1
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Yokomizo T. Hematopoietic cluster formation: an essential prelude to blood cell genesis. Exp Hematol 2024; 136:104284. [PMID: 39032856 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2024.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Adult blood cells are produced in the bone marrow by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the origin of which can be traced back to fetal developmental stages. Indeed, during mouse development, at days 10-11 of gestation, the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region is a primary site of HSC production, with characteristic cell clusters related to stem cell genesis observed in the dorsal aorta. Similar clusters linked with hematopoiesis are also observed in the other sites such as the yolk sac and placenta. In this review, I outline the formation and function of these clusters, focusing on the well-characterized intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters (IAHCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Ozturk K, Panwala R, Sheen J, Ford K, Jayne N, Portell A, Zhang DE, Hutter S, Haferlach T, Ideker T, Mali P, Carter H. Interface-guided phenotyping of coding variants in the transcription factor RUNX1. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114436. [PMID: 38968069 PMCID: PMC11345852 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-gene missense mutations remain challenging to interpret. Here, we deploy scalable functional screening by sequencing (SEUSS), a Perturb-seq method, to generate mutations at protein interfaces of RUNX1 and quantify their effect on activities of downstream cellular programs. We evaluate single-cell RNA profiles of 115 mutations in myelogenous leukemia cells and categorize them into three functionally distinct groups, wild-type (WT)-like, loss-of-function (LoF)-like, and hypomorphic, that we validate in orthogonal assays. LoF-like variants dominate the DNA-binding site and are recurrent in cancer; however, recurrence alone does not predict functional impact. Hypomorphic variants share characteristics with LoF-like but favor protein interactions, promoting gene expression indicative of nerve growth factor (NGF) response and cytokine recruitment of neutrophils. Accessible DNA near differentially expressed genes frequently contains RUNX1-binding motifs. Finally, we reclassify 16 variants of uncertain significance and train a classifier to predict 103 more. Our work demonstrates the potential of targeting protein interactions to better define the landscape of phenotypes reachable by missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivilcim Ozturk
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Panwala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeanna Sheen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Ford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Jayne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Portell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephan Hutter
- MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Haferlach
- MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Trey Ideker
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Ozturk K, Panwala R, Sheen J, Ford K, Payne N, Zhang DE, Hutter S, Haferlach T, Ideker T, Mali P, Carter H. Interface-guided phenotyping of coding variants in the transcription factor RUNX1 with SEUSS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.03.551876. [PMID: 37577681 PMCID: PMC10418284 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of single amino acid substitutions in cancer driver genes remains an unmet need. Perturb-seq provides a tool to investigate the effects of individual mutations on cellular programs. Here we deploy SEUSS, a Perturb-seq like approach, to generate and assay mutations at physical interfaces of the RUNX1 Runt domain. We measured the impact of 115 mutations on RNA profiles in single myelogenous leukemia cells and used the profiles to categorize mutations into three functionally distinct groups: wild-type (WT)-like, loss-of-function (LOF)-like and hypomorphic. Notably, the largest concentration of functional mutations (non-WT-like) clustered at the DNA binding site and contained many of the more frequently observed mutations in human cancers. Hypomorphic variants shared characteristics with loss of function variants but had gene expression profiles indicative of response to neural growth factor and cytokine recruitment of neutrophils. Additionally, DNA accessibility changes upon perturbations were enriched for RUNX1 binding motifs, particularly near differentially expressed genes. Overall, our work demonstrates the potential of targeting protein interaction interfaces to better define the landscape of prospective phenotypes reachable by amino acid substitutions.
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4
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Zhang S, Qu K, Lyu S, Hoyle DL, Smith C, Cheng L, Cheng T, Shen J, Wang ZZ. PEAR1 is a potential regulator of early hematopoiesis of human pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:179-194. [PMID: 36436185 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemogenic endothelial (HE) cells are specialized endothelial cells to give rise to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells during hematopoietic development. The underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) of human HE cells are not fully understand. Here, we identified platelet endothelial aggregation receptor-1 (PEAR1) as a novel regulator of early hematopoietic development in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We found that the expression of PEAP1 was elevated during hematopoietic development. A subpopulation of PEAR1+ cells overlapped with CD34+ CD144+ CD184+ CD73- arterial-type HE cells. Transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing indicated that TAL1/SCL, GATA2, MYB, RUNX1 and other key transcription factors for hematopoietic development were mainly expressed in PEAR1+ cells, whereas the genes encoding for niche-related signals, such as fibronectin, vitronectin, bone morphogenetic proteins and jagged1, were highly expressed in PEAR1- cells. The isolated PEAR1+ cells exhibited significantly greater EHT capacity on endothelial niche, compared with the PEAR1- cells. Colony-forming unit (CFU) assays demonstrated the multilineage hematopoietic potential of PEAR1+ -derived hematopoietic cells. Furthermore, PEAR1 knockout in hPSCs by CRISPR/Cas9 technology revealed that the hematopoietic differentiation was impaired, resulting in decreased EHT capacity, decreased expression of hematopoietic-related transcription factors, and increased expression of niche-related signals. In summary, this study revealed a novel role of PEAR1 in balancing intrinsic and extrinsic signals for early hematopoietic fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kengyuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Dixie L Hoyle
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cory Smith
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zack Z Wang
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Ganuza M, Hall T, Myers J, Nevitt C, Sánchez-Lanzas R, Chabot A, Ding J, Kooienga E, Caprio C, Finkelstein D, Kang G, Obeng E, McKinney-Freeman S. Murine foetal liver supports limited detectable expansion of life-long haematopoietic progenitors. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1475-1486. [PMID: 36202972 PMCID: PMC10026622 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Current dogma asserts that the foetal liver (FL) is an expansion niche for recently specified haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during ontogeny. Indeed, between embryonic day of development (E)12.5 and E14.5, the number of transplantable HSCs in the murine FL expands from 50 to about 1,000. Here we used a non-invasive, multi-colour lineage tracing strategy to interrogate the embryonic expansion of murine haematopoietic progenitors destined to contribute to the adult HSC pool. Our data show that this pool of fated progenitors expands only two-fold during FL ontogeny. Although Histone2B-GFP retention in vivo experiments confirmed substantial proliferation of phenotypic FL-HSC between E12.5 and E14.5, paired-daughter cell assays revealed that many mid-gestation phenotypic FL-HSCs are biased to differentiate, rather than self-renew, relative to phenotypic neonatal and adult bone marrow HSCs. In total, these data support a model in which the FL-HSC pool fated to contribute to adult blood expands only modestly during ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ganuza
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Trent Hall
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Myers
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chris Nevitt
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Lanzas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley Chabot
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Juan Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Emilia Kooienga
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Claire Caprio
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Guolian Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Esther Obeng
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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6
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Integrative epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the requirement of JUNB for hematopoietic fate induction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3131. [PMID: 35668082 PMCID: PMC9170695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell differentiation towards hematopoietic progenitor cell can serve as an in vitro model for human embryonic hematopoiesis, but the dynamic change of epigenome and transcriptome remains elusive. Here, we systematically profile the chromatin accessibility, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 modifications, and the transcriptome of intermediate progenitors during hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation in vitro. The integrative analyses reveal sequential opening-up of regions for the binding of hematopoietic transcription factors and stepwise epigenetic reprogramming of bivalent genes. Single-cell analysis of cells undergoing the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and comparison with in vivo hemogenic endothelial cells reveal important features of in vitro and in vivo hematopoiesis. We find that JUNB is an essential regulator for hemogenic endothelium specialization and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. These studies depict an epigenomic roadmap from human pluripotent stem cells to hematopoietic progenitor cells, which may pave the way to generate hematopoietic progenitor cells with improved developmental potentials.
