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Whole transcriptome analysis of HCT-8 cells infected by Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:441. [PMID: 36434735 PMCID: PMC9700907 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium species are zoonotic protozoans that are important causes of diarrhoeal disease in both humans and animals. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important role in the innate immune defense against Cryptosporidium infection, but the underlying molecular mechanisms in the interaction between human ileocecal adenocarcinoma (HCT-8) cells and Cryptosporidium species have not been entirely revealed. METHODS The expression profiles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the early phase of infection of HCT-8 cells with Cryptosporidium parvum and at 3 and 12 h post infection were analyzed using the RNA-sequencing technique. The biological functions of differentially expressed RNAs (dif-RNAs) were discovered through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. The targeting relationships between three ncRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed using bioinformatics methods, followed by building a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network centered on miRNAs. RESULTS After strictly filtering the raw data, our analysis revealed 393 dif-lncRNAs, 69 dif-miRNAs and 115 dif-mRNAs at 3 hpi, and 450 dif-lncRNAs, 129 dif-miRNAs, 117 dif-mRNAs and one dif-circRNA at 12 hpi. Of these, 94 dif-lncRNAs, 24 dif-miRNAs and 22 dif-mRNAs were detected at both post-infection time points. Eleven dif-lncRNAs, seven dif-miRNAs, eight dif-mRNAs and one circRNA were randomly selected and confirmed using the quantitative real-time PCR. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the dif-mRNAs were significantly enriched in nutritional absorption, metabolic processes and metabolism-related pathways, while the dif-lncRNAs were mainly involved in the pathways related to the infection and pathogenicity of C. parvum (e.g. tight junction protein) and immune-related pathways (e.g. cell adhesion molecules). In contrast, dif-miRNAs and dif-circRNA were significantly enriched in apoptosis and apoptosis-related pathways. Among the downregulated RNAs, the miRNAs has-miR-324-3p and hsa-miR-3127-5p appear to be crucial miRNAs which could negatively regulate circRNA, lncRNA and mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The whole transcriptome profiles of HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum were obtained in this study. The results of the GO and KEGG pathway analyses suggest significant roles for these dif-RNAs during the course of C. parvum infection. A ceRNA regulation network containing miRNA at its center was constructed for the first time, with hsa-miR-324-3p and hsa-miR-3127-5p being the crucial miRNAs. These findings provide novel insights into the responses of human intestinal epithelial cells to C. parvum infection.
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Hotz JF, Kaczirek K, Stremitzer S, Waneck F, Auer H, Perkmann T, Kussmann M, Bauer PK, Chen RY, Kriz R, Burgmann H, Ramharter M, Lagler H. Evaluation of Eosinophilic Cationic Protein as a Marker of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020261. [PMID: 35215203 PMCID: PMC8878807 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic disease and a worldwide public health problem caused by infection with the larval stages of taeniid cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. In vitro studies have demonstrated a protoscolecidal effect of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), a granule protein of eosinophilic granulocytes, against E. granulosus. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate ECP as a biomarker in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE). Data were collected retrospectively from the Vienna Echinococcosis Cohort over 7 years until December 2020. Altogether, 32 patients (16 AE and 16 CE) were included. In the selected patients, serum ECP values were compared before and after the beginning of an operative and/or benzimidazole (BMZ) therapy. Mean ECP serum levels before intervention were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated at 34.0 ± 22.9 μg/L in AE patients and at 38.6 ± 19.9 μg/L in CE patients compared to the control group. After the intervention, mean ECP levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) to 20.4 ± 14.6 μg/L in AE patients and to 22.4 ± 8.3 μg/L in CE patients. Furthermore, ECP showed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation of k = 0.56 with PET–CTI. Based on the significant decrease after operative and/or BMZ treatment and the correlation with clinical markers such as PET–CTI, it is recommended to investigate ECP more intensively as a marker of AE and CE in prospective studies with larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Frederic Hotz
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaczirek
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefan Stremitzer
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Fredrik Waneck
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Herbert Auer
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Manuel Kussmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Philipp Karl Bauer
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Rui-Yang Chen
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Richard Kriz
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine & I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Heimo Lagler
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-40400-44400
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Kanu C S, Aloke C, Elom I N, Eleazu O C. Effects of co-treatment of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves and primaquine on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, hematological, and antioxidant parameters. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100656. [PMID: 36399959 PMCID: PMC9673106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been observed that most malaria patients especially G6PD-deficient patients usually experience oxidative stress and severe anemia when treated with primaquine. This calls for the need to search for a treatment option that will ameliorate these side effects. OBJECTIVE The effect of co-treatment of malaria with aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves (AEOGL) and primaquine on G6PD activity, antioxidant indices and hematological parameters in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty mice divided into six groups of five mice each were recruited for this study. Whilst Group 1 (G1) served as the negative control (group not infected with plasmodium parasite), Groups 2 to 6 (G2-G6) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml of 1 × 105/ml Plasmodium berghei (NK 65 strain) infected erythrocytes. G2 (parasite control) received no treatment. Groups 3,4,5 and 6 were administered 0.25 mg/kg bw of primaquine only; 100 mg/kg b. w of AEOGL +0.25 mg/kg bw of primaquine; 200 mg/kg b. w of AEOGL +0.25 mg/kg bw of primaquine; 200 mg/kg b. w of AEOGL respectively, for 14 days. RESULTS Treatment with only primaquine gave the highest mean malaria parasite clearance (82.10 ± 0.45 percent), followed by 100 mg/kg b. w of AEOGL + Primaquine (75.59 ± 0.47 percent), 200 mg/kg b. w of AEOGL + Primaquine (67.35 ± 0.67 percent), and AEOGL alone (55 ± 0.56 percent). In comparison with the untreated malaria groups, co-treatment with AEOGL + Primaquine produced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in G6PD activity, serum ascorbate, reduced glutathione, catalase activity, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in malondialdehyde level in a dose-dependent pattern and also a significant (p < 0.05) rise in packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and red blood cell count, unlike treatment with only primaquine which resulted in a non-significant (P > 0.05) difference in these parameters. CONCLUSION Co-treatment of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with AEOGL and primaquine improved the G6PD activity, hematological parameters and antioxidant status relative to treatment with only primaquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shedrach Kanu C
- Department of Biochemistry, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria,Corresponding author.
