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Luo Y, Bai XY, Zhang L, Hu QQ, Zhang N, Cheng JZ, Hou MZ, Liu XL. Ferroptosis in Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Small Molecule Inducers, and Novel Approaches. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2485-2529. [PMID: 38919962 PMCID: PMC11198730 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s472178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death, is initiated by an excess of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation-induced damage. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that ferroptosis plays a critical role in the advancement of tumors. The increased metabolic activity and higher iron levels in tumor cells make them particularly vulnerable to ferroptosis. As a result, the targeted induction of ferroptosis is becoming an increasingly promising approach for cancer treatment. This review offers an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, delves into the mechanism of action of traditional small molecule ferroptosis inducers and their effects on various tumors. In addition, the latest progress in inducing ferroptosis using new means such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and nanomaterials is summarized. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and opportunities in the development of ferroptosis-inducing agents, focusing on discovering new targets, improving selectivity, and reducing toxic and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiLin Luo
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Yue Bai
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Qian Hu
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhi Cheng
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zheng Hou
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Long Liu
- Yan ‘an Small Molecule Innovative Drug R&D Engineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, People’s Republic of China
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Ghio AJ, Stewart M, Sangani RG, Pavlisko EN, Roggli VL. Asbestos and Iron. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12390. [PMID: 37569765 PMCID: PMC10419076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of disease pathogenesis following asbestos exposure have focused on the participation of iron. After exposure, an open network of negatively charged functional groups on the fiber surface complexes host metals with a preference for iron. Competition for iron between the host and the asbestos results in a functional metal deficiency. The homeostasis of iron in the host is modified by the cell response, including increased import to correct the loss of the metal to the fiber surface. The biological effects of asbestos develop in response to and are associated with the disruption of iron homeostasis. Cell iron deficiency in the host following fiber exposure activates kinases and transcription factors, which are associated with the release of mediators coordinating both inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Relative to serpentine chrysotile, the clearance of amphiboles is incomplete, resulting in translocation to the mesothelial surface of the pleura. Since the biological effect of asbestos is dependent on retention of the fiber, the sequestration of iron by the surface, and functional iron deficiency in the cell, the greater clearance (i.e., decreased persistence) of chrysotile results in its diminished impact. An inability to clear asbestos from the lower respiratory tract initiates a host process of iron biomineralization (i.e., asbestos body formation). Host cells attempt to mobilize the metal sequestered by the fiber surface by producing superoxide at the phagosome membrane. The subsequent ferrous cation is oxidized and undergoes hydrolysis, creating poorly crystalline iron oxyhydroxide (i.e., ferrihydrite) included in the coat of the asbestos body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Ghio
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Matthew Stewart
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Rahul G. Sangani
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Elizabeth N. Pavlisko
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.N.P.); (V.L.R.)
| | - Victor L. Roggli
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.N.P.); (V.L.R.)
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One-pot synthesis of cyclic-aminotropiminium carboxylate derivatives with DNA binding and anticancer properties. Commun Chem 2022; 5:179. [PMID: 36697960 PMCID: PMC9814901 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropolone, a nonbenzenoid aromatic molecule, is a constituent of troponoid natural products possessing a wide range of bioactivities, including anticancer. This report describes the one-pot synthesis and mechanistic studies of fifteen fluorescent Caryl-Nalkyl-substituted cyclic-aminotroponiminium carboxylate (cATC) derivatives by unusual cycloaddition and rearrangement reactions. Herein, the biochemical studies of four cATC derivatives reveal a non-intercalative binding affinity with DNA duplex. In vitro/in vivo studies show strong anti-tumor activity in three cATC derivatives. These derivatives enter the cells and localize to the nucleus and cytoplasm, which are easily traceable due to their inherent fluorescence properties. These three cATC derivatives reduce the proliferation and migration of HeLa cells more than the non-cancer cell line. They induce p38-p53-mediated apoptosis and inhibit EMT. In xenograft-based mouse models, these cATC derivatives reduce tumor size. Overall, this study reports the synthesis of DNA binding fluorescent Caryl-Nalkyl-cyclic-aminotroponiminium derivatives which show anti-tumor activity with the minimum side effect.
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The radiosensitizing effect of β-Thujaplicin, a tropolone derivative inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:700-708. [PMID: 35412173 PMCID: PMC9288374 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Resistance to radiotherapy is a common cause of treatment failure in advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). ß-Thujaplicin, a natural tropolone derivative, acts as an anti-cancer agent and has recently been shown to radiosensitize non-HNSCC cancer cells. However, no data is currently available on its radiosensitizing potential in HNSCC. Methods To investigate the effect of ß-Thujaplicin and irradiation in HNSCC cell lines CAL27 and FADU, we performed a cell viability assay, colony forming assay, flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis and a wound healing assay. Drug-irradiation interaction was analyzed using a zero-interaction potency model. Results Treatment with ß-Thujaplicin led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and enhanced the effect of irradiation. Clonogenic survival was inhibited with synergistic drug-irradiation interaction. ß-Thujaplicin further led to S-phase arrest and increased the sub-G1 population. Moreover, combined ß-Thujaplicin and irradiation treatment had a higher anti-migratory effect compared to irradiation alone. Conclusions ß-Thujaplicin acts as a radiosensitizer in HNSCC cell lines. Further evaluation of its use in HNSCC therapy is warranted.
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Ghio AJ, Pavlisko EN, Roggli VL, Todd NW, Sangani RG. Cigarette Smoke Particle-Induced Lung Injury and Iron Homeostasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:117-140. [PMID: 35046648 PMCID: PMC8763205 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s337354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that the mechanistic basis for non-neoplastic lung injury with cigarette smoking is a disruption of iron homeostasis in cells after exposure to cigarette smoke particle (CSP). Following the complexation and sequestration of intracellular iron by CSP, the host response (eg, inflammation, mucus production, and fibrosis) attempts to reverse a functional metal deficiency. Clinical manifestations of this response can present as respiratory bronchiolitis, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis. If the response is unsuccessful, the functional deficiency of iron progresses to irreversible cell death evident in emphysema and bronchiectasis. The subsequent clinical and pathological presentation is a continuum of lung injuries, which overlap and coexist with one another. Designating these non-neoplastic lung injuries after smoking as distinct disease processes fails to recognize shared relationships to each other and ultimately to CSP, as well as the common mechanistic pathway (ie, disruption of iron homeostasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- Human Studies Facility, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Correspondence: Andrew J Ghio Human Studies Facility, US Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Email
| | | | | | - Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rahul G Sangani
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural bioactive compound found in several aromatic and medicinal plants. It is a terpenoid synthetized and secreted by different species as secondary metabolites. This volatile compound was tested and explored for its different biological properties. In this review, we report the pharmacological properties of hinokitiol by focusing mainly on its anticancer mechanisms. Indeed, it can block cell transformation at different levels by its action on the cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy via inhibiting gene expression and dysregulating cellular signaling pathways. Moreover, hinokitiol also exhibits other pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. It showed multiple and several effects through its inhibition, interaction and/or activation of the main cellular targets inducing these pathologies.