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7
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Krenn PW, Montanez E, Costell M, Fässler R. Integrins, anchors and signal transducers of hematopoietic stem cells during development and in adulthood. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 149:203-261. [PMID: 35606057 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the apex of the hierarchically organized blood cell production system, are generated in the yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros region and placenta of the developing embryo. To maintain life-long hematopoiesis, HSCs emigrate from their site of origin and seed in distinct microenvironments, called niches, of fetal liver and bone marrow where they receive supportive signals for self-renewal, expansion and production of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), which in turn orchestrate the production of the hematopoietic effector cells. The interactions of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with niche components are to a large part mediated by the integrin superfamily of adhesion molecules. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the functional properties of integrins and their activators, Talin-1 and Kindlin-3, for HSPC generation, function and fate decisions during development and in adulthood. In addition, we discuss integrin-mediated mechanosensing for HSC-niche interactions, ex vivo protocols aimed at expanding HSCs for therapeutic use, and recent approaches targeting the integrin-mediated adhesion in leukemia-inducing HSCs in their protecting, malignant niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Krenn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Eloi Montanez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Costell
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain; Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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8
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Murine AGM single-cell profiling identifies a continuum of hemogenic endothelium differentiation marked by ACE. Blood 2021; 139:343-356. [PMID: 34517413 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro generation and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) holds great promise for the treatment of any ailment that relies on bone marrow or blood transplantation. To achieve this, it is essential to resolve the molecular and cellular pathways that govern HSC formation in the embryo. HSCs first emerge in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region (AGM) where a rare subset of endothelial cells, hemogenic endothelium (HE), undergoes an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). Here, we present full-length single-cell-RNA-sequencing of the EHT process with a focus on HE and dorsal aorta niche cells. By using Runx1b and Gfi1/1b transgenic reporter mouse models to isolate HE, we uncovered that the pre-HE to HE continuum is specifically marked by Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) expression. We established that HE cells begin to enter the cell cycle near the time of EHT initiation when their morphology still resembles endothelial cells. We further demonstrated that RUNX1 AGM niche cells consist of vascular smooth muscle cells and PDGFRa+ mesenchymal cells and can functionally support hematopoiesis. Overall, our study provides new insights into HE differentiation towards HSC and the role of AGM RUNX1+ niche cells in this process. Our expansive scRNA-seq datasets represents a powerful resource to investigate these processes further.
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9
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Tsuruda M, Morino-Koga S, Ogawa M. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 differently promotes distinct VE-cadherin + precursor stages during the definitive hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cell-derived mesodermal cells. Exp Hematol 2021; 103:40-51.e7. [PMID: 34464660 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Definitive hematopoietic cells develop from fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk1)+ mesodermal cells during the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). VE-cadherin+CD41-CD45-(V+41-45-) hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) and VE-cadherin+CD41+CD45- (V+41+45-) cells mediate the definitive hematopoietic development from Flk1+ cells. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is known to be essential for the formation of mesoderm. However, the role of BMP4 in differentiation of the VE-cadherin+ definitive hematopoietic precursors from the mesoderm has been elusive. We addressed this issue using a co-aggregation culture of ESC-derived Flk1+ cells with OP9 stromal cells. This culture method induced V+41-45- cells, V+41+45- cells, and CD45+ cells from Flk1+ cells. V+41+45- cells possessed potential for erythromyeloid and T-lymphoid differentiation. When Flk1+ cells were cultured in the presence of a high concentration of BMP4, the generation of V+41-45- cells was enhanced. The increase in V+41-45- cells led to the subsequent increase in V+41+45- and CD45+ cells. The addition of BMP4 also increased hematopoietic colony-forming cells of various lineages. Furthermore, BMP4 promoted the expansion of V+41+45- cells independently of the preceding V+41-45- cell stage. These results suggest that BMP4 has promotive effects on the differentiation of V+41-45- HECs from Flk1+ mesodermal cells and the subsequent proliferation of V+41+45- hematopoietic precursors. These findings may provide insights for establishing a culture system to induce definitive hematopoietic stem cells from ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tsuruda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Saori Morino-Koga
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Minetaro Ogawa
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.
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10
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de Sousa BR, de Oliveira VC, Pinheiro AO, Ambrósio CE. Characterization of hematopoietic stem cells from the canine yolk sac. Anim Reprod 2021; 18:e20210012. [PMID: 34306214 PMCID: PMC8291774 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from the canine yolk sac (cYS) can contribute to future gene therapies because it is possible to obtain information about the beginning of the development of the circulatory system through the characterization. The cYS is a likely source of HSC, which is a source of blood cell development in mammals. Studies in this field have been conducted for decades; however, interest in cellular therapy is currently at its peak with greater visibility, and these cells are a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of diseases related to animals and humans. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize HSC from the cYS embryos at 30 to 45 days of gestational age. Our results showed that the cYS was macroscopically located in the ventral region with a central portion and extremities. The cells in culture presented a circular morphology and cell clusters. The average cell viability was 22.55% dead cells out of 6.5 × 104 total cells. The cells were also able to form colonies on methylcellulose. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the expression of CD34, CD117, and CD45. Our results suggest that the cYS can be used as a source of hematopoietic cells, and this study is very important to understand the mechanism and development of the hematopoietic system in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rossi de Sousa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Cristina de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Oliveira Pinheiro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
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11
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Jeon H, Asano K, Wakimoto A, Kulathunga K, Tran MTN, Nakamura M, Yokomizo T, Hamada M, Takahashi S. Generation of reconstituted hemato-lymphoid murine embryos by placental transplantation into embryos lacking HSCs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4374. [PMID: 33623082 PMCID: PMC7902833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the contribution of donor HSC cells, irradiation and DNA alkylating agents have been commonly used as experimental methods to eliminate HSCs for adult mice. But a technique of HSC deletion for mouse embryo for increase contribution of donor cells has not been published. Here, we established for the first time a procedure for placental HSC transplantation into E11.5 Runx1-deficient mice mated with G1-HRD-Runx1 transgenic mice (Runx1-/-::Tg mice) that have no HSCs in the fetal liver. Following the transplantation of fetal liver cells from mice (allogeneic) or rats (xenogeneic), high donor cell chimerism was observed in Runx1-/-::Tg embryos. Furthermore, chimerism analysis and colony assay data showed that donor fetal liver hematopoietic cells contributed to both white blood cells and red blood cells. Moreover, secondary transplantation into adult recipient mice indicated that the HSCs in rescued Runx1-/-::Tg embryos had normal abilities. These results suggest that mice lacking fetal liver HSCs are a powerful tool for hematopoiesis reconstruction during the embryonic stage and can potentially be used in basic research on HSCs or xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Jeon
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keigo Asano
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Arata Wakimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaushalya Kulathunga
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, P.O. Box 01, Hidellana, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Mai Thi Nhu Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Megumi Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Michito Hamada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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12
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Safarzadeh E, Asadzadeh Z, Safaei S, Hatefi A, Derakhshani A, Giovannelli F, Brunetti O, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. MicroRNAs and lncRNAs-A New Layer of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Regulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572323. [PMID: 33133086 PMCID: PMC7562789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute an important component in regulating immune responses in several abnormal physiological conditions such as cancer. Recently, novel regulatory tumor MDSC biology modulating mechanisms, including differentiation, expansion and function, were defined. There is growing evidence that miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are involved in modulating transcriptional factors to become complex regulatory networks that regulate the MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment. It is possible that aberrant expression of miRNAs and lncRNA contributes to MDSC biological characteristics under pathophysiological conditions. This review provides an overview on miRNAs and lncRNAs epiregulation of MDSCs development and immunosuppressive functions in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Hatefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giovannelli
- Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology (DIMO)-University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Fritz AJ, Hong D, Boyd J, Kost J, Finstaad KH, Fitzgerald MP, Hanna S, Abuarqoub AH, Malik M, Bushweller J, Tye C, Ghule P, Gordon J, Zaidi SK, Frietze S, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. RUNX1 and RUNX2 transcription factors function in opposing roles to regulate breast cancer stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7261-7272. [PMID: 32180230 PMCID: PMC7415511 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are competent to initiate tumor formation and growth and refractory to conventional therapies. Consequently BCSCs are implicated in tumor recurrence. Many signaling cascades associated with BCSCs are critical for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We developed a model system to mechanistically examine BCSCs in basal-like breast cancer using MCF10AT1 FACS sorted for CD24 (negative/low in BCSCs) and CD44 (positive/high in BCSCs). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis comparing RNA-seq on the CD24-/low versus CD24+/high MCF10AT1 indicates that the top activated upstream regulators include TWIST1, TGFβ1, OCT4, and other factors known to be increased in BCSCs and during EMT. The top inhibited upstream regulators include ESR1, TP63, and FAS. Consistent with our results, many genes previously demonstrated to be regulated by RUNX factors are altered in BCSCs. The RUNX2 interaction network is the top significant pathway altered between CD24-/low and CD24+/high MCF10AT1. RUNX1 is higher in expression at the RNA level than RUNX2. RUNX3 is not expressed. While, human-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers demonstrate that RUNX1 and CDH1 decrease in human MCF10CA1a cells that have grown tumors within the murine mammary fat pad microenvironment, RUNX2 and VIM increase. Treatment with an inhibitor of RUNX binding to CBFβ for 5 days followed by a 7-day recovery period results in EMT suggesting that loss of RUNX1, rather than increase in RUNX2, is a driver of EMT in early stage breast cancer. Increased understanding of RUNX regulation on BCSCs and EMT will provide novel insight into therapeutic strategies to prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Deli Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Joseph Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jason Kost
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kristiaan H. Finstaad
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Mark P. Fitzgerald
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sebastian Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Alqassem H. Abuarqoub
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Miles Malik
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - John Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - Coralee Tye
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Prachi Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sayyed K. Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Seth Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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14
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Ganuza M, Hall T, Obeng EA, McKinney-Freeman S. Clones assemble! The clonal complexity of blood during ontogeny and disease. Exp Hematol 2020; 83:35-47. [PMID: 32006606 PMCID: PMC8343955 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) govern the daily expansion and turnover of billions of specialized blood cells. Given their clinical utility, much effort has been made toward understanding the dynamics of hematopoietic production from this pool of stem cells. An understanding of hematopoietic stem cell clonal dynamics during blood ontogeny could yield important insights into hematopoietic regulation, especially during aging and repeated exposure to hematopoietic stress-insults that may predispose individuals to the development of hematopoietic disease. Here, we review the current state of research regarding the clonal complexity of the hematopoietic system during embryogenesis, adulthood, and hematologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ganuza
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Trent Hall
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Esther A Obeng
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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15
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Toll-like receptor 2 expression on c-kit + cells tracks the emergence of embryonic definitive hematopoietic progenitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5176. [PMID: 31729371 PMCID: PMC6858454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in mammalian embryos proceeds through three successive waves of hematopoietic progenitors. Since their emergence spatially and temporally overlap and phenotypic markers are often shared, the specifics regarding their origin, development, lineage restriction and mutual relationships have not been fully determined. The identification of wave-specific markers would aid to resolve these uncertainties. Here, we show that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed during early mouse embryogenesis. We provide phenotypic and functional evidence that the expression of TLR2 on E7.5 c-kit+ cells marks the emergence of precursors of erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) and provides resolution for separate tracking of EMPs from primitive progenitors. Using in vivo fate mapping, we show that at E8.5 the Tlr2 locus is already active in emerging EMPs and in progenitors of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Together, this data demonstrates that the activation of the Tlr2 locus tracks the earliest events in the process of EMP and HSC specification. There is limited knowledge of markers to identify various waves of murine embryonic hematopoiesis. Here, the authors show that the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on E7.5 c-kit+ cells marks the emergence of erythro-myeloid progenitor precursors and that the Tlr2 locus is active in E8.5 precursors of adult HSCs.
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16
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Roy IM, Biswas A, Verfaillie C, Khurana S. Energy Producing Metabolic Pathways in Functional Regulation of the Hematopoietic Stem Cells. IUBMB Life 2019; 70:612-624. [PMID: 29999238 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system has a very well-studied hierarchy with the long-term (LT) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) taking the top position. The pool of quiescent adult LT-HSCs generated during the fetal and early postnatal life acts as a reservoir to supply all the blood cells. Therefore, the maintenance of this stem cell pool is pivotal to maintaining homeostasis in hematopoietic system. It has long been known that external cues, along with the internal genetic factors influence the status of HSCs in the bone marrow (BM). Hypoxia is one such factor that regulates the vascular as well as hematopoietic ontogeny from a very early time point in development. The metabolic outcomes of a hypoxic microenvironment play important roles in functional regulation of HSCs, especially in case of adult BM HSCs. Anaerobic metabolic pathways therefore perform prominent role in meeting energy demands. Increased oxidative pathways on the other hand result in loss of stemness. Recent studies have attributed the functional differences in HSCs across different life stages to their metabolic phenotypes regulated by respective niches. Indicating thus, that various energy production pathways could play distinct role in regulating HSC function at different developmental/physiological states. Here, we review the current status of our understanding over the role that energy production pathways play in regulating HSC stemness. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(7):612-624, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Roy
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Atreyi Biswas
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Satish Khurana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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17
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Hong D, Fritz AJ, Gordon JA, Tye CE, Boyd JR, Tracy KM, Frietze SE, Carr FE, Nickerson JA, Van Wijnen AJ, Imbalzano AN, Zaidi SK, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. RUNX1-dependent mechanisms in biological control and dysregulation in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:8597-8609. [PMID: 30515788 PMCID: PMC6395522 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The RUNX1 transcription factor has recently been shown to be obligatory for normal development. RUNX1 controls the expression of genes essential for proper development in many cell lineages and tissues including blood, bone, cartilage, hair follicles, and mammary glands. Compromised RUNX1 regulation is associated with many cancers. In this review, we highlight evidence for RUNX1 control in both invertebrate and mammalian development and recent novel findings of perturbed RUNX1 control in breast cancer that has implications for other solid tumors. As RUNX1 is essential for definitive hematopoiesis, RUNX1 mutations in hematopoietic lineage cells have been implicated in the etiology of several leukemias. Studies of solid tumors have revealed a context-dependent function for RUNX1 either as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. These RUNX1 functions have been reported for breast, prostate, lung, and skin cancers that are related to cancer subtypes and different stages of tumor development. Growing evidence suggests that RUNX1 suppresses aggressiveness in most breast cancer subtypes particularly in the early stage of tumorigenesis. Several studies have identified RUNX1 suppression of the breast cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Most recently, RUNX1 repression of cancer stem cells and tumorsphere formation was reported for breast cancer. It is anticipated that these new discoveries of the context-dependent diversity of RUNX1 functions will lead to innovative therapeutic strategies for the intervention of cancer and other abnormalities of normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Hong
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jonathan A Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Coralee E Tye
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph R Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Kirsten M Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Seth E Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Frances E. Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Andre J. Van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sayyed K. Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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18
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RUNX family: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:3-19. [PMID: 31059069 PMCID: PMC6549079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer.