| | - Chinyere Aloke
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria,Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Nwabueze Elom I
- Department of Chemistry, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedum Eleazu O
- Department of Biochemistry, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Scheunemann JF, Reichwald JJ, Korir PJ, Kuehlwein JM, Jenster LM, Hammerschmidt-Kamper C, Lewis MD, Klocke K, Borsche M, Schwendt KE, Soun C, Thiebes S, Limmer A, Engel DR, Mueller AK, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP, Schumak B. Eosinophils Suppress the Migration of T Cells Into the Brain of Plasmodium berghei-Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice and Protect Them From Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711876. [PMID: 34659202 PMCID: PMC8514736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a potentially lethal disease, which is caused by excessive inflammatory responses to Plasmodium parasites. Here we use a newly developed transgenic Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbAAma1OVA) parasite that can be used to study parasite-specific T cell responses. Our present study demonstrates that Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack type I interferon receptor-dependent signaling, are protected from experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) when infected with this novel parasite. Although CD8+ T cell responses generated in the spleen are essential for the development of ECM, we measured comparable parasite-specific cytotoxic T cell responses in ECM-protected Ifnar1-/- mice and wild type mice suffering from ECM. Importantly, CD8+ T cells were increased in the spleens of ECM-protected Ifnar1-/- mice and the blood-brain-barrier remained intact. This was associated with elevated splenic levels of CCL5, a T cell and eosinophil chemotactic chemokine, which was mainly produced by eosinophils, and an increase in eosinophil numbers. Depletion of eosinophils enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration into the brain and increased ECM induction in PbAAma1OVA-infected Ifnar1-/- mice. However, eosinophil-depletion did not reduce the CD8+ T cell population in the spleen or reduce splenic CCL5 concentrations. Our study demonstrates that eosinophils impact CD8+ T cell migration and proliferation during PbAAma1OVA-infection in Ifnar1-/- mice and thereby are contributing to the protection from ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F Scheunemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia J Reichwald
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia Jebett Korir
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janina M Kuehlwein
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Jenster
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Matthew D Lewis
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Klocke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim E Schwendt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Camille Soun
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Thiebes
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Orish VN, Ofori-Amoah J, Amegan-Aho KH, Osisiogu EU, Osei-Yeboah J, Lokpo SY, Allotey EA, Adu-Amankwaah J, Azuma DE, Agordoh PD. Eosinophilia in school-going children with Plasmodium falciparum and helminth infections in the Volta Region of Ghana. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:277. [PMID: 34122704 PMCID: PMC8179977 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.277.17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION eosinophilia is seen in children infected with parasitic organisms. This study aimed at evaluating eosinophilia in children infected with Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma haematobium and intestinal helminths in the Volta Region of Ghana. METHODS five hundred and fifty primary school children were selected for this study from 5 primary schools in 2 districts and a municipal area of the Volta Region of Ghana. Blood, stool and urine samples were obtained and screened for P. falciparum, intestinal helminths and S. haematobium respectively. Socio-demographic information were obtained using a standardized questionnaire administration. Pearson chi square analysis was used to evaluate the association between eosinophilia and parasitic infections, and multivariate logistics regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with increased risk of eosinophilia. RESULTS a total of 145(26.36%) children had eosinophilia of which 107(73.79%) were infected with P. falciparum infection, (p=0.016); 18(12.41%) with S. haematobium infection, (p=0.016); and 3(2.07%) children were infected with intestinal helminth, (p=0.36). Children infected with P. falciparum had 2 times increased risk of eosinophilia (AOR=2.01, 95% CI, [1.29-3.2], p=0.02); while children from Davanu primary school had 4 times increased risk of eosinophilia (AOR=4.3, 95% [2.41-10.10], p<0.001). CONCLUSION there was significantly high prevalence of eosinophilia among children infected with P. falciparum infection. A longitudinal study is needed to further understand the immune response of these children to parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verner Ndudiri Orish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Jones Ofori-Amoah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Kokou Hefoume Amegan-Aho
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - James Osei-Yeboah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Sylvester Yao Lokpo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Alote Allotey
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Joseph Adu-Amankwaah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Daniel Edem Azuma
- School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Percival Delali Agordoh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Mukhi B, Gupta H, Wassmer SC, Anvikar AR, Ghosh SK. Haplotype of RNASE 3 polymorphisms is associated with severe malaria in an Indian population. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8841-8848. [PMID: 33113080 PMCID: PMC7591695 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria (SM) caused by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection has been associated with life-threatening anemia, metabolic acidosis, cerebral malaria and multiorgan dysfunction. It may lead to death if not treated promptly. RNASE 3 has been linked to Pf growth inhibition and its polymorphisms found associated with SM and cerebral malaria in African populations. This study aimed to assess the association of RNASE 3 polymorphisms with SM in an Indian population. RNASE 3 gene and flanking regions were amplified followed by direct DNA sequencing in 151 Indian patients who visited Wenlock District Government Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared between patients with SM (n = 47) and uncomplicated malaria (UM; n = 104). Homozygous mutant genotype was only found for rs2233860 (+ 499G > C) polymorphism (< 1% frequency). No significant genetic associations were found for RNASE 3 polymorphism genotypes and alleles in Indian SM patients using the Fisher's exact test. C-G-G haplotype of rs2233859 (− 38C > A), rs2073342 (+ 371C > G) and rs2233860 (+ 499G > C) polymorphisms was correlated significantly with SM patients (OR = 3.03; p = 0.008) after Bonferroni correction. A haplotype of RNASE 3 gene was found associated with an increased risk of SM and confirming that RNASE 3 gene plays a role in susceptibility to SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benudhar Mukhi
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St. Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St. Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Susanta Kumar Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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Mei X, Ye Z, Chang Y, Huang S, Song J, Lu F. Trichinella spiralis co-infection exacerbates Plasmodium berghei malaria-induced hepatopathy. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:440. [PMID: 32883347 PMCID: PMC7469358 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Plasmodium parasites and intestinal helminths share common endemic areas, the mechanisms of these co-infections on the host immune response remain not fully understood. Liver involvement in severe Plasmodium falciparum infections is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. However, the effect of pre-existing Trichinella spiralis infection on the immune response and liver immune-pathogenesis in P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA)-infected mice needs to be elucidated. Methods Outbred Kunming mice were infected with T. spiralis and 9 days later were challenged with P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA), and the investigation occurred at 13 days after co-infection. Results Compared with PbANKA-mono-infected mice, T. spiralis + PbANKA-co-infected mice had similar survival rate but lower PbANKA parasitaemia; however, there were more severe hepatosplenomegaly, increased liver and spleen indexes, and increased liver pathology observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining; higher expression levels of galectin (Gal)-1, Gal-3, CD68+ macrophages, and elastase-positive neutrophils measured by immunohistochemical staining; upregulated mRNA expression levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-6), and M1 macrophage polarization marker (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) in the liver, and increased expression levels of Gal-1, IFNγ, IL-6, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil protein X, and M1 (IL-1β and iNOS) and M2 (Ym1) macrophage polarization markers in the spleen of co-infected mice detected by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In vitro study showed that compared with PbANKA-mono-infected mice, there were significantly increased expression levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS in the peritoneal macrophage isolated from co-infected mice detected by using qRT-PCR. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between Gal-3 and IL-1β in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from PbANKA-mono-infected mice, between Gal-3 and IFNγ in the spleen of co-infected mice, and between Gal-1 and Ym1 in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from co-infected mice. Conclusions Our data indicate that pre-existing infection of T. spiralis may suppress P. berghei parasitaemia and aggravate malaria-induced liver pathology through stimulating Gal-1 and Gal-3 expression, activating macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and promoting mediator release and cytokine production.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Mei
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhong Ye
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Chang
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianping Song
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Das S, Rajkumari N, Chinnakali P. A comparative study assessing the effect of haematological and biochemical parameters on the pathogenesis of malaria. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:633-637. [PMID: 31749535 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most common parasitic disease affecting mankind since millennia. The most pronounced changes related to malaria involve the blood and the blood forming system, the spleen and the liver. The abnormal haematological and biochemical parameters observed in malaria cases adversely affect the prognosis of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the severity of malaria by observing the significant abnormalities in haematological and biochemical parameters in the malaria infected cases as compared to the healthy controls. The study population comprised of 138 individuals, of which 69 were malaria cases and 69 were apparently healthy controls. All the 138 individuals were subjected to haematological and biochemical workup, following which statistical analysis was done to observe any association of altered haematological and biochemical parameters with severity of malaria, as compared to the healthy controls. Among the 138 study population, 69 patients were malaria cases whereas the other 69 were healthy controls. Haematological investigations revealed, that the haemoglobin levels, total RBC counts and haematocrit were significantly altered in the malaria cases as compared to the healthy controls. Also the leucogram profile showed significant leucopenia and neutropenia in the malaria patients as compared to the controls. Thrombocytopenia was also seen to be more pronounced in the malaria infected. The liver enzymes and serum bilirubin levels were raised in the malaria cases more than the controls. Altered haematological and biochemical parameters are indicators of disease progression to severity. Early detection and management of these parameters, will prevent the development of complications in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhusuta Das
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Educations and Research, 2nd Floor, Institute Block, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, 605006 India
| | - Nonika Rajkumari
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Educations and Research, 2nd Floor, Institute Block, Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, 605006 India
| | - Palanivel Chinnakali
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Educations and Research, Puducherry, 605006 India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims at highlighting the need to better understand the pathogenesis and natural history of endomyocardial fibrosis when set against its changing endemicity and disease burden, improvements in diagnosis, and new options for clinical management. RECENT FINDINGS Progress in imaging diagnostic techniques and availability of new targets for drug and surgical treatment of heart failure are contributing to earlier diagnosis and may lead to improvement in patient survival. Endomyocardial fibrosis was first described in Uganda by Davies more than 70 years ago (1948). Despite its poor prognosis, the etiology of this neglected tropical restrictive cardiomyopathy still remains enigmatic nowadays. Our review reflects on the journey of scientific discovery and construction of the current guiding concepts on this mysterious and fascinating condition, bringing to light the contemporary knowledge acquired over these years. Here we describe novel tools for diagnosis, give an overview of the improvement in clinical management, and finally, suggest research themes that can help improve patient outcomes focusing (whenever possible) on novel players coming into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olga Mocumbi
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Faculdade de Medicina, Maputo, Mozambique. .,Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene, Mozambique.
| | | | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magdi Yacoub
- Imperial College London, London, UK.,Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
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10
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Amoani B, Adu B, Frempong MT, Sarkodie-Addo T, Victor Nuvor S, Abu EK, Harrison LM, Cappello M, Gyan B, Wilson MD. Cytokine profiles of Necator americanus and Plasmodium falciparum co-infected patients in rural Ghana. Cytokine X 2019; 1:100014. [PMID: 33604551 PMCID: PMC7885886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2019.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of hookworm with P. falciparum modulates blood parasitemia levels. Cytokine levels were higher in the parasite infected individuals. Serum eotaxin level correlate negatively with hookworm intensity. Deworming drug treatment alters cytokine profiles in hookworm infected subjects.
Background Necator americanus (hookworm) and Plasmodium falciparum co-infections are common in endemic communities in rural Ghana. Human immune responses to P. falciparum and hookworm are complex, and the dynamics of cytokine levels and effector mediators are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the effect of hookworm and P. falciparum co-infection on parasite intensities and cytokine profiles in individuals before and after deworming drug treatment. Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted in the Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana blood and stool samples were analyzed from 984 participants (aged 4–88 years). Stool samples were collected at baseline from all participants and examined for the presence of hookworm using the Kato-Katz method. Blood and stool samples were analysed again two weeks after albendazole treatment of hookworm infected individuals. Malaria parasitaemia was estimated by light microscopy and P. falciparum-specific 18S rRNA gene PCR method used for species identification. Serum levels of circulating cytokines interleukins -5, -10 (IL-5, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and eotaxin [CCL11] were determined using ELISA based methods. Results Malaria parasitaemia was significantly reduced in hookworm and P. falciparum co-infected individuals (p = 0.0018) while hookworm intensity was similar between groups. IL-10 level was significantly higher in the co-infected individuals (39.9 ± 12.2 pg/ml) compared to the single infected or the uninfected group (10.7 ± 7.6 mg/ml). IL-5 level was higher in the hookworm only infected individual. TNF-α levels were higher in all infected groups compared to the uninfected controls. CCL11 levels were significantly higher in subjects infected with hookworm only or co-infected with hookworm and P. falciparum. There was a significantly negative correlation (rs = −0.39, p = 0.021) between hookworm eggs per gram of stool and CCL11 levels in the group mono-infected with hookworm which was not affected by treatment. Treatment with albendazole led to a significant reduction of TNF-α (p = 0.041), IL-5 (p = 0.01) and IL-10 (p = 0.001) levels. Conclusion This study shows that in the absence of other helminths, co-infection of hookworm with P. falciparum may modulate blood parasitemia levels and cytokine responses. Data also show that deworming drug treatment alters these cytokine profiles in hookworm infected subjects. Future studies to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying these observations should include an assessment of parasite specific cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Amoani
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Margaret T Frempong
- Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Tracy Sarkodie-Addo
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samuel Victor Nuvor
- Department of Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
- Department of Optometry, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Lisa M Harrison
- Partnerships for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Cappello
- Partnerships for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ben Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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11
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Elevated plasma abscisic acid is associated with asymptomatic falciparum malaria and with IgG-/caspase-1-dependent immunity in Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8896. [PMID: 29891920 PMCID: PMC5995817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an ancient stress hormone and is detectable in a wide variety of organisms where it regulates innate immunity and inflammation. Previously, we showed that oral supplementation with ABA decreased parasitemia in a mouse model of malaria, decreased liver and spleen pathology and reduced parasite transmission to mosquitoes. Here, we report that higher circulating ABA levels were associated with a reduced risk of symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Ugandan children. To understand possible mechanisms of ABA protection in malaria, we returned to our mouse model to show that ABA effects on Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL infection were accompanied by minimal effects on complete blood count and blood chemistry analytes, suggesting a benefit to host health. In addition, orally delivered ABA induced patterns of gene expression in mouse liver and spleen that suggested enhancement of host anti-parasite defenses. To test these inferences, we utilized passive immunization and knockout mice to demonstrate that ABA supplementation increases circulating levels of protective, parasite-specific IgG and requires caspase-1 to reduce parasitemia. Collectively, ABA induces host responses that ameliorate infection and disease in an animal model and suggest that further studies of ABA in the context of human malaria are warranted.
