO2 (1000/2500 µatm) environments for 5 months. Fish raised in elevated temperature had significantly increased otolith size and precipitation of large single calcite crystals. Interestingly, pCO2 had no statistically significant effect on size or polymorph composition of otoliths despite blood pH exhibiting a mild alkalosis, which is contrary to what has been observed in several studies on marine fishes. These results suggest climate change may influence otolith polymorph composition during early life history in Lake Sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Loeppky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Luke D Belding
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - John D Morgan
- Department of Resource Management and Protection, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Brenda M Pracheil
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Canada
| | - Bryan C Chakoumakos
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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12
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Molecular mechanism of calcium induced trimerization of C1q-like domain of otolin-1 from human and zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12778. [PMID: 34140580 PMCID: PMC8211825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1q superfamily includes proteins involved in innate immunity, insulin sensitivity, biomineralization and more. Among these proteins is otolin-1, which is a collagen-like protein that forms a scaffold for the biomineralization of inner ear stones in vertebrates. The globular C1q-like domain (gC1q), which is the most conserved part of otolin-1, binds Ca2+ and stabilizes its collagen-like triple helix. The molecular details of the assembly of gC1q otolin-1 trimers are not known. Here, we substituted putative Ca2+-binding acidic residues of gC1q otolin-1 with alanine to analyse how alanine influences the formation of gC1q trimers. We used human and zebrafish gC1q otolin-1 to assess how evolutionary changes affected the function of the protein. Surprisingly, the mutated forms of gC1q otolin-1 trimerized even in the absence of Ca2+, although they were less stable than native proteins saturated with Ca2+. We also found that the zebrafish gC1q domain was less stable than the human homologue under all tested conditions and became stabilized at higher concentrations of Ca2+, which showed that specific interactions leading to the neutralization of the negative charge at the axis of a gC1q trimer by Ca2+ are required for the trimers to form. Moreover, human gC1q otolin-1 seems to be optimized to function at lower concentrations of Ca2+, which is consistent with reported Ca2+ concentrations in the endolymphs of fish and mammals. Our results allow us to explain the molecular mechanism of assembly of proteins from the C1q superfamily, the modulating role of Ca2+ and expand the knowledge of biomineralization of vertebrate inner ear stones: otoliths and otoconia.
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13
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Valido DP, Júnior WDG, de Andrade ME, Rezende AA, de Andrade de Carvalho FM, de Lima R, das Graças Gomes Trindade G, de Alcântara Campos C, Oliveira AMS, de Souza EPBSS, Frank LA, Guterres SS, Sussuchi EM, Matos CRS, Polloni A, de Souza Araújo AA, Padilha FF, Severino P, Souto EB, de Albuquerque Júnior RLC. Otoliths-composed gelatin/sodium alginate scaffolds for bone regeneration. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1716-1728. [PMID: 32901369 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence that otoliths, mineral-rich limestone concrescences present in the inner ear of bone fishes, can accelerate bone formation in vivo has been previously reported. The goal of this work was the development, characterization, and evaluation of the cytocompatibility of otoliths-incorporated sodium alginate and gelatin scaffolds. Cynoscion acoupa-derived otoliths were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FRX), particle size, free lime, and weight loss by calcination. Furthermore, otoliths were incorporated into sodium alginate (ALG/OTL-s) or gelatin (GEL/OTL-s) scaffolds, previously developed by freeze-drying. Then, the scaffolds were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), swelling tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity assays were run against J774.G8 macrophages and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Data obtained from TGA/DTG, DSC, and FTIR analyses confirmed the interaction between otoliths and the polymeric scaffolds. SEM showed the homogeneous porous 3D structure rich in otolith micro-fragments in both scaffolds. Swelling of the GEL/OTL-s (63.54 ± 3.0%) was greater than of ALG/OTL-s (13.36 ± 9.9%) (p < 0.001). The viability of J774.G8 macrophages treated with both scaffolds was statistically similar to the group treated with DMEM only (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than that treated with Triton-X (p < 0.01) at 72 h. Both scaffolds showed approximately 100% growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts by 24 h, similarly to control (p > 0.05). However, by 48 h, only ALG/OTL-s showed growth similar to control (p > 0.05), whereas GEL/OTL showed a significantly lower growth index (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the physicochemical profiles suggest proper interaction between the otoliths and the two developed polymeric 3D scaffolds. Moreover, both materials showed cytocompatibility with J774.G8 macrophages but the growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts was higher when exposed to ALG/OTL-s. These data suggest that sodium alginate/otoliths scaffolds are potential biomaterials to be used in bone regeneration applications. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Pereira Valido
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Wilson Déda Gonçalves Júnior
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Maria Eliane de Andrade
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Allan Andrade Rezende
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Felipe Mendes de Andrade de Carvalho
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sorocaba, Rodovia Raposo Tavares S/N-km 92,5, Sorocaba, SP, CEP 18023-000, Brazil
| | | | - Caio de Alcântara Campos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-00, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiza Abrahão Frank
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2759, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2759, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Eliana Midori Sussuchi
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-00, Brazil
| | | | - André Polloni
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | | | - Francine Ferreira Padilha
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil. .,Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA, 02125, USA. .,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Eliana Barbosa Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Júnior
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanotecnology, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 - Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil.
