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Hasanvand S, Hashami Z, Zarei M, Merati S, Bashiry M, Nag R. Is the milk we drink safe from elevated concentrations of prioritised heavy metals/metalloids? - A global systematic review and meta-analysis followed by a cursory risk assessment reporting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:175011. [PMID: 39053561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Milk has been globally recognised as a comprehensive and vital food source for centuries. However, the presence of heavy metals and metalloids (metal(loid)s) in milk is a global problem. As metal(loid)s are present in the soil due to natural geogenic and various anthropogenic activities, these metal(loid)s are bio-transferred into animal feed, which further results in the presence of metal(loid)s in milk due to bio transfer/accumulation. This systematic review collated information from published literature between 2000 and 2021. It focused on the global issue of metal(loid)s in milk, posing potential health risks. These contaminants enter the food chain through the bio-transfer/accumulation process from soil to animal feed to milk. The key metal(loid)s examined are arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). A meta-analysis of 66 selected papers revealed the widespread presence of these contaminants in milk samples globally, with Pb being the most studied (43 %). This research estimated metal(loid)s levels or concentrations as 12.71 (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.16-25.26), 16.09 (95 % CI = 4.31-27.70), 197.04 (95 % CI = 75.28-318.18), 31.67 (95 % CI = 20.14-43.20) μg/kg (ppb) for As, Hg, Pb, and Cd, respectively using Stata™. The metal(loid) concentrations in milk were within the threshold limits other than Pb and Cd. Some studies in America, Africa, and Asia reported elevated Pb and Cd concentrations, raising health concerns. The simulated Risk Quotients (RQ) and Integrated Risk Quotient (IRQ) values generally remain above one, indicating potential human health risks. Notably, the IRQ value increases with more metal(loid)s consideration. Subgroup analysis indicates low-fat milk contains higher metal(loid)s concentrations. While metal(loid)s concentrations in milk largely comply with safety limits, some regions exhibit concerning concentrations. Therefore, continued surveillance to address potential health risks associated with metal(loid)s in milk is necessary to ensure dairy products' safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hasanvand
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hashami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Zarei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Merati
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Bashiry
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Rajat Nag
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Rahman MM, Islam MS, Hasan R, Saha P, Alam MS. Spirulina supplementation to alleviate negative effects of lead in layer chicken. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:794-800. [PMID: 38370881 PMCID: PMC10868704 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lead (Pb), a toxic heavy metal, is a serious concern for poultry that negatively affects their productivity and health. To combat those issues efficiently, it is necessary to include feed supplements that have rich antioxidant properties for satisfactory health and productivity. Spirulina platensis (Sp), a microalgae, is a compound that provides several health benefits for humans and animals. This study explores that supplementation of Sp in diet as well as in water reduces the burden of Pb in different tissues, improves hematology, and improves the productive performance of advanced-age laying hens. Materials and methods Forty birds were separated into four groups: the control (C), Spirulina (Sp), Pb, and (Pb + Sp) groups. The Pb group was given Pb acetate at a dose of 2 gm/l in water ad libitum for 4 weeks. Sp group was fed Sp at a dose of 4 gm/kg feed. The Pb + Sp group was given Pb and Sp as in the previous groups. Results Productive performance and hematology such as hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration, and MCH were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in Pb-treated groups compared to controls. The distribution of Pb concentration was highest in the bones and lowest in the gizzard. However, Sp treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the productive performance and the hematological parameters. Moreover, Pb concentration in different organs significantly decreased in the group treated with Sp. Conclusion This study indicates that Sp can possibly be used as a natural and powerful dietary additive to mitigate heavy metal intoxication in chickens, thereby being efficient and effective for production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Rakibul Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Pritam Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shah Alam
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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Sriram A, Roe W, Gartrell B. Blood lead concentration in an urban parrot: Nestling Kaka (Nestor meridionalis) demonstrate evidence of exposure to lead via eggs and parental feeding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157357. [PMID: 35843315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a persistent, highly toxic heavy metal known to affect physiological function and survival in birds. Nestlings are particularly at risk as exposure during critical stages of development can result in life-long deficits. Urban environments are increasingly associated with high levels of contamination and lead exposure at the urban-wildlife interface can have significant population health effects on wildlife. Wellington has an established population of Kaka (Nestor meridionalis) and provides the ideal opportunity to study the risks of lead exposure in an urban context. We sampled 139 nestlings over two breeding seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17) and examined concentrations of lead in blood samples. Nestlings were subjected to a clinical and neurological examination. Lead concentrations of egg shells were measured to evaluate maternal transfer of lead to nestlings. Overall, 36.7 % of nestlings showed evidence of lead exposure based on blood lead concentrations, ranging from <3.3μg/dL to 42.9μg/dL, with no detectable clinical signs of toxicity. The pattern of exposure in the majority of nestlings is indicative of exposure from hatch via eggshells and also direct parental feeding of lead following hatch. Lead concentrations in this cohort of Kaka have the potential to contribute to morbidity and mortality in this species. The lack of measurable neurological or physiological deficits associated with lead exposure is suggestive of an innate tolerance to these concentrations of lead in this population. However, the well-described subclinical and persistent effects of lead suggests a need for continued monitoring of this toxicant and its effects on Kaka behaviour and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sriram
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Wendi Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brett Gartrell
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Olorunyomi JF, White JF, Gengenbach TR, Caruso RA, Doherty CM. Fabrication of a Reusable Carbon Dot/Gold Nanoparticle/Metal-Organic Framework Film for Fluorescence Detection of Lead Ions in Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35755-35768. [PMID: 35905302 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state sensing platforms are desirable for the development of reusable sensors to promote public health measures such as testing for drinking water contamination. A bioinspired metal-organic framework (MOF)-based material has been developed by imitating metal-protein interactions in biological systems to attain high sensitivity and selectivity to Pb2+ through fluorescence sensing. A zirconium terephthalate-type framework (also known as NH2-UiO-66) was modified with both gold nanoparticles and thiol-functionalized carbon dots to give HS-C/Au(x)/UiO-66 composites with different Au content (x) and were subsequently adapted into films that show extraordinary sensitivity to Pb2+. The HS-C/Au(1.4)/UiO-66 film that consists of 1.4 wt % Au shows a quenching response with the limit of detection of 80 parts per trillion and sustained performance for five cycles. Moreover, the fluorescence response of the HS-C/Au(x)/UiO-66 film to Pb2+ can be reversed from emission quenching to enrichment of fluorescence by increasing the Au content. The performance of the HS-C/Au(x)/UiO-66 film as a solid-state sensor demonstrates its potential for application in reusable sensing devices to ensure public safety from Pb2+ contamination in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Olorunyomi
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jacinta F White
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Rachel A Caruso
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Cara M Doherty
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Kano N, Fukui S, Kushiro S, Inui A, Saita M, Kura Y, Sawada U, Naito T. Basophilic stippling in red blood cells in the bone marrow: indication for lead poisoning diagnosis. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221078405. [PMID: 35184610 PMCID: PMC8864261 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221078405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 40-year-old man presented at our hospital with anaemia that had been
undiagnosed for 2 years. Blood tests, endoscopy, and contrast-enhanced computed
tomography were performed, but a definitive diagnosis could not be made. A
subsequent bone marrow biopsy revealed basophilic stippling in transformed red
blood cells, which led to a differential diagnosis of lead poisoning. Additional
tests revealed elevated levels of lead in the blood. Basophilic stippling is
generally found on a peripheral blood smear in lead poisoning patients; however,
in this case, basophilic stippling was found only on the bone marrow smear and
not in the blood smear. Even if basophilic stippling is not found in the
peripheral blood, lead poisoning cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagamasa Kano
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sayato Fukui