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12
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Diop G, Derbois C, Loucoubar C, Mbengue B, Ndao BN, Thiam F, Thiam A, Ndiaye R, Dieye Y, Olaso R, Deleuze JF, Dieye A. Genetic variants of RNASE3 (ECP) and susceptibility to severe malaria in Senegalese population. Malar J 2018; 17:61. [PMID: 29402293 PMCID: PMC5800030 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe forms of malaria (SM) are an outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and can cause death especially in children under 4 years of age. RNASE3 (ECP) has been identified as an inhibitor of Plasmodium parasites growth in vitro, and genetic analysis in hospitalized Ghanaian subjects has revealed the RNASE3 +371G/C (rs2073342) polymorphism as a susceptibility factor for cerebral malaria. The +371 C allele results in an Arg/Thr mutation that abolishes the cytotoxic activity of the ECP protein. The present study aims to investigate RNASE3 gene polymorphisms and their putative link to severe malaria in a malaria cohort from Senegal. Methods/results Patients enrolled from hospitals were classified as having either uncomplicated (UM) or severe malaria (SM). The analysis of the RNASE3 gene polymorphisms was performed in 241 subjects: 178 falciparum infected (96 SM, 82 UM) and 63 non-infected subjects as population control group (CTR). Six frequent SNPs (MAF > 3%) were identified, and one SNP was associated with malaria severity by performing a logistic regression analysis SM vs.UM: RNASE3 +499G/C (rs2233860) under age, sex as covariates and HbS/HbC polymorphisms adjustment (p = 0.003, OR 0.43, CI 95% 0.20–0.92). The polymorphisms: +371G/C (rs2073342), +499G/C (rs2233860) and +577A/T (rs8019343) defined a haplotype risk (G-G-T) for malaria severity (Fisher exact test, p = 0.03) (OR 4.1, IC 95% (1.1–14.9). Conclusion In addition to the previously described association of +371G/C polymorphism in Ghanaians cohort, the RNASE3 +499G/C polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to SM in a Senegalese population. The haplotype +371G/+499G/+577T defined by RNASE3 polymorphisms was associated with severity. The genetic association identified independently in the Senegalese population provide additional evidence of a role of RNASE3 (ECP) in malaria severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gora Diop
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie animale, Unité postulante de Biologie Génétique, Génomique et Bioinformatique (G2B), Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Sénégal. .,Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Céline Derbois
- Unité de Moyen-bas Débit, Institut de Génomique-CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Groupe G4, Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Mbengue
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Immunologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bineta Niakhana Ndao
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie animale, Unité postulante de Biologie Génétique, Génomique et Bioinformatique (G2B), Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Fatou Thiam
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Département de Génie chimique et Biologie appliquée, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Thiam
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rokhaya Ndiaye
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Immunologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Yakhya Dieye
- Département de Génie chimique et Biologie appliquée, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Robert Olaso
- Unité de Moyen-bas Débit, Institut de Génomique-CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Unité de Moyen-bas Débit, Institut de Génomique-CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Alioune Dieye
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Immunologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
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13
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Zhao J, Zhao Y. Interleukin-33 and its Receptor in Pulmonary Inflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 35:451-61. [PMID: 27279043 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016015865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family. It modulates immune responses and biological functions through binding to its membrane receptor, ST2L. ST2L is a member of the Toll-like/IL-1 (TIR)-receptor superfamily, and its isoform, soluble ST2 (sST2), functions as an inhibitor of the IL-33/ST2L pathway. Levels of IL-33 and sST2 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) are known biomarkers for a variety of disorders such as heart failure, non-small-cell lung cancer, and pulmonary inflammatory diseases. IL-33 also exists in the nuclei, and nuclear IL-33 seems to regulate cytokine gene expression. In this review, we focus on the role of IL-33/ST2 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammatory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, and Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, and Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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14
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Toure OA, Rulisa S, Anvikar AR, Rao BS, Mishra P, Jalali RK, Arora S, Roy A, Saha N, Iyer SS, Sharma P, Valecha N. Efficacy and safety of fixed dose combination of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate dispersible tablets in paediatric patients with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a phase II, multicentric, open-label study. Malar J 2015; 14:469. [PMID: 26608469 PMCID: PMC4660726 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The present study investigated the efficacy and safety of fixed dose combination (FDC) of arterolane maleate 37.5 mg and piperaquine phosphate (PQP) 187.5 mg dispersible tablets in paediatric patients aged 6 months to 12 years. METHODS Male and female patients aged 6 months to 12 years who were confirmed cases of P. falciparum mono-infection with fever or documented history of fever in the previous 24 h were included. The patients were administered FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP as single daily doses for three consecutive days based on their age. The primary efficacy outcome was proportion of patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on day 28. Safety was analysed based on adverse events (AE), laboratory abnormalities and abnormalities on electrocardiograph. RESULTS A total of 141 eligible paediatric patients received FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP in a 42-day follow-up study. All the enrolled patients (141) were included in intention to treat (ITT) and safety analyses, and 126 patients were considered in per protocol (PP) population. The PCR-corrected ACPR on day 28 was achieved in all patients (100 %; 95 % CI 97.11-100) included in PP population. The median parasite clearance time (PCT) and fever clearance time (FCT) were 24 h (95 % CI 18.0-24.0) and 10 h (95 % CI 4.0-18.0), respectively. The most frequently reported clinical AE was vomiting. Majority of the AEs were mild to moderate in severity and resolved without sequelae. No patient was discontinued for any QTc (corrected QT interval) prolongation. No deaths or serious AEs were reported during the study. CONCLUSION The findings from this study showed that FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP effectively cures P. falciparum malaria and attains acceptable level of cure by day 28 in paediatric patients. The efficacy and safety results observed in children warrants further studies on FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP dispersible tablets. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry India: CTRI/2009/091/000531.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Rulisa
- Department of Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda.
| | | | - Ballamudi S Rao
- Department of Medicine, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Pitabas Mishra
- Department of Paediatrics, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
| | - Rajinder K Jalali
- Medical Affairs, Clinical Research and Global Head Pharmacovigilance, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Sudershan Arora
- Corporate Office, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Arjun Roy
- CDM and Biostatistics, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Nilanjan Saha
- Medical Global Marketing Corporate Office, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Sunil S Iyer
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
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15
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Leukogram Profile and Clinical Status in vivax and falciparum Malaria Patients from Colombia. J Trop Med 2015; 2015:796182. [PMID: 26664413 PMCID: PMC4667023 DOI: 10.1155/2015/796182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Hematological alterations are frequent in malaria patients; the relationship between alterations in white blood cell counts and clinical status in malaria is not well understood. In Colombia, with low endemicity and unstable transmission for malaria, with malaria vivax predominance, the hematologic profile in malaria patients is not well characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize the leukogram in malaria patients and to analyze its alterations in relation to the clinical status. Methods. 888 leukogram profiles of malaria patients from different Colombian regions were studied: 556 with P. falciparum infection (62.6%), 313 with P. vivax infection (35.2%), and 19 with mixed infection by these species (2.1%). Results. Leukocyte counts at diagnosis were within normal range in 79% of patients and 18% had leucopenia; the most frequent alteration was lymphopenia (54%) followed by monocytosis (11%); the differential granulocyte count in 298 patients revealed eosinophilia (15%) and high basophil counts (8%). Leukocytosis, eosinopenia, and neutrophilia were associated with clinical complications. The utility of changes in leukocyte counts as markers of severity should be explored in depth. A better understanding of these hematological parameters will allow their use in prompt diagnosis of malaria complications and monitoring treatment response.