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14
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Jeong SH, Lee SU, Kim JS. Prevention of recurrent benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis. J Neurol 2020; 269:619-626. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Kwan GT, Smith TR, Tresguerres M. Immunological characterization of two types of ionocytes in the inner ear epithelium of Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:419-431. [PMID: 32468089 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inner ear is essential for maintaining balance and hearing predator and prey in the environment. Each inner ear contains three CaCO3 otolith polycrystals, which are calcified within an alkaline, K+-rich endolymph secreted by the surrounding epithelium. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood, especially in marine fish. Here, we investigated the presence and cellular localization of several ion-transporting proteins within the saccular epithelium of the Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Western blotting revealed the presence of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), carbonic anhydrase (CA), Na+-K+-2Cl--co-transporter (NKCC), vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA), plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Immunohistochemistry analysis identified two distinct ionocytes types in the saccular epithelium: Type-I ionocytes were mitochondrion-rich and abundantly expressed NKA and NKCC in their basolateral membrane, indicating a role in secreting K+ into the endolymph. On the other hand, Type-II ionocytes were enriched in cytoplasmic CA and VHA, suggesting they help transport HCO3- into the endolymph and remove H+. In addition, both types of ionocytes expressed cytoplasmic PMCA, which is likely involved in Ca2+ transport and homeostasis, as well as sAC, an evolutionary conserved acid-base sensing enzyme that regulates epithelial ion transport. Furthermore, CA, VHA, and sAC were also expressed within the capillaries that supply blood to the meshwork area, suggesting additional mechanisms that contribute to otolith calcification. This information improves our knowledge about the cellular mechanisms responsible for endolymph ion regulation and otolith formation, and can help understand responses to environmental stressors such as ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garfield T Kwan
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Taylor R Smith
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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16
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Thomas ORB, Richards KL, Petrou S, Roberts BR, Swearer SE. In situ 3D visualization of biomineralization matrix proteins. J Struct Biol 2020; 209:107448. [PMID: 31926272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium biominerals occur in all major animal phyla, and through biomolecular control, exhibit such diverse structures as exoskeletons, shells, bones, teeth and earstones (otoliths). Determining the three-dimensional expression of key biomineral proteins, however, has proven challenging as typical protein identification methods either lose spatial resolution during dissolution of the mineral phase or are costly and limited to two-dimensional expression of high abundance proteins. Here we present a modification of the CLARITY and ACT-PRESTO protocols to visualize and confirm, for the first time, the timing of expression and function of two key regulators of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R B Thomas
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kay L Richards
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Han DG, Kim DJ. The evolutionary hypothesis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Med Hypotheses 2020; 134:109445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Yao S, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Shao C, Liu Z, Jin B, Zhao R, Cao H, Pan H, Tang R. Calcium Phosphate Nanocluster-Loaded Injectable Hydrogel for Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4408-4417. [PMID: 35021400 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a hierarchical tissue in which the extracellular matrix consists of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals embedded in the collagen matrix. Artificial bone regeneration remains a great challenge due to the difficulty of balancing the chemical composition, biological compatibility, and mechanical performance of the implant. Biomineralization starts from the formation of a hydrogel-like biomacromolecule matrix in many cases, while the mineralization of HAP often builds from amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoclusters. Inspired by these discoveries, here we use a hydrogel loaded with ∼1 nm sized polymer-stabilized ACP nanoclusters (cluster-loaded hydrogel) as an injectable bone regeneration material. The hydrogel is biocompatible and stabilizes the ACP clusters such that they could efficiently infiltrate into collagen fibrils leading to intrafibrillar mineralization of HAP nanocrystals. Ex vivo results reveal that the cluster-loaded hydrogel has an excellent bone affinity as well as provides a suitable environment for the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. In vivo experiments with rat bone show that the cluster-loaded hydrogel can generate HAP-based fillings within bone defects with perfect bonding to the surrounding tissue and a mechanical performance comparable with native bone. The fluidity of the hydrogel is further beneficial by providing a feasible minimally invasive bone healing procedure via syringe injection. The discovery and utilization of the cluster-loaded hydrogel described here provide a promising bioinspired approach for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | | | - Yanyan Zhou
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital Stomatology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Han Cao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Haihua Pan
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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19
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Han J, Liu K, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhou B. Exposure to cadmium causes inhibition of otolith development and behavioral impairment in zebrafish larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105236. [PMID: 31260825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Otolith consisting largely of calcium carbonate, fibrous and proteins, is vital for maintaining body balance and/or hearing of fish. The formation of otolith involves Ca2+ transport and deposition. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Cd2+ on otoliths development by using zebrafish embryos as model. The results showed that exposure to Cd2+ inhibited the utricular and saccular otoliths growth, indicated by reduced lateral areas. Swimming speeds were reduced and a losing balance control was observed in Cd2+ exposed larvae. The genes related to Ca2+ transport (e.g. plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2, pmca2; Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2, atp2b1a) and regulation (e.g. parathyroid hormone ligand type-1, pth1; stanniocalcin isoform 1, stc1) were significantly downregulated. However, the adverse effects of Cd2+ on otoliths growth and swimming activity can be protected by supplementation of Ca2+ in exposure medium. Body burden of Cd2+ in larvae was reduced upon the supplement with Ca2+. The overall results suggest that exposure to Cd2+ can inhibit influx of Ca2+, leading to less deposition of CaCO3 for otolith growth, and finally result in impaired balance control and swimming activity in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Rongchun Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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20