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Kasukabe Medical Center, Kasukabe Medical Center, Japan
| | - Seiko Kushiro
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akihiro Inui
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mizue Saita
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kura
- Department of Hematology, Kasukabe Medical Center, Kasukabe Medical Center, Japan
| | - Umihiko Sawada
- Department of Hematology, Kasukabe Medical Center, Kasukabe Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toshio Naito
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Ghaffarian-Bahraman A, Taherifard A, Esmaeili A, Ahmadinia H, Rezaeian M. Evaluation of blood lead among painters of buildings and cars. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:737-744. [PMID: 34797729 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211042731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to lead-based paints is a major threat to the health of painters. This study aimed to evaluate the blood concentration of lead (Pb) in painters of buildings and cars. The present study was a cross-sectional study in which a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic information. Lead concentration in blood samples was determined using the atomic absorption spectrometry method. A total of 32 male painters were selected based on inclusion criteria. The mean blood lead level (BLL) in the painters was 8.1 ± 4.93 μg/dL. Pb levels in car and building painters were 9.42 ± 5.5 μg/dL and 6.7 ± 1.85 μg/dL, respectively. Pb concentration in none of the blood samples was more than 30 μg/dL. The prevalence of BLL ≥ 5 μg/dL and BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL was 97% and 19%, respectively. According to the findings, the rate of BLL among car painters was higher than building painters. Considering the presence of Pb in all blood samples, it seems necessary to increase the awareness of painters about the adverse effects of lead exposure even in low concentrations. However, the sample size in this study was small and more investigations are required in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research Center, 113396Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Taherifard
- Occupational Environment Research Center, 113396Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Esmaeili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Occupational Environment Research Center, School of Health, 113396Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahmadinia
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, 113396Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rezaeian
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, 113396Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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7
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4-Nonylphenol induced brain damage in juvenile African catfish (Clarias garepinus). TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13530-021-00080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiang H, Woodhouse I, Selvamani V, Ma JL, Tang R, Goergen CJ, Soleimani T, Rahimi R. A Wireless Implantable Passive Intra-Abdominal Pressure Sensing Scheme via Ultrasonic Imaging of a Microfluidic Device. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:747-758. [PMID: 32780694 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3015485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate a wireless and passive physiological pressure sensing scheme that utilizes ultrasound imaging of an implantable microfluidic based pressure sensitive transducer. The transducer consists of a sub-mm scale pressure sensitive membrane that covers a reservoir filled with water and is connected to a hydrophobic micro-channel. Applied pressure onto the transducer deflects the membrane and pushes the water from the reservoir into the channel; the water's travelling distance in the channel is a function of the applied pressure, which is quantitatively measured by using a 40 MHz ultrasound imaging system. The sensor presents a linear sensitivity of 42 kPa/mm and a spatial resolution of 1.2 kPa/30 μm in the physiological range of abdominal compartment syndrome. Reliability assessments of the transducer confirm its ability to remain functional after more than 600 cycles of pressure up to 55 kPa over the course of 2 days. Ex vivo experimental results verify the practical capability of the technology to effectively measure pressures under a 15 mm thick porcine skin. It is anticipated that this technology can be applied to a broad range of implantable pressure measurement, by simply tuning the thickness of the thin polydimethylsiloxane membrane and the geometry of the reservoir.
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Vašková J, Vaško L, Mudroň P, Haus M, Žatko D, Krempaská K, Stupák M. Effect of humic acids on lead poisoning in bones and on a subcellular level in mitochondria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40679-40689. [PMID: 32671699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids (HA) are natural substances which exhibit a remarkable spectrum of health benefits, such as their role in chelation. This study aims to supplement the current knowledge on the chelating effects of HA in chronic lead intoxication in rat femurs and in liver, heart and kidney mitochondria in an experiment lasting 10 weeks. Lead acetate trihydrate was administered to rats for 5 weeks at a daily dose of 155.5 mg/kg body weight. At the same time, rats were given three concentrations of HA, with their effect measured over the following 5 weeks. Increased Pb concentrations were detected in the femur after the first week, while HA-administered groups showed a tendency towards inhibiting the increase in Pb deposition. After 5 weeks, Pb concentrations dropped significantly in the HA groups. At the same time, however, other elements were redistributed, with a decrease in Se and Zn being particularly noteworthy. While an increase in Pb concentrations was found after 5 weeks of Pb administration, a concentration of 1% HA resulted in the least significant increase in Pb as well as an increase/decrease in Se/Cu, respectively. In mitochondria, an increase in Pb content was detected after the first and fifth weeks with concomitant redistribution of other elements. At the end of the experiment, again in the 1% HA group, Pb concentrations remained higher only in the liver with the other elements sufficiently normalized, indicating this concentration to be useful in the treatment of Pb intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Vašková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ladislav Vaško
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Mudroň
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Haus
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel Žatko
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Klára Krempaská
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Stupák
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Zhang K, Xue Y, Zhang J, Hu X. Removal of lead from acidic wastewater by bio-mineralized bacteria with pH self-regulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125041. [PMID: 31610457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms with the function of bio-mineralization were isolated from a soil. They were identified as urease-producing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. These two kinds of bacteria belong to the eosinophilic bacteria, which regulated the pH of solution and removed Pb2+ the best at the initial solution pH of 4. The Pb2+ removal mechanism was further explored using various techniques including zeta potential measurement, three-dimensional fluorescence, FTIR, XRD, and TEM-EDS. The results showed that extracellular adsorption, intracellular accumulation and bio-mineralization occurred at the same time and converted to each other. The extracellular adsorption of urease-producing bacteria was through electrostatic adsorption and gradually decomposed urea to produce PbCO3 minerals. The extracellular adsorption of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria was controlled by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and rapidly formation of Pb3(PO4)2 stable minerals. In addition, the stabilities of Lead minerals of the two strains were compared. The results showed that the precipitates of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were more stable. While phosphate-solubilizing bacteria have some advantages, both strains can play important roles in bio-mineralization of HMs in acidic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingwen Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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High-Efficiency Output Pressure Performance Using Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers with Substrate-Embedded Springs. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082520. [PMID: 30072601 PMCID: PMC6111897 DOI: 10.3390/s18082520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) with substrate-embedded springs offer highly efficient output pressure performance over conventional CMUTs, owing to their nonflexural parallel plate movement. The embedded silicon springs support thick Si piston plates, creating a large nonflexural average volume displacement efficiency in the operating frequency range from 1⁻3 MHz. Static and dynamic volume displacements of the nonflexural parallel plates were examined using white light interferometry and laser Doppler vibrometry. In addition, an output pressure measurement in immersion was performed using a hydrophone. The device showed a maximum transmission efficiency of 21 kPa/V, and an average volume displacement efficiency of 1.1 nm/V at 1.85 MHz with a low DC bias voltage of 55 V. The device element outperformed the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic HD3203, in the maximum transmission efficiency or the average volume displacement efficiency by 1.35 times. Furthermore, its average volume displacement efficiency reached almost 80% of the ideal state-of-the-art single-crystal relaxor ferroelectric materials PMN-0.33PT. Additionally, we confirmed that high-efficiency output pressure could be generated from the CMUT device, by quantitatively comparing the hydrophone measurement of a commercial PZT transducer.
