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Musella M, Manduca N, Maccafeo E, Ruggiero E, Sistigu A. In Vitro Evaluation of Cancer Cell Immunogenicity and Antigen-Specific T-Cell Cytotoxicity by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2748:13-28. [PMID: 38070104 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3593-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
A cardinal principle of oncoimmunology is that cancer cells can be eliminated by tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes. This has been widely demonstrated during the last 20 years and also recently harnessed for therapy. However, emerging evidence indicates that even neoplasms showing striking initial responses to conventional and targeted (immuno)therapies often acquire resistance, resulting in tumor relapse, increased aggressiveness, and metastatization. Indeed, tumors are complex ecosystems whose malignant and nonmalignant cells, constituting the tumor microenvironment, constantly interact and evolve in space and time. Together with patient's own genetic factors, such environmental interplays may curtail antitumor immune responses leading to cancer immune evasion and natural/acquired (immuno)therapy resistance. In this context, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be the roots of therapy failure. Flow cytometry is a powerful technology that finds extensive applications in cancer biology. It offers several unique advantages as it allows the rapid, quantitative, and multiparametric analysis of cell populations or functions at the single-cell level. In this chapter, we discuss a two-color flow cytometric protocol to evaluate cancer cell immunogenicity by analyzing the proliferative and tumor-killing potential of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8 OT-1 T cells exposed to OVA-expressing MCA205 sarcoma cells and their CSC counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Musella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Manduca
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ester Maccafeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Borowska D, Sives S, Vervelde L, Sutton KM. Chicken CSF2 and IL-4-, and CSF2-dependent bone marrow cultures differentiate into macrophages over time. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1064084. [PMID: 36618373 PMCID: PMC9812659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1064084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ) and dendritic cells (BMDC) are utilized as models to study the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). A widely used method to generate macrophages and DC in vitro is to culture bone marrow cells in the presence of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) to differentiate BMMΦ and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF, CSF2) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to differentiate BMDC, while CSF2 alone can lead to the development of granulocyte-macrophage-CSF-derived DC (GMDC). However, in chickens, the MPS cell lineages and their functions represented by these cultures are poorly understood. Here, we decipher the phenotypical, functional and transcriptional differences between chicken BMMΦ and BMDC along with examining differences in DC cultures grown in the absence of IL-4 on days 2, 4, 6 and 8 of culture. BMMΦ cultures develop into a morphologically homogenous cell population in contrast to the BMDC and GMDC cultures, which produce morphologically heterogeneous cell cultures. At a phenotypical level, all cultures contained similar cell percentages and expression levels of MHCII, CD11c and CSF1R-transgene, whilst MRC1L-B expression decreased over time in BMMΦ. All cultures were efficiently able to uptake 0.5 µm beads, but poorly phagocytosed 1 µm beads. Little difference was observed in the kinetics of phagosomal acidification across the cultures on each day of analysis. Temporal transcriptomic analysis indicated that all cultures expressed high levels of CSF3R, MERTK, SEPP1, SPI1 and TLR4, genes associated with macrophages in mammals. In contrast, low levels of FLT3, XCR1 and CAMD1, genes associated with DC, were expressed at day 2 in BMDC and GMDC after which expression levels decreased. Collectively, chicken CSF2 + IL-4- and CSF2-dependent BM cultures represent cells of the macrophage lineage rather than inducing conventional DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Borowska
- The Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Sives
- The Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Sutton
- The Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gu FF, Zhang K, Ma LL, Liu YY, Li C, Hu Y, Yang QF, Liang JY, Zeng YL, Wang Y, Liu L. The Superior Ability of Human BDCA3 + (CD141 +) Dendritic Cells (DCs) to Cross-Present Antigens Derived From Necrotic Lung Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1267. [PMID: 32655564 PMCID: PMC7325999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in initiating and regulating the immune responses to pathogens, self-antigens, and cancers. Human blood DCs comprise a family of different subsets: plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and CD16+, CD1c/BDCA1+, and BDCA3+ (CD141+) myeloid DCs and possess different phenotypes and functional characteristics. Lung cancer is the most common cancer, with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. However, which DC subset plays a leading role in the lung cancer immune responses is unclear. We reanalyzed C-type lectin domain family 9 member A (CLEC9A) and CD141 (THBD) gene expression profiles from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and performed the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of overall survival for several cancers according to their expression levels. Next, we investigated the capacities of five human blood DC subsets to stimulate T cell proliferation and capture, process and (cross-) present tumor antigen. Human BDCA3+ (CD141+) DCs have a superior capacity to stimulate allogeneic CD4+T cells proliferation and induce superior Th1 response compared with other DC subsets. Interestingly, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have little effect on DCs to induce the proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells, but contribute to their differentiation. Importantly, BDCA3+ (CD141+) DCs possess the most potent ability to cross-present human tumor antigen after their uptake of necrotic lung cancer cells despite their lower antigen uptake. These findings suggest that human BDCA3+ (CD141+) DCs are critical mediators of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against EGFR-positive lung cancer. Therefore, our findings may provide theoretical basis for the development of DC-based antitumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Gu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Li Ma
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Brain Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Fan Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Yan Liang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Lan Zeng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Carvalho-Gontijo R, Moreira DR, Resende M, Costa-Silva MF, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Ribeiro CMF, Ribeiro DD, Silvestre R, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A. Infection of hematopoietic stem cells by Leishmania infantum increases erythropoiesis and alters the phenotypic and functional profiles of progeny. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:77-85. [PMID: 29248120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression is a well-established risk factor for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Post-immunosuppression leishmaniasis is characterized by an increase of parasite burden, hematopoietic disorders and unusual clinical manifestations. Although there are many reports on bone marrow findings in VL, less is known about the relationship between parasite dynamics in this organ and the function of either hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells themselves. In the present study, we tackle these issues using a new approach of infecting human stem cells derived from bone marrow with L. infantum. Using this strategy, we show that human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) are able to phagocytize L. infantum promastigotes and release modulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly TNF-α. Our results demonstrated that L. infantum infection in vitro enhances hematopoiesis, favoring the development of erythrocitic lineage through a mechanism yet unknown. Moreover, we found that L. infantum infection alters the phenotypic profile of the hematopoietic progeny; modifying the surface markers expression of differentiated cells. Thus, our study represents a rare opportunity to monitor the in vitro differentiation of human stem cells experimentally infected by L. infantum to better understand the consequences of the infection on phenotypic and functional profile of the cell progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalho-Gontijo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diana Raquel Moreira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Resende
