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Darwesh AM, Bassiouni W, Sosnowski DK, Seubert JM. Can N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids be considered a potential adjuvant therapy for COVID-19-associated cardiovascular complications? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107703. [PMID: 33031856 PMCID: PMC7534795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has currently led to a global pandemic with millions of confirmed and increasing cases around the world. The novel SARS-CoV-2 not only affects the lungs causing severe acute respiratory dysfunction but also leads to significant dysfunction in multiple organs and physiological systems including the cardiovascular system. A plethora of studies have shown the viral infection triggers an exaggerated immune response, hypercoagulation and oxidative stress, which contribute significantly to poor cardiovascular outcomes observed in COVID-19 patients. To date, there are no approved vaccines or therapies for COVID-19. Accordingly, cardiovascular protective and supportive therapies are urgent and necessary to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Accumulating literature has demonstrated the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) toward the cardiovascular system, which include ameliorating uncontrolled inflammatory reactions, reduced oxidative stress and mitigating coagulopathy. Moreover, it has been demonstrated the n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors to a group of potent bioactive lipid mediators, generated endogenously, which mediate many of the beneficial effects attributed to their parent compounds. Considering the favorable safety profile for n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites, it is reasonable to consider n-3 PUFAs as potential adjuvant therapies for the clinical management of COVID-19 patients. In this article, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications secondary to COVID-19 and focus on the mechanisms that may contribute to the likely benefits of n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Darwesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Deanna K Sosnowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John M Seubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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2
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Bachmann MC, Bellalta S, Basoalto R, Gómez-Valenzuela F, Jalil Y, Lépez M, Matamoros A, von Bernhardi R. The Challenge by Multiple Environmental and Biological Factors Induce Inflammation in Aging: Their Role in the Promotion of Chronic Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570083. [PMID: 33162985 PMCID: PMC7591463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is driven by multiple mechanisms that lead to changes in energy production, oxidative stress, homeostatic dysregulation and eventually to loss of functionality and increased disease susceptibility. Most aged individuals develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is an important risk factor for morbidity, physical and cognitive impairment, frailty, and death. At any age, chronic inflammatory diseases are major causes of morbimortality, affecting up to 5-8% of the population of industrialized countries. Several environmental factors can play an important role for modifying the inflammatory state. Genetics accounts for only a small fraction of chronic-inflammatory diseases, whereas environmental factors appear to participate, either with a causative or a promotional role in 50% to 75% of patients. Several of those changes depend on epigenetic changes that will further modify the individual response to additional stimuli. The interaction between inflammation and the environment offers important insights on aging and health. These conditions, often depending on the individual's sex, appear to lead to decreased longevity and physical and cognitive decline. In addition to biological factors, the environment is also involved in the generation of psychological and social context leading to stress. Poor psychological environments and other sources of stress also result in increased inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of environmental and psychosocial factors and nutrition on the regulation of inflammation, and how the response elicited for those factors interact among them, are poorly understood. Whereas certain deleterious environmental factors result in the generation of oxidative stress driven by an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, other factors, including nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and behavioral factors (exercise) confer protection against inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and thus ameliorate their deleterious effect. Here, we discuss processes and mechanisms of inflammation associated with environmental factors and behavior, their links to sex and gender, and their overall impact on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofía Bellalta
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roque Basoalto
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Yorschua Jalil
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Lépez
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anibal Matamoros
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Alhusseiny SM, El-Beshbishi SN. Omega polyunsaturated fatty acids and parasitic infections: An overview. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105466. [PMID: 32302690 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are synthesized from the essential fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, respectively. They are pivotal components of all mammalian cells and were found to be useful in prevention and treatment of a variety of health problems owing to their anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are further metabolized to anti-inflammatory mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins. Moreover, these polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to have in vivo and in vitro protective efficacies against some parasitic infections. Therefore, dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids should be encouraged because of their considerable beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Alhusseiny
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516- Egypt
| | - Samar N El-Beshbishi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516- Egypt.
