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Song J, He Z, Yang M, Yu T, Wang X, Liu B, Li J. HepaticIschemia/Reperfusion Injuryinvolves functional tryptase/PAR-2 signaling in liver sinusoidal endothelial cell population. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108052. [PMID: 34454294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident effector cells that could be the earliest responder to release a unique, stimulus-specific set of mediators in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury However, how MCs function in the hepatic IR has remained a formidable challenge due to the substantial redundancy and functional diverse of these mediators. Tryptase is the main protease for degranulation of MCs and its receptor-protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is widely expressed in endothelial cells. It is unclear whether and how tryptase/PAR-2 axis participates in hepatic IR. We employed an experimental warm 70% liver IR model in mice and found that tryptase was accumulated in the circulation during hepatic IR and positively correlated with liver injury. Tryptase inhibition by protamine can significantly down-regulate the expression of adhesion molecules and reduce neutrophil infiltration within the liver. The level of inflammatory factors and chemokines were also consistent with the pathological change of the liver. In addition, the treatment with exogeneous tryptase in MC-deficient mice can induce the damage observed in wild type mice in the context of liver IR. In vitro, neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory factor secretion were regulated by Tryptase/PAR-2, involving the adhesion molecule expression to regulate neutrophil adhesion dependent on NF-κB pathway. Conclusion: tryptase/PAR-2 participates in liver injury through the activation of LSECs in the early phase of liver IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang He
- Department of Plastic and Constructive Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Muqing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Saheera S, Potnuri AG, Guha A, Palaniyandi SS, Thandavarayan RA. Histamine 2 receptors in cardiovascular biology: A friend for the heart. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:234-245. [PMID: 34438076 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Undermining new mediators involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is vital for better disease management. Existing studies implicate a crucial role for inflammation and inflammatory cells, particularly mast cells, in cardiac diseases. Interestingly, the mast cell mediator, histamine, and its receptors profoundly impact the pathophysiology of the heart, resulting in hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and other cardiac anomalies. In this review, we provide a detailed description of mast cell activation, mediators, and histamine receptors, with a particular focus on histamine 2 receptors (H2Rs). Preclinical and clinical studies using histamine receptor antagonists report improvement in cardiac function. Insights into the precise function of histamine receptors will aid in developing novel therapies and pave the way for repurposing antihistamines for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Saheera
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ajay Godwin Potnuri
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ashrith Guha
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suresh S Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Pi J, Huang L, Yang F, Jiang J, Jin H, Liu J, Su X, Wu A, Cai H, Yang P, Cai J. Atomic force microscopy study of ionomycin-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. SCANNING 2016; 38:525-534. [PMID: 26840764 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell degranulation is the typical anaphylaxis process of mast cells associated with the release of cytokines, eicosanoids and their secretory granules, which play very important roles in the allergic inflammatory response of the human body upon anaphylactogen stimulation. The calcium ionophore ionomycin is widely used as a degranulation induction agent for mast cell degranulation studies. In the present work, ionomycin-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 basophilic leukemia cell line cells was investigated in vitro by high resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ionomycin, which could increase the intracellular free Ca2+ level and β-Hexosaminidase release, was found to induce the formation of a kind of peculiar vesicles in the cytoplasm area of RBL-2H3 cells. Those vesicles induced by ionomycin would desintegrate to release a larger amount of granules surrounding RBL-2H3 cells by the controlling of F-actin. These results provide the precise morphological information of ionomycin-induced mast cell degranulation at nanoscale, which could benefit our understanding of ionomycin-induced mast cell anaphylaxis model and also validate the applicability of AFM for the detection of allergic inflammatory response in mast cells. SCANNING 38:525-534, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lufen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Fen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jinhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Huaihong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jiye Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Tuboly E, Futakuchi M, Varga G, Érces D, Tőkés T, Mészáros A, Kaszaki J, Suzui M, Imai M, Okada A, Okada N, Boros M, Okada H. C5a inhibitor protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat small intestine. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:35-46. [PMID: 26576826 PMCID: PMC4819679 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is caused by considerable intestinal injury, which is associated with intestinal ischemia followed by reperfusion. To elucidate the mechanisms of ischemia/reperfusion injuries, a C5a inhibitory peptide termed AcPepA was used to examine the role of C5a anaphylatoxin, induction of inflammatory cells, and cell proliferation of the intestinal epithelial cells in an experimental AMI model. In this rat model, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded and subsequently reperfused (Induce‐I/R). Other groups were treated with AcPepA before ischemia or reperfusion. Induce‐I/R induced injuries in the intestine and AcPepA significantly decreased the proportion of severely injured villi. Induce‐I/R induced secondary receptor for C5a‐positive polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the vessels and CD204‐positive macrophages near the injured site; this was correlated with hypoxia‐induced factor 1‐alpha‐positive cells. Induction of these inflammatory cells was attenuated by AcPepA. In addition, AcPepA increased proliferation of epithelial cells in the villi, possibly preventing further damage. Therefore, Induce‐I/R activates C5a followed by the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte and hypoxia‐induced factor 1‐alpha‐producing macrophages, leading to villus injury. AcPepA, a C5a inhibitory peptide, blocks the deleterious effects of C5a, indicating it has a therapeutic effect on the inflammatory consequences of experimental AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Tuboly
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Street, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | | | - Gabriella Varga
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Street, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Daniel Érces
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Street, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tőkés
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Street, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Andras Mészáros
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Street, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - József Kaszaki
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Street, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | | | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601
| | - Alan Okada
- Research Institute for Protein Science, 2-18 Nakayama-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-0803, Japan
| | | | - Mihály Boros
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6 Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Street, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
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Doster DL, Jensen AR, Khaneki S, Markel TA. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for the treatment of intestinal ischemia: Defining the optimal cell isolate for maximum therapeutic benefit. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1457-1470. [PMID: 27745788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia is a devastating intraabdominal emergency that often necessitates surgical intervention. Mortality rates can be high, and patients who survive often have significant long-term morbidity. The implementation of traditional medical therapies to prevent or treat intestinal ischemia have been sparse over the last decade, and therefore, the use of novel therapies are becoming more prevalent. Cellular therapy using mesenchymal stromal cells is one such treatment modality that is attracting noteworthy attention in the scientific community. Several groups have seen benefit with cellular therapy, but the optimal cell line has not been identified. The purpose of this review is to: 1) Review the mechanism of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, 2) Identify the mechanisms of how cellular therapy may be therapeutic for this disease, and 3) Compare various MSC tissue sources to maximize potential therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of intestinal I/R diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique L Doster
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Jensen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sina Khaneki
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Troy A Markel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; The Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Krystel-Whittemore M, Dileepan KN, Wood JG. Mast Cell: A Multi-Functional Master Cell. Front Immunol 2016; 6:620. [PMID: 26779180 PMCID: PMC4701915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells of the myeloid lineage and are present in connective tissues throughout the body. The activation and degranulation of mast cells significantly modulates many aspects of physiological and pathological conditions in various settings. With respect to normal physiological functions, mast cells are known to regulate vasodilation, vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, angiogenesis, and venom detoxification. On the other hand, mast cells have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including allergy, asthma, anaphylaxis, gastrointestinal disorders, many types of malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of mast cells in many pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Krystel-Whittemore
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Kottarappat N Dileepan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - John G Wood
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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The Effect of Perioperative Ischemia and Reperfusion on Multiorgan Dysfunction following Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:598980. [PMID: 26798637 PMCID: PMC4698535 DOI: 10.1155/2015/598980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are relatively common and are potentially life-threatening medical problems. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the effect of I/R injury on multiorgan failure following AAA repair. The PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane Review, and Scopus databases were comprehensively searched for articles concerning the pathophysiology of I/R and its systemic effects. Cross-referencing was performed using the bibliographies from the articles obtained. Articles retrieved were restricted to those published in English. One of the most prominent characteristics of AAA open repair is the double physiological phenomenon of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) that happens either at the time of clamping or following the aortic clamp removal. Ischemia-reperfusion injury causes significant pathophysiological disturbances to distant organs, increasing the possibility for postoperative multiorgan failure. Although tissue injury is mediated by diverse mechanisms, microvascular dysfunction seems to be the final outcome of I/R.