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Thomas ORB, Swearer SE, Kapp EA, Peng P, Tonkin‐Hill GQ, Papenfuss A, Roberts A, Bernard P, Roberts BR. The inner ear proteome of fish. FEBS J 2018; 286:66-81. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Eugene A. Kapp
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Po Peng
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Gerry Q. Tonkin‐Hill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Anthony Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Anne Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Pascal Bernard
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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21
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Hołubowicz R, Wojtas M, Taube M, Kozak M, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Effect of calcium ions on structure and stability of the C1q-like domain of otolin-1 from human and zebrafish. FEBS J 2017; 284:4278-4297. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics; Faculty of Physics; A. Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics; Faculty of Physics; A. Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
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22
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Wang X. The Understanding of the Metazoan Skeletal System, Based on the Initial Discoveries with Siliceous and Calcareous Sponges. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E172. [PMID: 28604622 PMCID: PMC5484122 DOI: 10.3390/md15060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiated by studies on the mechanism of formation of the skeletons of the evolutionary oldest still extant multicellular animals, the sponges (phylum Porifera) have provided new insights into the mechanism of formation of the Ca-phosphate/hydroxyapatite skeleton of vertebrate bone. Studies on the formation of the biomineral skeleton of sponges revealed that both the formation of the inorganic siliceous skeletons (sponges of the class of Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) and of the calcareous skeletons (class of Calcarea) is mediated by enzymes (silicatein: polymerization of biosilica; and carbonic anhydrase: deposition of Ca-carbonate). Detailed studies of the initial mineralization steps in human bone-forming cells showed that this process is also controlled by enzymes, starting with the deposition of Ca-carbonate bio-seeds, mediated by carbonic anhydrases-II and -IX, followed by non-enzymatic transformation of the formed amorphous Ca-carbonate deposits into amorphous Ca-phosphate and finally hydroxyapatite crystals. The required phosphate is provided by enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase-mediated) degradation of an inorganic polymer, polyphosphate (polyP), which also acts as a donor for chemically useful energy in this process. These new discoveries allow the development of novel biomimetic strategies for treatment of bone diseases and defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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23
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Weigele J, Franz-Odendaal TA, Hilbig R. Formation of the inner ear during embryonic and larval development of the cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:172-195. [PMID: 27268076 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1198337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebrate inner ear comprises mineralized elements, namely the otoliths (fishes) or the otoconia (mammals). These elements serve vestibular and auditory functions. The formation of otoconia and otoliths is described as a stepwise process, and in fish, it is generally divided into an aggregation of the otolith primordia from precursor particles and then a growth process that continues throughout life. RESULTS This study was undertaken to investigate the complex transition between these two steps. Therefore, we investigated the developmental profiles of several inner ear structural and calcium-binding proteins during the complete embryonic and larval development of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus in parallel with the morphology of inner ear and especially otoliths. We show that the formation of otoliths is a highly regulated temporal and spatial process which takes place throughout embryonic and larval development. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data we defined eight phases of otolith differentiation from the primordia to the mature otolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- a Zoological Institute , University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biology , Mount Saint Vincent University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | | | - Reinhard Hilbig
- a Zoological Institute , University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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24
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Biocalcite and Carbonic Acid Activators. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28238040 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51284-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Based on evolution of biomineralizing systems and energetic considerations, there is now compelling evidence that enzymes play a driving role in the formation of the inorganic skeletons from the simplest animals, the sponges, up to humans. Focusing on skeletons based on calcium minerals, the principle enzymes involved are the carbonic anhydrase (formation of the calcium carbonate-based skeletons of many invertebrates like the calcareous sponges, as well as deposition of the calcium carbonate bioseeds during human bone formation) and the alkaline phosphatase (providing the phosphate for bone calcium phosphate-hydroxyapatite formation). These two enzymes, both being involved in human bone formation, open novel not yet exploited targets for pharmacological intervention of human bone diseases like osteoporosis, using compounds that act as activators of these enzymes. This chapter focuses on carbonic anhydrases of biomedical interest and the search for potential activators of these enzymes, was well as the interplay between carbonic anhydrase-mediated calcium carbonate bioseed synthesis and metabolism of energy-rich inorganic polyphosphates. Beyond that, the combination of the two metabolic products, calcium carbonate and calcium-polyphosphate, if applied in an amorphous form, turned out to provide the basis for a new generation of scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering and repair that are, for the first time, morphogenetically active.