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19
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Banerjee U, Girard JR, Goins LM, Spratford CM. Drosophila as a Genetic Model for Hematopoiesis. Genetics 2019; 211:367-417. [PMID: 30733377 PMCID: PMC6366919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this FlyBook chapter, we present a survey of the current literature on the development of the hematopoietic system in Drosophila The Drosophila blood system consists entirely of cells that function in innate immunity, tissue integrity, wound healing, and various forms of stress response, and are therefore functionally similar to myeloid cells in mammals. The primary cell types are specialized for phagocytic, melanization, and encapsulation functions. As in mammalian systems, multiple sites of hematopoiesis are evident in Drosophila and the mechanisms involved in this process employ many of the same molecular strategies that exemplify blood development in humans. Drosophila blood progenitors respond to internal and external stress by coopting developmental pathways that involve both local and systemic signals. An important goal of these Drosophila studies is to develop the tools and mechanisms critical to further our understanding of human hematopoiesis during homeostasis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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20
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Yao F, Yin L, Feng S, Wang X, Zhang A, Zhou H. Functional characterization of grass carp runt-related transcription factor 3: Involvement in TGF-β1-mediated c-Myc transcription in fish cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:130-135. [PMID: 30099141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, both runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and c-Myc are the downstream effectors of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling to mediate various cellular responses. However, information of their interaction especially in fish is lacking. In the present study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) runx3 (gcrunx3) cDNA was cloned and identified. Interestingly, opposing effects of recombinant grass carp TGF-β1 (rgcTGF-β1) on c-myc and runx3 mRNA expression were observed in grass carp periphery blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Parallelly, Runx3 protein levels were enhanced by rgcTGF-β1 in the cells. These findings prompted us to examine whether Runx3 can mediate the inhibition of TGF-β1 on c-myc expression in fish cells. In line with this, overexpression of grass carp Runx3 and Runx3 DN (a dominant-negative form of Runx3) in grass carp kidney cell line (CIK) cells decreased and increased c-myc transcript levels, respectively. Particularly, the regulation of Runx3 and Runx3 DN on c-myc mRNA expression was direct since they were presented in the nucleus without any stimulation. In addition, rgcTGF-β1 alone suppressed c-myc mRNA expression in CIK cells as in PBLs. Moreover, this inhibitory effect was also observed when grass carp Runx3 and Runx3 DN were overexpressed. These results strengthened the role of TGF-β1 signaling in controlling c-myc transcription. Taken together, TGF-β1-mediated c-myc expression was affected at least in part by Runx3, thereby firstly exploring the functional role of Runx3 in TGF-β1 down-regulation on c-myc mRNA expression in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Licheng Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Moore C, Richens JL, Hough Y, Ucanok D, Malla S, Sang F, Chen Y, Elworthy S, Wilkinson RN, Gering M. Gfi1aa and Gfi1b set the pace for primitive erythroblast differentiation from hemangioblasts in the zebrafish embryo. Blood Adv 2018; 2:2589-2606. [PMID: 30309860 PMCID: PMC6199651 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressors Gfi1(a) and Gfi1b are epigenetic regulators with unique and overlapping roles in hematopoiesis. In different contexts, Gfi1 and Gfi1b restrict or promote cell proliferation, prevent apoptosis, influence cell fate decisions, and are essential for terminal differentiation. Here, we show in primitive red blood cells (prRBCs) that they can also set the pace for cellular differentiation. In zebrafish, prRBCs express 2 of 3 zebrafish Gfi1/1b paralogs, Gfi1aa and Gfi1b. The recently identified zebrafish gfi1aa gene trap allele qmc551 drives erythroid green fluorescent protein (GFP) instead of Gfi1aa expression, yet homozygous carriers have normal prRBCs. prRBCs display a maturation defect only after splice morpholino-mediated knockdown of Gfi1b in gfi1aa qmc551 homozygous embryos. To study the transcriptome of the Gfi1aa/1b double-depleted cells, we performed an RNA-Seq experiment on GFP-positive prRBCs sorted from 20-hour-old embryos that were heterozygous or homozygous for gfi1aa qmc551 , as well as wt or morphant for gfi1b We subsequently confirmed and extended these data in whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments on newly generated single- and double-mutant embryos. Combined, the data showed that in the absence of Gfi1aa, the synchronously developing prRBCs were delayed in activating late erythroid differentiation, as they struggled to suppress early erythroid and endothelial transcription programs. The latter highlighted the bipotent nature of the progenitors from which prRBCs arise. In the absence of Gfi1aa, Gfi1b promoted erythroid differentiation as stepwise loss of wt gfi1b copies progressively delayed Gfi1aa-depleted prRBCs even further, showing that Gfi1aa and Gfi1b together set the pace for prRBC differentiation from hemangioblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sunir Malla
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Sang
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stone Elworthy
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N Wilkinson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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22
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Grace CS, Mikkola HKA, Dou DR, Calvanese V, Ronn RE, Purton LE. Protagonist or antagonist? The complex roles of retinoids in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells and their specification from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2018; 65:1-16. [PMID: 29981365 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.06.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent cells responsible for the maintenance of the hematopoietic system throughout life. Dysregulation of the balance in HSC self-renewal, death, and differentiation can have serious consequences such as myelodysplastic syndromes or leukemia. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the biologically active metabolite of vitamin A/RA, has been shown to have pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic cells, enhancing HSC self-renewal while also increasing differentiation of more mature progenitors. Furthermore, ATRA has been shown to have key roles in regulating the specification and formation of hematopoietic cells from pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we summarize the known roles of vitamin A and RA receptors in the regulation of hematopoiesis from HSCs, ES, and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clea S Grace
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hanna K A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana R Dou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Calvanese
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger E Ronn
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E Purton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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Yzaguirre AD, Howell ED, Li Y, Liu Z, Speck NA. Runx1 is sufficient for blood cell formation from non-hemogenic endothelial cells in vivo only during early embryogenesis. Development 2018; 145:dev.158162. [PMID: 29361566 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cells differentiate during embryogenesis from a population of endothelial cells called hemogenic endothelium (HE) in a process called the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). The transcription factor Runx1 is required for EHT, but for how long and which endothelial cells are competent to respond to Runx1 are not known. Here, we show that the ability of Runx1 to induce EHT in non-hemogenic endothelial cells depends on the anatomical location of the cell and the developmental age of the conceptus. Ectopic expression of Runx1 in non-hemogenic endothelial cells between embryonic day (E) 7.5 and E8.5 promoted the formation of erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) specifically in the yolk sac, the dorsal aorta and the heart. The increase in EMPs was accompanied by a higher frequency of HE cells able to differentiate into EMPs in vitro Expression of Runx1 just 1 day later (E8.5-E9.5) failed to induce the ectopic formation of EMPs. Therefore, endothelial cells, located in specific sites in the conceptus, have a short developmental window of competency during which they can respond to Runx1 and differentiate into blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Yzaguirre
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Howell
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zijing Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Nancy A Speck
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Transcription factor Runx1 is pro-neurogenic in adult hippocampal precursor cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190789. [PMID: 29324888 PMCID: PMC5764282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Runx1 (Runt Related Transcription Factor 1), plays an important role in the differentiation of hematopoetic stem cells, angiogenesis and the development of nociceptive neurons. These known functions have in common that they relate to lineage decisions. We thus asked whether such role might also be found for Runx1 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis as a process, in which such decisions have to be regulated lifelong. Runx1 shows a widespread low expression in the adult mouse brain, not particularly prominent in the hippocampus and the resident neural precursor cells. Isoforms 1 and 2 of Runx1 (but not 3 to 5) driven by the proximal promoter were expressed in hippocampal precursor cells ex vivo, albeit again at very low levels, and were markedly increased after stimulation with TGF-β1. Under differentiation conditions (withdrawal of growth factors) Runx1 became down-regulated. Overexpression of Runx1 in vitro reduced proliferation, increased survival of precursor cells by reducing apoptosis, and increased neuronal differentiation, while slightly reducing dendritic morphology and complexity. Transfection with dominant-negative Runx1 in hippocampal precursor cells in vitro did not result in differences in neurogenesis. Hippocampal expression of Runx1 correlated with adult neurogenesis (precursor cell proliferation) across BXD recombinant strains of mice and covarying transcripts enriched in the GO categories “neural precursor cell proliferation” and “neuron differentiation”. Runx1 is thus a plausible candidate gene to be involved in regulating initial differentiation-related steps of adult neurogenesis. It seems, however, that the relative contribution of Runx1 to such effect is complementary and will explain only small parts of the cell-autonomous pro-differentiation effect.