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Kushwaha P, Yadav A, Samim M, Flora SJS. Combinatorial drug delivery strategy employing nano-curcumin and nano-MiADMSA for the treatment of arsenic intoxication in mouse. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 286:78-87. [PMID: 29548727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chelation therapy is the mainstream treatment for heavy metal poisoning. Apart from this, therapy using antioxidant/herbal extracts are the other strategies now commonly being tried for the treatment. We have previously reported individual beneficial efficacy of nanoparticle mediated administration of an antioxidant like 'curcumin' and an arsenic chelator 'monoisoamyl 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA)' for the treatment of arsenic toxicity compared to bulk drugs. The present paper investigates our hypothesis that a combination drug delivery therapy employing two nanosystems, a chelator and a strong antioxidant, may produce more pronounced therapeutic effects compared to individual effects in the treatment of arsenic toxicity. An in-vivo study was conducted wherein arsenic as sodium arsenite (100 ppm) was administered in drinking water for 5 months to Swiss albino mice. This was followed by a treatment protocol comprising of curcumin encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (nano-curcumin, 15 mg/kg, orally for 1 month) either alone or in combination with MiADMSA encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles (nano-MiADMSA, 50 mg/kg for last 5 days) to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the combination treatment. Our results demonstrated that co-treatment with nano-curcumin and nano-MiADMSA provided beneficial effects in a synergistic way on the adverse changes in oxidative stress parameters and metal status induced by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kushwaha
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, M.P., India
| | - Abhishek Yadav
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, M.P., India
| | - M Samim
- Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - S J S Flora
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli 209010, U.P., India.
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Pleil JD, Wallace MAG, Stiegel MA, Funk WE. Human biomarker interpretation: the importance of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and their calculations based on mixed models, ANOVA, and variance estimates. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:161-180. [PMID: 30067478 PMCID: PMC6704467 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1490128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is the foundation of environmental toxicology, community public health evaluation, preclinical health effects assessments, pharmacological drug development and testing, and medical diagnostics. Within this framework, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) serves as an important tool for gaining insight into human variability and responses and for developing risk-based assessments in the face of sparse or highly complex measurement data. The analytical procedures that provide data for clinical and public health efforts are continually evolving to expand our knowledge base of the many thousands of environmental and biomarker chemicals that define human systems biology. These chemicals range from the smallest molecules from energy metabolism (i.e., the metabolome), through larger molecules including enzymes, proteins, RNA, DNA, and adducts. In additiona, the human body contains exogenous environmental chemicals and contributions from the microbiome from gastrointestinal, pulmonary, urogenital, naso-pharyngeal, and skin sources. This complex mixture of biomarker chemicals from environmental, human, and microbiotic sources comprise the human exposome and generally accessed through sampling of blood, breath, and urine. One of the most difficult problems in biomarker assessment is assigning probative value to any given set of measurements as there are generally insufficient data to distinguish among sources of chemicals such as environmental, microbiotic, or human metabolism and also deciding which measurements are remarkable from those that are within normal human variability. The implementation of longitudinal (repeat) measurement strategies has provided new statistical approaches for interpreting such complexities, and use of descriptive statistics based upon intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) has become a powerful tool in these efforts. This review has two parts; the first focuses on the history of repeat measures of human biomarkers starting with occupational toxicology of the early 1950s through modern applications in interpretation of the human exposome and metabolic adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). The second part reviews different methods for calculating the ICC and explores the strategies and applications in light of different data structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D. Pleil
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew A. Stiegel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Safety, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William E. Funk
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Marino A, Genchi GG, Sinibaldi E, Ciofani G. Piezoelectric Effects of Materials on Bio-Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:17663-17680. [PMID: 28485910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of cells and tissues is an important approach of interaction with living matter, which has been traditionally exploited in the clinical practice for a wide range of pathological conditions, in particular, related to excitable tissues. Standard methods of stimulation are, however, often invasive, being based on electrodes and wires used to carry current to the intended site. The possibility to achieve an indirect electrical stimulation, by means of piezoelectric materials, is therefore of outstanding interest for all the biomedical research, and it emerged in the latest decade as a most promising tool in many bioapplications. In this paper, we summarize the most recent achievements obtained by our group and by others in the exploitation of piezoelectric nanoparticles and nanocomposites for cell stimulation, describing the important implications that these studies present in nanomedicine and tissue engineering. A particular attention will be also dedicated to the physical modeling, which can be extremely useful in the description of the complex mechanisms involved in the mechanical/electrical transduction, yet also to gain new insights at the base of the observed phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gianni Ciofani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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15
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Kushwaha A, Rani R, Kumar S, Thomas T, David AA, Ahmed M. A new insight to adsorption and accumulation of high lead concentration by exopolymer and whole cells of lead-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter junii L. Pb1 isolated from coal mine dump. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10652-10661. [PMID: 28283975 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A lead-resistant bacterial strain was isolated from coal mine dump and identified as Acinetobacter junii Pb1 on basis of 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene sequencing. The minimum inhibitory concentration of lead for the strain was 16,000 mg l-1 and it showed antibiotic and multi metal resistance. In aqueous culture, at an initial lead (Pb(II)) concentration of 100 and 500 mg l-1, lead adsorption and accumulation by the isolate was 100 and 60%, at pH 7 at 30 °C after 48 and 120 h, respectively. The two fractions of exopolysaccharide (EPS), loosely associated EPS (laEPS) and bound EPS (bEPS), and whole cells (devoid of EPS) showed high binding affinity towards Pb(II). The binding affinity of laEPS towards Pb(II) (1071 mg Pb g-1) was three times higher than that of bEPS (321.5 mg Pb g-1) and 6.5 times higher than that of whole cells (165 mg Pb g-1). The binding affinity of EPS and whole cells with Pb(II), reported in the current study, is considerably higher as compared to that reported in the literature, till date. SEM analysis, showed an increase in thickness of cells on exposure to Pb(II) and TEM analysis, revealed its accumulation (interior of cell) and its adsorption (with the external cell surface). The isolate was also found to be positive for indole acetic acid (IAA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production which helps in promoting plant growth. Thus, this study provides a new understanding towards Pb(II) uptake by A. junii Pb1, highlighting its potential on the restoration of Pb(II) contaminated repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Kushwaha
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radha Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyar Ganj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tarence Thomas
- Department of Soil Science, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Alfred David
- Department of Soil Science, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meraz Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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Jones AL. Emerging aspects of assessing lead poisoning in childhood. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v2i0.7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AL Jones
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health and Calvary Mater Hospital, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Assessing victims of gunshot wounds with retained bullets/bullet fragments for lead toxicity is not always considered until the patient develops signs and symptoms of toxicity. We discuss the case of a 19-year-old young man who received a diagnosis of chronic lead toxicity (serum lead concentration 51 μg/dL) 5 weeks after a hunting accident. Extensive wound debridement occurred following the accident; however, lead toxicity was not diagnosed until after his fourth emergency department visit. Oral chelation therapy was required for the management of his lead toxicity.