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Madden MC. Air pollutants disrupt iron homeostasis to impact oxidant generation, biological effects, and tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:38-55. [PMID: 32092410 PMCID: PMC8274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants cause changes in iron homeostasis through: 1) a capacity of the pollutant, or a metabolite(s), to complex/chelate iron from pivotal sites in the cell or 2) an ability of the pollutant to displace iron from pivotal sites in the cell. Through either pathway of disruption in iron homeostasis, metal previously employed in essential cell processes is sequestered after air pollutant exposure. An absolute or functional cell iron deficiency results. If enough iron is lost or is otherwise not available within the cell, cell death ensues. However, prior to death, exposed cells will attempt to reverse the loss of requisite metal. This response of the cell includes increased expression of metal importers (e.g. divalent metal transporter 1). Oxidant generation after exposure to air pollutants includes superoxide production which functions in ferrireduction necessary for cell iron import. Activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators also result from a cell iron deficiency, absolute or functional, after exposure to air pollutants. Finally, air pollutant exposure culminates in the development of inflammation and fibrosis which is a tissue response to the iron deficiency challenging cell survival. Following the response of increased expression of importers and ferrireduction, activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors, release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and inflammation and fibrosis, cell iron is altered, and a new metal homeostasis is established. This new metal homeostasis includes increased total iron concentrations in cells with metal now at levels sufficient to meet requirements for continued function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Khodaverdian V, Tapadar S, MacDonald IA, Xu Y, Ho PY, Bridges A, Rajpurohit P, Sanghani BA, Fan Y, Thangaraju M, Hathaway NA, Oyelere AK. Deferiprone: Pan-selective Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibition Activity and Structure Activity Relationship Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4802. [PMID: 30886160 PMCID: PMC6423038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deferiprone (DFP) is a hydroxypyridinone-derived iron chelator currently in clinical use for iron chelation therapy. DFP has also been known to elicit antiproliferative activities, yet the mechanism of this effect has remained elusive. We herein report that DFP chelates the Fe2+ ion at the active sites of selected iron-dependent histone lysine demethylases (KDMs), resulting in pan inhibition of a subfamily of KDMs. Specifically, DFP inhibits the demethylase activities of six KDMs - 2A, 2B, 5C, 6A, 7A and 7B - with low micromolar IC50s while considerably less active or inactive against eleven KDMs - 1A, 3A, 3B, 4A-E, 5A, 5B and 6B. The KDM that is most sensitive to DFP, KDM6A, has an IC50 that is between 7- and 70-fold lower than the iron binding equivalence concentrations at which DFP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activities and/or reduces the labile intracellular zinc ion pool. In breast cancer cell lines, DFP potently inhibits the demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, two chromatin posttranslational marks that are subject to removal by several KDM subfamilies which are inhibited by DFP in cell-free assay. These data strongly suggest that DFP derives its anti-proliferative activity largely from the inhibition of a sub-set of KDMs. The docked poses adopted by DFP at the KDM active sites enabled identification of new DFP-based KDM inhibitors which are more cytotoxic to cancer cell lines. We also found that a cohort of these agents inhibited HP1-mediated gene silencing and one lead compound potently inhibited breast tumor growth in murine xenograft models. Overall, this study identified a new chemical scaffold capable of inhibiting KDM enzymes, globally changing histone modification profiles, and with specific anti-tumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verjine Khodaverdian
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Ian A MacDonald
- The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Po-Yi Ho
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Allison Bridges
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Pragya Rajpurohit
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Bhakti A Sanghani
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Yuhong Fan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel A Hathaway
- The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA.
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β-Thujaplicin induces autophagic cell death, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest through ROS-mediated Akt and p38/ERK MAPK signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:255. [PMID: 30874538 PMCID: PMC6420571 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a common liver malignancy worldwide, has high morbidity and mortality. β-Thujaplicin, a tropolone derivative, has been used in some health-care products and clinical adjuvant drugs, but its use for HCC is unknown. In this study, we found that β-Thujaplicin inhibits the growth of HCC cells, but not normal liver cells, with nanomolar potency. Mechanistically, we found that β-Thujaplicin could induce autophagy, as judged by western blot, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Further using β-Thujaplicin combined with an autophagy blocker or agonist treatment HepG2 cells, we found that β-Thujaplicin induced autophagic cell death (ACD) mediated by ROS caused inhibition of the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, β-Thujaplicin triggered HepG2 apoptosis and increased cleaved PARP1, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which indicated that β-Thujaplicin induced apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial-dependent pathway. We also found that increased expression of p21 and decreased expression of CDK7, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin A2 participating in β-Thujaplicin caused the S-phase arrest. It seems that β-Thujaplicin exerts these functions by ROS-mediated p38/ERK MAPK but not by JNK signaling pathway activation. Consistent with in vitro findings, our in vivo study verified that β-Thujaplicin treatment significantly reduced HepG2 tumor xenograft growth. Taken together these findings suggest that β-Thujaplicin have an ability of anti-HCC cells and may conducively promote the development of novel anti-cancer agents.