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16
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Arndts K, Klarmann-Schulz U, Batsa L, Debrah AY, Epp C, Fimmers R, Specht S, Layland LE, Hoerauf A. Reductions in microfilaridermia by repeated ivermectin treatment are associated with lower Plasmodium-specific Th17 immune responses in Onchocerca volvulus-infected individuals. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:184. [PMID: 25889652 PMCID: PMC4391604 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 37 million individuals are currently infected with Onchocerca volvulus (O. volvulus), a parasitic nematode that elicits various dermal manifestations and eye damage in man. Disease control is primarily based on distributing ivermectin in mass drug administration (MDA) programmes which aim at breaking transmission by eliminating microfilariae (MF), the worm's offspring. The majority of infected individuals present generalized onchocerciasis, which is characterized by hyporesponsive immune responses and high parasite burden including MF. Recently, in areas that have been part of MDA programmes, individuals have been identified that present nodules but are amicrofilaridermic (a-MF) and our previous study showed that this group has a distinct immune profile. Expanding on those findings we determined the immune responses of O. volvulus-infected individuals to a Plasmodium-derived antigen MSP-1 (merozoite surface protein-1), which is required by the parasite to enter erythrocytes. METHODS Isolated PBMCs from O. volvulus-infected individuals (164 MF(+) and 46 a-MF) and non-infected volunteers from the same region (NEN), were stimulated with MSP-1 and the resulting supernatant screened for the presence of IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A and IL-10. These findings were then further analyzed following regression analysis using the covariates MF, ivermectin (IVM) and region. The latter referred to the Central or Ashanti regions of Ghana, which, at the time sampling, had received 8 or 1 round of MDA respectively. RESULTS IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-γ responses to MSP-1 were not altered between NEN and O. volvulus-infected individuals nor were any associations revealed in the regression analysis. IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α MSP-1 responses were, however, significantly elevated in cultures from infected individuals. Interestingly, when compared to a-MF individuals, MSP-induced IL-17A responses were significantly higher in MF(+) patients. Following multivariable regression analysis these IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17A responses were all dominantly associated with the regional covariate. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, areas with a lowered infection pressure due to IVM MDA appear to influence bystander responses to Plasmodium-derived antigens in community members even if they have not regularly participated in the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Arndts
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Linda Batsa
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Alexander Y Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Christian Epp
- Centre for Infectious Diseases - Parasitology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
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17
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Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Lima-Junior JDC, Fonseca BDPFE, Antas PRZ, Baldez A, Storer FL, Santos F, Banic DM, de Oliveira-Ferreira J. Alterations in cytokines and haematological parameters during the acute and convalescent phases of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:154-62. [PMID: 24676654 PMCID: PMC4015248 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematological and cytokine alterations in malaria are a broad and controversial subject in the literature. However, few studies have simultaneously evaluated various cytokines in a single patient group during the acute and convalescent phases of infection. The aim of this study was to sequentially characterise alterations in haematological patters and circulating plasma cytokine and chemokine levels in patients infected with Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum from a Brazilian endemic area during the acute and convalescent phases of infection. During the acute phase, thrombocytopaenia, eosinopaenia, lymphopaenia and an increased number of band cells were observed in the majority of the patients. During the convalescent phase, the haematologic parameters returned to normal. During the acute phase, P. vivax and P. falciparum patients had significantly higher interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-17, interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor levels than controls and maintained high levels during the convalescent phase. IL-10 was detected at high concentrations during the acute phase, but returned to normal levels during the convalescent phase. Plasma IL-10 concentration was positively correlated with parasitaemia in P. vivax and P. falciparum-infected patients. The same was true for the TNF-α concentration in P. falciparum-infected patients. Finally, the haematological and cytokine profiles were similar between uncomplicated P. falciparum and P. vivax infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arlete Baldez
- Agência de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | | | - Fátima Santos
- Odebrecht Energia/Usina Hidrelétrica Santo Antônio, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Dalma Maria Banic
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Simulídeos e Oncocercose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
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18
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Oakley MS, Sahu BR, Lotspeich-Cole L, Solanki NR, Majam V, Pham PT, Banerjee R, Kozakai Y, Derrick SC, Kumar S, Morris SL. The transcription factor T-bet regulates parasitemia and promotes pathogenesis during Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4699-708. [PMID: 24078698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is an immunologic process, mediated in part by Th1 CD4(+) T cells. However, the role of the Th1 CD4(+) T cell differentiation program on the ability to control parasitemia and susceptibility to ECM disease during blood stage malaria has never been assessed directly. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine model of ECM and mice deficient for the transcription factor T-bet (the master regulator of Th1 cells) on the susceptible C57BL/6 background, we demonstrate that although T-bet plays a role in the regulation of parasite burden, it also promotes the pathogenesis of ECM. T-bet-deficient (Tbx21(-/-)) mice had higher parasitemia than wild type controls did during the ECM phase of disease (17.7 ± 3.1% versus 10.9 ± 1.5%). In addition, although 100% (10/10) of wild type mice developed ECM by day 9 after infection, only 30% (3/10) of Tbx21(-/-) mice succumbed to disease during the cerebral phase of infection. Resistance to ECM in Tbx21(-/-) mice was associated with diminished numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells in the spleen and a lower accumulation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the brain. An augmented Th2 immune response characterized by enhanced production of activated GATA-3(+) CD4(+) T cells and elevated levels of the eotaxin, MCP-1, and G-CSF cytokines was observed in the absence of T-bet. Our results suggest that in virulent malarias, immune modulation or therapy resulting in an early shift toward a Th2 response may help to ameliorate the most severe consequences of malaria immunopathogenesis and the prospect of host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda S Oakley
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852
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Schramm B, Valeh P, Baudin E, Mazinda CS, Smith R, Pinoges L, Sundaygar T, Zolia YM, Jones JJ, Comte E, Bruneel A, Branger M, Jullien V, Carn G, Kiechel JR, Ashley EA, Guérin PJ. Tolerability and safety of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine fixed dose combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: two open-label, randomized trials in Nimba County, Liberia. Malar J 2013; 12:250. [PMID: 23866736 PMCID: PMC3728046 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety surveillance of widely used artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is essential, but tolerability data in the over five years age group are largely anecdotal. METHODS Two open-label, randomized trials were conducted in Nimba County, Liberia: i) the main tolerability trial with 1,000 Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients aged over five years (Study-T), and, ii) an efficacy trial with a secondary objective of collecting tolerability data among 300 children age six to 59 months (Study-E). In both studies patients were randomized to fixed-dose artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ Winthrop®) or artemether-lumefantrine (AL, Coartem®), respectively. Clinical- and laboratory-adverse events (AEs) were recorded until day 28. RESULTS Study-T: most patients experienced at least one AE. Severe AEs were few, primarily asymptomatic blood system disorders or increased liver enzyme values. No treatment or study discontinuation occurred. Mild or moderate fatigue (39.8% vs 16.3%, p < 0.001), vomiting (7.1% vs 1.6%, p < 0.001), nausea (3.2% vs 1.0%, p = 0.01), and anaemia (14.9% vs 9.8%, p = 0.01) were more frequently recorded in the ASAQ versus AL arm. Study-E: mild or moderate AEs were common, including anaemia, fatigue, vomiting or diarrhoea. The few severe events were asymptomatic blood system disorders and four clinical events (pneumonia, malaria, vomiting and stomatitis). CONCLUSION Both ASAQ and AL were well tolerated in patients of all age groups. No unexpected AEs occurred. Certain mild or moderate AEs were more frequent in the ASAQ arm. Standardised safety surveillance should continue for all forms of ACT. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocols were registered with Current Controlled Trials, under the identifier numbers ISRCTN40020296, ISRCTN51688713, (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yah M Zolia
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Joel J Jones
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Eric Comte
- Médecins Sans Frontières, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bruneel
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Michel Branger
- Service de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jullien
- INSERM U663, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gwenaelle Carn
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Philippe J Guérin
- Epicentre, 75011 Paris, France
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK
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Boix E, Salazar VA, Torrent M, Pulido D, Nogués MV, Moussaoui M. Structural determinants of the eosinophil cationic protein antimicrobial activity. Biol Chem 2013; 393:801-15. [PMID: 22944682 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial RNases are small cationic proteins belonging to the vertebrate RNase A superfamily and endowed with a wide range of antipathogen activities. Vertebrate RNases, while sharing the active site architecture, are found to display a variety of noncatalytical biological properties, providing an excellent example of multitask proteins. The antibacterial activity of distant related RNases suggested that the family evolved from an ancestral host-defence function. The review provides a structural insight into antimicrobial RNases, taking as a reference the human RNase 3, also named eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). A particular high binding affinity against bacterial wall structures mediates the protein action. In particular, the interaction with the lipopolysaccharides at the Gram-negative outer membrane correlates with the protein antimicrobial and specific cell agglutinating activity. Although a direct mechanical action at the bacteria wall seems to be sufficient to trigger bacterial death, a potential intracellular target cannot be discarded. Indeed, the cationic clusters at the protein surface may serve both to interact with nucleic acids and cell surface heterosaccharides. Sequence determinants for ECP activity were screened by prediction tools, proteolysis and peptide synthesis. Docking results are complementing the structural analysis to delineate the protein anchoring sites for anionic targets of biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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21
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de Oliveira PCR, de Lima PO, Oliveira DT, Pereira MC. Eosinophil cationic protein: overview of biological and genetic features. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1442-6. [PMID: 22845733 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a small polypeptide that originates from activated eosinophil granulocytes. A wide range of stimuli has been shown to induce the secretion of ECP. The gene that encodes the human ECP is located on chromosome 14, and the protein shares the overall three-dimensional structure and the RNase active-site residues with other proteins in the RNase A superfamily. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human ECP gene have been currently described. ECP has many biological functions, including an immunoregulatory function, the regulation of fibroblast activity, and the induction of mucus secretion in the airway. Additionally, the protein is a potent cytotoxic molecule and has the capacity to kill mammalian and nonmammalian cells. The purpose of this article was to review the known biological and genetic characteristics of ECP that contribute to the understanding of this protein's role in the development and progression of a wide variety of diseases.