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Pan L, Wang Z, Peng Z, Liu G, Zhang H, Zhang J, Jiang J, Pathiraja N, Xiao Y, Jiao R, Huang W. Dietary exposure to lead of adults in Shenzhen city, China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1200-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1200750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liubo Pan
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhaoqiong Peng
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nimal Pathiraja
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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Kuruvilla A, Pillay VV, Adhikari P, Venkatesh T, Chakrapani M, Rao HTJ, Bastia BK, Rajeev A, Saralaya KM, Rai M. Clinical manifestations of lead workers of Mangalore, India. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 22:405-13. [PMID: 17533812 DOI: 10.1177/0748233706074174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To correlate blood lead levels and clinical manifestations. Participants: Battery workers and painters (occupationally exposed to lead in and around Mangalore, India) and occupationally unexposed controls. Main outcome measures: We measured the blood lead levels by anodic stripping voltammetry, and a clinical examination was carried out on all participants. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the lead-exposed group and controls with respect to clinical manifestations. The prominent findings among the lead-exposed group were fatigue, abdominal colic, abdominal discomfort, backache, muscular exhaustability, myalgia and paresthesia, at a blood lead level ranging from 0.4 to 116.6 μg/dL. Conclusions: Such a study on battery workers and painters has not been reported in India. Several attempts have been made over the years to relate blood lead levels to adverse health effects. It was not possible to determine a precise blood lead level below which symptoms never occur or a blood lead level at which symptoms are always reported. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2006; 22: 405-413.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajee Kuruvilla
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India.
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20
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Mabrouk A, Bel Hadj Salah I, Chaieb W, Ben Cheikh H. Protective effect of thymoquinone against lead-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12206-12215. [PMID: 26971798 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) intoxication is a worldwide health problem which frequently affects the liver. This study was carried out to investigate the potential protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ), the major active ingredient of volatile oil of Nigella sativa seeds, against Pb-induced liver damage. Adult male rats were randomized into four groups: Control group received no treatment, Pb group was exposed to 2000 ppm Pb acetate in drinking water, Pb-TQ group was cotreated with Pb plus TQ (5 mg/kg/day, per orally), and TQ group receiving only TQ. All treatments were applied for 5 weeks. Results indicated that Pb exposure increased hepatic Pb content, damaged hepatic histological structure (necrotic foci, hepatic strands disorganization, hypertrophied hepatocytes, cytoplasmic vacuolization, cytoplasmic loss, chromatin condensation, mononuclear cell infiltration, congestion, centrilobular swelling), and changed liver function investigated by plasma biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, LDH). Pb treatment also decreased total antioxidant status level and increased lipid peroxidation in the liver. Supplementation with TQ remarkably improved the Pb-induced adverse effects without significantly reducing the metal accumulation in the liver. In conclusion, our results indicate, for the first time, a protective effect of TQ against Pb-induced hepatotoxicity and suggest that this component might be clinically useful in Pb intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Mabrouk
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetic (Research Unit of Genetic, Genotoxicity and Child Disease UR 12 ES 10), Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Street Avicenna, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia.
| | - Imen Bel Hadj Salah
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetic (Research Unit of Genetic, Genotoxicity and Child Disease UR 12 ES 10), Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Street Avicenna, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Chaieb
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetic (Research Unit of Genetic, Genotoxicity and Child Disease UR 12 ES 10), Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Street Avicenna, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetic (Research Unit of Genetic, Genotoxicity and Child Disease UR 12 ES 10), Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Street Avicenna, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
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21
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Yadav A, Flora SJS. Nano drug delivery systems: a new paradigm for treating metal toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:831-41. [PMID: 27030893 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1160890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The standard medical treatment for metal toxicity is chelation therapy. Chelating agents work by forming less toxic complexes with the toxic metal ions which are readily excreted from the body. These compounds, based on their hydrophilic/lipophilic property, can either remove toxic metal ions from extracellular sites or can penetrate the intracellular compartments to facilitate the removal of toxic metal ions. However, there are various disadvantages associated with this kind of therapy, notably, selectivity. Other problems and challenges are that the therapy regime is expensive, time consuming and has poor patient compliance. Two chelating agents, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and dimercaptopropionicsulfonate (DMPS) have gained increased acceptance among clinicians, undoubtedly improving the management of metal intoxications. AREAS COVERED The present review provides an insight into the conventional chelating agents, new chelators under development, and the new opportunities presented by the use of nanotherapy for the treatment of metal poisoning cases. EXPERT OPINION Today's research should not only focus towards development of alternate chelators but also targeted therapy such as the nanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Yadav
- a Directorate of Planning & Coordination , Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India , Delhi , India
| | - Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
- b Division of Regulatory Toxicology , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh , India
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22
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Chen Z, Pan X, Chen H, Guan X, Lin Z. Biomineralization of Pb(II) into Pb-hydroxyapatite induced by Bacillus cereus 12-2 isolated from Lead-Zinc mine tailings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:531-7. [PMID: 26468754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of Pb(II) through biomineralization is rergarded as a promising technique as well as an interesting phenomenon for transforming heavy metals from mobile species into very stable minerals in the environment. Studies are well needed for in-depth understanding the mechanism of Pb(II) immobilized by bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the uptake and biomineralization of Pb(II) using Bacillus cereus 12-2 isolated from lead-zinc mine tailings. The maximum Pb(II) uptake capacity of B. cereus 12-2 was 340 mg/g at pH 3.0. Zeta potential analyses and selective passivation experiments demonstrated that electrostatic attraction was the main force driving the uptake of Pb(II), while the carboxyl, amide and phosphate functional groups of the bacteria provided the binding sites for immobilizing Pb(II). XRD and TEM investigation revealed that the Pb(II) loaded on bacteria could be stepwise transformed into rod-shaped Ca2.5Pb7.5(OH)2(PO4)6 nanocrystal. Combined with protein denaturalization experiments, we proposed that the biomineralization of Pb(II) possibly consisted of two steps: (1) Rapid biosorption of Pb(II) on B. cereus 12-2 through the synergy of electrostatic attraction, ionic exchange and chelating activity of functional groups; (2) enzyme-mediated mineral transformation from amorphous precipitate to rod-shaped crystalline minerals happening gradually inside the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education & Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education & Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiong Guan
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education & Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Zhang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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23
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Apaydın FG, Baş H, Kalender S, Kalender Y. Subacute effects of low dose lead nitrate and mercury chloride exposure on kidney of rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:219-224. [PMID: 26731605 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead nitrate and mercury chloride are the most common heavy metal pollutants. In the present study, the effects of lead and mercury induced nephrotoxicity were studied in Wistar rats. Lead nitrate (LN, 45 mg/kg b.w/day) and mercury chloride (MC, 0.02 mg/kg b.w/day) and their combination were administered orally for 28 days. Four groups of rats were used in the study: control, LN, MC and LN plus MC groups. Serum biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and histopathological changes in kidney tissues were investigated in all treatment groups. LN and MC caused severe histopathological changes. It was shown that LN, MC and also co-treatment with LN and MC exposure induced significant increase in serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels. There were also statistically significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx and GST) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in all groups except control group. In this study, we showed that MC caused more harmful effects than LN in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gökçe Apaydın