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Wei KC, Chen RF, Chen YF, Lin CH. Hinokitiol suppresses growth of B16 melanoma by activating ERK/MKP3/proteosome pathway to downregulate survivin expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 366:35-45. [PMID: 30684529 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of treatment failure in patients with cancer. Hinokitiol, a metal chelator derived from natural plants, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities as well as anticancer effects. We investigated the potential anticancer effects of hinokitiol in metastatic melanoma cell line B16-F10. Exposure of the melanoma B16-F10 cells to hinokitiol significantly inhibited colony formation and cell viability in a time and concentration-dependent manner. The hinokitiol-treated cells exhibited apoptotic features in morphological assay. Results from Western blot and immunoprecipitation showed that hinokitiol treatment decreased survivin protein levels and increased suvivin ubiquitination. Pretreatment with proteosome inhibitors effectively prevented hinokitiol-induced decrease in survivin expression, implying that ubiquitin/proteosome pathway involved in hinokitiol-reduced survivin expression. Hinokitiol rapidly induced ERK phosphorylation followed by a sustained dephosphorylation, which accompanied with an increase in expression of tumor suppressor MKP-3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3). Inhibition of hinokitiol-induced ERK activation by MEK inhibitor U0126 completely blocked expression of MKP-3. More importantly, inhibition of MKP-3 activity by NSC 95397 significantly inhibited hinokitiol-induced ERK dephosphorylation, ubiquitination and downregulation of survivin. These results suggested that hinokitiol inhibited growth of B16-F10 melanoma through downregulation of survivin by activating ERK/MKP-3/proteosome pathway. Hinokitiol-inhibition of survivin may be a novel and potential approach for melanoma therapy. Hinokitiol can be useful for developing therapeutic agent for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Che Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaoshiung 802, Taiwan; Faculty of Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Fang Chen
- Master and PhD Programs in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fu Chen
- Master and PhD Programs in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ho Lin
- Master and PhD Programs in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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Lee JH, Jeong JK, Park SY. AMPK Activation Mediated by Hinokitiol Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Autophagy Flux. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2014192. [PMID: 30123258 PMCID: PMC6079415 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2014192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hinokitiol, a natural monopenoid present in the essential oil of Calocedrus formosana heartwood, exerts potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective effects on various cells. However, the antiobesity effect of hinokitiol on adipocytes is unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, we observed that hinokitiol affected the differentiation to adipocytes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Hinokitiol was treated with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, insulin, and dexamethasone to induce differentiation and maturing adipocytes in cultured MSCs. KEY RESULTS Hinokitiol treatment of MSCs decreased their differentiation to mature adipocytes and increased AMPK phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we confirmed that the antiadipogenic effect of hinokitiol was associated with autophagy. The levels of LC3-II decreased and those of p62 increased in hinokitiol-treated MSCs. The treatment of hinokitiol-treated MSCs with the autophagy activator, rapamycin, restored the hinokitiol-induced decrease in the adipocyte differentiation of MSCs. The inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation also suppressed hinokitiol-mediated inhibition of autophagy and antiadipogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these results indicated that AMPK activation and autophagy flux inhibition mediated by hinokitiol inhibited lipid accumulation and differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes and also suggest that differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells may be regulated by using the modulator of autophagy flux and AMPK signals including hinokitiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 88 Dongnae-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu City 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyo Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea
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Chen X, Zhang X, Chen J, Yang Q, Yang L, Xu D, Zhang P, Wang X, Liu J. Hinokitiol copper complex inhibits proteasomal deubiquitination and induces paraptosis-like cell death in human cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:147-155. [PMID: 28887042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in the regulation of proteins that control cell growth and apoptosis and has therefore become an important target for anticancer therapy. Several constitutive subunits of the 19S proteasome display deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, suggesting that ubiquitin modification of proteins is dynamically regulated. Our study and others have shown that metal complexes, such as copper complexes, can induce cancer cell apoptosis through inhibiting 19S proteasome-associated DUBs and/or 20S proteasome activity. In this study, we found that (1) Hinokitiol copper complex (HK-Cu) induces striking accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in A549 and K562 cells (2) HK-Cu potently inhibits the activity of the 19S proteasomal DUBs much more effectively than it does to the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome (3) HK-Cu effectively induces caspase-independent and paraptosis-like cell death in A549 and K562 cells, and (4) HK-Cu-induced cell death depends on ATF4-assosiated ER stress but is apparently not related to ROS generation. Altogether, these data indicate that HK-Cu can inhibit the activity of the 19S proteasomal DUBs and induce paraptosis-like cell death, representing a new drug candidate for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dacai Xu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiquan Zhang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen SM, Wang BY, Lee CH, Lee HT, Li JJ, Hong GC, Hung YC, Chien PJ, Chang CY, Hsu LS, Chang WW. Hinokitiol up-regulates miR-494-3p to suppress BMI1 expression and inhibits self-renewal of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76057-76068. [PMID: 29100291 PMCID: PMC5652685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) is a tropolone-related compound that has anti-microbe, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor effects. Cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with tumor initiation, chemoresistant, and metastatic properties and have been considered the important therapeutic target in future cancer therapy. Previous studies reported that hinokitiol exhibits an anti-cancer activity against murine tumor cells through the induction of autophagy. The current research revealed that hinokitiol suppressed the self-renewal capabilities of human breast CSCs (BCSCs) and inhibited the expression of BMI1 at protein level without suppressing its mRNA. Treatment of hinokitiol in mammospheres induced the expression of miR-494-3p and inhibition of miR-494-3p expression in BCSCs. This treatment abolished the suppressive effects of hinokitiol in mammosphere formation and BMI1 expression. BMI1 is a target of miR-494-3p by luciferase-based 3′UTR reporter assay. Overexpression of miR-494-3p in BCSCs caused the down-regulation of BMI1 protein, inhibition of mammosphere forming capability, and suppression of their tumorigenicity. Moreover, miR-494-3p expression was significantly and inversely correlated with patient survival in two independent public database sets. Furthermore, treatment of hinokitiol in vivo suppressed the growth of xenograft human breast tumors as well as the expression of BMI1 and ALDH1A1 in xenograft tumors. In conclusion, these data suggest that hinokitiol targets BCSCs through the miR-494-3p-mediated down-modulation of BMI1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ming Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yen Wang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Te Lee