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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El-Gammal A, Oliveria JP, Howie K, Watson R, Mitchell P, Chen R, Baatjes A, Smith S, Al-Sajee D, Hawke TJ, Killian KJ, Gauvreau GM, O'Byrne PM. Allergen-induced Changes in Bone Marrow and Airway Dendritic Cells in Subjects with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:169-77. [PMID: 26844926 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201508-1623oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells essential for the initiation of T-cell responses. Allergen inhalation increases the number of airway DCs and the release of epithelial-derived cytokines, such as IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), that activate DCs. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of inhaled allergen on bone marrow production of DCs and their trafficking into the airways in subjects with allergic asthma, and to examine IL-33 and TSPL receptor expression on DCs. METHODS Bone marrow, peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and bronchial biopsies were obtained before and after inhalation of diluent and allergen from subjects with asthma that develop allergen-induced dual responses. Classical DCs (cDCs) were cultured from bone marrow CD34(+) cells. cDC1s, cDC2s, and plasmacytoid DCs were measured in bone marrow aspirates, peripheral blood, and BAL by flow cytometry, and cDCs were quantified in bronchial biopsies by immunofluorescence staining. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Inhaled allergen increased the number of cDCs grown from bone marrow progenitors, and cDCs and plasmacytoid DCs in bone marrow aspirates 24 hours after allergen. Allergen also increased the expression of the TSLP receptor, but not the IL-33 receptor, on bone marrow DCs. Finally, inhaled allergen increased the percentage of cDC1s and cDC2s in BAL but only cDC2s in bronchial tissues. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled allergen increases DCs in bone marrow and trafficking of DCs into the airway, which is associated with the development airway inflammation in subjects with allergic asthma. Inhaled allergen challenge also increases expression of TSLP, but not IL-33, receptors on bone marrow DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani El-Gammal
- 1 Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health.,2 Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruchong Chen
- 1 Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health.,3 Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Dhuha Al-Sajee
- 4 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- 4 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | | | - Paul M O'Byrne
- 1 Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health.,2 Department of Medicine, and
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Kalaiyarasu S, Bhatia S, Mishra N, Sood R, Kumar M, SenthilKumar D, Bhat S, Dass Prakash M. Elevated level of pro inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in chicken bone marrow and monocyte derived dendritic cells following LPS induced maturation. Cytokine 2016; 85:140-7. [PMID: 27344111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to characterize and compare chicken bone marrow and peripheral blood monocyte derived dendritic cells (chBM-DC and chMoDC) and to evaluate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine alterations in response upon LPS stimulation. Typical morphology was observed in DCs from 48h of culture using recombinant chicken GM-CSF and IL-4. Maturation of DCs with LPS (1μg/ml) showed significant up regulation of mRNA of surface markers (CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, MHC-II and DC-LAMP (CD208)), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α (LITAF)), iNOS, chemokine CXCli2 and TLRs4 and 15. Basal level of TLR1 mRNA expression was higher followed by TLR15 in both DCs irrespective of their origin. Expression of iNOS and CXCLi2 mRNA in mature DCs of both origins were higher than other surface molecules and cytokines studied. Hence, its level of expression can also be used as an additional maturation marker for LPS induced chicken dendritic cell maturation along with CD83 and CD40. LPS matured DCs of both origins upregulated IL-12 and IFN-γ. Based on CD40 and CD83 mRNA expression, it was observed that LPS induced the maturation in both DCs, but chMoDCs responded better in expression of surface markers and inflammatory mediator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India.
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - D SenthilKumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - Sushant Bhat
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
| | - M Dass Prakash
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 022, India
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Novikova EM, Khatuntseva EA, Tsvetkov YE, Razvalyaeva NA, Goncharuk DA, Zeynalov OA, Nifantiev NE, Stepanenko RN. Synthesis of a conjugate of 3´-sialyllactoside with recombinant flagellin as a carrier protein and assessment of its immunological activity in comparison with that of a similar hemocyanin-based conjugate. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Anguille S, Smits EL, Bryant C, Van Acker HH, Goossens H, Lion E, Fromm PD, Hart DN, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. Dendritic Cells as Pharmacological Tools for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:731-53. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Physiological functions of TNF family receptor/ligand interactions in hematopoiesis and transplantation. Blood 2014; 124:176-83. [PMID: 24859365 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-559641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of ligands of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a conserved response of parenchymal tissues to injury and inflammation that commonly perpetuates elimination of dysfunctional cellular components by apoptosis. The same signals of tissue injury that induce apoptosis in somatic cells activate stem cells and initiate the process of tissue regeneration as a coupling mechanism of injury and recovery. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells upregulate the TNF family receptors under stress conditions and are transduced with trophic signals. The progeny gradually acquires sensitivity to receptor-mediated apoptosis along the differentiation process, which becomes the major mechanism of negative regulation of mature proliferating hematopoietic lineages and immune homeostasis. Receptor/ligand interactions of the TNF family are physiological mechanisms transducing the need for repair, which may be harnessed in pathological conditions and transplantation. Because these interactions are physiological mechanisms of injury, neutralization of these pathways has to be carefully considered in disorders that do not involve intrinsic aberrations of excessive susceptibility to apoptosis.
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Penjweini R, Smisdom N, Deville S, Ameloot M. Transport and accumulation of PVP-Hypericin in cancer and normal cells characterized by image correlation spectroscopy techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:855-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mizrahi K, Stein J, Yaniv I, Kaplan O, Askenasy N. TNF-α has tropic rather than apoptotic activity in human hematopoietic progenitors: involvement of TNF receptor-1 and caspase-8. Stem Cells 2013; 31:156-66. [PMID: 23081800 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been suggested to exert detrimental effects on hematopoietic progenitor function that might limit the success of transplants. In this study, we assessed the influences of TNF-α and its two cognate receptors on the function of fresh umbilical cord blood (UCB) and cryopreserved mobilized peripheral blood (mPB). CD34(+) progenitors from both sources are less susceptible to spontaneous apoptosis than lineage-committed cells and are not induced into apoptosis by TNF-α. Consequently, the activity of UCB-derived severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) reconstituting cells and long-term culture-initiating cells is unaffected by this cytokine. On the contrary, transient exposure of cells from both sources to TNF-α stimulates the activity of myeloid progenitors, which persists in vivo in UCB cell transplants. Progenitor stimulation is selectively mediated by TNF-R1 and involves activation of caspase-8, without redundant activity of TNF-R2. Despite significant differences between fresh UCB cells and cryopreserved mPB cells in susceptibility to apoptosis and time to activation, TNF-α is primarily involved in tropic signaling in hematopoietic progenitors from both sources. Cytokine-mediated tropism cautions against TNF-α neutralization under conditions of stress hematopoiesis and may be particularly beneficial in overcoming the limitations of UCB cell transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Mizrahi
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
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12
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Lundberg K, Albrekt AS, Nelissen I, Santegoets S, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S, Lindstedt M. Transcriptional profiling of human dendritic cell populations and models--unique profiles of in vitro dendritic cells and implications on functionality and applicability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52875. [PMID: 23341914 PMCID: PMC3544800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise heterogeneous populations of cells, which act as central orchestrators of the immune response. Applicability of primary DCs is restricted due to their scarcity and therefore DC models are commonly employed in DC-based immunotherapy strategies and in vitro tests assessing DC function. However, the interrelationship between the individual in vitro DC models and their relative resemblance to specific primary DC populations remain elusive. Objective To describe and assess functionality and applicability of the available in vitro DC models by using a genome-wide transcriptional approach. Methods Transcriptional profiling was performed with four commonly used in vitro DC models (MUTZ-3-DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, CD34-derived DCs and Langerhans cells (LCs)) and nine primary DC populations (dermal DCs, LCs, blood and tonsillar CD123+, CD1c+ and CD141+ DCs, and blood CD16+ DCs). Results Principal Component Analysis showed that transcriptional profiles of each in vitro DC model most closely resembled CD1c+ and CD141+ tonsillar myeloid DCs (mDCs) among primary DC populations. Thus, additional differentiation factors may be required to generate model DCs that more closely resemble other primary DC populations. Also, no model DC stood out in terms of primary DC resemblance. Nevertheless, hierarchical clustering showed clusters of differentially expressed genes among individual DC models as well as primary DC populations. Furthermore, model DCs were shown to differentially express immunologically relevant transcripts and transcriptional signatures identified for each model DC included several immune-associated transcripts. Conclusion The unique transcriptional profiles of in vitro DC models suggest distinct functionality in immune applications. The presented results will aid in the selection of an appropriate DC model for in vitro assays and assist development of DC-based immunotherapy.