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Baş
- Bozok University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Suna Kalender
- Gazi University, Faculty of Gazi Education, Department of Science, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kalender
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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24
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Čabarkapa A, Borozan S, Živković L, Stojanović S, Milanović-Čabarkapa M, Bajić V, Spremo-Potparević B. CaNa2EDTA chelation attenuates cell damage in workers exposed to lead-a pilot study. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 242:171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen Z, Pan X, Chen H, Lin Z, Guan X. Investigation of lead(II) uptake by Bacillus thuringiensis 016. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1729-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Legagneux P, Suffice P, Messier JS, Lelievre F, Tremblay JA, Maisonneuve C, Saint-Louis R, Bêty J. High risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111546. [PMID: 25389754 PMCID: PMC4229082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Top predators and scavengers are vulnerable to pollutants, particularly those accumulated along the food chain. Lead accumulation can induce severe disorders and alter survival both in mammals (including humans) and in birds. A potential source of lead poisoning in wild animals, and especially in scavengers, results from the consumption of ammunition residues in the tissues of big game killed by hunters. For two consecutive years we quantified the level lead exposure in individuals of a sentinel scavenger species, the common raven (Corvus corax), captured during the moose (Alces alces) hunting season in eastern Quebec, Canada. The source of the lead contamination was also determined using stable isotope analyses. Finally, we identified the different scavenger species that could potentially be exposed to lead by installing automatic cameras targeting moose gut piles. Blood lead concentration in ravens increased over time, indicating lead accumulation over the moose-hunting season. Using a contamination threshold of 100 µg.L−1, more than 50% of individuals were lead-contaminated during the moose hunting period. Lead concentration was twice as high in one year compared to the other, matching the number of rifle-shot moose in the area. Non-contaminated birds exhibited no ammunition isotope signatures. The isotope signature of the lead detected in contaminated ravens tended towards the signature from lead ammunition. We also found that black bears (Ursus americanus), golden eagles and bald eagles (Aquila chrysaetos and Haliaeetus leucocephalus, two species of conservation concern) scavenged heavily on moose viscera left by hunters. Our unequivocal results agree with other studies and further motivate the use of non-toxic ammunition for big game hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Legagneux
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Quebec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Pauline Suffice
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Quebec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Messier
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Quebec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédérick Lelievre
- Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement, de la Faune et des Parcs, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junior A. Tremblay
- Sciences and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Maisonneuve
- Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement, de la Faune et des Parcs, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Saint-Louis
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Quebec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joël Bêty
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Quebec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
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Rhee YJ, Hillier S, Pendlowski H, Gadd GM. Pyromorphite formation in a fungal biofilm community growing on lead metal. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:1441-51. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Rhee
- Geomicrobiology Group; College of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee Scotland UK
| | - Stephen Hillier
- Department of Environmental and Biochemical Sciences; The James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen Scotland UK
- Department of Soil and Environment; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Helen Pendlowski
- Department of Environmental and Biochemical Sciences; The James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen Scotland UK
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group; College of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee Scotland UK
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28
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Baker JG, Proudman RGW, Hill SJ. Identification of key residues in transmembrane 4 responsible for the secondary, low-affinity conformation of the human β1-adrenoceptor. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:811-29. [PMID: 24608857 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.091587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The β1-adrenoceptor exists in two agonist conformations/states: 1) a high-affinity state where responses to catecholamines and other agonists (e.g., cimaterol) are potently inhibited by β1-adrenoceptor antagonists, and 2) a low-affinity secondary conformation where agonist responses, particularly CGP12177 [(-)-4-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazol-2-one] are relatively resistant to inhibition by β1-adrenoceptor antagonists. Although both states have been demonstrated in many species (including human), the precise nature of the secondary state is unknown and does not occur in the closely related β2-adrenoceptor. Here, using site-directed mutagenesis and functional measurements of production of a cyclic AMP response element upstream of a secreted placental alkaline phosphatase reporter gene and accumulation of (3)H-cAMP, we examined the pharmacological consequences of swapping transmembrane (TM) regions of the human β1- and β2-adrenoceptors, followed by single point mutations, to determine the key residues involved in the β1-adrenoceptor secondary conformation. We found that TM4 (particularly amino acids L195 and W199) had a major role in the generation of the secondary β1-adrenoceptor conformation. Thus, unlike at the human β1-wild-type adrenoceptor, at β1-TM4 mutant receptors, cimaterol and CGP12177 responses were both potently inhibited by antagonists. CGP12177 acted as a simple partial agonist with similar KB and EC50 values in the β1-TM4 but not β1-wild-type receptors. Furthermore pindolol switched from a biphasic concentration response at human β1-wild-type adrenoceptors to a monophasic concentration response in the β1-TM4 mutant receptors. Mutation of these amino acids to those found in the β2-adrenoceptor (L195Q and W199Y), or mutation of a single residue (W199D) in the human β1-adrenoceptor thus abolished this secondary conformation and created a β1-adrenoceptor with only one high-affinity agonist conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Park JH, Lee DW, Park KS, Joung H. Serum trace metal levels in Alzheimer's disease and normal control groups. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:76-83. [PMID: 24164932 PMCID: PMC11008137 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513506778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether serum trace metals are related to abnormal cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We studied serum lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic(As) in 89 patients with AD and in 118 cognitively normal individuals. We analyzed the results of the blood tests and the food intake. RESULTS Serum Pb levels correlated with word list recall (P = .039) and word list recognition (P = .037). Without age adjustment, serum Cd levels (P = .044) were significantly higher in the AD group. After stratified age adjustment, the levels of selected trace metals did not differ significantly between AD and normal individuals. Food intakes regarding selected trace metals were not significantly different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS In this study, serum Pb, Cd, Hg, and As levels were not directly related to abnormal cognition in AD. Serum Pb levels were significantly negatively correlated with verbal memory scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyun Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Su Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - HyoJee Joung
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Moya M, Bautista EG, Velázquez-González A, Vázquez-Gutiérrez F, Tzintzun G, García-Arreola ME, Castillejos M, Hernández A. Potentially-toxic and essential elements profile of AH1N1 patients in Mexico City. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1284. [PMID: 23422930 PMCID: PMC3576630 DOI: 10.1038/srep01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During spring of 2009, a new influenza virus AH1N1 spread in the world causing acute respiratory illness and death, resulting in the first influenza pandemic since 1968. Blood levels of potentially-toxic and essential elements of 40 pneumonia and confirmed AH1N1 were evaluated against two different groups of controls, both not infected with the pandemic strain. Significant concentrations of potentially-toxic elements (lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, arsenic) along with deficiency of selenium or increased Zn/Cu ratios characterized AH1N1 cases under study when evaluated versus controlled cases. Deficiency of selenium is progressively observed from controls I (influenza like illness) through controls II (pneumonia) and finally pneumonia -AH1N1 infected patients. Cases with blood Se levels greater than the recommended for an optimal cut-off to activate glutathione peroxidase (12.5 μg/dL) recovered from illness and survived. Evaluation of this essential element in critical pneumonia patients at the National Institutes is under evaluation as a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Moya
- National Institute for Respiratory Diseases-Mexico, Mexico.