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Jung Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ci Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Ju Chien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ying Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Grillo AS, SantaMaria AM, Kafina MD, Cioffi AG, Huston NC, Han M, Seo YA, Yien YY, Nardone C, Menon AV, Fan J, Svoboda DC, Anderson JB, Hong JD, Nicolau BG, Subedi K, Gewirth AA, Wessling-Resnick M, Kim J, Paw BH, Burke MD. Restored iron transport by a small molecule promotes absorption and hemoglobinization in animals. Science 2017; 356:608-616. [PMID: 28495746 PMCID: PMC5470741 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple human diseases ensue from a hereditary or acquired deficiency of iron-transporting protein function that diminishes transmembrane iron flux in distinct sites and directions. Because other iron-transport proteins remain active, labile iron gradients build up across the corresponding protein-deficient membranes. Here we report that a small-molecule natural product, hinokitiol, can harness such gradients to restore iron transport into, within, and/or out of cells. The same compound promotes gut iron absorption in DMT1-deficient rats and ferroportin-deficient mice, as well as hemoglobinization in DMT1- and mitoferrin-deficient zebrafish. These findings illuminate a general mechanistic framework for small molecule-mediated site- and direction-selective restoration of iron transport. They also suggest that small molecules that partially mimic the function of missing protein transporters of iron, and possibly other ions, may have potential in treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anna M SantaMaria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D Kafina
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander G Cioffi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas C Huston
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Murui Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Young Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yvette Y Yien
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Nardone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Archita V Menon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dillon C Svoboda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob B Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John D Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bruno G Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kiran Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetic and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Barry H Paw
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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15
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Tu DG, Yu Y, Lee CH, Kuo YL, Lu YC, Tu CW, Chang WW. Hinokitiol inhibits vasculogenic mimicry activity of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells through proteasome-mediated degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2934-2940. [PMID: 27073579 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hinokitiol, alternatively known as β-thujaplicin, is a tropolone-associated natural compound with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. Breast cancer stem/progenitor cells (BCSCs) are a subpopulation of breast cancer cells associated with tumor initiation, chemoresistance and metastatic behavior, and may be enriched by mammosphere cultivation. Previous studies have demonstrated that BCSCs exhibit vasculogenic mimicry (VM) activity via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. The present study investigated the anti-VM activity of hinokitiol in BCSCs. At a concentration below the half maximal inhibitory concentration, hinokitiol inhibited VM formation of mammosphere cells derived from two human breast cancer cell lines. Hinokitiol was additionally indicated to downregulate EGFR protein expression in mammosphere-forming BCSCs without affecting the expression of messenger RNA. The protein stability of EGFR in BCSCs was also decreased by hinokitiol. The EGFR protein expression and VM formation capability of hinokitiol-treated BCSCs were restored by co-treatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. In conclusion, the present study indicated that hinokitiol may inhibit the VM activity of BCSCs through stimulating proteasome-mediated EGFR degradation. Hinokitiol may act as an anti-VM agent, and may be useful for the development of novel breast cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Liang Kuo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yin-Che Lu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Wen Tu
- Department of Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
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16
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Wang WK, Lin ST, Chang WW, Liu LW, Li TYT, Kuo CY, Hsieh JL, Lee CH. Hinokitiol induces autophagy in murine breast and colorectal cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:77-84. [PMID: 25044443 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hinokitiol is found in the heartwood of cupressaceous plants and possesses several biological activities. Hinokitiol may play an important role in anti-inflammation and antioxidant processes, making it potentially useful in therapies for inflammatory-mediated disease. Previously, the suppression of tumor growth by hinokitiol has been shown to occur through apoptosis. Programmed cell death can also occur through autophagy, but the mechanism of hinokitiol-induced autophagy in tumor cells is poorly defined. We used an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine) to demonstrate that hinokitiol can induce cell death via an autophagic pathway. Further, we suggest that hinokitiol induces autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Markers of autophagy were increased after tumor cells were treated with hinokitiol. In addition, immunoblotting revealed that the levels of phosphoprotein kinase B (P-AKT), phosphomammalian target of rapamycin (P-mTOR), and phospho-p70 ribosomal s6 kinase (P-p70S6K) in tumor cells were decreased after hinokitiol treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate that hinokitiol induces the autophagic signaling pathway via downregulation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Therefore, our findings show that hinokitiol may control tumor growth by inducing autophagic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kuang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Song-Tao Lin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Liu
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tom Yu-Tung Li
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chun-Yu Kuo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Long Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Shih YH, Chang KW, Yu CC, Kao MC, Chen MY, Wang TH, Chi TY, Chen YL, Shieh TM. Hinokitiol suppressed pan-histone expression and cell growth in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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18
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Do iron chelators increase the antiproliferative effect of trichostatin A through a glucose-regulated protein 78 mediated mechanism? Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5945-51. [PMID: 24622883 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as trichostatin A (TSA), and iron chelators, including deferoxamine (DFO) and phenanthroline (PHEN), appear to have anticancer effects. We hypothesized that the HDAC inhibitors and iron chelators would be synergistic with their effect on breast cancer cell line MCF7, because the HDAC inhibitors increase glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) and the iron chelators reduce its expression. Although the administration of TSA alone resulted in a dose-related decrease in the cell index, it did not have an antiproliferative effect except the 62.5 and 500 nM of TSA. However, all doses of TSA produced a cytotoxic effect from the initial hours when combined with 150 μM of DFO and 25 μM of PHEN. DFO and PHEN downregulated Grp78, Grp94, and MRP1 expressions and upregulated CHOP and HO-1 expressions. TSA upregulated all the genes in various rates when used alone but resulted in decreased expression levels when combined with DFO and PHEN. Increased HDAC-1 levels in the Grp78 promoter region indicated that DFO and PHEN either promoted binding of HDAC-1 to this region or inhibited its detachment. We determined that the reduction of increased Grp78, Grp94, HO-1, and MRP1 expressions, which appears to inhibit the chemotherapeutic effect of TSA, through the combination with DFO or PHEN will contribute to the anticancer effect.