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Optimizing dendritic cell-based immunotherapy: tackling the complexity of different arms of the immune system. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:690643. [PMID: 22851815 PMCID: PMC3407661 DOI: 10.1155/2012/690643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier investigations have revealed a surprising complexity and variety in the range of interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Our understanding of the specialized roles of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in innate and adaptive immune responses has been significantly advanced over the years. Because of their immunoregulatory capacities and because very small numbers of activated DC are highly efficient at generating immune responses against antigens, DCs have been vigorously used in clinical trials in order to elicit or amplify immune responses against cancer and chronic infectious diseases. A better insight in DC immunobiology and function has stimulated many new ideas regarding the potential ways forward to improve DC therapy in a more fundamental way. Here, we discuss the continuous search for optimal in vitro conditions in order to generate clinical-grade DC with a potent immunogenic potential. For this, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adequate immune responses and focus on most favourable DC culture regimens and activation stimuli in humans. We envisage that by combining each of the features outlined in the current paper into a unified strategy, DC-based vaccines may advance to a higher level of effectiveness.
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14
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Lambrechts N, Nelissen I, Van Tendeloo V, Witters H, Van Den Heuvel R, Hooyberghs J, Schoeters G. Functionality and specificity of gene markers for skin sensitization in dendritic cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:106-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Nie YJ, Mok MY, Chan GCF, Chan AW, Jin OU, Kavikondala S, Lie AKW, Lau CS. Phenotypic and functional abnormalities of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R91. [PMID: 20478074 PMCID: PMC2911875 DOI: 10.1186/ar3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T and B cells, which are believed to be secondary to deficient dendritic cells (DCs). However, whether DC abnormalities occur during their development in the bone marrow (BM) or in the periphery is not known. Methods Thirteen patients with SLE and 16 normal controls were recruited. We studied the morphology, phenotype, and functional abilities of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) generated by using two culture methods: FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3)-ligand (FL) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively. Results BMDCs induced by FL exhibited both myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) features, whereas GM-CSF/IL-4 induced mDC generation. Substantial phenotypic and functional defects of BMDCs were found from patients with SLE at different stages of cell maturation. When compared with healthy controls, SLE immature BM FLDCs expressed higher levels of CCR7. Both immature and mature SLE BM FLDCs expressed higher levels of CD40 and CD86 and induced stronger T-cell proliferation. SLE BM mDCs expressed higher levels of CD40 and CD86 but lower levels of HLA-DR and a lower ability to stimulate T-cell proliferation when compared with control BM mDCs. Conclusions Our data are in accordance with previous reports that suggest that DCs have a potential pathogenic role in SLE. Defects of these cells are evident during their development in BM. BM mDCs are deficient, whereas BM pDCs, which are part of BM FLDCs, are the likely culprit in inducing autoimmunity in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying J Nie
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
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16
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Lambrechts N, Vanheel H, Nelissen I, Witters H, Van Den Heuvel R, Van Tendeloo V, Schoeters G, Hooyberghs J. Assessment of chemical skin-sensitizing potency by an in vitro assay based on human dendritic cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:122-9. [PMID: 20375081 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin-sensitizing potential of chemicals is an important concern for public health and thus a significant end point in the hazard identification process. To determine skin-sensitizing capacity, large research efforts focus on the development of assays, which do not require animals. As such, an in vitro test has previously been developed based on the differential expression of CREM and CCR2 transcripts in CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cells (CD34-DC), which allows to classify chemicals as skin (non-)sensitizing. However, skin sensitization is not an all-or-none phenomenon, and up to now, the assessment of relative potency can only be derived using the in vivo local lymph node assay (LLNA). In our study, we analyzed the feasibility to predict the sensitizing potency, i.e., the LLNA EC3 values, of 15 skin sensitizers using in vitro data from the CD34-DC-based assay. Hereto, we extended the in vitro-generated gene expression data set by an additional source of information, the concentration of the compound that causes 20% cell damage (IC20) in CD34-DC. We statistically confirmed that this IC20 is linearly independent from the gene expression changes but that it does correlate with LLNA EC3 values. In a further analysis, we applied a robust linear regression with both IC20 and expression changes of CREM and CCR2 as explanatory variables. For 13 out of 15 compounds, a high linear correlation was established between the in vitro model and the LLNA EC3 values over a range of four orders of magnitude, i.e., from weak to extreme sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lambrechts
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium.
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Viel EC, Lemarié CA, Benkirane K, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Immune regulation and vascular inflammation in genetic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H938-44. [PMID: 20044442 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00707.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We hypothesized that under the influence of chromosome (chr)2, T lymphocytes contribute to vascular inflammation in genetic salt-sensitive hypertension. Normotensive (Brown Norway), hypertensive (Dahl salt-sensitive), and consomic rats (SSBN2; in which chr2 has been transferred from Brown Norway to Dahl rats) were studied. Systolic blood pressure, measured by tail cuff, and aortic preproendothelin mRNA, measured by quantitative RT-PCR, were elevated in Dahl rats compared with Brown Norway rats and were reduced in SSBN2 rats compared with Dahl rats (P < 0.01). Compared with Brown Norway rats, Dahl rats exhibited increased inflammatory markers and mediators such as nuclear translocation of the aortic p65 subunit of NF-kappaB as well as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5, and CD4 mRNA, all of which were reduced in SSBN2 rats. Aortic CD8 mRNA was equally increased in Dahl and SSBN2 rats relative to Brown Norway rats. CD4(+) T cell infiltration in the aorta of SSBN2 rats was reduced compared with Dahl rats, whereas the aortic protein expression of Foxp3b and immunosuppressors transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) and IL-10, the three markers associated with the regulatory T cell lineage, were enhanced in SSBN2 rats. Activation in vitro of T cells demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD8(+)CD25(+) cells (Tregs) produce IL-10 in SSBN2 rats. Thus, increased vascular inflammatory responses and hypertension in a genetic salt-sensitive hypertensive rodent model are reduced by transfer of chr2 from a normotensive strain, and this is associated with enhanced levels of immunosuppressive mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie C Viel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Nelissen I, Selderslaghs I, Heuvel RVD, Witters H, Verheyen GR, Schoeters G. MUTZ-3-derived dendritic cells as an in vitro alternative model to CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cells for testing of chemical sensitizers. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1477-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Pfaller T, Colognato R, Nelissen I, Favilli F, Casals E, Ooms D, Leppens H, Ponti J, Stritzinger R, Puntes V, Boraschi D, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ. The suitability of different cellularin vitroimmunotoxicity and genotoxicity methods for the analysis of nanoparticle-induced events. Nanotoxicology 2009; 4:52-72. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390903374001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Smits EL, Anguille S, Cools N, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VF. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:1106-18. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L.J.M. Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Viggo F.I. Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
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21