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22
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Davenport GC, Hittner JB, Were T, Ong'echa JM, Perkins DJ. Relationship between inflammatory mediator patterns and anemia in HIV-1 positive and exposed children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:652-8. [PMID: 22570198 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anemia is the primary hematological manifestation of both Plasmodium falciparum malaria and HIV-1 in pediatric populations in sub-Saharan Africa. We have previously shown that HIV-1 positive and exposed children have greater risk of developing severe anemia (hemoglobin, Hb <6.0 g dL⁻¹) during acute malaria. However, enhanced severity of anemia was unrelated to either erythropoietic suppression or parasite-driven red blood cell hemolysis. To further explore mechanisms of anemia, circulating inflammatory mediators (IMs) were determined using a 25-plex bead array in P. falciparum-infected (Pf[+]) children (3-36 month, n = 194) stratified into three groups: HIV-1 negative (HIV-1[-]/Pf[+]); HIV-1 exposed (HIV-1[exp]/Pf[+]); and HIV-1 infected (HIV-1[+]/Pf[+]). IL-12, MIG/CXCL9, eotaxin/CCL11, and GM-CSF differed significantly and progressively increased across the groups (HIV-1[-]→HIV-1[exp]→HIV-1[+]). To further explore the relationship between the inflammatory milieu (i.e., cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors) and HIV-1 status, the large panel of IMs was reduced into discrete groups by principal component factor analysis. Of the six principal components that emerged, three components were significantly higher in the HIV-1 [+]/pf[+] and HIV[exp]/Pf[+] groups, demonstrating that inflammatory profiles differ according to HIV-1 status. Additional analyses exploring the relationship between the components and anemia revealed significant positive correlations between Hb and Component 3 (IL-1Ra, IL-7, IL-17, IFN-α, IFN-γ, MIG/CXCL9) in the HIV-1[-]/Pf[+] group, and Component 4 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, Eotaxin/CCL11) in HIV-1[+]/Pf[+] children. Further analyses of the HIV-1[+]/Pf[+] group revealed that IL-12 had the strongest association with anemia. Results presented here demonstrate that there are unique relationships between the inflammatory environment and anemia in HIV-1 positive and exposed children with malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Davenport
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Adu B, Dodoo D, Adukpo S, Gyan BA, Hedley PL, Goka B, Adjei GO, Larsen SO, Christiansen M, Theisen M. Polymorphisms in the RNASE3 gene are associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Ghanaian children. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29465. [PMID: 22216286 PMCID: PMC3246477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and a major cause of death in children from 2 to 4 years of age. A hospital based study in Ghana showed that P. falciparum induces eosinophilia and found a significantly higher serum level of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in CM patients than in uncomplicated malaria (UM) and severe malaria anemia (SA) patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been described in the ECP encoding-gene (RNASE3) of which the c.371G>C polymorphism (rs2073342) results in an arginine to threonine amino acid substitution p.R124T in the polypeptide and abolishes the cytotoxicity of ECP. The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between polymorphisms in RNASE3 and CM. Methodology/Principal Findings The RNASE3 gene and flanking regions were sequenced in 206 Ghanaian children enrolled in a hospital based malaria study. An association study was carried out to assess the significance of five SNPs in CM (n = 45) and SA (n = 56) cases, respectively. The two severe case groups (CM and SA) were compared with the non-severe control group comprising children suffering from UM (n = 105). The 371G allele was significantly associated with CM (p = 0.00945, OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.22–4.32) but not with SA. Linkage disequilibrium analysis demonstrated significant linkage between three SNPs and the haplotype combination 371G/*16G/*94A was strongly associated with susceptibility to CM (p = 0.000913, OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 1.79–9.56), thus, defining a risk haplotype. The RNASE3 371GG genotype was found to be under frequency-dependent selection. Conclusions/Significance The 371G allele of RNASE3 is associated with susceptibility to CM and forms part of a risk associated haplotype GGA defined by the markers: rs2073342 (G-allele), rs2233860 (G-allele) and rs8019343 (A-allele) respectively. Collectively, these results suggest a hitherto unrecognized role for eosinophils in CM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Adu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selorme Adukpo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben A. Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bamenla Goka
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O. Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences-University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Severin O. Larsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Chou CS, Lin LY, Chen KM, Lai SC. FlowCytomix analysis for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in central Taiwan. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2011; 31:375-9. [PMID: 21627416 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2011.568073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The study was to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in the sera of pregnant women in central Taiwan and to investigate the levels of cytokine in the sera of pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii infection. The 220 blood samples were collected from pregnant women. The haematological parameters of peripheral blood were analysed by a haematology analyser. Serum samples of the pregnant women were analysed by a commercially available anti-T. gondii IgM/IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and FlowCytomix assays. Six (2.7%) of the sera samples had IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies, and twenty (9.1%) had T. gondii IgG seropositive. All six IgM seropositive samples had low IgG avidity, indicative of acute infection. Total white blood cells and eosinophils were statistically significantly increased (p<0.05) in pregnant women with T. gondii infection, as compared with healthy pregnant women. Th1 cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-12 p70, and Th2 cytokines IL-10 in pregnant women with T. gondii IgM/IgG seropositive were significantly increased (p<0.05), as compared with healthy pregnant women. These results showed that both of Th1 and Th2 cytokines play an important role in the toxoplasmosis of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung San Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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25
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Identification of inflammatory biomarkers for pediatric malarial anemia severity using novel statistical methods. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4674-80. [PMID: 21859849 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05161-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Areas where Plasmodium falciparum transmission is holoendemic are characterized by high rates of pediatric severe malarial anemia (SMA) and associated mortality. Although the etiology of SMA is complex and multifactorial, perturbations in inflammatory mediator production play an important role in the pathogenic process. As such, the current study focused on identification of inflammatory biomarkers in children with malarial anemia. Febrile children (3 to 30 months of age) presenting at Siaya District Hospital in western Kenya underwent a complete clinical and hematological evaluation. Children with falciparum malaria and no additional identifiable anemia-promoting coinfections were stratified into three groups: uncomplicated malaria (hemoglobin [Hb] levels of ≥11.0 g/dl; n = 31), non-SMA (Hb levels of 6.0 to 10.9 g/dl; n = 37), and SMA (Hb levels of <6.0 g/dl; n = 80). A Luminex hu25-plex array was used to determine potential biomarkers (i.e., interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1Ra], IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], alpha interferon [IFN-α], IFN-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha [MIP-1α], MIP-1β, IFN-inducible protein of 10 kDa [IP-10], monokine induced by IFN-γ [MIG], eotaxin, RANTES, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) in samples obtained prior to any treatment interventions. To determine the strongest biomarkers of anemia, a parsimonious set of predictor variables for Hb was generated by least-angle regression (LAR) analysis, controlling for the confounding effects of age, gender, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and sickle cell trait, followed by multiple linear regression analyses. IL-12p70 and IFN-γ emerged as positive predictors of Hb, while IL-2R, IL-13, and eotaxin were negatively associated with Hb. The results presented here demonstrate that the IL-12p70/IFN-γ pathway represents a set of biomarkers that predicts elevated Hb levels in children with falciparum malaria, while activation of the IL-13/eotaxin pathway favors more profound anemia.