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19
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Lee YS, Choi KM, Kim W, Jeon YS, Lee YM, Hong JT, Yun YP, Yoo HS. Hinokitiol inhibits cell growth through induction of S-phase arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and suppresses tumor growth in a mouse xenograft experiment. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2195-202. [PMID: 24308647 DOI: 10.1021/np4005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hinokitiol (1), a tropolone-related natural compound, induces apoptosis and has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 1 were investigated on human colon cancer cell growth and tumor formation of xenograft mice. HCT-116 and SW-620 cells derived from human colon cancers were found to be similarly susceptible to 1, with IC50 values of 4.5 and 4.4 μM, respectively. Compound 1 induced S-phase arrest in the cell cycle progression and decreased the expression levels of cyclin A, cyclin E, and Cdk2. Conversely, 1 increased the expression of p21, a Cdk inhibitor. Compound 1 decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased the expression of Bax, and cleaved caspase-9 and -3. The effect of 1 on tumor formation when administered orally was evaluated in male BALB/c-nude mice implanted intradermally separately with HCT-116 and SW-620 cells. Tumor volumes and tumor weights in the mice treated with 1 (100 mg/kg) were decreased in both cases. These results suggest that the suppression of tumor formation by compound 1 in human colon cancer may occur through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Sun Lee
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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20
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Ghio AJ, Tong H, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Cheng WY, Samet JM, Kesic MJ, Bromberg PA, Turi JL, Upadhyay D, Scott Budinger GR, Mutlu GM. Sequestration of mitochondrial iron by silica particle initiates a biological effect. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L712-24. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00099.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of particulate matter has presented a challenge to human health for thousands of years. The underlying mechanism for biological effect following particle exposure is incompletely understood. We tested the postulate that particle sequestration of cell and mitochondrial iron is a pivotal event mediating oxidant generation and biological effect. In vitro exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to silica reduced intracellular iron, which resulted in increases in both the importer divalent metal transporter 1 expression and metal uptake. Diminished mitochondrial 57Fe concentrations following silica exposure confirmed particle sequestration of cell iron. Preincubation of cells with excess ferric ammonium citrate increased cell, nuclear, and mitochondrial metal concentrations and prevented significant iron loss from mitochondria following silica exposure. Cell and mitochondrial oxidant generation increased after silica incubation, but pretreatment with iron diminished this generation of reactive oxygen species. Silica exposure activated MAP kinases (ERK and p38) and altered the expression of transcription factors (nF-κB and NF-E2-related factor 2), proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 and -6), and apoptotic proteins. All of these changes in indexes of biological effect were either diminished or inhibited by cell pretreatment with iron. Finally, percentage of neutrophils and total protein concentrations in an animal model instilled with silica were decreased by concurrent exposure to iron. We conclude that an initiating event in the response to particulate matter is a sequestration of cell and mitochondrial iron by endocytosed particle. The resultant oxidative stress and biological response after particle exposure are either diminished or inhibited by increasing the cell iron concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Ghio
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joleen M. Soukup
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lisa A. Dailey
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wan-Yun Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James M. Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J. Kesic
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Jennifer L. Turi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daya Upadhyay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; and
| | - G. R. Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gökhan M. Mutlu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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Kim MK, Park HJ, Kim YD, Ryu MH, Takata T, Bae SK, Bae MK. Hinokitiol increases the angiogenic potential of dental pulp cells through ERK and p38MAPK activation and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) upregulation. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:102-10. [PMID: 24370180 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hinokitiol, a natural iron-chelating agent, is known to have diverse biological and pharmacological activities in various cell types. However, the effect of hinokitiol on dental pulp cells has not yet been reported. In this study, hinokitiol increases hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein levels and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in human dental pulp cells. The extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in hinokitiol-induced HIF-1α protein expression in dental pulp cells. Conditioned media from hinokitiol-treated pulp cells enhances angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results show that hinokitiol promotes ERK and p38MAPK activation and HIF-1α-induced VEGF production, thus increasing the angiogenic potential of dental pulp cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea; Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Yong-Deok Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Mi Heon Ryu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea.
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22
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In vitro antimicrobial and anticancer potential of hinokitiol against oral pathogens and oral cancer cell lines. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:254-62. [PMID: 23312825 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural component isolated from Chamacyparis taiwanensis. It has anti-microbial activity, and has been used in oral care products. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of hinokitiol against MRSA, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were determined by the agar and broth dilution method (MIC: 40-110μM; MMC: 50-130μM); the paradoxical inhibition phenomenon (PIP) was observed in A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. mutans. The PIP can be described as microbial growth occurring in the presence of both high and low concentrations of a compound, between which microbial growth is inhibited. The PIP was confirmed using a kinetic microplate and inhibition zone methods. The PIP was also observed in MRSA. The low autolysin activity somehow correlated to the PIP positive. The cell diameter was increased in all the pathogens, and the transition was inhibited in C. albicans following hinokitiol treatment. Hinokitiol is also a potential anticancer drug. The 200μM of hinokitiol has significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities against oral pathogens and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, respectively, and lower cytotoxic effects for normal human oral keratinocytes, indicating that hinokitiol displays a high potential for safe and effective applications in oral health care.
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23
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Qiao S, Murakami K, Zhao Q, Wang B, Seo H, Yamashita H, Li X, Iwamoto T, Ichihara M, Yoshino M. Mimosine-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells requires the release of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species and p38, JNK activation. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:417-27. [PMID: 21986805 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth-inhibitory effects of mimosine, a plant amino acid, on rat C6 glioma cells were analyzed. Mimosine markedly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Mimosine-mediated apoptosis was accompanied by promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in mitochondria, and by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, followed by caspase 3 activation. Furthermore, mimosine increased the phosphorylation level of c-Jun-N-terminal protein kinase and p38, which was the downstream effect of ROS accumulation. Mimosine was confirmed to show profound effects on apoptosis of C6 glioma cells by ROS-regulated mitochondria pathway, and these results bear on the hypothesized potential for mimosine as promising agents in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlou Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.