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Wu Z, Rothwell L, Young JR, Kaufman J, Butter C, Kaiser P. Generation and characterization of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Immunology 2009; 129:133-45. [PMID: 19909375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived professional antigen-presenting cells. The in vitro generation of DCs from either bone marrow or blood is routine in mammals. Their distinct morphology and phenotype and their unique ability to stimulate naïve T cells are used to define DCs. In this study, chicken bone marrow cells were cultured in the presence of recombinant chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and recombinant chicken interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 7 days. The cultured population showed the typical morphology of DCs, with the surface phenotype of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+) (high), CD11c(+) (high), CD40(+) (moderate), CD1.1(+) (moderate), CD86(+) (low), CD83(-) and DEC-205(-). Upon maturation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD40L, surface expression of CD40, CD1.1, CD86, CD83 and DEC-205 was greatly increased. Endocytosis and phagocytosis were assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran uptake and fluorescent bead uptake, respectively, and both decreased after stimulation. Non-stimulated chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBM-DCs) stimulated both allogeneic and syngeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to proliferate in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). LPS- or CD40L-stimulated chBM-DCs were more effective T-cell stimulators in MLR than non-stimulated chBM-DCs. Cultured chBM-DCs could be matured to a T helper type 1 (Th1)-promoting phenotype by LPS or CD40L stimulation, as determined by mRNA expression levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. We have therefore cultured functional chBM-DCs in a non-mammalian species for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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22
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Sioud M, Fløisand Y. NOD2/CARD15 on bone marrow CD34+ hematopoietic cells mediates induction of cytokines and cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 85:939-46. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Dittrich AM, Chen HC, Xu L, Ranney P, Connolly S, Yarovinsky TO, Bottomly HK. A new mechanism for inhalational priming: IL-4 bypasses innate immune signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7307-15. [PMID: 18981153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via innate immune mechanisms is considered pivotal for T cell-mediated responses to inhaled Ags. Furthermore, Th2 cells specific for one inhaled Ag can facilitate priming of naive T cells to unrelated new inhaled Ags, a process we call "Th2 collateral priming". Interestingly, our previous studies showed that collateral priming is independent of signals via the innate immune system but depends on IL-4 secretion by CD4(+) T cells. We thus hypothesized that IL-4 can bypass the need for signals via the innate immune system, considered essential for pulmonary priming. Indeed, we were able to show that IL-4 bypasses the requirement for TLR4- and MyD88-mediated signaling for responses to new allergens. Furthermore, we characterized the mechanisms by which IL-4 primes for new inhaled allergens: "IL-4-dependent pulmonary priming" relies on IL-4 receptor expression on hematopoietic cells and structural cells. Transfer experiments indicate that within the hematopoietic compartment both T cells and dendritic cells need to express the IL-4 receptor. Finally, we were able to show that IL-4 induces recruitment and maturation of myeloid dendritic cells in vivo and increases T cell recruitment to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings bring new mechanistic knowledge to the phenomenon of polysensitization and primary sensitization in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Dittrich
- Department for Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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24
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Hooyberghs J, Schoeters E, Lambrechts N, Nelissen I, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Den Heuvel R. A cell-based in vitro alternative to identify skin sensitizers by gene expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Yu W, Chen J, Xiong Y, Pixley FJ, Dai XM, Yeung YG, Stanley ER. CSF-1 receptor structure/function in MacCsf1r-/- macrophages: regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and morphology. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:852-63. [PMID: 18519746 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0308171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CSF-1 is the major regulator of tissue macrophage development and function. A GM-CSF-dependent, CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R)-deficient F4/80(hi)Mac-1(+)Gr1(-)CD11c(+) bone marrow macrophage (BMM) line (MacCsf1r-/-) was developed to study the roles of the eight intracellular CSF-1R tyrosines phosphorylated upon receptor activation. Retroviral expression of the wild-type CSF-1R rescued the CSF-1-induced survival, proliferation, differentiation, and morphological characteristics of primary BMM. Mutation of all eight tyrosines failed to rescue, whereas the individual Y --> F mutants (544, 559, 697, 706, 721, 807, 921, 974) rescued these CSF-1-inducible phenotypes to varying degrees. The juxtamembrane domain Y559F and activation loop Y807F mutations severely compromised proliferation and differentiation, whereas Y706, Y721F, and Y974F mutations altered morphological responses, and Y706F increased differentiation. Despite their retention of significant in vitro tyrosine kinase activity, Y559F and Y807F mutants exhibited severely impaired in vivo receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, consistent with the existence of cellular mechanisms inhibiting CSF-1R tyrosine phosphorylation that are relieved by phosphorylation of these two sites. The MacCsf1r-/- macrophage line will facilitate genetic and proteomic approaches to CSF-1R structure/function studies in the major disease-related CSF-1R-expressing cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Yu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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26
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Sioud M, Fløisand Y. TLR agonists induce the differentiation of human bone marrow CD34+ progenitors into CD11c+ CD80/86+ DC capable of inducing a Th1-type response. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2834-46. [PMID: 17853407 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that human bone marrow hematopoietic CD34(+) progenitors express functional Toll-like receptors (TLR) and can differentiate into myeloid cells just by stimulation with resiquimod (R848), a specific agonist for TLR7/8. However, the mechanisms by which R848 induces cell differentiation, the effects of other TLR agonists and the functionality of the differentiated cells are not known. Comparable to R848, loxoribine (a TLR7 agonist) and Pam(3)CSK(4) (a TLR2 agonist) induced cytokine production and cell differentiation along the myeloid lineage. R848 and loxoribine were more effective than Pam(3)CSK(4) at inducing the lineage-negative (CD11c(+) CD14(-)) dendritic cells (DC), whereas Pam(3)CSK(4) was more effective at inducing CD11c(+) CD14(+) monocytes. Both cell subsets expressed CD80/CD86 and HLA-DR molecules; however, they showed differential expression of CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD11b, CD206 and CD207 markers when compared with each other. Cell differentiation into DC was significantly inhibited by an anti-TNF-alpha nonoclonal antibody. The CD11c(+) CD14(-) subset was isolated and shown to be more potent in stimulating an alloreaction than the CD11c(+) CD14(+) subset. Collectively, these data highlight the differential effects of TLR agonists on human bone marow CD34(+) progenitor cells and provide a new opportunity for generating functional DC that would be useful in cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Microarray analyses in dendritic cells reveal potential biomarkers for chemical-induced skin sensitization. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3222-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Paczesny S, Li YP, Li N, Latger-Cannard V, Marchal L, Ou-Yang JP, Bordigoni P, Stoltz JF, Eljaafari A. Efficient generation of CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cells from G-CSF-mobilized peripheral mononuclear cells does not require hematopoietic stem cell enrichment. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:957-67. [PMID: 17229904 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0406296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of their potent antigen-presentation function, dendritic cells (DC) are important tools for cell therapy programs. In vitro-generated DC from enriched CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC; enriched CD34 DC) have already proven their efficiency in Phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we investigated whether enrichment of CD34+ HSC before the onset of culture was absolutely required for their differentiation into DC. With this aim, we developed a new two-step culture method. PBMC harvested from G-CSF-mobilized, healthy patients were expanded for 7 days during the first step, with early acting cytokines, such as stem cell factor, fetal liver tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L), and thrombopoietin. During the second step, expanded cells were then induced to differentiate into mature DC in the presence of GM-CSF, Flt-3L, and TNF-alpha for 8 days, followed by LPS exposure for 2 additional days. Our results showed that the rate of CD34+/CD38+/lineageneg cells increased 19.5+/-10-fold (mean+/-sd) during the first step, and the expression of CD14, CD1a, CD86, CD80, and CD83 molecules was up-regulated markedly following the second step. When compared with DC generated from enriched CD34+ cells, which were expanded for 7 days before differentiation, DC derived from nonenriched peripheral blood stem cells showed a similar phenotye but higher yields of production. Accordingly, the allogeneic stimulatory capacity of the two-step-cultured DC was as at least as efficient as that of enriched CD34 DC. In conclusion, we report herein a new two-step culture method that leads to high yields of mature DC without any need of CD34+ HSC enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paczesny
- Hematology Department, Children's Hospital, CHU Nancy, France, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0942, USA.