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Kao WTK, Parnes LS, Chole RA. Otoconia and otolithic membrane fragments within the posterior semicircular canal in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:709-714. [PMID: 27726156 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common vestibular disorder with an incidence between 10.7 and 17.3 per 100,000 persons per year. The mechanism for BPPV has been postulated to involve displaced otoconia resulting in canalithiasis. Although particulate matter has been observed in the endolymph of affected patients undergoing posterior canal occlusion surgery, an otoconial origin for the disease is still questioned. STUDY DESIGN In this study, particulate matter was extracted from the posterior semicircular canal of two patients and examined with scanning electron microscopy. METHODS The samples were obtained from two patients intraoperatively during posterior semicircular canal occlusion. The particles were fixed, stored in ethanol, and chemically dehydrated. The samples were sputter coated and viewed under a scanning electron microscope. Digital images were obtained. RESULTS Intact and degenerating otoconia with and without linking filaments were found attached to amorphous particulate matter. Many otoconia appeared to be partially embedded in a gel matrix, presumably that which encases and anchors the otoconia within the otolith membrane, whereas others stood alone with no attached filaments and matrix. The otoconia measured roughly 2 to 8 μm in length and displayed a uniform outer shape with a cylindrical bulbous body and a 3 + 3 rhombohedral plane at each end. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the source of the particulate matter in the semicircular canals of patients with BPPV is broken off fragments of the utricular otolithic membrane with attached and detached otoconia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 127:709-714, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Tin K Kao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Lorne S Parnes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard A Chole
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
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Loewen TN, Carriere B, Reist JD, Halden NM, Anderson WG. Linking physiology and biomineralization processes to ecological inferences on the life history of fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:123-140. [PMID: 27328377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomineral chemistry is frequently used to infer life history events and habitat use in fishes; however, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here we have taken a multidisciplinary approach to review the current understanding of element incorporation into biomineralized structures in fishes. Biominerals are primarily composed of calcium-based derivatives such as calcium carbonate found in otoliths and calcium phosphates found in scales, fins and bones. By focusing on non-essential life elements (strontium and barium) and essential life elements (calcium, zinc and magnesium), we attempt to connect several fields of study to synergise how physiology may influence biomineralization and subsequent inference of life history. Data provided in this review indicate that the presence of non-essential elements in biominerals of fish is driven primarily by hypo- and hyper-calcemic environmental conditions. The uptake kinetics between environmental calcium and its competing mimics define what is ultimately incorporated in the biomineral structure. Conversely, circannual hormonally driven variations likely influence essential life elements like zinc that are known to associate with enzyme function. Environmental temperature and pH as well as uptake kinetics for strontium and barium isotopes demonstrate the role of mass fractionation in isotope selection for uptake into fish bony structures. In consideration of calcium mobilisation, the action of osteoclast-like cells on calcium phosphates of scales, fins and bones likely plays a role in fractionation along with transport kinetics. Additional investigations into calcium mobilisation are warranted to understand differing views of strontium, and barium isotope fractionation between calcium phosphates and calcium carbonate structures in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Loewen
- Interdisciplinary Studies (Geological Sciences), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Freshwater Institute, Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - B Carriere
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J D Reist
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - N M Halden
- Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - W G Anderson
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Kocot KM, Aguilera F, McDougall C, Jackson DJ, Degnan BM. Sea shell diversity and rapidly evolving secretomes: insights into the evolution of biomineralization. Front Zool 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 27279892 PMCID: PMC4897951 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An external skeleton is an essential part of the body plan of many animals and is thought to be one of the key factors that enabled the great expansion in animal diversity and disparity during the Cambrian explosion. Molluscs are considered ideal to study the evolution of biomineralization because of their diversity of highly complex, robust and patterned shells. The molluscan shell forms externally at the interface of animal and environment, and involves controlled deposition of calcium carbonate within a framework of macromolecules that are secreted from the dorsal mantle epithelium. Despite its deep conservation within Mollusca, the mantle is capable of producing an incredible diversity of shell patterns, and macro- and micro-architectures. Here we review recent developments within the field of molluscan biomineralization, focusing on the genes expressed in the mantle that encode secreted proteins. The so-called mantle secretome appears to regulate shell deposition and patterning and in some cases becomes part of the shell matrix. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies have revealed marked differences in the mantle secretomes of even closely-related molluscs; these typically exceed expected differences based on characteristics of the external shell. All mantle secretomes surveyed to date include novel genes encoding lineage-restricted proteins and unique combinations of co-opted ancient genes. A surprisingly large proportion of both ancient and novel secreted proteins containing simple repetitive motifs or domains that are often modular in construction. These repetitive low complexity domains (RLCDs) appear to further promote the evolvability of the mantle secretome, resulting in domain shuffling, expansion and loss. RLCD families further evolve via slippage and other mechanisms associated with repetitive sequences. As analogous types of secreted proteins are expressed in biomineralizing tissues in other animals, insights into the evolution of the genes underlying molluscan shell formation may be applied more broadly to understanding the evolution of metazoan biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Kocot
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia.,Current address: Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 USA
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia.,Current address: Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, 5008 Norway
| | - Carmel McDougall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Goldschmidtstr.3, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
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Weigele J, Franz-Odendaal TA, Hilbig R. Not All Inner Ears are the Same: Otolith Matrix Proteins in the Inner Ear of Sub-Adult Cichlid Fish,Oreochromis Mossambicus, Reveal Insights Into the Biomineralization Process. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 299:234-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 30 Stuttgart 73734 Germany
- Department of Biology; Mount Saint Vincent University; 166 Bedford Highway Halifax Nova Scotia B3M 2J6 Canada
| | - Tamara A. Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Biology; Mount Saint Vincent University; 166 Bedford Highway Halifax Nova Scotia B3M 2J6 Canada
| | - Reinhard Hilbig