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24
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Cho Y, Hasumura M, Takami S, Imai T, Hirose M, Ogawa K, Nishikawa A. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of hinokitiol administered in the diet to F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1782-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Lee MJ, Kim JW, Yang EG. Hinokitiol activates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway through inhibition of HIF hydroxylases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Collins JF, Hu Z, Ranganathan PN, Feng D, Garrick LM, Garrick MD, Browne RW. Induction of arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (Alox15) in intestine of iron-deficient rats correlates with the production of biologically active lipid mediators. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G948-62. [PMID: 18258795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00274.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To identify novel genes associated with iron metabolism, we performed gene chip studies in two models of iron deficiency: iron-deprived rats and rats deficient in the principal intestinal iron transporter, divalent metal transporter 1 (i.e., Belgrade rats). Affymetrix rat genome gene chips were utilized (RAE230) with cRNA samples derived from duodenum and jejunum of experimental and control animals. Computational analysis and statistical data reduction identified 29 candidate genes, which were induced in both models of iron deficiency. Gene ontology analysis showed enrichment for genes related to lipid homeostasis, and one gene related to this physiological process, a leukocyte type, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (Alox15), was selected for further examination. TaqMan real-time PCR studies demonstrated strong induction of Alox15 throughout the small and large intestine, and in the liver of iron-deficient rats. Polyclonal antibodies were developed and utilized to demonstrate that proteins levels are significantly increased in the intestinal epithelium of iron-deprived rats. HPLC analysis revealed altered intestinal lipid metabolism indicative of Alox15 activity, which resulted in the production of biologically active lipid molecules (12-HETE, 13-HODE, and 13-HOTE). The overall effect is a perturbation of intestinal lipid homeostasis, which results in the production of lipids essentially absent in the intestine of control rats. We have thus provided mechanistic insight into the alteration in lipid metabolism that occurs during iron deficiency, in that induction of Alox15 mRNA expression may be the primary event. The resulting lipid mediators may be related to documented alterations in villus structure and cell proliferation rates in iron deficiency, or to structural alterations in membrane lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Collins
- Dept. of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, G10 Farber Hall, 3435 Main St., Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Kim J, Lee HY, Hwang SL, Lee IH, Moon‐Jeong M, Rang M, Kim YC. After‐Rinsing Hair Growth Promotions of Hinokitiol‐Containing Vesicles and Emulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701341801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Koc M, Nad’ová Z, Kovář J. Sensitivity of cells to apoptosis induced by iron deprivation can be reversibly changed by iron availability. Cell Prolif 2007; 39:551-61. [PMID: 17109638 PMCID: PMC6495871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the effect of iron deprivation on cell death induction in human Raji cells pre-adapted to differing availability of extracellular iron. Iron deprivation was achieved by incubation in a defined iron-free medium. Original Raji cells have previously been adapted to long-term culture in a defined medium with 5 microg/ml of iron-saturated human transferrin as a source of iron. Raji/lowFe cells were derived from original Raji cells by subsequent adaptation to culture in the medium with 50 microm ferric citrate as a source of iron. Raji/lowFe-re cells were derived from Raji/lowFe cells by re-adaptation to the transferrin-containing (5 microg/ml) medium. Iron deprivation induced cell death in both Raji cells and Raji/lowFe-re cells; that is, cells pre-adapted to a near optimum source of extracellular iron (5 microg/ml of transferrin). However, Raji/lowFe cells preadapted to a limited source of extracellular iron (50 microm ferric citrate) became resistant to the induction of cell death by iron deprivation. We demonstrated that cell death induction by iron deprivation in Raji cells correlates with the activation of executioner caspase-3 and the cleavage of caspase-3 substrate, poly-ADP ribose polymerase. Two other executioner caspases, caspase-7 and caspase-6, were not activated. Taken together, we suggest that in human Raji cells, iron deprivation induces apoptotic cell death related to caspase-3 activation. However, the sensitivity of the cells to death induction by iron deprivation can be reversibly changed by extracellular iron availability. The cells pre-adapted to a limited source of extracellular iron became resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Koc
- Department of Cell Signalling and Apoptosis, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, and
| | - Z. Nad’ová
- Department of Cell Signalling and Apoptosis, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, and
| | - J. Kovář
- Department of Cell Signalling and Apoptosis, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, and
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Third Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lee SK, Jang HJ, Lee HJ, Lee J, Jeon BH, Jun CD, Lee SK, Kim EC. p38 and ERK MAP kinase mediates iron chelator-induced apoptosis and -suppressed differentiation of immortalized and malignant human oral keratinocytes. Life Sci 2006; 79:1419-27. [PMID: 16697418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for neoplastic cell growth, and iron chelators have been tested for potential anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects, but the effects of iron chelators on oral cancer have not been clearly elucidated. To determine the mechanism of cell death induced by iron chelators, we explored the pathways of the three structurally related mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase subfamilies during iron chelator-induced apoptosis and differentiation of immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOK) and oral cancer cells (HN4). The iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) exerted potent time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth and apoptosis of IHOK and HN4 cells. DFO strongly activates p38 MAP kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but does not activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase. Of the three MAP kinase blockers used, the selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 and ERK inhibitor PD98059 protected IHOK and HN4 cells against iron chelator-induced cell death, which indicates that the p38 and ERK MAP kinase is a major mediator of apoptosis induced by this iron chelator. Interestingly, treatment of IHOK and HN4 cells with SB203580 and PD98059 abolished cytochrome c release, as well as the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8. DFO suppressed the expression of epithelial differentiation markers such as involucrin, CK6, and CK19, and this suppression was blocked by p38 and ERK MAP kinase inhibitors. Collectively, these data suggested that p38 and ERK MAP kinase plays an important role in iron chelator-mediated cell death and in the suppression of differentiation of oral immortalized and malignant keratinocytes, by activating a downstream apoptotic cascade that executes the cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental College, Wonkwang University, Shinyoungdong 344-2, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