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Transcriptional mechanisms that control expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor locus. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2161-2182. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells of the macrophage lineage depends upon signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) receptor (CSF1R). CSF1R is expressed by embryonic macrophages and induced early in adult hematopoiesis, upon commitment of multipotent progenitors to the myeloid lineage. Transcriptional activation of CSF1R requires interaction between members of the E26 transformation-specific family of transcription factors (Ets) (notably PU.1), C/EBP, RUNX, AP-1/ATF, interferon regulatory factor (IRF), STAT, KLF, REL, FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/ranslocated in liposarcoma) families, and conserved regulatory elements within the mouse and human CSF1R locus. One element, the Fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE), within intron 2, is conserved functionally across all the amniotes. Lineage commitment in multipotent progenitors also requires down-regulation of specific transcription factors such as MYB, FLI1, basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like (BATF3), GATA-1, and PAX5 that contribute to differentiation of alternative lineages and repress CSF1R transcription. Many of these transcription factors regulate each other, interact at the protein level, and are themselves downstream targets of CSF1R signaling. Control of CSF1R transcription involves feed–forward and feedback signaling in which CSF1R is both a target and a participant; and dysregulation of CSF1R expression and/or function is associated with numerous pathological conditions. In this review, we describe the regulatory network behind CSF1R expression during differentiation and development of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Guibentif
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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27
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Runx transcription factors in the development and function of the definitive hematopoietic system. Blood 2017; 129:2061-2069. [PMID: 28179276 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-12-689109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Runx family of transcription factors (Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3) are highly conserved and encode proteins involved in a variety of cell lineages, including blood and blood-related cell lineages, during developmental and adult stages of life. They perform activation and repressive functions in the regulation of gene expression. The requirement for Runx1 in the normal hematopoietic development and its dysregulation through chromosomal translocations and loss-of-function mutations as found in acute myeloid leukemias highlight the importance of this transcription factor in the healthy blood system. Whereas another review will focus on the role of Runx factors in leukemias, this review will provide an overview of the normal regulation and function of Runx factors in hematopoiesis and focus particularly on the biological effects of Runx1 in the generation of hematopoietic stem cells. We will present the current knowledge of the structure and regulatory features directing lineage-specific expression of Runx genes, the models of embryonic and adult hematopoietic development that provide information on their function, and some of the mechanisms by which they affect hematopoietic function.
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Runx Family Genes in Tissue Stem Cell Dynamics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:117-138. [PMID: 28299655 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Runx family genes play important roles in development and cancer, largely via their regulation of tissue stem cell behavior. Their involvement in two organs, blood and skin, is well documented. This review summarizes currently known Runx functions in the stem cells of these tissues. The fundamental core mechanism(s) mediated by Runx proteins has been sought; however, it appears that there does not exist one single common machinery that governs both tissue stem cells. Instead, Runx family genes employ multiple spatiotemporal mechanisms in regulating individual tissue stem cell populations. Such specific Runx requirements have been unveiled by a series of cell type-, developmental stage- or age-specific gene targeting studies in mice. Observations from these experiments revealed that the regulation of stem cells by Runx family genes turned out to be far more complex than previously thought. For instance, although it has been reported that Runx1 is required for the endothelial-to-hematopoietic cell transition (EHT) but not thereafter, recent studies clearly demonstrated that Runx1 is also needed during the period subsequent to EHT, namely at perinatal stage. In addition, Runx1 ablation in the embryonic skin mesenchyme eventually leads to complete loss of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in the adult epithelium, suggesting that Runx1 facilitates the specification of skin epithelial stem cells in a cell extrinsic manner. Further in-depth investigation into how Runx family genes are involved in stem cell regulation is warranted.