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 30 Stuttgart 73734 Germany
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Weigele J, Franz-Odendaal TA, Hilbig R. Spatial Expression of Otolith Matrix Protein-1 and Otolin-1 in Normally and Kinetotically Swimming Fish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1765-73. [PMID: 26096990 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kinetosis (motion sickness) has been repeatedly shown to affect some fish of a given clutch following the transition from 1g to microgravity or from hypergravity to 1g. This susceptibility to kinetosis may be correlated with irregular inner ear otolith growth. Otoliths are mainly composed of calcium carbonate and matrix proteins, which play an important role in the process of otolith mineralization. Here, we examine the morphology of otoliths and the expression pattern of the major otolith proteins OMP-1 and otolin-1 in a series of hypergravity experiments. In the utricle, OMP-1 is present in centripetal (medial) and centrifugal (lateral) regions of the meshwork area. In the saccule, OMP-1 was expressed within a dorsal and a ventral narrow band of the meshwork area opposite to the periphery of the sulcus acusticus. In normal animals, the spatial expression pattern of OMP-1 reaches more posteriorly in the centrifugal aspect and is considerably broader in the centripetal portion of the utricle compared to kinetotic animals. However, otolin-1 was not expressed in the utricule. In the saccule, no differences were observed for either gene when comparing normal and kinetotically behaving fish. The difference in the utricular OMP-1 expression pattern between normally and kinetotically swimming fish indicates a different otolith morphology and thus a different geometry of the otoliths resting on the corresponding sensory maculae. As the utricle is the endorgan responsible for sensing gravity, the aberrant morphology of the utricular otoliths, based on OMP-1 expression, likely leads to the observed kinetotic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart, 73734, Germany
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Tamara A Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Reinhard Hilbig
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart, 73734, Germany
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Stooke-Vaughan GA, Obholzer ND, Baxendale S, Megason SG, Whitfield TT. Otolith tethering in the zebrafish otic vesicle requires Otogelin and α-Tectorin. Development 2015; 142:1137-45. [PMID: 25758224 PMCID: PMC4360185 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Otoliths are biomineralised structures important for balance and hearing in fish. Their counterparts in the mammalian inner ear, otoconia, have a primarily vestibular function. Otoliths and otoconia form over sensory maculae and are attached to the otolithic membrane, a gelatinous extracellular matrix that provides a physical coupling between the otolith and the underlying sensory epithelium. In this study, we have identified two proteins required for otolith tethering in the zebrafish ear, and propose that there are at least two stages to this process: seeding and maintenance. The initial seeding step, in which otolith precursor particles tether directly to the tips of hair cell kinocilia, fails to occur in the einstein (eis) mutant. The gene disrupted in eis is otogelin (otog); mutations in the human OTOG gene have recently been identified as causative for deafness and vestibular dysfunction (DFNB18B). At later larval stages, maintenance of otolith tethering to the saccular macula is dependent on tectorin alpha (tecta) function, which is disrupted in the rolling stones (rst) mutant. α-Tectorin (Tecta) is a major constituent of the tectorial membrane in the mammalian cochlea. Mutations in the human TECTA gene can cause either dominant (DFNA8/12) or recessive (DFNB21) forms of deafness. Our findings indicate that the composition of extracellular otic membranes is highly conserved between mammals and fish, reinforcing the view that the zebrafish is an excellent model system for the study of deafness and vestibular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus D Obholzer
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Baxendale
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanya T Whitfield
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Müller WEG, Neufurth M, Huang J, Wang K, Feng Q, Schröder HC, Diehl-Seifert B, Muñoz-Espí R, Wang X. Nonenzymatic Transformation of Amorphous CaCO3into Calcium Phosphate Mineral after Exposure to Sodium Phosphate in Vitro: Implications for in Vivo Hydroxyapatite Bone Formation. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1323-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ramadan Y, González-Sánchez MI, Hawkins K, Rubio-Retama J, Valero E, Perni S, Prokopovich P, López-Cabarcos E. Obtaining new composite biomaterials by means of mineralization of methacrylate hydrogels using the reaction–diffusion method. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:696-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), the most common cause of dizziness, occurs in all age groups. It presents with vertigo on head movement, but in older patients presentation may be typical and thus accounting for a low recognition rate in the primary care setting. It may be recurrent in up to 50% of cases. BPPV is associated with displacement of fragments of utricular otoconia into the semicircular canals, most commonly the posterior semicircular canal. Otoconia are composed of otoconin and otolin forming the organic matrix on which calcium carbonate mineralizes. Otoconia may fragment with trauma, age, or changes in the physiology of endolymph (e.g., pH and calcium concentration). Presentation varied because otoconia fragments can be displaced into any of the semicircular canals on either (or both) side and may be free floating (canalolithiasis) or attached to the cupula (cupulolithiasis). Most cases of BPPV are idiopathic, but head trauma, otologic disorders, and systemic disease appear to be contributory in a subset. Positional maneuvers are used to diagnose and treat the majority of cases. In rare intractable cases surgical management may be considered. A strong association with osteoporosis suggests that idiopathic BPPV may have diagnostic and management implications beyond that of a purely otologic condition.
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In vitro calcite crystal morphology is modulated by otoconial proteins otolin-1 and otoconin-90. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95333. [PMID: 24748133 PMCID: PMC3991680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Otoconia are formed embryonically and are instrumental in detecting linear acceleration and gravity. Degeneration and fragmentation of otoconia in elderly patients leads to imbalance resulting in higher frequency of falls that are positively correlated with the incidence of bone fractures and death. In this work we investigate the roles otoconial proteins Otolin-1 and Otoconin 90 (OC90) perform in the formation of otoconia. We demonstrate by rotary shadowing and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments that Otolin-1 forms homomeric protein complexes and self-assembled networks supporting the hypothesis that Otolin-1 serves as a scaffold protein of otoconia. Our calcium carbonate crystal growth data demonstrate that Otolin-1 and OC90 modulate in vitro calcite crystal morphology but neither protein is sufficient to produce the shape of otoconia. Coadministration of these proteins produces synergistic effects on crystal morphology that contribute to morphology resembling otoconia.