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Schneider BS, Mathieu C, Peronet R, Mécheri S. Anopheles stephensiSaliva Enhances Progression of Cerebral Malaria in a Murine Model. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:423-32. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S. Schneider
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Cedric Mathieu
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France
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Mecheri S. Contribution of allergic inflammatory response to the pathogenesis of malaria disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:49-56. [PMID: 21354307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the aetiological agent of human lethal malaria, is responsible for over 2 million deaths per year and malaria episodes may vary considerably in their severity and clinical manifestations. Dysregulated balance of the inflammatory response and a defect in the anti-Plasmodium parasite immune response represent the hallmarks of malaria disease. Among the many possible mechanisms, it is now widely recognized that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines and upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules play important roles in malaria pathogenesis. We and others provided evidence that some components of allergic inflammatory response to malaria parasites or elicited by by-products of parasite infection may contribute to malaria pathogenesis. This review provides some clue regarding these mechanisms where mast cells and histamine, an inflammatory mediator generated following IgE-independent or IgE-mediated immune response, were found to play a major role in parasite transmission and malaria pathogenesis, respectively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mast cells in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salaheddine Mecheri
- Biology of Host Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Peroxisome proliferator activating receptor (PPAR) in cerebral malaria (CM): a novel target for an additional therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:483-98. [PMID: 21140187 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a global life-threatening complication of Plasmodium infection and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality among severe forms of malaria. Despite developing knowledge in understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis, the current anti-malarial agents are not sufficient due to drug resistance and various adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the novel target and additional therapy. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) a nuclear receptors (NR) and agonists of its isoforms (PPARγ, PPARα and PPARβ/δ) have been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, which are driven to a new approach of research on inflammatory diseases. Although many studies on PPARs have confirmed their diverse biological role, there is a lack of knowledge of its therapeutic use in CM. The major objective of this review is to explore the possible experimental studies to link these two areas of research. We focus on the data describing the beneficial effects of this receptor in inflammation, which is observed as a basic pathology in CM. In conclusion, PPARs could be a novel target in treating inflammatory diseases, and continued work with the available and additional agonists screened from various sources may result in a potential new treatment for CM.
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Plasmodium falciparum biology: analysis of in vitro versus in vivo growth conditions. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:474-81. [PMID: 19747879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of Plasmodium falciparum isolated directly from infected patients indicate that alternative parasite biological states occur in the natural host that are not observed with in vitro cultivated parasites. Variation in host substrates, immune responses and other factors probably induce modifications in parasite biology. These biological states could have important implications for pathogenesis, transmission and therapy. We review the differences between P. falciparum in vitro culture systems and in vivo host environments, as well as evidence that host conditions can alter pathogen biology. For select biological questions, the incorporation of naturally occurring conditions into in vitro experimental manipulation of microbes may provide novel insight into pathogen biology.
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Beghdadi W, Porcherie A, Schneider BS, Dubayle D, Peronet R, Huerre M, Watanabe T, Ohtsu H, Louis J, Mécheri S. Inhibition of histamine-mediated signaling confers significant protection against severe malaria in mouse models of disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:395-408. [PMID: 18227221 PMCID: PMC2271011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
From the inoculation of Plasmodium sporozoites via Anopheles mosquito bites to the development of blood-stage parasites, a hallmark of the host response is an inflammatory reaction characterized by elevated histamine levels in the serum and tissues. Given the proinflammatory and immunosuppressive activities associated with histamine, we postulated that this vasoactive amine participates in malaria pathogenesis. Combined genetic and pharmacologic approaches demonstrated that histamine binding to H1R and H2R but not H3R and H4R increases the susceptibility of mice to infection with Plasmodium. To further understand the role of histamine in malaria pathogenesis, we used histidine decarboxylase-deficient (HDC(-/-)) mice, which are free of histamine. HDC(-/-) mice were highly resistant to severe malaria whether infected by mosquito bites or via injection of infected erythrocytes. HDC(-/-) mice displayed resistance to two lethal strains: Plasmodium berghei (Pb) ANKA, which triggers cerebral malaria (CM), and Pb NK65, which causes death without neurological symptoms. The resistance of HDC(-/-) mice to CM was associated with preserved blood-brain barrier integrity, the absence of infected erythrocyte aggregation in the brain vessels, and a lack of sequestration of CD4 and CD8 T cells. We demonstrate that histamine-mediated signaling contributes to malaria pathogenesis. Understanding the basis for these biological effects of histamine during infection may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to alleviate the severity of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Beghdadi
- Unité des Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
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31
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Helleberg M, Goka BQ, Akanmori BD, Obeng-Adjei G, Rodriques O, Kurtzhals JAL. Bone marrow suppression and severe anaemia associated with persistent Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children with microscopically undetectable parasitaemia. Malar J 2005; 4:56. [PMID: 16321150 PMCID: PMC1315355 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe anaemia can develop in the aftermath of Plasmodium falciparum malaria because of protracted bone marrow suppression, possibly due to residual subpatent parasites. Materials and methods Blood was collected from patients with recent malaria and negative malaria microscopy. Detection of the Plasmodium antigens, lactate dehydrogenase (Optimal®), aldolase and histidine rich protein 2 (Now malaria®) were used to differentiate between patients with (1) no malaria, (2) recent cleared malaria, (3) persistent P. falciparum infection. Red cell distribution width (RDW), plasma levels of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and erythropoietin (EPO) were measured as markers of erythropoiesis. Interleukin (IL) 10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α were used as inflammation markers. Results EPO was correlated with haemoglobin, irrespective of malaria (R = -0.36, P < 0.001). Persistent P. falciparum infection, but not recent malaria without residual parasites, was associated with bone marrow suppression i.e., low RDW (P < 0.001 vs. P = 0.56) and sTfR (P = 0.02 vs. P = 0.36). TNF-α and IL-10 levels were not associated with bone marrow suppression. Conclusion In the treatment of malaria, complete eradication of parasites may prevent subsequent development of anaemia. Severely anaemic children may benefit from antimalarial treatment if antigen tests are positive, even when no parasites can be demonstrated by microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Helleberg
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology 7602, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bamenla Q Goka
- Department of Child Health, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Onike Rodriques
- Department of Child Health, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jorgen AL Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology 7602, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Suwanchaichinda C, Khamkong P, Worasuttayangkurn L, Satayavivad J. Deltamethrin exposure affects host resistance to Plasmodium infection in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:77-82. [PMID: 21783571 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effects of exposure to deltamethrin on host resistance to malaria infection (Plasmodium berghei) were examined in Swiss albino male mice. Four doses of deltamethrin were initially tested with two non-lethal doses, 5 and 10mg/kg, selected for more detailed study. Survival times of infected mice did not change when they were exposed to the compound for 14 days before the infection. However, survival times were shortened when they were exposed to the compound, particularly at the high-dose, after and during the initial infection. Percent parasitemia of these animals also elevated faster than that of the control. Deltamethrin exposure also caused alteration of white blood cell populations. Specifically, total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts significantly decreased in the high-dose treated mice. Granulocyte counts were comparatively lower in both treated groups than that in the control. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were not affected. The obtained results suggest that deltamethrin exhibits an immunosuppressive effect and negatively impacts host resistance to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansak Suwanchaichinda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Bureau of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