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Voon DCC, Thiery JP. The Emerging Roles of RUNX Transcription Factors in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:471-489. [PMID: 28299674 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionary conserved morphogenetic program necessary for the shaping of the body plan during development. It is guided precisely by growth factor signaling and a dedicated network of specialised transcription factors. These are supported by other transcription factor families serving auxiliary functions during EMT, beyond their general roles as effectors of major signaling pathways. EMT transiently induces in epithelial cells mesenchymal properties, such as the loss of cell-cell adhesion and a gain in cell motility. Together, these newly acquired properties enable their migration to distant sites where they eventually give rise to adult epithelia. However, it is now recognized that EMT contributes to the pathogenesis of several human diseases, notably in tissue fibrosis and cancer metastasis. The RUNX family of transcription factors are important players in cell fate determination during development, where their spatio-temporal expression often overlaps with the occurrence of EMT. Furthermore, the dysregulation of RUNX expression and functions are increasingly linked to the aberrant induction of EMT in cancer. The present chapter reviews the current knowledge of this emerging field and the common themes of RUNX involvement during EMT, with the intention of fostering future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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Yzaguirre AD, de Bruijn MFTR, Speck NA. The Role of Runx1 in Embryonic Blood Cell Formation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:47-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Runx genes have been identified in all metazoans and considerable conservation of function observed across a wide range of phyla. Thus, insight gained from studying simple model organisms is invaluable in understanding RUNX biology in higher animals. Consequently, this chapter will focus on the Runx genes in the diploblasts, which includes sea anemones and sponges, as well as the lower triploblasts, including the sea urchin, nematode, planaria and insect. Due to the high degree of functional redundancy amongst vertebrate Runx genes, simpler model organisms with a solo Runx gene, like C. elegans, are invaluable systems in which to probe the molecular basis of RUNX function within a whole organism. Additionally, comparative analyses of Runx sequence and function allows for the development of novel evolutionary insights. Strikingly, recent data has emerged that reveals the presence of a Runx gene in a protist, demonstrating even more widespread occurrence of Runx genes than was previously thought. This review will summarize recent progress in using invertebrate organisms to investigate RUNX function during development and regeneration, highlighting emerging unifying themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hughes
- Faculteit Techniek, Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, Laan van Scheut 2, 6503 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Woollard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Thambyrajah R, Patel R, Mazan M, Lie-a-Ling M, Lilly A, Eliades A, Menegatti S, Garcia-Alegria E, Florkowska M, Batta K, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. New insights into the regulation by RUNX1 and GFI1(s) proteins of the endothelial to hematopoietic transition generating primordial hematopoietic cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2108-2114. [PMID: 27399214 PMCID: PMC4993433 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1203491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The first hematopoietic cells are generated very early in ontogeny to support the growth of the embryo and to provide the foundation to the adult hematopoietic system. There is a considerable therapeutic interest in understanding how these first blood cells are generated in order to try to reproduce this process in vitro. This would allow generating blood products, or hematopoietic cell populations from embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem cells or through directed reprogramming. Recent studies have clearly established that the first hematopoietic cells originate from a hemogenic endothelium (HE) through an endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT). The molecular mechanisms underlining this transition remain largely unknown with the exception that the transcription factor RUNX1 is critical for this process. In this Extra Views report, we discuss our recent studies demonstrating that the transcriptional repressors GFI1 and GFI1B have a critical role in the EHT. We established that these RUNX1 transcriptional targets are actively implicated in the downregulation of the endothelial program and the loss of endothelial identity during the formation of the first blood cells. In addition, our results suggest that GFI1 expression provides an ideal novel marker to identify, isolate and study the HE cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshana Thambyrajah
- CRUK Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Rahima Patel
- CRUK Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Milena Mazan
- CRUK Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Lie-a-Ling
- CRUK Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Lilly
- CRUK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexia Eliades
- CRUK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Menegatti
- CRUK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Eva Garcia-Alegria
- CRUK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kiran Batta
- CRUK Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- CRUK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- CRUK Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
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Yzaguirre AD, Speck NA. Insights into blood cell formation from hemogenic endothelium in lesser-known anatomic sites. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1011-28. [PMID: 27389484 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are generated de novo in the embryo in a process termed the endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT). EHT is most extensively studied in the yolk sac and dorsal aorta. Recently new sites of hematopoiesis have been described, including the heart, somites, head, and venous plexus of the yolk sac. RESULTS We examined sites of HSPC formation in well-studied and in less well-known sites by mapping the expression of the key EHT factor Runx1 along with several other markers by means of confocal microscopy. We identified sites of HSPC formation in the head, heart and somites. We also identified sites of HSPC formation in both the arterial and venous plexuses of the yolk sac, and show that progenitors with lymphoid potential are enriched in hematopoietic clusters in close proximity to arteries. Furthermore, we demonstrate that many of the cells in hematopoietic clusters resemble monocytes or granulocytes based on nuclear shape. CONCLUSIONS We identified sites of HSPC formation in the head, heart, and somites, confirming that embryonic hematopoiesis is less spatially restricted than previously thought. Furthermore, we show that HSPCs in the yolk sac with lymphoid potential are located in closer proximity to arteries than to veins. Developmental Dynamics 245:1011-1028, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Yzaguirre
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy A Speck
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Yue F, Wang L, Wang H, Song L. Expression of hematopoietic transcription factors Runt, CBFβ and GATA during ontogenesis of scallop Chlamys farreri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:88-96. [PMID: 27012994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors Runx1, CBFβ and GATA1/2/3 play essential roles in regulating hematopoietic development during embryogenesis of vertebrate. In previous study, the orthologous genes of Runt, CBFβ and GATA1/2/3 have been identified from scallop Chlamys farreri and proved to have conserved function in regulating hemocyte production. Here, these three transcription factors were selected as hematopoietic markers to explore potential developmental events of hematopoiesis during ontogenesis of scallop. The transcripts of CfRunt, CfCBFβ and CfGATA were detected abundantly after 32-cell embryo, trochophore and morula stage, and reached to a peak level in 32-cell embryos and D-shaped veligers, pediveligers or gastrula respectively. Further whole-mount immunofluorescence assay showed that the immunoreactivity of CfRunt was firstly observed at 32-cell stage and then its distribution was specialized gradually to the mesoderm during gastrulation. By trochophore, the expression of CfRunt, CfCBFβ and CfGATA proteins occurred coincidently in two specific symmetry cell mass located bilaterally on prototroch, and then disappeared rapidly in D-shaped or umbonal vliger, respectively. However, remarkable expressions of the three transcription factors were observed consistently in a new sinus structure appeared at the dorsal anterior side of D-shaped and umbonal veliger. After bacterial challenge, the mRNA expression levels of the three transcription factors were up-regulated or down-regulated significantly in trochophore, D-shaped veliger and pediveliger, indicating the available hematopoietic regulation in scallop larvae. The results revealed that scallop might experience two waves of hematopoiesis during early development, which occurred in the bilateral symmetry cell mass of trochophore and the sinus structure of veliger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Thambyrajah R, Ucanok D, Jalali M, Hough Y, Wilkinson RN, McMahon K, Moore C, Gering M. A gene trap transposon eliminates haematopoietic expression of zebrafish Gfi1aa, but does not interfere with haematopoiesis. Dev Biol 2016; 417:25-39. [PMID: 27432513 PMCID: PMC5003831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A transposon-mediated gene trap screen identified the zebrafish line qmc551 that expresses a GFP reporter in primitive erythrocytes and also in haemogenic endothelial cells, which give rise to haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that seed sites of larval and adult haematopoiesis. The transposon that mediates this GFP expression is located in intron 1 of the gfi1aa gene, one of three zebrafish paralogs that encode transcriptional repressors homologous to mammalian Gfi1 and Gfi1b proteins. In qmc551 transgenics, GFP expression is under the control of the endogenous gfi1aa promoter, recapitulates early gfi1aa expression and allows live observation of gfi1aa promoter activity. While the transposon integration interferes with the expression of gfi1aa mRNA in haematopoietic cells, homozygous qmc551 fish are viable and fertile, and display normal primitive and definitive haematopoiesis. Retained expression of Gfi1b in primitive erythrocytes and up-regulation of Gfi1ab at the onset of definitive haematopoiesis in homozygous qmc551 carriers, are sufficient to allow normal haematopoiesis. This finding contradicts previously published morpholino data that suggested an essential role for zebrafish Gfi1aa in primitive erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshana Thambyrajah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Deniz Ucanok