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35
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Renn J, Winkler C. Osterix/Sp7 regulates biomineralization of otoliths and bone in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Matrix Biol 2014; 34:193-204. [PMID: 24407212 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osterix/Sp7 is a zinc finger transcription factor and critical regulator of osteoblast differentiation, maturation and activity. Osterix expression has also been described in non-skeletal tissues but functional analyses are lacking. In the present study, we show that in the teleost model medaka, osterix is present as two alternatively spliced transcripts, osx_tv1 and osx_tv2. Knock-down of osx_tv1 and/or osx_tv2 results in mineralization loss in early intramembranous bones while cartilage formation is mostly unaffected. Formation of the parasphenoid, the earliest mineralized bone in the medaka skeleton, is impaired and fails to recover at later stages. Ossification of later bones, such as the operculum and cleithrum, is delayed but recovers during further development. In the axial skeleton, formation of the neural arches and centra is strongly delayed. In vivo analyses using osterix:nlGFP and osteocalcin:GFP transgenic medaka and whole mount in situ hybridization suggest that bone defects observed after knock-down of osterix are caused by a delay of osteoblast maturation and activity. Furthermore, we analyzed expression profile and function of osterix during ear and otolith formation. We show that osterix is expressed in otic placodes at the otic vesicle stage and that its knock-down results in a loss of otoliths. Taken together, we show that osterix is required for bone formation in a teleost fish and that its important regulatory functions are conserved between teleosts and mammals. Furthermore, we provide the first functional evidence for a role of Osterix in a non-skeletal tissue, i.e. the otoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Renn
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Centre for BioImaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Centre for BioImaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Abstract
Biomineralization is a process of mineral deposition by organisms. Calcium salts are the major component of various biominerals, calcium carbonate being the predominant type in aquatic organisms. The mechanism of biomineralization has been conventionally analyzed by microscopic observation. The findings obtained suggest that minute amounts of organic matrices in biominerals play a key role in biomineralization. We first introduced the methodology of bioactive compound chemistry into this research field. Using various biominerals, such as the exoskeleton and gastroliths of the crayfish, the otoliths and scales of fish, the coccoliths of coccolithophores, bivalve shells, and coral skeleton, a range of organic matrices were purified by simple functional assays, and their chemical structures were determined. The function of each matrix component was estimated by its ability to interact with calcium carbonate and by in vitro crystallization, immunological localization, and site-specific and temporal expression of the encoding genes in the case of proteins and peptides, among other compounds. It was found that there was almost no similarity in chemical structure among organic matrices from various biominerals, but similarity in function was observed, and that made possible the functional classification of organic matrices.
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Schlossmacher U, Grebenjuk VA, Ushijima H, Wang X. Induction of carbonic anhydrase in SaOS-2 cells, exposed to bicarbonate and consequences for calcium phosphate crystal formation. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8671-80. [PMID: 23953824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ca-phosphate/hydroxyapatite crystals constitute the mineralic matrix of vertebrate bones, while Ca-carbonate dominates the inorganic matrix of otoliths. In addition, Ca-carbonate has been identified in lower percentage in apatite crystals. By using the human osteogenic SaOS-2 cells it could be shown that after exposure of the cells to Ca-bicarbonate in vitro, at concentrations between 1 and 10 mm, a significant increase of Ca-deposit formation results. The crystallite nodules formed on the surfaces of SaOS-2 cells become denser and larger in the presence of bicarbonate if simultaneously added together with the mineralization activation cocktail (β-glycerophosphate/ascorbic acid/dexamethasone). In parallel, with the increase of Ca-deposit formation, the expression of the carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) gene becomes upregulated. This effect, measured on transcriptional level is also substantiated by immunohistological studies. The stimulatory effect of bicarbonate on Ca-deposit formation is prevented if the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide is added to the cultures. Mapping the surface of the Ca-deposit producing SaOS-2 cells by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis revealed an accumulation of the signals for the element carbon and, as expected, also for phosphorus. Finally, it is shown that ortho-phosphate and hydrolysis products of polyphosphate inhibit CA-II activity, suggesting a feedback regulatory system between the CA-driven Ca-carbonate deposition and a subsequent inactivation of this process by ortho-phosphate. Based on the presented data we suggest that Ca-carbonate deposits act as bioseeds for a downstream Ca-phosphate deposition process. We propose that activators for CA, especially for CA-II, might be beneficial for the treatment of bone deficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Schulz-Mirbach T, Götz A, Griesshaber E, Plath M, Schmahl W. Texture and nano-scale internal microstructure of otoliths in the Atlantic molly, Poecilia mexicana: A high-resolution EBSD study. Micron 2013; 51:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shi Y, Yu C, Gu Z, Zhan X, Wang Y, Wang A. Characterization of the pearl oyster (Pinctada martensii) mantle transcriptome unravels biomineralization genes. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:175-187. [PMID: 22941536 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii, is a marine bivalve species widely distributed in tropic and subtropic marine coasts. Mantle is the special tissue of P. martensii that secretes biomineralization proteins inducing shell deposition as well as iridescent nacre both in the inner shell and artificial nucleus. The pearl oyster is very efficient for artificial pearl production and is therefore an ideal organism for studies into the processes of biomineralization. However, deficiency of transcriptome information limits the insight into biomineralization mechanisms and pearl formation. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the P. martensii mantle transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 25,723 unique transcripts were assembled from 220,824 quality reads, followed by annotation and Gene Ontology classification analysis. A total of 146 unique transcript segments homologous to 49 reference biomineralization genes were identified, including calcineurin-binding protein, amorphous calcium carbonate binding protein 1, calmodulin, calponin-like protein, carbonic anhydrase 1, glycine-rich shell matrix protein, lysine-rich matrix protein, mantle gene or protein, nacrein, pearlin, PIF, regucalcin, and shematrin. The sequence data enabled the identification of 10,285 potential single nucleotide polymorphism loci and 7,836 putative indels, providing a resource for molecular biomarker, population genetics, and functional genomic studies. A large number of candidate genes for biomineralization were identified, considerably enriching resources for the study of shell formation. These sequence data will notably advance biomineralization and transcriptome study in pearl oyster and other Pinctada species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources-Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiological Technology, The Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Andrade