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The role of mast cells in ischemia and reperfusion injury. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:899-905. [PMID: 25108401 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury is a challenging clinical problem that is triggered by ischemia in an organ followed by subsequent restoration of the blood supply. The effects of mast cell (MC) in IR injury are not totally clear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We review the body of literature on the role of MCs in IR injury based on an unrestricted Pubmed search for the descriptors "mast cell", "ischemia" and "reperfusion injury", as well as discuss implications for treatment and future directions. RESULTS Shortly after IR, chemicals released by MC can trigger vasoactive substance formation, tissue leakage, upregulation of adhesive molecules followed by leukocyte recruitment and infiltration, and pronecrotic pathway activation, among other physiologic changes. In the long term, MCs may influence tissue remodeling and repair as well as blood restoration after IR. Consistent with these findings, methods and drugs that target MCs have been shown to attenuate IR injury. CONCLUSION It has been demonstrated that MCs play a role in IR injury, but the mechanisms are complex and need to be further studied.
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Intestinal mast cells mediate gut injury and systemic inflammation in a rat model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:e200-10. [PMID: 23478660 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827cac7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac surgery, especially when employing cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, is associated with systemic inflammatory responses that significantly affect morbidity and mortality. Intestinal perfusion abnormalities have been implicated in such responses, but the mechanisms linking local injury and systemic inflammation remain unclear. Intestinal mast cells are specialized immune cells that secrete various preformed effectors in response to cellular stress. We hypothesized that mast cells are activated in a microenvironment shaped by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, and investigated local and systemic consequences. DESIGN Rat model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Twelve- to 14-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were anesthetized and cooled to 16°C to 18°C on cardiopulmonary bypass before instituting deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for 45 minutes. Specimens were harvested following rewarming and 2 hours of recovery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Significant intestinal barrier disruption was found, together with macro- and microscopic evidence of ischemia/reperfusion injury in ileum and colon, but not in the lungs or kidneys. Immunofluorescence and toluidine blue staining revealed increased numbers of mast cells and their activation in the gut. In animals pretreated with the mast cell stabilizer, cromolyn sodium, mast cell degranulation was blocked, and intestinal morphology and barrier function were preserved following deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Furthermore, cromolyn sodium treatment was associated with reduced intestinal neutrophil influx and blunted systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our data provide primary evidence that intestinal ischemia/reperfusion is a leading pathophysiologic process in a rat model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, and that intestinal injury, and local and systemic inflammatory responses are critically dependent on mast cell activation. This identifies intestinal mast cells as central players in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest-associated responses, and opens novel therapeutic possibilities for patients undergoing this procedure.
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Larghi EL, Operto MA, Torres R, Kaufman TS. Synthesis and classical pathway Complement inhibitory activity of C7-functionalized filifolinol derivatives, inspired in K-76 COOH. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schäfer B, Piliponsky AM, Oka T, Song CH, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Tsai M, Kalesnikoff J, Galli SJ. Mast cell anaphylatoxin receptor expression can enhance IgE-dependent skin inflammation in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:541-8.e1-9. [PMID: 22728083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells express receptors for complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a (ie, C3a receptor [C3aR] and C5a receptor [C5aR]), and C3a and C5a are generated during various IgE-dependent immediate hypersensitivity reactions in vivo. However, it is not clear to what extent mast cell expression of C3aR or C5aR influences C3a- or C5a-induced cutaneous responses or IgE-dependent mast cell activation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in vivo. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess whether mouse skin mast cell expression of C3aR or C5aR influences (1) the cells' responsiveness to intradermal injections of C3a or C5a or (2) the extent of IgE-dependent mast cell degranulation and PCA in vivo. METHODS We measured the magnitude of cutaneous responses to intradermal injections of C3a or C5a and the extent of IgE-dependent mast cell degranulation and PCA responses in mice containing mast cells that did or did not express C3aR or C5aR. RESULTS The majority of the skin swelling induced by means of intradermal injection of C3a or C5a required that mast cells at the site expressed C3aR or C5aR, respectively, and the extent of IgE-dependent degranulation of skin mast cells and IgE-dependent PCA was significantly reduced when mast cells lacked either C3aR or C5aR. IgE-dependent PCA responses associated with local increases in C3a levels occurred in antibody-deficient mice but not in mice deficient in FcɛRIγ. CONCLUSION Expression of C3aR and C5aR by skin mast cells contributes importantly to the ability of C3a and C5a to induce skin swelling and can enhance mast cell degranulation and inflammation during IgE-dependent PCA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Schäfer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif 94305-5324, USA