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Hosni H, Selim O, Abbas M, Fathy A. Semen quality and reproductive endocrinal function related to blood lead levels in infertile painters. Andrologia 2012; 45:120-7. [PMID: 22680063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead causes male reproductive impairment among painters, but information is still limited. Therefore, the effect of lead on semen quality and reproductive endocrinal function in those patients was investigated. A case series of 27 infertile painters were subjected to semen analysis, measuring of blood lead level (PbB) and serum levels of endocrinal parameters including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and prolactin (PRL). Significantly lower sperm count and motility were found in those with duration of exposure (≥ 15 years), but no significant difference was found for PbB and serum levels of FSH, LH, PRL and T. A significant negative correlation between PbB and spermatic count and motility was observed, while there was no significant correlation between PbB and all endocrinal parameters. Patients with PbB ≥ 20 μg dl(-1) showed a significant decrease in sperm motility and increase in testosterone alone among all measured hormones. But the observed decrease in sperm count did not reach a significant level. It is concluded that infertile painters are at risk of lead-related influence on semen quality, especially sperm motility and increased testosterone level without significant affection of other reproductive endocrinal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hosni
- Department of Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kar-Purkayastha I, Balasegaram S, Sen D, Rehman AJ, Dargan PI, Johnston D, Raynal A, Wood DM, Abrahams A, Kamanyire R, Murray V, Cordery R. Lead: ongoing public and occupational health issues in vulnerable populations: a case study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2011; 34:176-82. [PMID: 21954302 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdr077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead has been recognized increasingly as a public health risk, although with the introduction of wide-ranging occupational and public health measures, levels of blood lead in the general population of the UK and other developed nations have been in decline in recent years. Nonetheless, cases of lead poisoning still occur. METHODS We report on a large cluster of exposed lead workers and their families, including several children. The focus of the occupational and public health investigations was to identify the different groups at risk and the pathways by which potential exposures were taking place. RESULTS Lead in the workplace was found to account for the raised blood lead levels amongst the workers with exposure occurring as a result of insufficient demarcation between 'clean' and 'dirty' areas, and from contamination of personal belongings with lead. Furthermore, there was evidence of para-occupational exposure of family members. CONCLUSIONS The successful control of lead in this case required multidisciplinary working. Efforts included extensive workplace controls, along with the education and care of workers and their families, though complicated by lack of familiarity with the UK health service amongst the affected groups, language barriers, underlying low levels of literacy and high mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kar-Purkayastha
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards London , Health Protection Agency, London SW1W 9SZ, UK.
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Pérez RL, Handley MA, Grieshop J. SAVORING THE TASTE OF HOME: THE PERVASIVENESS OF LEAD POISONING FROM CERAMIC AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSNATIONAL CARE PACKAGES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4797.2010.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Acute lead intoxication in a female battery worker: Diagnosis and management. J Occup Med Toxicol 2010; 5:19. [PMID: 20609219 PMCID: PMC2914075 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead is a significant occupational and environmental hazard. Battery industry is one of the settings related to lead intoxication. Published information on the use of oral chelating agents for the treatment of anaemia in the context of acute lead intoxication is limited. The patient was a 33 year immigrant female worker in a battery manufacture for 3 months. She complained for malaise that has been developed over the past two weeks. Pallor of skin and conjunctiva was the only sign found in physical examination. The blood test on admission revealed normochromic anaemia. Endoscopic investigation of the gastrointestinal system was negative for bleeding. The bone marrow biopsy was unrevealing.At baseline no attention has been paid to patient's occupational history. Afterwards the patient's occupational history has been re-evaluated and she has been screened for lead intoxication. The increased levels of the lead related biomarkers of exposure and effect confirmed the diagnosis. The patient received an oral chelating agent and an improvement in clinical picture, and levels of haematological and lead related biochemical parameters have been recorded. No side effect and no rebound effect were observed. This case report emphasizes the importance of the occupational history in the context of the differential diagnosis. Moreover, this report indicates that lead remains a significant occupational hazard especially in the small scale battery industry.
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Massó-González EL, Antonio-García MT. Natural antioxidants protect against lead-induced damage during pregnancy and lactation in rat's pups. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:2137-2142. [PMID: 19439355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to add further evidence to the biochemical changes produced in lead-exposed pups and to investigate the potential role of natural antioxidants against the lead-induced damage. Pregnant Wistar rats received treatments with drinking water, divided into four groups, as follows: (1) distilled water; (2) lead (300mg/L); (3) lead+Zn (20mg/L)+vitamins A (50,000U/L), C (2g/L), E (500mg/L) and B(6) (500mg/L); and (4) vitamins+Zn solution. We found a significant decrease in haemoglobin and haematocrit values as well and an increase in haemolysis among lead-exposed pups. Vitamins and zinc supplementation were effective in restoring delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, inhibited by lead in erythrocytes, but did not reach control values. Lead exposure increased the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase activity in kidneys and liver that were reduced by the co-administration of vitamins and zinc. Our findings suggest that administration of antioxidants during gestation and lactation could prevent some of the negative effects of lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Luján Massó-González
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Biology College, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais, 2 Ciudad Universitaria 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Bradberry S, Vale A. A comparison of sodium calcium edetate (edetate calcium disodium) and succimer (DMSA) in the treatment of inorganic lead poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:841-58. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650903321064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bradberry S, Sheehan T, Vale A. Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning. QJM 2009; 102:721-32. [PMID: 19700440 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcp114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chelation therapy has been used as a means of reducing the body burden of lead for five decades. Intravenous sodium calcium edetate has been the preferred agent, but there is increasing evidence that dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is also a potent chelator of lead. METHODS Oral DMSA 30 mg/kg/day was administered to adults with blood lead concentrations > or = 50 microg/dl. The impact of DMSA on urine lead excretion, on blood lead concentrations and on symptoms was observed. The incidence and severity of adverse effects was also recorded. RESULTS Thirty-five courses were given to 17 patients. DMSA significantly (P < 0.0001) increased urine lead excretion and significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced blood lead concentrations. Mean daily urine lead excretion exceeded the pre-treatment value by a median of 12-fold with wide variation in response (IQR 8.9-14.8, 95% CI 10.1-14.6). Pre-treatment blood lead concentrations correlated well with 5-day urine lead excretion. Headache, lethargy and constipation improved or resolved in over half the patients within the first 2 days of chelation. DMSA was generally well tolerated, but one course was discontinued due to a severe mucocutaneous reaction. There was a transient increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity during 14% of chelations. DMSA caused a significant increase in urine copper (P < 0.0001) and zinc (P < 0.05) excretion. CONCLUSION Oral DMSA 30 mg/kg/day is an effective antidote for lead poisoning, though there is a wide inter- and intra-individual variation in response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bradberry
- West Midland Portion Unit, City Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK