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29
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Yi H, Zhang L, Zhen Y, He X, Zhao Y. Dendritic cells induced in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-5. Cytokine 2007; 37:35-43. [PMID: 17382554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), as an important part of antigen-presenting cells, can efficiently prime naïve T cell to induce or regulate immune responses. GM-CSF, combined with other growth factors, was used to induce the differentiation of immature or mature DCs from progenitors. Here, we investigated the effect of IL-5, a Th2 cytokine, on the differentiation and function of mouse DCs induced by GM-CSF in vitro. IL-5 significantly inhibited the differentiation of DCs induced by GM-CSF, but no effects on GM-CSF/IL-4 (GM/4) induced DCs. Compared with the conventional mouse DCs developed in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, mouse DCs induced by GM-CSF and IL-5 (refereed as to GM/5 DCs) possessed similar cellular morphology, but they expressed high level of CD11c, but low level of MHC II molecules, CD40 and CD86, which is consistent with the immature DC phenotype. In addition, GM/5 DCs showed significantly lower immunogenicity as indicated by their poor stimulating ability to allogeneic T cells in vitro, decreased expression of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-alpha, as well as increased expression of TGF-beta, compared with GM/4 DCs. Together, these data suggest that IL-5 could partially inhibit GM-CSF-induced DC differentiation which could be reversed by IL-4 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfa Yi
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Sioud M, Fløisand Y, Forfang L, Lund-Johansen F. Signaling through Toll-like Receptor 7/8 Induces the Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow CD34+ Progenitor Cells along the Myeloid Lineage. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:945-54. [PMID: 17049554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in pathogen recognition and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Although TLR expression and signaling have been investigated in blood cells, it is currently unknown whether their bone marrow ancestors express TLRs and respond to their ligands. Here we found that TLRs (e.g. TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8) were expressed by freshly isolated human bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic CD34+ progenitor cells. Incubation of these primitive cells with TLR ligands such as immunostimulatory small interfering RNAs and R848, a specific ligand for TLR7/8, induced cytokine production (e.g. IL1-beta, IL6, IL8, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF). Moreover, TLR7/8 signaling induced the differentiation of BM CD34+ progenitors into cells with the morphology of macrophages and monocytic dendritic precursors characterized by the expression of CD13, CD14 and/or CD11c markers. By contrast, R848 ligand did not induce the expression of glycophorin A, an early marker for erythropoiesis. Collectively, the data indicate for the first time that human BM CD34+ progenitor cells constitutively express functional TLR7/TLR8, whose ligation can induce leukopoiesis without the addition of any exogenous cytokines. Thus, TLR signaling may regulate BM cell development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Immunology, Radiumhospitalet University Hospital, Oslo ,Montebello N-0310 ,Norway.
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31
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Schoeters E, Verheyen GR, Van Den Heuvel R, Nelissen I, Witters H, Van Tendeloo VFI, Schoeters GER, Berneman ZN. Expression analysis of immune-related genes in CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cells after exposure to the chemical contact allergen DNCB. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:909-13. [PMID: 16125363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the changes in gene expression after exposure of human dendritic cells (DCs) to the model allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). DCs were derived from CD34(+) progenitor cells of three different donors and exposed to 10 microM DNCB or solvent for several time intervals (3, 6 and 12h). cDNA microarrays were used to assess the transcriptional activity of 11,000 human genes. Compared to control gene expression, changes larger than +/-two-fold were observed for 241 genes after exposure to DNCB. Of these genes, 137 were up-regulated and 104 down-regulated. Twenty of these genes encode proteins that are related to the immune response (cytokines, chemokines, their receptors, cytokine/chemokines-related genes, transcription and signal transduction genes) and are discussed in more detail. Our data indicate that exposure to DNCB does not induce a typical maturation pattern in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schoeters
- Vito (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Centre of Expertise in Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Berges C, Naujokat C, Tinapp S, Wieczorek H, Höh A, Sadeghi M, Opelz G, Daniel V. A cell line model for the differentiation of human dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:896-907. [PMID: 15963458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have identified human monocytic (THP-1) and myelogenous CD34+ (KG-1) leukemia cell lines that can be differentiated rapidly into mature dendritic cells (DCs) when cultured in serum-free medium containing GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and ionomycin. These hematopoietic cell line-derived DCs are highly pure and monotypic, and display the morphologic, phenotypic, molecular, and functional properties of DCs generated from human donor-derived monocytes or CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. During differentiation into mature DCs, the cells exhibit de novo cell-surface expression of CD83, CD80, CD86, CD40, CD206, CD209, CD120a, CD120b, and intracellular synthesis of IL-10, increase their endocytotic capacity, and acquire characteristic stellate morphology. To further define the cells as DCs, cytosolic induction and upregulation of RelB and RelA (p65), transcription factors of the NF-kappaB/Rel family essential for differentiation and maturation of DCs, as well as upregulation of the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1, and the proteasome activator PA28alpha, components essential for efficient MHC class I peptide antigen processing, were demonstrated during differentiation of the cells. In contrast to the cell lines, the cell line-derived mature DCs are capable of stimulating allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, ultimately defining them as potent antigen-presenting cells. The approach to differentiate THP-1 and KG-1 cells into immature and mature DCs may serve as an experimental model to study molecular events and pathways that govern the differentiation of human malignant myeloid precursors, monocytes, and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells into DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berges
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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De Smedt ACA, Van Den Heuvel RL, Van Tendeloo VFI, Berneman ZN, Schoeters GER. Capacity of CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cells to distinguish between sensitizers and irritants. Toxicol Lett 2005; 156:377-89. [PMID: 15763637 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to develop an in vitro test to identify contact sensitizers, mostly dendritic cells (DCs) derived from monocytes (Mo-DC) have been used. Less is known about the potency of DC derived from CD34+ progenitors (CD34-DC) for in vitro allergen testing. CD34+ progenitor derived DC were exposed to nine well-known allergens (one weak, three moderate and five strong allergens) and two irritants. Surface marker expression (CD86, CD83 and HLA-DR) and cytokine production (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha) were analyzed after 24 h exposure to these chemicals. All allergens tested induced a significant increase in at least one of the DC surface markers. In contrast, none of the irritants tested were able to significantly upregulate membrane marker expression in exposed DC. The level of upregulation of CD86, CD83 and HLA-DR was dependent on the nature and concentration of the chemical, but not on the classification of the allergen. Changes in cytokine production (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha) were not consistently related to exposure to an allergen. Based on these results, we conclude that the in vitro test using CD34-DC has the capacity to distinguish between allergens and irritants based on altered phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C A De Smedt