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Fujiu T, Kato M, Tachibana A, Kimura H, Suzuki M, Hayashi Y, Tsuchida Y, Morikawa A. Platelet-activating Factor or Complement 5a Causes Distinct Activation Profiles in Human Eosinophil and Neutrophil Functions. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Suzuki M, Kato M, Hanaka H, Izumi T, Morikawa A. Actin assembly is a crucial factor for superoxide anion generation from adherent human eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:126-33. [PMID: 12847489 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular adhesion is crucial for eosinophil effector functions. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the role of the actin cytoskeleton in cellular adhesion and superoxide anion generation by human eosinophils. METHODS Eosinophils were stimulated with platelet-activating factor (PAF) or complement component 5a on human serum albumin-coated plates with or without an actin-polymerization inhibitor, cytochalasin B (CB), or cytochalasin D (CD). Superoxide anion generation was measured on the basis of reduction of absorbance associated with cytochrome c.2 Eosinophil adhesion was assessed on the basis of eosinophil protein X content in adherent cells. Transient stimulus-induced increase of intracellular calcium and translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) betaII, PKC delta, PKC zeta, and p47 phagocyte oxidase (a component of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) were also investigated. RESULTS CB, CD, or antibodies against CD18 (the beta2 chain of integrin, alphaMbeta2) inhibited stimulus-induced eosinophil superoxide anion generation. Stimulus-induced eosinophil adhesion was unaltered by CB, whereas it was significantly suppressed by CD or anti-CD18 antibodies. Transient PAF-induced intracellular calcium increase was also unaffected by CB or CD, but stimulus-induced eosinophil shape changes and translocation of PKCs and p47 phagocyte oxidase to the cell membrane region were completely inhibited by CB. PAF-induced eosinophil degranulation was inhibited by CB, CD, or anti-CD18 antibodies, whereas complement component 5-induced degranulation was not suppressed by CB. CONCLUSION By itself, beta2 integrin-dependent cellular adhesion is not sufficient for promoting eosinophil effector function. Adequate actin assembly is required for eosinophil adhesion and also for full superoxide anion generation in eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Suzuki M, Kato M, Kimura H, Fujiu T, Morikawa A. Inhibition of human eosinophil activation by a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist (pranlukast; ONO-1078). J Asthma 2003; 40:395-404. [PMID: 12870835 DOI: 10.1081/jas-120018709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils produce cysteinyl leukotrienes such as leukotriene C4 and D4 upon stimulation by platelet-activating factor or other mediators, and these cells themselves express cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Pranlukast, a compound developed in Japan, antagonizes cysteinyl leukotriene receptors and inhibits contraction of airway smooth muscle, microvascular leakage into airways, and eosinophil infiltration. This agent can decrease symptoms of bronchial asthma, but its specific influences on effector functions of eosinophils important to the pathogenesis and exacerbation of asthma remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of pranlukast on human eosinophil functions. Eosinophils obtained from peripheral blood of normal volunteers were stimulated by platelet-activating factor, leukotriene D4, or phorbol ester. Superoxide anion generation was measured by reduction of cytochrome c. Expression of alphaMbeta2 was analyzed by flow cytometry. To evaluate eosinophil degranulation, eosinophil protein X, a toxic granule constituent, was measured by radioimmunoassay in sample supernatants. Pranlukast partially inhibited major eosinophil effector functions of superoxide anion generation and degranulation induced by platelet-activating factor, although at concentrations tested pranlukast failed to significantly reduce platelet-activating factor-induced alphaMbeta2 expression. Pranlukast completely inhibited leukotriene D4-induced superoxide generation and alphaMbeta2 expression. In contrast, pranlukast at 10(-6)M did not affect phorbol ester-induced superoxide generation at 120 minutes, degranulation, or alphaMbeta2 expression. The results suggested that inhibition by pranlukast of platelet-activating, factor-induced eosinophil effector functions such as superoxide generation and degranulation might result at least partly from antagonism of autocrine mechanisms involving cysteinyl leukotrienes produced in response to platelet-activating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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MacDonald SM, Bhisutthibhan J, Shapiro TA, Rogerson SJ, Taylor TE, Tembo M, Langdon JM, Meshnick SR. Immune mimicry in malaria: Plasmodium falciparum secretes a functional histamine-releasing factor homolog in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10829-32. [PMID: 11535839 PMCID: PMC58559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.201191498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a homolog of the mammalian histamine-releasing factor (HRF), which causes histamine release from human basophils and IL-8 secretion from eosinophils. Histamine, IL-8, and eosinophils have been reported to be elevated in patients with malaria. This study was undertaken to determine whether malarial TCTP is found in the plasma of malaria-infected patients and to determine whether it has HRF biologic activity. Malarial TCTP was found in lightly infected human volunteers and in heavily infected Malawian children, but not in uninfected patients. Recombinant malarial TCTP, like HRF, stimulated histamine release from basophils and IL-8 secretion from eosinophils in vitro. Whereas malarial TCTP was less active than HRF, the concentrations that were effective in vitro could be achievable in vivo. These data suggest that malarial TCTP, present in human plasma during a malarial illness, may affect host immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M MacDonald
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Goka BQ, Kwarko H, Kurtzhals JA, Gyan B, Ofori-Adjei E, Ohene SA, Hviid L, Akanmori BD, Neequaye J. Complement binding to erythrocytes is associated with macrophage activation and reduced haemoglobin in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95:545-9. [PMID: 11706671 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined IgG and complement factor C3d deposition on erythrocytes by means of the direct Coombs' test (DAT) and looked for an association with the anaemia seen in falciparum malaria in children living in an area of hyperendemic malaria transmission (in Ghana). In one study (in 1997), 53 out of 199 patients had a positive DAT. Of these, 45 samples reacted with anti-C3d antibodies, 2 with anti-IgG and 6 with both reagents. There were significantly lower haemoglobin (Hb)-levels and higher prevalence of spleen enlargement in DAT-positive than in DAT-negative patients. Hb-levels were independently associated with DAT and age. This initial study was designed to investigate the role of intravascular haemolysis (IVH), but we found no association between IVH and either DAT result or anaemia. Because of the risk of selection bias we repeated the study using consecutive enrollment of malaria patients and were able to confirm the results in a total of 49 DAT-positive and 183 DAT-negative patients. This second study (in 1998) was designed to look at the importance of erythrophagocytosis through measurement of plasma neopterin levels and total nitrite and nitrate as markers of NO-release. Both parameters were significantly higher in DAT-positive than in DAT-negative patients (P < 0.001), indicating that complement binding to erythrocytes was associated with macrophage activation. Plasma levels of haptoglobin, interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha did not vary between the groups. The studies support the role of complement activation and erythrophagocytosis in the pathogenesis of anaemia in falciparum malaria in African children.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Q Goka
- Department of Child Health, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad S Barsoum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Unit, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Camacho LH, Wilairatana P, Weiss G, Mercader MA, Brittenham GM, Looareesuwan S, Gordeuk VR. The eosinophilic response and haematological recovery after treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 1999; 4:471-5. [PMID: 10470337 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To examine a possible relationship between the immune response and haematological recovery after acute falciparum malaria, we followed peripheral blood eosinophil counts and haemoglobin concentrations for 4 weeks after starting effective treatment in 70 adult Thai patients. Eosinophils are induced by Th-2 cytokines as well as other stimuli. Eosinophil counts were elevated in only 8 (11%) of the subjects at presentation, but were increased in 65 (93%) by day 7. Eosinophil counts then decreased markedly by day 14, followed by a second increase until day 28. A significant positive correlation was found between peak eosinophil counts on day 7 and the haemoglobin concentration on day 28, both in 16 subjects without stool parasites (r = 0.65, P = 0.006) and in 54 patients with stool parasites (r = 0.32; P = 0.0019). These results suggest that a robust eosinophilic response shortly after completing antimalarial therapy predicts a good recovery from malaria-associated anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Camacho
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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