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Lee SK, Lee JJ, Lee HJ, Lee J, Jeon BH, Jun CD, Lee SK, Kim EC. Iron chelator-induced growth arrest and cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis in immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes. J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35:218-26. [PMID: 16519769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown the anti-proliferative effects of iron deprivation on cancer cells, but the effects of iron-chelators on oral cancer have not been clearly elucidated. METHODS To investigate the effects of an iron chelator, desferrioxamine (DFO), on the growth of immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOK), primary oral cancer cells (HN4), metastatic oral cancer cells (HN12) and human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) in the MTT assay, three-dimensional (3D) raft cultures, Western blotting, cell cycle analysis, nuclear staining and cytochrome c expression for apoptosis signaling pathway were used. RESULTS Desferrioxamine inhibited the growth of immortalized IHOK and HaCaT and malignant HN4 and HN12 keratinocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner according to the MTT assay. The 3D organotypic culture also revealed that DFO-treated cells showed less epithelial maturation, less surface keratinization and decreased epithelial thickness. The major mechanism of growth inhibition with the micromolar DFO treatment was by the induction of apoptosis, which was supported by nuclear DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation analysis and flow cytometric analysis for sub-G(1) phase arrest and Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) staining. Furthermore, Bax expression increased together with p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1), while the Bcl-2 expression decreased in the immortalized and malignant keratinocytes treated with DFO. Time-dependent cytochrome c from mitochondria was observed in DFO-treated IHOK and oral cancer cells and was accompanied by the activation of caspase-3 in IHOK cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that DFO has growth inhibitory effects on immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes through the induction of apoptosis and suggest that further evaluation of DFO as a potential therapeutic agent for human oral precancerous lesions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Brard L, Granai CO, Swamy N. Iron chelators deferoxamine and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid induce apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 100:116-27. [PMID: 16203029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.07.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of death in women and development of new therapies is essential. Deprivation of iron (Fe), an essential micro-nutrient, by chelation is known to inhibit proliferation of several human cancers but its potential in ovarian cancer treatment remains unknown. We have evaluated the anti-proliferative activities of iron chelators, deferoxamine (DFO), and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), in human and rat ovarian cancer cells. METHODS The effect of DFO and DTPA on CaOV-3 (human) and NUTU-19 (rat) ovarian cancer cells was determined by cell proliferation and apoptosis assays (Hoechst staining, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation), cell cycle analysis, and Fe supplementation studies. RESULTS DFO and DTPA were cytotoxic to ovarian cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DFO inhibited proliferation of NUTU-19 and CaOV-3 cells (IC(50) at 45 and 280 microM, respectively), while DTPA inhibited proliferation of only NUTU-19 cells (IC(50) at 50 microM), at 48 h. DNA synthesis was inhibited in CaOV-3 cells by DFO (>90% at 200 microM) and in NUTU-19 by both DFO and DTPA (>90% at 50 microM). Fe supplementation effectively reversed the cytotoxic effects of DFO and DTPA. Cell cycle analysis showed a G0/G1- and S-phase block with increased apoptosis. DNA fragmentation analysis confirmed apoptosis. Increase in caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities ( approximately 2.4-fold) was associated with apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that Fe chelators suppress ovarian cancer growth by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Therefore, Fe chelators can be potentially developed as novel therapeutic agents to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Brard
- Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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32
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Nakanishi T, Akabane ER, Nanami M, Kiyobayashi Y, Moriguchi R, Hasuike Y, Otaki Y, Miyagawa K, Itahana R, Izumi M. Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Cysteine and Homocysteine for Renal Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 100:e11-20. [PMID: 15731566 DOI: 10.1159/000084108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the cytotoxic effects of cysteine (Cys) on renal cells have been established, the effects of homocysteine (Hcy), which causes endothelial cell dysfunction, have not been well tested. We compared the direct toxicity of Hcy on renal tubular cells to that of Cys and examined the mechanism of cell toxicity. METHODS LLC-PK1 cells were incubated with test media containing 500 microM Cys or Hcy in the presence or absence of 100 microM copper. Lactate dehydrogenase release and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance were measured for estimating cytolysis and lipid peroxidation, respectively. The generation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, and the cell redox state were analyzed using the scopoletin method, salicylate-trap method, and glutathione (GSH) content, respectively. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and vitamin E also were used for clarifying the mechanism of toxicity. RESULTS In the presence of copper (+ Cu), cytolysis at 16 h was more prominent in cells exposed to Cys than Hcy. In accordance with cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation at 4 h of incubation, as well as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical formation in a shorter incubation, were remarkably greater in Cys + Cu than Hcy + Cu. The addition of Hcy, but not Cys, decreased GSH content significantly. CONCLUSION In the presence of copper, Cys was extraordinarily more cytotoxic to renal cells than Hcy. Cytotoxicity from Hcy may be dependent upon depletion of cellular GSH, while Cys cytotoxicity is primarily dependent upon the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakanishi
- Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Koc M, Nad'ová Z, Truksa J, Ehrlichová M, Kovár J. Iron deprivation induces apoptosis via mitochondrial changes related to Bax translocation. Apoptosis 2005; 10:381-93. [PMID: 15843899 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-0812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in apoptosis induction by iron deprivation, we compared cells sensitive (38C13) and resistant (EL4) to apoptosis induced by iron deprivation. Iron deprivation was achieved by incubation in a defined iron-free medium. We detected the activation of caspase-3 as well as the activation of caspase-9 in sensitive cells but not in resistant cells under iron deprivation. Iron deprivation led to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol only in sensitive cells but it did not affect the cytosolic localization of Apaf-1 in both sensitive and resistant cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) was dissipated within 24 h in sensitive cells due to iron deprivation. The antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein was found to be associated with mitochondria in both sensitive and resistant cells and the association did not change under iron deprivation. On the other hand, under iron deprivation we detected translocation of the proapoptotic Bax protein from the cytosol to mitochondria in sensitive cells but not in resistant cells. Taken together, we suggest that iron deprivation induces apoptosis via mitochondrial changes concerning proapoptotic Bax translocation to mitochondria, collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koc
- Cell Growth Control Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeñská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhao J, Fujita K, Sakai K. Oxidative stress in plant cell culture: A role in production of β-thujaplicin byCupresssus lusitanica suspension culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:621-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yuan J, Lovejoy DB, Richardson DR. Novel di-2-pyridyl-derived iron chelators with marked and selective antitumor activity: in vitro and in vivo assessment. Blood 2004; 104:1450-8. [PMID: 15150082 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aroylhydrazone and thiosemicarbazone iron (Fe) chelators have potent antitumor activity. The aim of the current study was to examine the antitumor effects and mechanisms of action of a novel series of Fe chelators, the di-2-pyridyl thiosemicarbazones. Of 7 new chelators synthesized, 4 showed pronounced antiproliferative effects. The most active chelator was Dp44mT, which had marked and selective antitumor activity-for example, an IC(50) of 0.03 microM in neuroepithelioma cells compared with more than 25 microM in mortal fibroblasts. Indeed, this antiproliferative activity was the greatest yet observed for an Fe chelator. Efficacy was greater than it was for the cytotoxic ligand 311 and comparable to that of the antitumor agent doxorubicin. Strikingly, Dp44mT significantly (P <.01) decreased tumor weight in mice to 47% of the weight in the control after only 5 days, whereas there was no marked change in animal weight or hematologic indices. Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining demonstrated apoptosis in tumors taken from mice treated with Dp44mT. This chelator caused a marked increase of caspase-3 activity in murine Madison-109 (M109) cells. Caspase activation was at least partially mediated by the release of mitochondrial holo-cytochrome c (h-cytc) after incubation with Dp44mT. In conclusion, Dp44mT is a novel, highly effective antitumor agent in vitro and in vivo that induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, PO Box 81, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