- Vito (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Qureshi MH, Empey KM, Garvy BA. Modulation of proinflammatory responses to Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris in neonatal mice by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-4: role of APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:441-8. [PMID: 15611269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris (PC) organisms from the lungs of neonatal mice is delayed due to failure of initiation of inflammation over the first 3 wk after infection. The ability of neonatal lung CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) to induce Ag-specific T cell proliferative responses was significantly reduced compared with adult lung DCs. However, neonatal bone marrow-derived DCs were as competent at presenting PC Ag as were adult bone marrow-derived DCs. Because GM-CSF mRNA expression and activity were significantly reduced in neonatal lungs compared with adults, we treated neonates with exogenous GM-CSF and IL-4 and found enhanced clearance of PC compared with untreated neonates. This was associated with increased lung TNF-alpha, IL-12p35, and IL-18 mRNA expression, indicating enhanced innate immune responses. Cytokine-treated mice had marked expansion of CD11c(+) DCs with up-regulated MHC-II in the lungs. Moreover, increased numbers of activated CD4(+)CD44(high)CD62L(low) cells in the lungs and draining lymph nodes suggested improved Ag presentation by the APCs. Together these data indicate that neonatal lungs lack maturation factors for efficient cellular functioning, including APC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboob H Qureshi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Verheyen GR, Schoeters E, Nuijten JM, Van Den Heuvel RL, Nelissen I, Witters H, Van Tendeloo VFI, Berneman ZN, Schoeters GER. Cytokine transcript profiling in CD34+-progenitor derived dendritic cells exposed to contact allergens and irritants. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:187-94. [PMID: 15585374 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We here investigated wether genes encoding the interleukins IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8, and the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL3L1 and CCL4 are useful markers for sensitization testing in CD34+-progenitor derived dendritic cells (CD34-DC). CD34-DC from at least three donors were exposed during 0.5 up to 24h to the chemical sensitizers nickel sulphate, oxazolone, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and eugenol, and to the irritants sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and benzalkonium sulphate (BC). mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR. We observed a large inter-individual variation in mRNA expression in CD34-DC exposed to the chemicals. No or limited effects on expression were observed for the irritant BC and the weak sensitizer eugenol. All other chemicals modulated the transcript levels of most cytokines that were investigated. Most of the time, no clear-cut distinctions could be made between the sensitizers and SDS. After 24 h, consistent upregulatory effects of all sensitizing compounds on transcript expression of CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 were observed, whereas SDS (and BC) had no effect. Our findings suggest that the CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 genes may be selective end-point markers in the CD34-DC model to discern chemical sensitizers from irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert R Verheyen
- Centre of Expertise in Environmental Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Micheva I, Thanopoulou E, Michalopoulou S, Karakantza M, Kouraklis-Symeonidis A, Mouzaki A, Zoumbos N. Defective tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin Immunol 2004; 113:310-7. [PMID: 15507396 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal stem cell disorders, characterized by ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis. MDS patients have a defective immune response manifested by increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, autoimmune phenomena, and high incidence of lymphoid malignancies. Presently, we investigated the phenotype and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) in 23 MDS patients and 15 controls at different stages of differentiation using the maturation stimuli tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and LPS. Monocytes from MDS patients showed low potential to differentiate into dendritic cells (DC), as determined by low cell yield and CD1a expression. MDS-MoDCs exhibited low expression of mannose receptor and reduced endocytic capacity. MDS-MoDCs showed a diminished response to TNF-alpha with low CD83, CD80, and CD54 expression and allostimulatory capacity. In patients with 5q syndrome, monocytes and MoDCs were positive for the 5q deletion, suggesting their origin from the malignant clone. Our data indicate that MoDCs in MDS display quantitative and functional abnormalities that may contribute to the defective immune response of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilina Micheva
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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Xu RLC, Tang Y, Ogburn PL, Malinowski K, Madajewicz S, Santiago-Schwarz F, Fan Q. Implication of delayed TNF-α exposure on dendritic cell maturation and expansion from cryopreserved cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. J Immunol Methods 2004; 293:169-82. [PMID: 15541286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Most currently used systems for dendritic cell (DC) production from progenitors entail tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) at the onset of cell culture, based on the notion that TNF-alpha might be required in the early stages of DC development. To optimize conditions for DC expansion from cryopreserved cord blood (CB) CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, we took a dynamic approach to define the timing of TNF-alpha exposure to the culture. We cultured cord blood CD34+ cells in RPMI-1640 with 10% human AB plasma, stem cell factor (days 1-6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (days 1-18), interleukin-4 (days 6-18) and varying schedules of TNF-alpha (0-144 h after thawing). Expression of the DC-associated markers, including CD83/CD1a, HLA DR/CD86/CD80, CD14/CD40, was monitored every 3 days. Our data demonstrate that delayed TNF-alpha exposure by 48-72 h after thawing gave rise to two- to three-fold increase in the yield of CD83+ DCs that were highly active in stimulating allogeneic T-cell proliferation compared to immediate TNF-alpha exposure. Thus, the immediate exposure of cryopreserved cord blood CD34+ cells to TNF-alpha, potentially compromising DC expansion, should be avoided. This finding should be of significant consideration when using cryopreserved CD34+ progenitor cells as a source of immunologically competent DCs in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Li-Cheng Xu
- Department of Medicine and Long Island Cancer Institute, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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38
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1445-1450. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i6.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Alpan O, Bachelder E, Isil E, Arnheiter H, Matzinger P. 'Educated' dendritic cells act as messengers from memory to naive T helper cells. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:615-22. [PMID: 15156140 DOI: 10.1038/ni1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ingested antigens lead to the generation of effector T cells that secrete interleukin 4 (IL-4) rather than interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and are capable of influencing naive T cells in their immediate environment to do the same. Using chimeric mice generated by aggregation of two genotypically different embryos, we found that the conversion of a naive T cell occurs only if it can interact with the same antigen-presenting cell, although not necessarily the same antigen, as the effector T cell. Using a two-step culture system in vitro, we found that antigen-presenting dendritic cells can act as 'temporal bridges' to relay information from orally immunized memory CD4 T cells to naive CD4 T cells. The orally immunized T cells use IL-4 and IL-10 (but not CD40 ligand) to 'educate' dendritic cells, which in turn induce naive T cells to produce the same cytokines as those produced by the orally immunized memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oral Alpan
- Ghost Lab, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Ponsaerts P, Van Tendeloo VFI, Berneman ZN. Cancer immunotherapy using RNA-loaded dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 134:378-84. [PMID: 14632740 PMCID: PMC1808892 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and are capable of initiating immune responses in vitro and in vivo. One of the great challenges in immunotherapy protocols is to introduce relevant antigens into DC for stimulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- and class II-restricted anti-tumour or anti-viral immunity. This review will focus on the development of mRNA-loaded DC-based immunotherapy vaccines. First, several published results concerning mRNA transfection efficiency in DC are compared. Next, an overview is given for several published studies describing CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell clone activation using RNA-loaded DC. These data show that RNA-loaded DC efficiently process and present antigenic epitopes. Next, published data from in vitro T-cell activation studies using RNA-loaded DC are summarized and provide evidence that RNA-loaded DC can efficiently stimulate in vitro primary and secondary immune responses. Finally, the summarized data provide evidence that RNA-loaded DC are a promising strategy for the development of future cancer vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
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41
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Büchler T, Hajek R. Dendritic cell vaccines in the treatment of multiple myeloma: advances and limitations. Med Oncol 2003; 19:213-8. [PMID: 12512914 DOI: 10.1385/mo:19:4:213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Adjuvant immunotherapy with antigen-loaded DCs represents an attractive anticancer strategy for multiple myeloma (MM). Autologous DCs loaded with idiotypic protein or other myeloma-associated antigen have been used in several clinical trials. Preclinical and first clinical experience have provided valuable insights in the mechanisms of cellular immunity, but few, if any, patients with MM benefited from such vaccination. Taken together, the data suggest that antitumor T-cell responses fail in MM because of a deregulated cytokine network, downregulation of costimulatory surface receptor expression, and changes in T-cell repertoire, enabling tumor cells to escape immune effectors by preventing the antitumor immune response. We discuss current clinical protocols for DC-based immunotherapy in MM and review some strategies that may increase the efficacy of DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Büchler
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematooncology, Masaryk University Hospital, Jihlavska 20, 63900 Brno, Czech Republic.