LR, Lins U, Farina M, Kachar B, Thalmann R. Immunogold TEM of otoconin 90 and otolin - relevance to mineralization of otoconia, and pathogenesis of benign positional vertigo. Hear Res 2012; 292:14-25. [PMID: 22841569 PMCID: PMC3587656 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Implementation of the deep-etch technique enabled unprecedented definition of substructural elements of otoconia, including the fibrillar meshwork of the inner core with its globular attachments. Subsequently the effects of the principal soluble otoconial protein, otoconin 90, upon calcite crystal growth in vitro were determined, including an increased rate of nucleation, inhibition of growth kinetics and significant morphologic changes. The logical next step, ultrastructural localization of otoconin 90, by means of immunogold TEM in young mature mice, demonstrated a high density of gold particles in the inner core in spite of a relatively low level of mineralization. Here gold particles are typically arranged in oval patterns implying that otoconin 90 is attached to a scaffold consisting of the hexagonal fibrillar meshwork, characteristic of otolin. The level of mineralization is much higher in the outer cortex where mineralized fiber bundles are arranged parallel to the surface. Following decalcification, gold particles, as well as matrix fibrils, presumed to consist of a linear structural phenotype of otolin, are aligned in identical direction, suggesting that they serve as scaffold to guide mineralization mediated by otoconin 90. In the faceted tips, the level of mineralization is highest, even though the density of gold particles is relatively low, conceivably due to the displacement by the dense mineral phase. TEM shows that individual crystallites assemble into iso-oriented columns. Columns are arranged in parallel lamellae which convert into mineralized blocks for hierarchical assembly into the complex otoconial mosaic. Another set of experiments based on immunogold TEM in young mice demonstrates that the fibrils interconnecting otoconia consist of the short chain collagen otolin. By two years of age the superficial layer of mouse otoconia (corresponding to mid-life human) has become demineralized resulting in weakening or loss of anchoring of the fibrils interconnecting otoconia. Consequently, otoconia detached from each other may be released into the endolymphatic space by minor mechanical disturbances. In humans, benign positional vertigo (BPV) is believed to result from translocation of otoconia from the endolymphatic space into the semi-circular canals rendering their receptors susceptible to stimulation by gravity causing severe attacks of vertigo. The combinations of these observations in humans, together with the presented animal experiments, provide a tentative pathogenetic basis of the early stage of BPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R. Andrade
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Bechara Kachar
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruediger Thalmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Dongni R, Yonghua G, Qingling F. Comparative study on nano-mechanics and thermodynamics of fish otoliths. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 33:9-14. [PMID: 25428035 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish otolith is a kind of typical natural biomineral, which is composed of calcium carbonate and organic matrix. In fresh water carp otolith, the inorganic phase of lapillus is pure aragonite, and for asteriscus it is pure vaterite. In this research, the phase composition, phase transformation, mechanical property and solubility of lapillus and asteriscus were studied. And results showed that, the organic content of lapillus was higher than that of asteriscus; the phase-transition temperature of lapillus (aragonite-calcite) and asteriscus (vaterite-calcite) both happened between 520 and 640 °C; the nano-mechanical property of lapillus was better than that of asteriscus; the solubility of asteriscus powder was higher than that of lapillus powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Dongni
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gao Yonghua
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Qingling
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Lambert LA. Molecular evolution of the transferrin family and associated receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:244-55. [PMID: 21693173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, serum transferrins are essential iron transporters that have bind and release Fe(III) in response to receptor binding and changes in pH. Some family members such as lactoferrin and melanotransferrin can also bind iron while others have lost this ability and have gained other functions, e.g., inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (mammals), saxiphilin (frogs) and otolith matrix protein 1 (fish). SCOPE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of the known transferrin family members and their associated receptors and interacting partners. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The number of transferrin genes has proliferated as a result of multiple duplication events, and the resulting paralogs have developed a wide array of new functions. Some homologs in the most primitive metazoan groups resemble both serum and melanotransferrins, but the major yolk proteins show considerable divergence from the rest of the family. Among the transferrin receptors, the lack of TFR2 in birds and reptiles, and the lack of any TFR homologs among the insects draw attention to the differences in iron transport and regulation in those groups. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The transferrin family members are important because of their clinical significance, interesting biochemical properties, and evolutionary history. More work is needed to better understand the functions and evolution of the non-vertebrate family members. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Lambert
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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Xu Y, Zhang H, Yang H, Zhao X, Lovas S, Lundberg YYW. Expression, functional, and structural analysis of proteins critical for otoconia development. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2659-73. [PMID: 20803598 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Otoconia, developed during late gestation and perinatal stages, couple mechanic force to the sensory hair cells in the vestibule for motion detection and bodily balance. In the present work, we have investigated whether compensatory deposition of another protein(s) may have taken place to partially alleviate the detrimental effects of Oc90 deletion by analyzing a comprehensive list of plausible candidates, and have found a drastic increase in the deposition of Sparc-like 1 (aka Sc1 or hevin) in Oc90 null versus wt otoconia. We show that such up-regulation is specific to Sc1, and that stable transfection of Oc90 and Sc1 full-length expression constructs in NIH/3T3 cells indeed promotes matrix calcification. Analysis and modeling of Oc90 and Sc1 protein structures show common features that may be critical requirements for the otoconial matrix backbone protein. Such information will serve as the foundation for future regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfang Xu
- Vestibular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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44