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Bradberry S, Vale A. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer; DMSA) in inorganic lead poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:617-31. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650903174828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jones A. Emerging aspects of assessing lead poisoning in childhood. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2009; 2:e3. [PMID: 22460284 PMCID: PMC3167648 DOI: 10.3134/ehtj.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the epidemiology of lead poisoning in children on a global scale. Newer sources of lead poisoning are identified. The methods that are used to assess a population of children exposed to lead are discussed, together with the ways of undertaking an exposure risk assessment; this includes assessing the time course and identifying sources of lead exposure. Human assessment measures for lead toxicity, such as blood lead concentrations, deciduous tooth lead, and use of zinc protoporphyrin estimations are evaluated. The role of isotopic fingerprinting techniques for identifying environmental sources of exposure is discussed. Among emerging data on the cognitive and behavioral effects of lead on children, the review considers the growing evidence of neurocognitive dysfunction with blood lead concentrations even below 10 µg/dl. The challenge of assessing and explaining the risk that applies to an individual as opposed to a population is discussed. Intervention strategies to mitigate risk from lead are examined together with the limited role for and limitations of chelation therapy for lead. Lessons learned from managing a population lead-dust exposure event in Esperance, Western Australia in 2007 are discussed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Jones
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health and Calvary Mater Hospital, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Antonio-García MT, Massó-Gonzalez EL. Toxic effects of perinatal lead exposure on the brain of rats: involvement of oxidative stress and the beneficial role of antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2089-95. [PMID: 18417264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes occur in the brain of lead-exposed rats (300mgPb/L in drinking water) and to investigate the potential benefit of the administration of some natural antioxidants (Zn 20mg/L+vitamins A 50.000U/L, C 2g/L, E 500mg/L and B6 500mg/L) during pregnancy and lactation. Lead exposure caused a significant increase in brain TBARS (23%) vs. control, whereas co-administration of antioxidants+lead was effective in reducing TBARS levels. The catalase activity in brain samples of the lead group was enhanced 99% vs. control, but no changes were found in the remainder of the groups. No statistically significant effect of lead and/or antioxidants in brain SOD activity was noted. Acid phosphatase activity was enhanced in both lead groups but no changes were found in alkaline phosphatase activity. Finally, a statistically significant decrease (-35%) of acetylcholinesterase activity was noted in the lead+antioxidants group. This study provides evidence of the beneficial role of antioxidants in early status of brain development in rats against lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Antonio-García
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Biology College, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais, n(o) 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Almansour MI. Inter-Species Differences Between Lead Concentration in the Feathers of Pycnonotus leucogenys and Streptopelia seneglenses from Different Cities of Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2007.200.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Riess ML, Halm JK. Lead poisoning in an adult: lead mobilization by pregnancy? J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:1212-5. [PMID: 17562116 PMCID: PMC2305731 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-007-0253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of acute lead poisoning in an adult female who had last been exposed to lead 7 years ago. She presented with abdominal pain, knee pain, and neurological symptoms, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and anemia with basophilic stippling and lead gum lines. Compared to during her recent pregnancy, her lead level had almost tripled in 5 months to 81 mcg/dL. Chelation therapy was initiated and improved the patient's symptoms and lead level significantly. In the absence of any new lead exposure or other reasons for increased bone turnover, this acute lead increase was likely due to skeletal mobilization caused by increased resorption from mineralized tissue during and after her pregnancy. This case report illustrates the seriousness of long-term health effects associated with lead poisoning at a multi-organ level, even years after the initial exposure. Thus, patient care should not be limited to the acute treatment of increased lead levels, but also include prevention of increased mobilization and bone turnover and appropriate patient education. In this context, we review various aspects of lead toxicity, especially during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias L Riess
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, MEB 4250, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Jurczuk M, Brzóska MM, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J. Hepatic and renal concentrations of vitamins E and C in lead- and ethanol-exposed rats. An assessment of their involvement in the mechanisms of peroxidative damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1478-86. [PMID: 17383787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed at investigating vitamin E and vitamin C concentrations in a liver and kidney as well as their involvement in the mechanism of peroxidative action of lead (Pb) and ethanol (EtOH) in these organs in rats receiving 500 mg Pb/l (in drinking water) or/and 5 g EtOH/kg body wt./24h (p.o.) for 12 weeks. The exposure to Pb and EtOH alone and in combination led to a decrease in vitamin E concentration in the liver compared to the control group (by 30%, 26% and 50%, respectively). The decrease in the liver vitamin E concentration in the rats co-exposed to Pb and EtOH was more marked than in those separately treated with these xenobiotics. The treatment with Pb alone and in combination with EtOH led to a decrease in vitamin E concentration in the kidney (by 13% and 21%, respectively). The liver vitamin C concentration decreased as a result of exposure to EtOH, both separately (by 17%) and in combination with Pb (by 11%). The kidney vitamin C concentration increased in the rats exposed to EtOH alone (by 10%), whereas in those treated with Pb, both separately and in combination with EtOH it decreased (by 26% and 6%, respectively). ANOVA/MANOVA analysis revealed that the changes in vitamin E concentration in the liver and kidney at co-exposure to Pb and EtOH resulted from their independent action, whereas those in vitamin C were due to an independent action of these xenobiotics (EtOH in the liver, Pb and EtOH in the kidney) and an interaction between them. There was no correlation between vitamins E and C concentrations in the liver and kidney. The liver concentration of vitamin E and the liver and kidney concentration of vitamin C negatively correlated with malondialdehyde concentration (MDA, lipid peroxidation index) in these organs. Based on the results of the present study and our previous findings in this experimental rat model it can be hypothesized that vitamins E and C are involved in the mechanism of peroxidative action of Pb and EtOH in the liver and kidney, both at separate and combined exposure. The probable protective involvement of vitamins E and C in the damaging action of EtOH and Pb may be related to scavenging of free radicals directly and indirectly generated by these xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jurczuk
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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Counter SA, Buchanan LH, Ortega F, Rifai N, Shannon MW. Comparative analysis of zinc protoporphyrin and blood lead levels in lead-exposed Andean children. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:787-92. [PMID: 17462618 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio (ZPP/heme) as a biomarker for chronic lead (Pb) poisoning in children with a history of high Pb exposure. DESIGN AND METHODS ZPP/heme ratio was measured in blood samples from 78 children (44 females and 34 males) with persistent Pb exposure from Pb glazing of ceramics in a local cottage industry in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador. RESULTS Mean blood lead (PbB) level was 26.4 microg/dL (SD: 23.2; range: 4.0-107.0), and the mean ZPP/heme ratio was 152.4 micromol/mol (SD: 190.6; range: 36.0-1064.0). A regression analysis of PbB level and ZPP/heme ratio revealed a significant association (r=0.761, p= <0.0001), with the logZPP showing a higher correlation with PbB (r=0.869, p= <0.0001). The ZZP/heme ratio decreased significantly with increasing age (ANOVA, p=0.030). The mean ZPP/heme ratios for females and males were 139.6 and 169.0 micromol/mol, respectively, and were not statistically different (t-test, p=0.504). CONCLUSION The elevated ZPP/heme ratios, coupled with high PbB levels observed in this cohort of Andean children of Pb-glazing workers, suggest chronic Pb intoxication and probable iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Allen Counter