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42
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Abe K, Yarovinsky FO, Murakami T, Shakhov AN, Tumanov AV, Ito D, Drutskaya LN, Pfeffer K, Kuprash DV, Komschlies KL, Nedospasov SA. Distinct contributions of TNF and LT cytokines to the development of dendritic cells in vitro and their recruitment in vivo. Blood 2003; 101:1477-83. [PMID: 12560241 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v101.4.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta (tumor necrosis factor/lymphotoxin-alpha/lymphotoxin-beta) triple knockout (KO) mice show a significant reduction of dendritic cell (DC) number in the spleen, presumably due to defective recruitment and/or production. To distinguish between these possibilities, DCs were generated from bone marrow (BM) cultures prepared from wild-type (wt) and mutant mice in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). The yield of CD11c(+) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+) DCs generated from TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta(-/-) BM culture was significantly reduced compared with wt BM culture. In order to further dissect the individual pathways responsible for defective DC properties observed in TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta(-/-) mice, the panel of TNF/LT ligand and receptor single KO mice were used. The production of DCs from BM culture was significantly reduced in TNF(-/-) and TNF receptor (TNFR) p55(-/-) mice, but normal in LTalpha(-/-), LTbeta(-/-), LTbetaR(-/-) mice. Recombinant TNF (rTNF) exogenously added to TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta(-/-) BM cultures could reverse this defect, and blocking antibodies showed partial effect on BM cultures of wt mice. Conversely, numbers of mature DCs in spleen were significantly decreased in LTalpha(-/-), LTbeta(-/-), LTbetaR(-/-) mice, but not in TNF(-/-) and TNFRp55(-/-) mice. These results reveal 2 distinct contributions of TNF/LT cytokines. First, TNF acting through TNF receptor is involved in the development/maturation of DCs in BM progenitor cultures, but this function appears to be redundant in vivo. Second, the microenvironment in peripheral lymphoid organs associated with LTalpha/LTbeta-LTbetaR signaling and chemokine production is critical for recruitment efficiency of DCs, and this pathway is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Abe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Center for Cancer Research and Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute, MD 21702, USA
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43
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Büchler T, Hajek R, Bourkova L, Kovarova L, Musilova R, Bulikova A, Doubek M, Svobodnik A, Mareschova I, Vanova P, Tuzova E, Vidlakova P, Vorlicek J, Penka M. Generation of antigen-loaded dendritic cells in a serum-free medium using different cytokine combinations. Vaccine 2003; 21:877-82. [PMID: 12547597 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. An optimal method for the generation of DC for clinical use remains to be established. The aim of our study was to find an optimal cytokine combination for DC generation from peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in serum-free conditions. Serial immunophenotyping enabled us to observe changes in DC content during the culture as well as the development of maturation and activation markers. As a source for DC culture, we used PBSC from patients with multiple myeloma after stem cell mobilization using cyclophosphamide and G-CSF, or PBMC from healthy donors without mobilization. The cells were cultured in a serum-free medium with different cytokine combinations including GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, Flt-3, CD40L, IFN-gamma, IL-1alpha, IL-6, PGE1, and IL-4. The cell cultures were evaluated by immunophenotyping. For PBMC, interleukin-12 assay was performed. For PBSC, the yield of DC as determined by CD83+ cell count ranged from 0. 6 x 10(5) to 30.1 x 10(4) (mean: 9.4 x 10(4)) of DC generated per 1 x 10(6) of initially plated nucleated cells from apheresis. This yield corresponded to (0.3-19.1) x 10(5) (mean: 4.3 x 10(5)) per 1 x 10(6) of CD34+ cells in the apheresis products. For PBMC, the yield was (0.4-24.8) x 10(4) (mean: 2.4 x 10(4)) of DC generated per 1 x 10(6) of initially plated mononuclear cells from venous blood. The cultured cells expressed the mature immunophenotype. No significant differences in cell yield or immunophenotype were detected when comparing different cytokine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Büchler
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Masaryk University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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44
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Bai L, Beckhove P, Feuerer M, Umansky V, Choi C, Solomayer FSEF, Diel IJ, Schirrmacher V. Cognate interactions between memory T cells and tumor antigen-presenting dendritic cells from bone marrow of breast cancer patients: bidirectional cell stimulation, survival and antitumor activity in vivo. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:73-83. [PMID: 12455056 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) and T cells were generated from Ficoll separated bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells of primary operated breast cancer patients according to new cell culture protocols. BM-DC were capable of functioning as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and of inducing autologous antigen-specific memory T-cell responses to either tetanus toxoid recall antigen or to breast cancer antigens. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in phenotypic and functional maturation of BM-DC. When BM-DC, pulsed with breast cancer-associated tumor antigens, were cocultured with autologous patient-derived BM-T cells to allow for cognate breast cancer antigen recognition and stimulation, apoptosis of T cells-which occurred in noncognate coculture systems-was inhibited. Furthermore, in cocultures allowing for antigen-specific cognate interactions, the expression on BM-DC of CD83, MHC class II, CD40 and CD86 molecules was upregulated and the cytokines IL-12 and IFN-alpha were produced in significantly elevated amounts. Adoptive transfer of breast cancer-reactive memory T cells together with APCs into human breast cancer-bearing NOD/SCID mice caused a regression of the tumor and prolonged survival of the animals. This was not the case when such animals had been treated by transfer of reactivated BM T cells without BM-DCs. Our findings suggest that cognate interactions between cancer patient-derived memory BM-T cells and tumor antigen-presenting BM-DCs are important for reciprocal cell stimulation, survival and therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Bai
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cellular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Funauchi M, Yoo BS, Nozaki Y, Sugiyama M, Ohno M, Kinoshita K, Kanamaru A. Dysregulation of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor is one of the causes of defective expression of CD80 antigen in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2002; 11:317-21. [PMID: 12090568 DOI: 10.1191/0961203302lu201oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD80 and CD86, expressed on the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provide costimulatory signals for T lymphocytes. Recently, defective expression of CD80 has been reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) although its mechanism is unclear. Here, expression of the B7 antigens induced by interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 or granulocyte-macrophage stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) along the differentiation process of APCs was investigated. In contrast to CD86, expression of CD80 on the CD14+ cells induced by GM-CSF was reduced in SLE. GM-CSF receptor (GM-CSFR) was down-regulated by GM-CSF or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in both of the normal controls and SLE patients, while this change was more remarkable in the latter. In the presence of 1-(5-isoquinolinsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, the PMA-induced down-regulation of GM-CSFR was reversed in the normal controls but not in SLE. These data suggest that dysregulation of the GM-CSFR might be associated with the defective expression of CD80, leading to dysfunction of the APCs in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Funauchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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46
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Klimp AH, de Vries EGE, Scherphof GL, Daemen T. A potential role of macrophage activation in the treatment of cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 44:143-61. [PMID: 12413632 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the functions of macrophages is to provide a defense mechanism against tumor cells. In the last decades the mechanism of tumor cell killing by macrophages have been studied extensively. The tumor cytotoxic function of macrophages requires stimulation either with bacterial cell wall products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or muramyldipeptide (MDP) or with cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Activated macrophages secrete several substances that are directly involved in tumor cell killing i.e. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and nitric oxide (NO). On the other hand, substances are secreted that are able to stimulate tumor cell growth, depending on the stage and the nature of the tumor. Several clinical trials have been performed aiming at the activation of macrophages or dendritic cells, a subpopulation of the macrophages. In this review we will summarize and discuss experimental studies and clinical trials based on the activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Klimp