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Younan G, Suber F, Xing W, Shi T, Kunori Y, Abrink M, Pejler G, Schlenner SM, Rodewald HR, Moore FD, Stevens RL, Adachi R, Austen KF, Gurish MF. The inflammatory response after an epidermal burn depends on the activities of mouse mast cell proteases 4 and 5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7681-90. [PMID: 21076070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A second-degree epidermal scald burn in mice elicits an inflammatory response mediated by natural IgM directed to nonmuscle myosin with complement activation that results in ulceration and scarring. We find that such burn injury is associated with early mast cell (MC) degranulation and is absent in WBB6F1-Kit(W)/Kit(Wv) mice, which lack MCs in a context of other defects due to a mutation of the Kit receptor. To address further an MC role, we used transgenic strains with normal lineage development and a deficiency in a specific secretory granule component. Mouse strains lacking the MC-restricted chymase, mouse MC protease (mMCP)-4, or elastase, mMCP-5, show decreased injury after a second-degree scald burn, whereas mice lacking the MC-restricted tryptases, mMCP-6 and mMCP-7, or MC-specific carboxypeptidase A3 activity are not protected. Histologic sections showed some disruption of the epidermis at the scald site in the protected strains suggesting the possibility of topical reconstitution of full injury. Topical application of recombinant mMCP-5 or human neutrophil elastase to the scalded area increases epidermal injury with subsequent ulceration and scarring, both clinically and morphologically, in mMCP-5-deficient mice. Restoration of injury requires that topical administration of recombinant mMCP-5 occurs within the first hour postburn. Importantly, topical application of human MC chymase restores burn injury to scalded mMCP-4-deficient mice but not to mMCP-5-deficient mice revealing nonredundant actions for these two MC proteases in a model of innate inflammatory injury with remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Younan
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Useglio M, Castellano PM, Operto MA, Torres R, Kaufman TS. Synthesis of 3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1′-cyclohexane] derivatives from naturally occurring filifolinol and their classical complement pathway inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5097-101. [PMID: 16875818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Six 3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexane] derivatives were synthesized from naturally occurring filifolinol, and their classical complement pathway inhibitory activity was determined. IC(50) values of the most potent compounds were comparable to the activity of the natural complement inhibitor K76-COOH and some synthetic tricyclic analogs of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Useglio
- Instituto de Química Orgánica de Síntesis, IQUIOS, CONICET-UNR, and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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14
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Kawakubo K, Akiba Y, Adelson D, Guth PH, Engel E, Taché Y, Kaunitz JD. Role of gastric mast cells in the regulation of central TRH analog-induced hyperemia in rats. Peptides 2005; 26:1580-9. [PMID: 16112396 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RX 77368 (RX) increases gastric mucosal blood flow by a vagal cholinergic mechanism. The relative roles of mucosal and connective tissue mast cells (MMC and CTMC) were investigated in RX-injected rats. Blood flow and mast cell degranulation were measured after intracisternal RX. RX significantly increased gastric mucosal blood flow, and sequentially degranulated CTMC and MMC. Ketotifen or doxantrazole inhibited the hyperemic response. Ondansetron, RS-039604-90, or famotidine, but not ketanserin or pyrilamine, reduced hyperemia. Mast cells mediate RX-induced gastric hyperemia via 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and H2 receptors; initial increase depends upon CTMC whereas MMC contributes to the later response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Kawakubo
- Digestive Diseases Division, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Atkinson C, Song H, Lu B, Qiao F, Burns TA, Holers VM, Tsokos GC, Tomlinson S. Targeted complement inhibition by C3d recognition ameliorates tissue injury without apparent increase in susceptibility to infection. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2444-53. [PMID: 16127466 PMCID: PMC1190375 DOI: 10.1172/jci25208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate a pivotal role for complement in mediating both local and remote injury following ischemia and reperfusion of the intestine. Here, we report on the use of a mouse model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury to investigate the strategy of targeting complement inhibition to sites of complement activation by linking an iC3b/C3dg-binding fragment of mouse complement receptor 2 (CR2) to a mouse complement-inhibitory protein, Crry. We show that the novel CR2-Crry fusion protein targets sites of local and remote (lung) complement activation following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury and that CR2-Crry requires a 10-fold lower dose than its systemic counterpart, Crry-Ig, to provide equivalent protection from both local and remote injury. CR2-Crry has a significantly shorter serum half-life than Crry-Ig and, unlike Crry-Ig, had no significant effect on serum complement activity at minimum effective therapeutic doses. Furthermore, the minimum effective dose of Crry-Ig significantly enhanced susceptibility to infection in a mouse model of acute septic peritonitis, whereas the effect of CR2-Crry on susceptibility to infection was indistinguishable from that of PBS control. Thus, compared with systemic inhibition, CR2-mediated targeting of a complement inhibitor of activation improved bioavailability, significantly enhanced efficacy, and maintained host resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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16