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36
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Truksa J, Kovář J, Valenta T, Ehrlichová M, Polák J, Naumann PW. Iron deprivation induces apoptosis independently of p53 in human and murine tumour cells. Cell Prolif 2003; 36:199-213. [PMID: 12950389 PMCID: PMC6496379 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2003.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deprivation induces apoptosis in some sensitive cultured tumour cells, while other cells are resistant. In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in apoptosis induction by iron deprivation, we studied the expression of p53 and the expression of selected p53-regulated genes. To discriminate between changes coupled only with iron deprivation and changes involved in apoptosis induction by iron deprivation, we compared the expression of the genes in sensitive (human Raji, mouse 38C13) versus resistant (human HeLa, mouse EL4) cells under iron deprivation. Iron deprivation was achieved by incubation in a defined iron-free medium. The level of p53 mRNA decreased significantly under iron deprivation in sensitive cells, but it did not change in resistant cells. On the contrary, the level of the p53 protein under iron deprivation was slightly increased in sensitive cells while it was not changed in resistant cells. The activity of p53 was assessed by the expression of selected p53-regulated targets, i.e. p21(WAF1/CIP1) gene, mdm2, bcl-2 and bax. We did not detect any relevant change in mRNA levels as well as in protein levels of these genes under iron deprivation with the exception of p21(WAF1/CIP1). We detected a significant increase in the level of p21 mRNA in both (sensitive and resistant) mouse cell lines tested, however, we did not find any change in both (sensitive and resistant) human cell lines. Moreover, the p21(WAF1/CIP1) protein was accumulated in mouse-sensitive 38C13 cells under iron deprivation while all other cell lines tested, including human-sensitive cell line Raji, did not show any accumulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) protein. It seems that the p21(WAF1/CIP1) mRNA, as well as protein accumulation, is not specifically coupled with apoptosis induction by iron deprivation and that it is rather cell-line specific. Taken together, we suggest that iron deprivation induces apoptosis at least in some cell types independently of the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Truksa
- Cell Growth Control Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - J. Kovář
- Cell Growth Control Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - T. Valenta
- Cell Growth Control Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - M. Ehrlichová
- Cell Growth Control Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - J. Polák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic and
| | - P. W. Naumann
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Kim BS, Yoon KH, Oh HM, Choi EY, Kim SW, Han WC, Kim EA, Choi SC, Kim TH, Yun KJ, Kim EC, Lyou JH, Nah YH, Chung HT, Cha YN, Jun CD. Involvement of p38 MAP kinase during iron chelator-mediated apoptotic cell death. Cell Immunol 2002; 220:96-106. [PMID: 12657244 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the neoplastic cell growth, and iron chelators have been tested for their potential anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects. To determine the mechanism of cell death induced by iron chelators, we explored the pathways of the three structurally related mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase subfamilies during apoptosis induced by iron chelators. We report that the chelator deferoxamine (DFO) strongly activates both p38 MAP kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) at an early stage of incubation, but slightly activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) at a late stage of incubation. Among three MAP kinase blockers used, however, the selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 could only protect HL-60 cells from chelator-induced cell death, indicating that p38 MAP kinase serves as a major mediator of apoptosis induced by iron chelator. DFO also caused release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and induced activation of caspase 3 and caspase 8. Interestingly, treatment of HL-60 cells with SB203580 greatly abolished cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase 3 and caspase 8. Collectively, the current study reveals that p38 MAP kinase plays an important role in iron chelator-mediated cell death of HL-60 cells by activating downstream apoptotic cascade that executes cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Su Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang Medical Science Institute, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea
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Greene BT, Thorburn J, Willingham MC, Thorburn A, Planalp RP, Brechbiel MW, Jennings-Gee J, Wilkinson J, Torti FM, Torti SV. Activation of caspase pathways during iron chelator-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25568-75. [PMID: 11980894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110345200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron chelators have traditionally been used in the treatment of iron overload. Recently, chelators have also been explored for their ability to limit oxidant damage in cardiovascular, neurologic, and inflammatory disease as well as to serve as anti-cancer agents. To determine the mechanism of cell death induced by iron chelators, we assessed the time course and pathways of caspase activation during apoptosis induced by iron chelators. We report that the chelator tachpyridine sequentially activates caspases 9, 3, and 8. These caspases were also activated by the structurally unrelated chelators dipyridyl and desferrioxamine. The critical role of caspase activation in cell death was supported by microinjection experiments demonstrating that p35, a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, protected HeLa cells from chelator-induced cell death. Apoptosis mediated by tachpyridine was not prevented by blocking the CD95 death receptor pathway with a Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) dominant-negative mutant. In contrast, chelator-mediated cell death was blocked in cells microinjected with Bcl-XL and completely inhibited in cells microinjected with a dominant-negative caspase 9 expression vector. Caspase activation was not observed in cells treated with N-methyl tachpyridine, an N-alkylated derivative of tachpyridine which lacks an ability to react with iron. These results suggest that activation of a mitochondrial caspase pathway is an important mechanism by which iron chelators induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Greene
- Department of Cancer Biology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Kovár J, Valenta T, Stýbrová H. Differing sensitivity of tumor cells to apoptosis induced by iron deprivation in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:450-8. [PMID: 11573821 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0450:dsotct>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the sensitivity of tumor cells to the induction of apoptosis by iron deprivation. Iron deprivation was achieved by the employment of a defined iron-deficient culture medium. Mouse 38C13 cells and human Raji cells die within 48 and 96 h of incubation in iron-deficient medium, respectively. On the contrary, mouse EL4 cells and human HeLa cells are completely resistant to the induction of death under the same experimental arrangement. Deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis as well as flow cytometric analysis after propidium iodide staining detected in 38C13 and Raji cells, but not in EL4 and HeLa cells, changes characteristic to apoptosis. The 38C13 cells, sensitive to iron deprivation, also displayed a similar degree of sensitivity to apoptosis induction by thiol deprivation (achieved by 2-mercaptoethanol withdrawal from the culture medium) as well as by rotenone (50 nM), hydroxyurea (50 microM), methotrexate (20 nM), and doxorubicin (100 nM). Raji cells shared with 38C13 cells a sensitivity to rotenone, methotrexate, doxorubicin, and, to a certain degree, to hydroxyurea. However, Raji cells were completely resistant to thiol deprivation. EI4 and HeLa cells, resistant to iron deprivation, also displayed a greater degree of resistance to most of the other apoptotic stimuli than did their sensitive counterparts. We conclude that some tumor cells in vitro are sensitive to apoptosis induction by iron deprivation, while other tumor cells are resistant. All the tumors found to be sensitive to iron deprivation in this study (four cell lines) are of hematopoietic origin. The mechanism of resistance to apoptosis induction by iron deprivation differs from the mechanism of resistance to thiol deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovár
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
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