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Maryam Jalali
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Yasmin Hough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Robert Neil Wilkinson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kathryn McMahon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Chris Moore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Martin Gering
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Ahmed T, Tsuji-Tamura K, Ogawa M. CXCR4 Signaling Negatively Modulates the Bipotential State of Hemogenic Endothelial Cells Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells by Attenuating the Endothelial Potential. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2814-2824. [PMID: 27340788 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) are considered to be the origin of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HECs have been identified in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as VE-cadherin+ cells with both hematopoietic and endothelial potential in single cells. Although the bipotential state of HECs is a key to cell fate decision toward HSCs, the molecular basis of the regulation of the bipotential state has not been well understood. Here, we report that the CD41+ fraction of CD45- CD31+ VE-cadherin+ endothelial cells (ECs) from mouse ESCs encompasses an enriched HEC population. The CD41+ ECs expressed Runx1, Tal1, Etv2, and Sox17, and contained progenitors for both ECs and hematopoietic cells (HCs) at a high frequency. Clonal analyses of cell differentiation confirmed that one out of five HC progenitors in the CD41+ ECs possessed the bipotential state that led also to EC colony formation. A phenotypically identical cell population was found in mouse embryos, although the potential was more biased to hematopoietic fate with rare bipotential progenitors. ESC-derived bipotential HECs were further enriched in the CD41+ CXCR4+ subpopulation. Stimulation with CXCL12 during the generation of VE-cadherin+ CXCR4+ cells attenuated the EC colony-forming ability, thereby resulted in a decrease of bipotential progenitors in the CD41+ CXCR4+ subpopulation. Our results suggest that CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling negatively modulates the bipotential state of HECs independently of the hematopoietic fate. Identification of signaling molecules controlling the bipotential state is crucial to modulate the HEC differentiation and to induce HSCs from ESCs. Stem Cells 2016;34:2814-2824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzir Ahmed
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Tsuji-Tamura
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Minetaro Ogawa
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Iizuka K, Yokomizo T, Watanabe N, Tanaka Y, Osato M, Takaku T, Komatsu N. Lack of Phenotypical and Morphological Evidences of Endothelial to Hematopoietic Transition in the Murine Embryonic Head during Hematopoietic Stem Cell Emergence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156427. [PMID: 27227884 PMCID: PMC4882078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse ontogeny, hematopoietic cells arise from specialized endothelial cells, i.e., the hemogenic endothelium, and form clusters in the lumen of arterial vessels. Hemogenic endothelial cells have been observed in several embryonic tissues, such as the dorsal aorta, the placenta and the yolk sac. Recent work suggests that the mouse embryonic head also produces hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)/progenitors. However, a histological basis for HSC generation in the head has not yet been determined because the hematopoietic clusters and hemogenic endothelium in the head region have not been well characterized. In this study, we used whole-mount immunostaining and 3D confocal reconstruction techniques to analyze both c-Kit+ hematopoietic clusters and Runx1+ hemogenic endothelium in the whole-head vasculature. The number of c-Kit+ hematopoietic cells was 20-fold less in the head arteries than in the dorsal aorta. In addition, apparent nascent hematopoietic cells, which are characterized by a “budding” structure and a Runx1+ hemogenic endothelium, were not observed in the head. These results suggest that head HSCs may not be or are rarely generated from the endothelium in the same manner as aortic HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Iizuka
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (TT)
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomoiku Takaku
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (TT)
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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The development and maintenance of resident macrophages. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:2-8. [PMID: 26681456 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the many roles of macrophages in health and disease states in vivo remain poorly understood. The purpose of this Review is to present and discuss current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages, as it underlies the concept of a layered myeloid system composed of 'resident' macrophages that originate mainly from progenitor cells generated in the yolk sac and of 'passenger' or 'transitory' myeloid cells that originate and renew from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, and to provide a framework for investigating the functions of macrophages in vivo.
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Extravascular endothelial and hematopoietic islands form through multiple pathways in midgestation mouse embryos. Dev Biol 2016; 415:111-121. [PMID: 27105579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The de novo generation of hematopoietic cells occurs during midgestation when a population of endothelial cells called hemogenic endothelium transitions into hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells. In mammalian embryos, the newly formed hematopoietic cells form clusters in the lumens of the major arteries in the embryo proper and in the vascular plexus of the yolk sac. Small clusters of hematopoietic cells that are independent of the vasculature (referred to here as extravascular islands) were shown to form in the mesentery during vascular remodeling of the vitelline artery. Using three-dimensional imaging of whole mouse embryos we demonstrate that extravascular budding of hematopoietic clusters is a more widespread phenomenon that occurs from the vitelline and the umbilical arteries both proximal to the embryo proper and distal in the extraembryonic yolk sac and placenta. Furthermore, we show that there are several mechanisms by which hematopoietic clusters leave the arteries, including vascular remodeling and extrusion. Lastly, we provide static images suggesting that extravascular islands contribute to the formation of new blood vessels. Thus, extravascular islands may represent a novel mechanism of vasculogenesis whereby established vessels contribute endothelial and hematopoietic cells to developing vascular beds.
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40
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Gritz E, Hirschi KK. Specification and function of hemogenic endothelium during embryogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1547-67. [PMID: 26849156 PMCID: PMC4805691 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemogenic endothelium is a specialized subset of developing vascular endothelium that acquires hematopoietic potential and can give rise to multilineage hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during a narrow developmental window in tissues such as the extraembryonic yolk sac and embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros. Herein, we review current knowledge about the historical and developmental origins of hemogenic endothelium, the molecular events that govern hemogenic specification of vascular endothelial cells, the generation of multilineage hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from hemogenic endothelium, and the potential for translational applications of knowledge gained from further study of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gritz
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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41
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Frame JM, Fegan KH, Conway SJ, McGrath KE, Palis J. Definitive Hematopoiesis in the Yolk Sac Emerges from Wnt-Responsive Hemogenic Endothelium Independently of Circulation and Arterial Identity. Stem Cells 2016; 34:431-44. [PMID: 26418893 PMCID: PMC4755868 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult-repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge in low numbers in the midgestation mouse embryo from a subset of arterial endothelium, through an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. HSC-producing arterial hemogenic endothelium relies on the establishment of embryonic blood flow and arterial identity, and requires β-catenin signaling. Specified prior to and during the formation of these initial HSCs are thousands of yolk sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs). EMPs ensure embryonic survival prior to the establishment of a permanent hematopoietic system, and provide subsets of long-lived tissue macrophages. While an endothelial origin for these HSC-independent definitive progenitors is also accepted, the spatial location and temporal output of yolk sac hemogenic endothelium over developmental time remain undefined. We performed a spatiotemporal analysis of EMP emergence, and document the morphological steps of the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Emergence of rounded EMPs from polygonal clusters of Kit(+) cells initiates prior to the establishment of arborized arterial and venous vasculature in the yolk sac. Interestingly, Kit(+) polygonal clusters are detected in both arterial and venous vessels after remodeling. To determine whether there are similar mechanisms regulating the specification of EMPs with other angiogenic signals regulating adult-repopulating HSCs, we investigated the role of embryonic blood flow and Wnt/β-catenin signaling during EMP emergence. In embryos lacking a functional circulation, rounded Kit(+) EMPs still fully emerge from unremodeled yolk sac vasculature. In contrast, canonical Wnt signaling appears to be a common mechanism regulating hematopoietic emergence from hemogenic endothelium. These data illustrate the heterogeneity in hematopoietic output and spatiotemporal regulation of primary embryonic hemogenic endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Frame
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Katherine H. Fegan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathleen E. McGrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - James Palis
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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43