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de Visser KE, Korets LV, Coussens LM. Early neoplastic progression is complement independent. Neoplasia 2005; 6:768-76. [PMID: 15720803 PMCID: PMC1531681 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of leukocytes into premalignant tissue is a common feature of many epithelial neoplasms and is thought to contribute to cancer development. However, the molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms underlying activation of innate host responses to enhanced neoplastic cell proliferation are largely unknown. Considering the importance of the complement system in regulating inflammation during acute pathologic tissue remodeling, we examined the functional significance of complement component 3 (C3) as a regulator of inflammatory cell infiltration and activation during malignant progression by using a transgenic mouse model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis, e.g., HPV16 mice. Whereas abundant deposition of C3 is a characteristic feature of premalignant hyperplasias and dysplasias coincident with leukocyte infiltration in neoplastic tissue, genetic elimination of C3 neither affects inflammatory cell recruitment toward neoplastic skin nor impacts responding pathways downstream of inflammatory cell activation, e.g., keratinocyte hyperproliferation or angiogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that complement-independent pathways are critical for leukocyte recruitment into neoplastic tissue and leukocyte-mediated potentiation of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E de Visser
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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17
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Mallick IH, Yang W, Winslet MC, Seifalian AM. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the intestine and protective strategies against injury. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 49:1359-77. [PMID: 15481305 DOI: 10.1023/b:ddas.0000042232.98927.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the intestine is a significant problem in abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery, small bowel transplantation, cardiopulmonary bypass, strangulated hernias, and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. It can also occur as a consequence of collapse of systemic circulation, as in hypovolemic and septic shock. It is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. This article is a comprehensive review of the current status of the molecular biology and the strategies to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury of the intestine. Various treatment modalities have successfully been applied to attenuate reperfusion injury in animal models of reperfusion injury of the intestine. Ischemic preconditioning has been found to be the most promising strategy against reperfusion injury during the last few years, appearing to increase the tolerance of the intestine to reperfusion injury. Although ischemic preconditioning has been shown to be beneficial in the human heart and the liver, prospective controlled studies in humans involving ischemic preconditioning of the intestine are lacking. Research focused on the application of novel drugs that can mimic the effects of ischemic preconditioning to manipulate the cellular events during reperfusion injury of the intestine is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hameed Mallick
- GI & Hepatobiliary Research Unit, University Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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18
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Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the intestine is a significant problem in abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery, small bowel transplantation, cardiopulmonary bypass, strangulated hernias, and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. It can also occur as a consequence of collapse of systemic circulation, as in hypovolemic and septic shock. It is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. This article is a comprehensive review of the current status of the molecular biology and the strategies to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury of the intestine. Various treatment modalities have successfully been applied to attenuate reperfusion injury in animal models of reperfusion injury of the intestine. Ischemic preconditioning has been found to be the most promising strategy against reperfusion injury during the last few years, appearing to increase the tolerance of the intestine to reperfusion injury. Although ischemic preconditioning has been shown to be beneficial in the human heart and the liver, prospective controlled studies in humans involving ischemic preconditioning of the intestine are lacking. Research focused on the application of novel drugs that can mimic the effects of ischemic preconditioning to manipulate the cellular events during reperfusion injury of the intestine is required.