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School/The Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Baker JG, Hill SJ. A comparison of the antagonist affinities for the Gi- and Gs-coupled states of the human adenosine A1-receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:218-28. [PMID: 17018691 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antagonist affinity for a given receptor is traditionally considered to be constant, reflecting the chemical nature of the specific ligand-receptor interaction. However, recent observations with all three beta-adrenoceptors have cast doubt on this basic pharmacological principle. The extent to which this finding applies to other G protein-coupled receptors and their interaction with different G proteins is unknown. Therefore, we studied the influence of different agonists on antagonist affinity measurements for Gi- and Gs-coupled conformations of the adenosine A1-receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the human adenosine A1-receptor and a cAMP-response element (CRE)-secreted placental alkaline phosphatase reporter gene. Gi-coupled inhibition of [3H]cAMP accumulation via the A1-receptor was observed at low concentrations of agonist; however, a small increase in [3H]cAMP accumulation was also seen at higher agonist concentrations. This biphasic response was more evident for A1-stimulated CRE-gene transcription. The inhibitory component was abolished by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, whereas the stimulatory component was augmented, suggesting that the responses were due to an A1-Gi-coupled inhibition followed by an A1-Gs-coupled stimulation. However, the antagonist affinity values measured at the Gi-coupled and Gs-coupled conformations of the receptor were the same in both functional responses and whole-cell binding. Thus, in marked contrast to the beta-adrenoceptors, the A1-receptor conforms to the long-held principle of pharmacology that antagonist affinity measurements are constant regardless of the response being measured and the competing agonist used to stimulate that response. This was true even when the receptor was shown, in the same assay, to exist in two different conformational states coupled to two different G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Institute of Cell Signaling, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Johansen P, Pedersen HS, Asmund G, Riget F. Lead shot from hunting as a source of lead in human blood. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 142:93-7. [PMID: 16280190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between the intake of birds hunted with lead shot and the lead concentration in human blood. Fifty adult men from Nuuk, Greenland took part in the study. From September 2003 to June 2004 they regularly gave blood samples and recorded how many birds they ate. We found a clear relationship between the number of bird meals and blood lead and also a clear seasonal variation. The concentration was highest in mid-winter when bird consumption is at its highest. Blood lead was low (15 microg/L, mean concentration) among the participants reporting not eating birds. Among those reporting to eat birds regularly, blood lead was significantly higher, up to 128 microg/L (mean concentration). Concentrations depended on the frequency of bird meals: the more the bird meals, the higher the resulting blood lead. This clear relationship points to lead shot as the dominating lead source to people in Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Johansen
- National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Alempuević T, Duranović S, Bogdanović A, Kovacević N. [Acute lead intoxication--a rare cause of abdominal pain]. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2006; 133:514-7. [PMID: 16758853 DOI: 10.2298/sarh0512514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal pain is a common symptom of various diseases and conditions of different aetiology. The aim of the interpretation of abdominal pain is to reach an early and accurate diagnosis, thereby enabling appropriate treatment. Acute abdominal pain may be the result of a number of abdominal, as well as extra-abdominal causes, lead poisoning being one such extra-abdominal cause. Here, we report the case of a 73-year-old male patient, admitted for clinical investigation of a suspected tumour of the colon, due to the presence of acute convulsive abdominal pain, without propagation, constipation, and anaemia. A history provided by the patient's family indicated his exposure to lead. The absence of any abdominal pathology, increased levels of lead in the blood (5.249 micromol/l), the presence of basophilically punctuated red blood cells, as well as a ring of sideroblasts, all indicated that the patient's symptoms (abdominal pain, constipation, and anaemia) were the result of acute lead intoxication. The patient's case history, including lead exposure, the absence of pathological findings via endoscopic and x-ray examination, laboratory findings (normocytic anaemia, an increased serum lead concentration, basophilically punctuated red blood cells, and the presence of an abundant ring of sideroblasts), all indicated that his symptoms were the result of lead intoxication. After six months of chelation therapy (EDTA), his symptoms completely disappeared, and his laboratory findings returned to normal. This presentation aims to underscore the importance of meticulous history taking, as well as of the selection of suitable laboratory and other auxiliary diagnostic methods in the correct diagnosis of this rare condition.
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Dedeken P, Louw V, Vandooren AK, Verstegen G, Goossens W, Dubois B. Plumbism or lead intoxication mimicking an abdominal tumor. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21:C1-3. [PMID: 16808730 PMCID: PMC1924641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of lead intoxication may vary widely and in the absence of a high clinical index of suspicion, the diagnosis may be missed. The effects of lead on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and its interaction with calcium-mediated processes explain the heterogenous presentation. In this case report, the diagnosis was finally made when bilateral wrist drop developed on top of abdominal cramps and anemia. Before, ascites raised the suspicion of a tumor. Therefore, each element of the triad of unexplained anemia, abdominal cramps, and bilateral wrist (or foot) drop should lead any physician to consider the diagnosis of lead intoxication. This case also illustrates the importance of a careful and meticulous social history in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dedeken
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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Dias VMC, Cardoso ASB. The determination of lead in sugar and sweets without digestion by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) with a rhodium chemical modifier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:479-83. [PMID: 16644595 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500357219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reference methods for determining lead in food are usually time-consuming. This paper reports a straightforward procedure using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), to determine lead (Pb) in fat-free sweets. Several chemical modifiers were examined and results showed that it is not necessary to digest the samples, when a rhodium (Rh) modifier was used. The samples were dissolved in nitric acid and the determination of Pb was performed by ETAAS, using Rh chemical modifier at a pyrolysis temperature of 900 degrees C and an atomization temperature of 1,500 degrees C. No ashing step was employed and aqueous standards were used, in the range 2-10 microg l(-1). The limit of quantification was 0.095 mg kg(-1), and the accuracy of the method was verified by analysing certified reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M C Dias
- Fundacao de Ciencia e Tecnologia-- CIENTEC, Brasil.
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Jurczuk M, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, Brzóska MM. Involvement of some low-molecular thiols in the peroxidative mechanisms of lead and ethanol action on rat liver and kidney. Toxicology 2006; 219:11-21. [PMID: 16330142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of low-molecular thiols, such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (Mt), in the mechanisms of the peroxidative action of lead (Pb) and ethanol (EtOH) in liver and kidney was investigated on rats treated with 500 mg Pb/l (in drinking water) and 5 g EtOH/kg body wt./24h (p.o.), alone and in conjunction with each other for 12 weeks. Beside of GSH and Mt, concentration of total and non-protein SH groups (TSH and NPSH, respectively) in these organs as well as the blood activity of dehydratase of delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALAD) and the urinary concentration of delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) were determined. The exposure to Pb and EtOH alone and in conjunction with each other led to a decrease in the blood delta-ALAD activity and an increase in the urinary delta-ALA concentration, and these effects were more markedly advanced at co-exposure. In the liver and kidney of rats treated with Pb and/or EtOH, a decrease in concentrations of GSH and NPSH was noted, compared to control. However, in the Pb+EtOH group, only the liver concentrations of NPSH and GSH were lower also compared to the Pb and EtOH groups. The liver concentration of TSH decreased in the rats exposed to EtOH alone and in conjunction with Pb, whereas the kidney concentration of TSH decreased only at co-exposure to Pb and EtOH. Mt concentration was unchanged except for an increase in the liver in the Pb and Pb+EtOH groups. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA/MANOVA) revealed that the changes noted at the co-exposure to Pb and EtOH resulted from an independent action of the two xenobiotics as well as from their interactive action. Negative correlations noted between the liver and kidney concentrations of GSH and/or NPSH and recently reported malondialdehyde (MDA, an indicator of lipid peroxidation) concentration in both organs of those rats indicate the relationship between the content of SH groups and the intensity of the Pb and/or EtOH-induced lipid peroxidation. The results allow for the conclusion that the decrease in the liver and kidney concentrations of GSH and NPSH are involved in the mechanisms of the peroxidative action of Pb and EtOH alone and at co-exposure in these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jurczuk
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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