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Voon DCC, Hor YT, Ito Y. The RUNX complex: reaching beyond haematopoiesis into immunity. Immunology 2015; 146:523-36. [PMID: 26399680 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among their diverse roles as transcriptional regulators during development and cell fate specification, the RUNX transcription factors are best known for the parts they play in haematopoiesis. RUNX proteins are expressed throughout all haematopoietic lineages, being necessary for the emergence of the first haematopoietic stem cells to their terminal differentiation. Although much progress has been made since their discoveries almost two decades ago, current appreciation of RUNX in haematopoiesis is largely grounded in their lineage-specifying roles. In contrast, the importance of RUNX to immunity has been mostly obscured for historic, technical and conceptual reasons. However, this paradigm is likely to shift over time, as a primary purpose of haematopoiesis is to resource the immune system. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests a role for RUNX in the innate immunity of non-haematopoietic cells. This review takes a haematopoiesis-centric approach to collate what is known of RUNX's contribution to the overall mammalian immune system and discuss their growing prominence in areas such as autoimmunity, inflammatory diseases and mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Biology Programme, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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44
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Tian J, Rui K, Tang X, Ma J, Wang Y, Tian X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Lu L, Wang S. MicroRNA-9 Regulates the Differentiation and Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells via Targeting Runx1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1301-11. [PMID: 26091714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a critical role in tumor-associated immunosuppression, thus affecting effective immunotherapies for cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the differentiation and function of MDSCs remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that inhibition of microRNA (miR)-9 promoted the differentiation of MDSCs with significantly reduced immunosuppressive function whereas overexpression of miR-9 markedly enhanced the function of MDSCs. Notably, knockdown of miR-9 significantly impaired the activity of MDSCs and inhibited the tumor growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Moreover, miR-9 regulated MDSCs differentiation by targeting the runt-related transcription factor 1, an essential transcription factor in regulating MDSC differentiation and function. Furthermore, the CREB was found to regulate miR-9 expression in MDSCs. Taken together, our findings have identified a critical role of miR-9 in regulating the differentiation and function of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Yungang Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
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Clonal analysis identifies hemogenic endothelium as the source of the blood-endothelial common lineage in the mouse embryo. Blood 2014; 124:2523-32. [PMID: 25139355 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-545939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The first blood and endothelial cells of amniote embryos appear in close association in the blood islands of the yolk sac (YS). This association and in vitro lineage analyses have suggested a common origin from mesodermal precursors called hemangioblasts, specified in the primitive streak during gastrulation. Fate mapping and chimera studies, however, failed to provide strong evidence for a common origin in the early mouse YS. Additional in vitro studies suggest instead that mesodermal precursors first generate hemogenic endothelium, which then generate blood cells in a linear sequence. We conducted an in vivo clonal analysis to determine the potential of individual cells in the mouse epiblast, primitive streak, and early YS. We found that early YS blood and endothelial lineages mostly derive from independent epiblast populations, specified before gastrulation. Additionally, a subpopulation of the YS endothelium has hemogenic activity and displays characteristics similar to those found later in the embryonic hemogenic endothelium. Our results show that the earliest blood and endothelial cell populations in the mouse embryo are specified independently, and that hemogenic endothelium first appears in the YS and produces blood precursors with markers related to definitive hematopoiesis.
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46
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Yao F, Liu Y, Du L, Wang X, Zhang A, Wei H, Zhou H. Molecular identification of transcription factor Runx1 variants in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and their responses to immune stimuli. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:201-8. [PMID: 25001908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factor (Runx) family consists of three members, Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3 in mammals, which are involved in various biological processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that Runx1 plays critical roles in the immunity of higher vertebrates. In fish, zebrafish and fugu Runx family members have been identified, and their chromosome location, promoter usage and expression patterns have been elucidated. However, their expression profiles in immune responses are still unknown. In this study, we identified grass carp five Runx1 (gcRunx1) variants (v1-5) possibly generated through alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing. The gcRunx1 v1-3 encodes the proteins possessing intact structural characteristics of Runx family, but the putative proteins of gcRunx1 v4-5 lack a transactivation domain, an inhibitory domain and a C-terminal pentapeptide motif (VWRPY). Tissue distribution assays revealed that gcRunx1 was preferentially expressed in some immune-related tissues including thymus and spleen, indicating its potential roles in teleost immunity. The changes of gcRunx1 expression to various immune stimuli was examined in periphery blood lymphocytes, showing that gcRunx1 v1-3 mRNA levels were increased after LPS, poly I:C and PHA treatment, whereas gcRunx1 v4-5 mRNA expression were stimulated only by LPS and PHA. Furthermore, in vivo studies confirmed that bacterial challenge enhanced gcRunx1 mRNA levels. In particular, in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that gcRunx1 v4-5 mRNA expression was induced with a delayed kinetics compared with that of gcRunx1 v1-3. These findings not only provide the evidence for the involvement of gcRunx1 in immune response, but also reveal the inducible expression diversity of fish Runx1 splicing variants, thereby facilitating further elucidating the role of Runx1 in piscine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhen Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyong Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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47
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Early dynamic fate changes in haemogenic endothelium characterized at the single-cell level. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2924. [PMID: 24326267 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the founding cells of the adult haematopoietic system, born during ontogeny from a specialized subset of endothelium, the haemogenic endothelium (HE) via an endothelial-to-haematopoietic transition (EHT). Although recently imaged in real time, the underlying mechanism of EHT is still poorly understood. We have generated a Runx1 +23 enhancer-reporter transgenic mouse (23GFP) for the prospective isolation of HE throughout embryonic development. Here we perform functional analysis of over 1,800 and transcriptional analysis of 268 single 23GFP(+) HE cells to explore the onset of EHT at the single-cell level. We show that initiation of the haematopoietic programme occurs in cells still embedded in the endothelial layer, and is accompanied by a previously unrecognized early loss of endothelial potential before HSCs emerge. Our data therefore provide important insights on the timeline of early haematopoietic commitment.
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48
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Yang Y, Wang H, Chang KH, Qu H, Zhang Z, Xiong Q, Qi H, Cui P, Lin Q, Ruan X, Yang Y, Li Y, Shu C, Li Q, Wakeland EK, Yan J, Hu S, Fang X. Transcriptome dynamics during human erythroid differentiation and development. Genomics 2013; 102:431-441. [PMID: 24121002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms controlling erythroid differentiation and development, we analyzed the genome-wide transcription dynamics occurring during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) into the erythroid lineage and development of embryonic to adult erythropoiesis using high throughput sequencing technology. HESCs and erythroid cells at three developmental stages: ESER (embryonic), FLER (fetal), and PBER (adult) were analyzed. Our findings revealed that the number of expressed genes decreased during differentiation, whereas the total expression intensity increased. At each of the three transitions (HESCs-ESERs, ESERs-FLERs, and FLERs-PBERs), many differentially expressed genes were observed, which were involved in maintaining pluripotency, early erythroid specification, rapid cell growth, and cell-cell adhesion and interaction. We also discovered dynamic networks and their central nodes in each transition. Our study provides a fundamental basis for further investigation of erythroid differentiation and development, and has implications in using ESERs for transfusion product in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hongzhu Qu
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaojun Zhang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Xiong
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heyuan Qi
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiuyan Ruan
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaran Yang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quanzhen Li
- Department of Immunology & Microarray Core Facility, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Immunology & Microarray Core Facility, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Frame JM, McGrath KE, Palis J. Erythro-myeloid progenitors: "definitive" hematopoiesis in the conceptus prior to the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:220-5. [PMID: 24095199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP) serve as a major source of hematopoiesis in the developing conceptus prior to the formation of a permanent blood system. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the emergence, fate, and potential of this hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent wave of hematopoietic progenitors, focusing on the murine embryo as a model system. A better understanding of the temporal and spatial control of hematopoietic emergence in the embryo will ultimately improve our ability to derive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells to serve therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Frame
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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50
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Retinoic Acid Signaling Is Essential for Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development. Cell 2013; 155:215-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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