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Thyroid hormone-responsive genes mediate otolith growth and development during flatfish metamorphosis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 158:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Deans MR, Peterson JM, Wong GW. Mammalian Otolin: a multimeric glycoprotein specific to the inner ear that interacts with otoconial matrix protein Otoconin-90 and Cerebellin-1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12765. [PMID: 20856818 PMCID: PMC2939893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian otoconial membrane is a dense extracellular matrix containing bio-mineralized otoconia. This structure provides the mechanical stimulus necessary for hair cells of the vestibular maculae to respond to linear accelerations and gravity. In teleosts, Otolin is required for the proper anchoring of otolith crystals to the sensory maculae. Otoconia detachment and subsequent entrapment in the semicircular canals can result in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), a common form of vertigo for which the molecular basis is unknown. Several cDNAs encoding protein components of the mammalian otoconia and otoconial membrane have recently been identified, and mutations in these genes result in abnormal otoconia formation and balance deficits. Principal Findings Here we describe the cloning and characterization of mammalian Otolin, a protein constituent of otoconia and the otoconial membrane. Otolin is a secreted glycoprotein of ∼70 kDa, with a C-terminal globular domain that is homologous to the immune complement C1q, and contains extensive posttranslational modifications including hydroxylated prolines and glycosylated lysines. Like all C1q/TNF family members, Otolin multimerizes into higher order oligomeric complexes. The expression of otolin mRNA is restricted to the inner ear, and immunohistochemical analysis identified Otolin protein in support cells of the vestibular maculae and semi-circular canal cristae. Additionally, Otolin forms protein complexes with Cerebellin-1 and Otoconin-90, two protein constituents of the otoconia, when expressed in vitro. Otolin was also found in subsets of support cells and non-sensory cells of the cochlea, suggesting that Otolin is also a component of the tectorial membrane. Conclusion Given the importance of Otolin in lower organisms, the molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of the mammalian Otolin protein may lead to a better understanding of otoconial development and vestibular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Deans
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Hearing and Balance, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Peterson
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Hanson NN, Wurster CM, Todd CD. Comparison of secondary ion mass spectrometry and micromilling/continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry techniques used to acquire intra-otolith delta18O values of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2491-2498. [PMID: 20740522 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The chemical signals in the sequential layers of fish otoliths have the potential to provide fisheries biologists with temporal and spatial details of migration which are difficult to obtain without expensive tracking methods. Signal resolution depends, however, on the extraction technique used. We compared the use of mechanical micromilling and continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS) methods with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain delta(18)O profiles from otoliths of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and used these to corroborate the time of freshwater emigration of the juvenile with macroscopic patterns within the otolith. Both techniques showed the transition occurring at the same visible feature on the otolith, allowing future analyses to easily identify the juvenile (freshwater) versus adult (marine) life-stages. However, SIMS showed a rapid and abrupt transition whereas micromilling provided a less distinct signal. The number of samples that could be obtained per unit area sampled using SIMS was 2 to 3 times greater than that when using micromilling/CF-IRMS although the delta(18)O values and analytical precisions (approximately 0.2 per thousand) of the two methods were comparable. In addition, SIMS delta(18)O results were used to compare otolith aragonite values with predicted values calculated using various isotope fractionation equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Hanson
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 8LB, UK.
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Lu W, Zhou D, Freeman JJ, Thalmann I, Ornitz DM, Thalmann R. In vitro effects of recombinant otoconin 90 upon calcite crystal growth. Significance of tertiary structure. Hear Res 2010; 268:172-83. [PMID: 20595020 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Otoconia are biomineral particles of microscopic size essential for perception of gravity and maintenance of balance. Millions of older Americans are affected in their mobility, quality of life and in their health by progressive demineralization of otoconia. Currently, no effective means to prevent or counteract this process are available. Because of prohibitive anatomical and biological constraints, otoconial research is lagging far behind other systems such as bone and teeth. We have overcome these obstacles by generating otoconial matrix proteins by recombinant techniques. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of recombinant Otoconin 90 (OC90), the principal soluble matrix protein upon calcite crystal growth patterns in vitro. Our findings highlight multiple effects, including facilitation of nucleation, and inhibition of crystal growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, OC90 induces morphologic changes characteristic of native otoconia. OC90 is considerably less acidic than the prototypical invertebrate CaCO(3) -associated protein, but is nevertheless an effective modulator of calcite crystal growth. Based on homology modeling of the sPLA2-like domains of OC90, we propose that the lower density of acidic residues of the primary sequence is compensated by formation of major anionic surface clusters upon folding into tertiary conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abbas L, Whitfield TT. The zebrafish inner ear. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(10)02904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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49
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Mei J, Gui J. Bioinformatic identification of genes encoding C1q-domain-containing proteins in zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2009; 35:17-24. [PMID: 18222405 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
C1q is the first subcomponent of classical pathway in the complement system and a major link between innate and acquired immunities. The globular (gC1q) domain similar with C1q was also found in many non-complement C1q-domain-containing (C1qDC) proteins which have similar crystal structure to that of the multifunctional tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family, and also have diverse functions. In this study, we identified a total of 52 independent gene sequences encoding C1q-domain-containing proteins through comprehensive searches of zebrafish genome, cDNA and EST databases. In comparison to 31 orthologous genes in human and different numbers in other species, a significant selective pressure was suggested during vertebrate evolution. Domain organization of C1q-domain-containing (C1qDC) proteins mainly includes a leading signal peptide, a collagen-like region of variable length, and a C-terminal C1q domain. There are 11 highly conserved residues within the C1q domain, among which 2 are invariant within the zebrafish gene set. A more extensive database searches also revealed homologous C1qDC proteins in other vertebrates, invertebrates and even bacterium, but no homologous sequences for encoding C1qDC proteins were found in many species that have a more recent evolutionary history with zebrafish. Therefore, further studies on C1q-domain-containing genes among different species will help us understand evolutionary mechanism of innate and acquired immunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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50
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Meldrum FC, Cölfen H. Controlling mineral morphologies and structures in biological and synthetic systems. Chem Rev 2009; 108:4332-432. [PMID: 19006397 DOI: 10.1021/cr8002856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.
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