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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47
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Ponsaerts P, Van den Bosch G, Cools N, Van Driessche A, Nijs G, Lenjou M, Lardon F, Van Broeckhoven C, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. Messenger RNA electroporation of human monocytes, followed by rapid in vitro differentiation, leads to highly stimulatory antigen-loaded mature dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1669-75. [PMID: 12165485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional Ag-capturing and -presenting cells of the immune system. Because of their exceptional capability of activating tumor-specific T cells, cancer vaccination research is now shifting toward the formulation of a clinical human DC vaccine. We developed a short term and serum-free culture protocol for rapid generation of fully mature, viable, and highly stimulatory CD83(+) DC. Human monocytes were cultured for 24 h in serum-free AIM-V medium, followed by 24-h maturation by polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (polyI:C). Short term cultured, polyI:C-maturated DC, far more than immature DC, showed typical mature DC markers and high allogeneic stimulatory capacity and had high autologous stimulatory capacity in an influenza model system using peptide-pulsed DC. Electroporation of mRNA as an Ag-loading strategy in these cells was optimized using mRNA encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Monocytes electroporated with EGFP mRNA, followed by short term, serum-free differentiation to mature DC, had a phenotype of DC, and all showed positive EGFP fluorescence. Influenza matrix protein mRNA-electroporated monocytes cultured serum-free and maturated with polyI:C showed high stimulatory capacity in autologous T cell activation experiments. In conclusion, the present short term and serum-free ex vivo DC culture protocol in combination with mRNA electroporation at the monocyte stage imply an important reduction in time and consumables for preparation of Ag-loaded mature DC compared with classical DC culture protocols and might find application in clinical immunotherapy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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48
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Takeuchi M, Yamamoto M, Tatematsu M, Miki K, Sakaki Y, Furihata C. Dendritic cell appearance and differentiation during early and late stages of rat stomach carcinogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:925-34. [PMID: 12716471 PMCID: PMC5927111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell appearance and differentiation during early and late stages of rat stomach carcinogenesis were studied in the pyloric mucosa. Young male rats were given drinking water with or without N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG; 100 mg/liter) for 14 days. Use of competitive RT-PCR and northern blotting showed that MNNG exposure induced 3- to 4-fold greater expression of the genes for integrin beta7 and integrin alphaE2 (identical with antigen OX-62, a dendritic cell marker), as well as three cytokines, IL-4, GM-CSF and TNFalpha, in the stomach pyloric mucosa of resistant Buffalo rats compared to sensitive ACI rats. These genes were minimally expressed in control animals. The results confirm the appearance of dendritic cells in the target pyloric mucosa and suggest the possibility that dendritic cell differentiation and maturation are induced by various cytokines, at least in Buffalo rats. Competitive RT-PCR showed expression of integrin alphaE2 and beta7, MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii), MHC class II, B7-1, CD28, GM-CSF and TNFalpha genes in all 12 examined stomach adenocarcinomas and adenomas induced in male Lewis and WKY rats with 30 weeks' MNNG exposure, suggesting the presence of dendritic cells in tumors. OX-62 staining and western blotting for OX-62 also confirmed the presence of dendritic cells in tumors. However, the population of dendritic cells in tumors was less than that in the pyloric mucosa after 14 days' MNNG exposure. The present results suggest that immune defense involving dendritic cells is marshaled from the very early initiation stage during rat stomach cancer development, but is downgraded in developed tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Takeuchi
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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49
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Masterson AJ, Sombroek CC, De Gruijl TD, Graus YMF, van der Vliet HJJ, Lougheed SM, van den Eertwegh AJM, Pinedo HM, Scheper RJ. MUTZ-3, a human cell line model for the cytokine-induced differentiation of dendritic cells from CD34+ precursors. Blood 2002; 100:701-3. [PMID: 12091369 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.2.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human myeloid leukemia-derived cell lines possess the ability to acquire a dendritic cell (DC) phenotype. However, cytokine responsiveness is generally poor, requiring direct manipulation of intracellular signaling mechanisms for differentiation. In contrast, the CD34+ human acute myeloid leukemia cell line MUTZ-3 responds to granulocyte macrophage- colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), cytokines known to be pivotal both in vivo and in vitro for DC generation from monocytes and CD34+ stem cells. In all respects, MUTZ-3 cells behave as the immortalized equivalent of CD34+ DC precursors. Upon stimulation with specific cytokine cocktails, they acquire a phenotype consistent with either interstitial- or Langerhans-like DCs and upon maturation (mDC), express CD83. MUTZ-3 DC display the full range of functional antigen processing and presentation pathways. These findings demonstrate the unique suitability of MUTZ-3 cells as an unlimited source of CD34+ DC progenitors for the study of cytokine-induced DC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Masterson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division Immunotherapy, VU University Medical Center VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu A, Takahashi M, Narita M, Zheng Z, Kanazawa N, Abe T, Nikkuni K, Furukawa T, Toba K, Fuse I, Aizawa Y. Generation of functional and mature dendritic cells from cord blood and bone marrow CD34+ cells by two-step culture combined with calcium ionophore treatment. J Immunol Methods 2002; 261:49-63. [PMID: 11861065 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The object of this study is to explore a culture method to generate a large number of functional and mature dendritic cells (DC) from human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. In the present study, we used a two-step method combined with calcium ionophore to induce DC from cord blood (CB) or normal human bone marrow (BM) CD34+ progenitor cells. The two-step method consists of 10 days of first step culture for the expansion and proliferation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in the presence of SCF, IL-3, IL-6, G-CSF, and 7--11 days of second step culture for the induction of DC in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-alpha. By the two-step culture, total nucleated cells were increased 208+/-66 (+/-SD, n=13), or 94+/-29 (n=5)-fold in the culture of CB or BM cells, respectively, compared with the number of CD34+ cells at the time of starting culture. Out of the total nucleated cells, 23 +/-10.4% of cells in CB cell culture and 25 +/-5% of cells in the BM cell culture acquired DC characteristic phenotypes, which were marked expressions of CD1a, HLA-DR, co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD40, and adhesion molecule such as CD58. In allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), two-step cultured cells showed potent allo-stimulatory capacity. With this two-step culture, the absolute number of CD1a+ cells that co-expressed HLA-DR, CD80, CD40 and CD58 was enhanced approximately 3 times in CB cell culture and 1.9 times in BM cell culture, compared with the commonly used one-step culture method for the generation of DC from CD34+ cells using SCF, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. However, on these DC generated in the two-step culture, the expressions of co-stimulatory molecule CD86 and mature DC marker CD83 were not sufficient. By the treatment of two-step cultured cells with calcium ionophore agent (A23187), the expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD86 and CD80 (especially CD86) was up-regulated. Besides, the expression of mature DC marker CD83 was remarkably induced by treatment with A23187 for a short duration (24 h). Consistent with the up-regulation of surface molecules CD86, CD80 and CD83, the two-step cultured cells treated with A23187 also showed a stronger allo-stimulatory capacity compared with the cells without A23187 treatment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the two-step culture method effectively improved the yield of CD1a+ DC generated from CD34+ cells, and the phenotypes and functions of these CD1a+ DC could be enhanced efficiently by treatment with a calcium ionophore agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichun Liu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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