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19
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Proctor LM, Arumugam TV, Shiels I, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Taylor SM. Comparative anti-inflammatory activities of antagonists to C3a and C5a receptors in a rat model of intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:756-64. [PMID: 15159277 PMCID: PMC1575041 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Complement activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (I/R), although the relative importance of individual complement components is unclear. A C3a receptor antagonist N(2)-[(2,2-diphenylethoxy)acetyl]-l-arginine (C3aRA) has been compared with a C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRA), AcF-[OPdChaWR], in a rat model of intestinal I/R. 2. C3aRA (IC(50)=0.15 microm) and C5aRA (IC(50)=0.32 microm) bound selectively to human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) C3a and C5a receptors, respectively. Effects on circulating neutrophils and blood pressure in the rat were also assessed. 3. Anaesthetised rats, subjected to intestinal ischaemia (30 min) and reperfusion (120 min), were administered intravenously with either (A) the C3aRA (0.1-1.0 mg x kg(-1)); the C5aRA (1.0 mg x kg(-1)); the C3aRA+C5aRA (each 1.0 mg x kg(-1)); or vehicle, 45 min prior, or (B) the C3aRA (1.0 mg x kg(-1)) or vehicle, 120 min prior to reperfusion. 4. The C3aRA and C5aRA, administered 45 min prior to reperfusion, displayed similar efficacies at ameliorating several disease markers (increased oedema, elevated ALT levels and mucosal damage) of rat intestinal I/R. The combination drug treatment did not result in greater injury reduction than either antagonist alone. However, doses of the C3aRA (0.01-10 mg x kg(-1)) caused transient neutropaenia, and the highest dose (10 mg x kg(-1)) also caused a rapid and transient hypertension. 5. The C3aRA (1.0 mg x kg(-1)), delivered 120 min prior to reperfusion to remove the global effect of C3aRA-induced neutrophil sequestration, did not attenuate the markers of intestinal I/R, despite persistent C3aR antagonism at this time. 6. C3aR antagonism does not appear to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of this C3aRA in intestinal I/R in the rat. Instead, C3aRA-mediated global neutrophil tissue sequestration during ischaemia and early reperfusion may account for the protective effects observed.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/blood
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemical synthesis
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Arginine/administration & dosage
- Arginine/analogs & derivatives
- Arginine/chemical synthesis
- Arginine/therapeutic use
- Australia
- Benzhydryl Compounds/administration & dosage
- Benzhydryl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/therapeutic use
- Neutropenia/chemically induced
- Neutropenia/complications
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/administration & dosage
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Complement/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Complement/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Complement/therapeutic use
- Reperfusion Injury/complications
- Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
- Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia M Proctor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian Shiels
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C Reid
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen M Taylor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Author for correspondence:
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20
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Zhang M, Austen WG, Chiu I, Alicot EM, Hung R, Ma M, Verna N, Xu M, Hechtman HB, Moore FD, Carroll MC. Identification of a specific self-reactive IgM antibody that initiates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3886-91. [PMID: 14999103 PMCID: PMC374339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400347101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury of ischemic tissue represents an acute inflammatory response that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. The mechanism of injury is not fully elucidated, but recent studies indicate an important role for natural antibody and the classical pathway of complement. To test the hypothesis that injury is initiated by specific IgM, we have screened a panel of IgM-producing hybridomas prepared from peritoneal cells enriched in B-1 cells. One clone, CM22, was identified that could restore pathogenic injury in RAG-1(-/-) mice in an intestinal model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In situ activation of the classical pathway of complement was evident by deposition of IgM, complement C4, and C3 in damaged tissue after passive transfer of CM22 IgM. Sequence analysis of CM22 Ig heavy and light chains showed germ-line configurations with high homology to a V(H) sequence from the B-1 repertoire and a V(K) of a known polyreactive natural IgM. These data provide definitive evidence that I/R injury can be initiated by clonally specific natural IgM that activates the classical pathway of complement. This finding opens an avenue for identification of I/R-specific self-antigen(s) and early prevention of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Natural Antibodies, Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Verburg M, Renes IB, Einerhand AWC, Büller HA, Dekker J. Isolation-stress increases small intestinal sensitivity to chemotherapy in rats. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:660-71. [PMID: 12612905 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2003.50093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Severe gastrointestinal damage often complicates the use of chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate for anticancer treatment. Psychologic stress is known to be detrimental to normal intestinal physiology. We set out to determine if psychologic stress adds to the intestinal damage provoked by chemotherapy. METHODS Rats were treated with various doses of methotrexate and housed either alone, which induces mental stress, or maintained in groups of 3 animals. Treatment was evaluated by (immuno)histologic parameters. RESULTS Epithelial crypt damage, increased lysozyme expression, decreased sucrase-isomaltase and sodium/glucose transporter 1 expression, and pathologic changes in mucin and trefoil factor protein expression could be prevented by avoiding isolation. Enhanced cytotoxicity of methotrexate through isolation was about 2-fold and involved an augmented inhibition of proliferation, increased epithelial apoptosis, increased villus damage, and delayed recovery. We could not identify a role for mucosal mast cells in the increased epithelial damage under isolated conditions. CONCLUSIONS The clear beneficial effects of avoiding mental stress on the protection of the intestinal epithelium during cytostatic drug-treatment may be an important element for the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Verburg
- Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Arumugam TV, Shiels IA, Woodruff TM, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Taylor SM. Protective effect of a new C5a receptor antagonist against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat small intestine. J Surg Res 2002; 103:260-7. [PMID: 11922743 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We have studied the action of an orally active complement factor 5a (C5a) receptor antagonist, the cyclic peptide AcF-(OPdChaWR) [Ac-Phe(Orn-Pro-d-cyclohexylalanine-Trp-Arg)] against local and remote intestinal I/R injuries in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anesthetized rats were administered with AcF-(OPdChaWR) at doses of 1 mg/kg intravenously or 0.3, 1, or 10 mg/kg orally with pyrogen-free saline for sham control animals. The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 30 min and the intestine reperfused for 120 min. Changes associated with tissue injury were assessed by neutropenia, intestinal edema, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, serum haptoglobin, plasma aspartate aminotransferase, and histopathology. RESULTS Pretreatment with either a single intravenous dose (1 mg/kg), or a single oral dose (10 mg/kg) of AcF-(OPdChaWR) significantly inhibited I/R induced neutropenia, the elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, haptoglobin, and plasma aspartate aminotransferase, as well as intestinal edema. Histological analysis of AcF-(OPdChaWR)-treated I/R animals showed markedly reduced mucosal layer damage compared to that of untreated rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a potent antagonist of C5a receptors on human cells protects the rat small intestine from I/R injury after oral or intravenous administration. Small molecule C5a antagonists may have some therapeutic utility in reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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23
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The Role of the Complement Cascade in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Implications for Neuroprotection. Mol Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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24
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Nielsen VG, Geary BT. Hepatoenteric ischemia-reperfusion increases circulating heparinoid activity in rabbits. J Crit Care 2000; 15:142-6. [PMID: 11138874 DOI: 10.1053/jcrc.2000.19230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if an increase in circulating heparinoid activity contributes to the hemostatic abnormalities associated with hepatoenteric ischemia-reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anesthetized rabbit (n = 18) underwent thoracic aorta occlusion for 30 minutes with a balloon catheter, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Blood samples were obtained after 30 minutes of equilibration and 30 minutes of reperfusion. Hemostatic function was assessed by changes in the thrombelastographic variables R (reaction time), alpha (a measure of the speed of clot formation), and G (a measure of clot strength). Thrombelastography was performed on blood without platelet inhibition in the presence or absence of heparinase (n = 9 rabbits). Additional samples (n = 9) were exposed to cytochalasin D (platelet inhibitor) with or without heparinase. RESULTS Compared with preischemic values, blood samples with intact platelet function obtained during reperfusion demonstrated a decrease in hemostatic function evidenced by a significant (P<.05) increase in R, decrease in alpha, and decrease in G. R, alpha, and G values of samples without platelet inhibition exposed to heparinase did not significantly change after ischemia. Blood samples exposed to cytochalasin D displayed a similar pattern. CONCLUSION An increase in circulating heparinoid activity significantly contributes to the hemostatic disorder associated with hepatoenteric ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35249, USA
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25
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Lazarus B, Messina A, Barker JE, Hurley JV, Romeo R, Morrison WA, Knight KR. The role of mast cells in ischaemia-reperfusion injury in murine skeletal muscle. J Pathol 2000; 191:443-8. [PMID: 10918220 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::aid-path666>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of mast cells in ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to skeletal muscle, W(f)/W(f) mast cell-deficient and their corresponding wild-type mice were subjected to 70 min tourniquet ischaemia and 24 h reperfusion. As measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining, muscle viability was 9% in wild-type and 94% in mast cell-deficient animals (p<0.001). Assay of residual lactate dehydrogenase activity within the injured muscle (p<0.05) and histological examination confirmed the greater muscle necrosis in treated wild-type than in treated mast cell-deficient mice. There was no significant difference in the degree of neutrophil infiltration, tissue myeloperoxidase content or water content of IR-injured muscle in the two mouse phenotypes. To determine further the role of mast cells in IR injury, wild-type mice were treated 30 min prior to reperfusion with an intraperitoneal dose of either saline or the mast cell-stabilizing agent lodoxamide trometamol (2.5, 7.5, 25 or 75 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours after removal of the tourniquet, saline-treated gastrocnemius muscle had a mean viability of 14% compared with 28% (p<0.05) and 48% (p<0.01) after 25 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg of lodoxamide treatment, respectively. The ability of lodoxamide to stabilize mast cells was confirmed by histological examination. Ischaemic muscle reperfused for 1 h showed much less degranulation of mast cells in mice pretreated with lodoxamide (50 mg/kg) than in saline-treated controls. These findings suggest that mast cells are a major source of mediators of necrosis in IR injury to skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lazarus
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 42 Fitzroy Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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26
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Araki Y, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Development of dextran sulphate sodium-induced experimental colitis is suppressed in genetically mast cell-deficient Ws/Ws rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 119:264-9. [PMID: 10632661 PMCID: PMC1905515 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ws/Ws rats have a small deletion of the c-kit gene, and are deficient in both mucosal-type mast cells (MMC) and connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC). In the present study we investigated the role of intestinal MMC in the development of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis using Ws/Ws rats. Ws/Ws and control (+/+) rats were given a 3% DSS aqueous solution orally for 10 days, and the subsequent mucosal damage was evaluated macroscopically and histologically. The mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and histamine levels were also measured. (i) DSS induced severe oedema and hyperaemia with sporadic erosions in the control (+/+) rats, but these changes were significantly attenuated in the Ws/Ws rats (P < 0.01). (ii) The microscopic mucosal damage score was lower in the Ws/Ws rats than in the control (+/+) rats (P = 0.06). (iii) There were no significant differences in mucosal MPO activity between the Ws/Ws and control (+/+) rats (P = 0.46). (iv) The mucosal histamine levels in the colon were significantly reduced in the Ws/Ws rats compared with the control (+/+) rats (P < 0.05). (v) Significant positive correlations were observed between mucosal histamine levels and the degree of mucosal oedema (calculated as colonic wet weight/protein content) (r = 0.778, P < 0.01), and between histamine levels and the macroscopic damage (r = 0.623, P < 0.05), respectively. (vi) DSS induced a local recruitment of MMC in the colonic mucosa of Ws/Ws rats, and mucosal damage gradually increased in accordance with this MMC recruitment. These results indicate that MMC play an important role in the development of DSS colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Araki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Interest has blossomed in the development of complement inhibitors, in parallel with a growth in our understanding of the biology of the complement cascade. The first generation of designed inhibitors was based on naturally occurring complement receptors and regulatory molecules. These agents provided useful tools for exploring the role of complement in experimental models of disease, but may have limited therapeutic application in humans because of their short half-lives, limited bioavailability and possible antigenicity. More recently, humanized antibodies and synthetic molecules that block the activation of complement have been developed, which look as though they may overcome some of these difficulties. The possibility for precision inhibition of a limited part of the complement cascade, or for inhibition confined to a single organ, may offer effective therapeutic results, while avoiding the disadvantages of nonselective complement blockade. This review examines the recent evidence that complement inhibition will reduce tissue damage resulting from organ transplantation, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, cancer, glomerulonephritis and the use of extracorporeal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Marsh
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College, University of London, UK
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28
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Andoh A, Kimura T, Fukuda M, Araki Y, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Rapid intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury is suppressed in genetically mast cell-deficient Ws/Ws rats. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 116:90-3. [PMID: 10209510 PMCID: PMC1905206 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ws/Ws rats have a small deletion of the c-kit gene, and are deficient in both mucosal and connective tissue-type mast cells. In this study, the role of mucosal type mast cells (MMC) in the development of intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury was investigated in Ws/Ws rats. Autoperfused segments of the jejunum were exposed to 60 min of ischaemia, followed by reperfusion for various time periods. The epithelial permeability was then assessed by the 51Cr-EDTA clearance rate. In the control (+/+) rats, the maximal increase in mucosal permeability was achieved at 45 min of reperfusion. In contrast, this increase was significantly and potently attenuated in the Ws/Ws rats. Mucosal alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in the control (+/+) rats, but was not altered in the Ws/Ws rats. There were no differences in mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, indicating that granulocytes did not contribute to tissue injury. These results provide direct evidence for the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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