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4
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Darwesh AM, Sosnowski DK, Lee TYT, Keshavarz-Bahaghighat H, Seubert JM. Insights into the cardioprotective properties of n-3 PUFAs against ischemic heart disease via modulation of the innate immune system. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:20-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1105-1115. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate, excessive or uncontrolled inflammation contributes to a range of human diseases. Inflammation involves a multitude of cell types, chemical mediators and interactions. The present article will describe nutritional and metabolic aspects of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and explain the roles of bioactive members of those fatty acid families in inflammatory processes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are capable of partly inhibiting many aspects of inflammation including leucocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression and leucocyte–endothelial adhesive interactions, production of eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, EPA gives rise to eicosanoids that often have lower biological potency than those produced from arachidonic acid, and EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving mediators called resolvins, protectins and maresins. Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of EPA and DHA include altered cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, disruption of lipid rafts, inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor κB so reducing expression of inflammatory genes and activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Animal experiments demonstrate benefit from EPA and DHA in a range of models of inflammatory conditions. Human trials demonstrate benefit of oral n-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis and in stabilizing advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Intravenous n-3 fatty acids may have benefits in critically ill patients through reduced inflammation. The anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving actions of EPA, DHA and their derivatives are of clinical relevance.
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6
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Aggarwal N, Korenbaum E, Mahadeva R, Immenschuh S, Grau V, Dinarello CA, Welte T, Janciauskiene S. α-Linoleic acid enhances the capacity of α-1 antitrypsin to inhibit lipopolysaccharide induced IL-1β in human blood neutrophils. Mol Med 2016; 22:680-693. [PMID: 27452044 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT, SERPINA1), a major circulating inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (NE) and proteinase-3 (PR3), has been proposed to reduce the processing and release of IL-1β. Since the anti-inflammatory properties of A1AT are influenced by the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, we compared effects of fatty acid-free (A1AT-0) and α-linoleic acid bound (A1AT-LA) forms of A1AT on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synthesis of IL-1β precursor and the release of IL-1β from human blood neutrophils. The presence of A1AT-LA or A1AT-0 significantly reduced LPS induced release of mature IL-1β. However, only A1AT-LA reduced both steady state mRNA levels of IL-1β and the secretion of mature IL-1β. In LPS-stimulated neutrophils, mRNA levels of TLR2/4, NFKBIA, P2RX7, NLRP3, and CASP1 decreased significantly in the presence of A1AT-LA but not A1AT-0. A1AT-0 and A1AT-LA did not inhibit the direct enzymatic activity of caspase-1, but we observed complexes of either form of A1AT with NE and PR3. Consistent with the effect on TLR and IL-1β gene expression, only A1AT-LA inhibited LPS-induced gene expression of NE and PR3. Increased gene expression of PPAR-γ was observed in A1AT-LA treated neutrophils without of LPS stimulation, and the selective PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662) prevented the reduction in IL-1β by A1AT-LA. We conclude from our data, that the ability of A1AT to reduce TLR and IL-1β gene expression depends on its association with LA. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory properties of A1AT-LA are likely to be mediated by the activation of PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Aggarwal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Korenbaum
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ravi Mahadeva
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Calder PC. Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:469-84. [PMID: 25149823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 924] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a condition which contributes to a range of human diseases. It involves a multitude of cell types, chemical mediators, and interactions. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are able to partly inhibit a number of aspects of inflammation including leukocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions, production of eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, production of inflammatory cytokines, and T-helper 1 lymphocyte reactivity. In addition, EPA gives rise to eicosanoids that often have lower biological potency than those produced from arachidonic acid and EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving mediators called resolvins, protectins and maresins. Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of marine n-3 fatty acids include altered cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, disruption of lipid rafts, inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B so reducing expression of inflammatory genes, activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and binding to the G protein coupled receptor GPR120. These mechanisms are interlinked, although the full extent of this is not yet elucidated. Animal experiments demonstrate benefit from marine n-3 fatty acids in models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Clinical trials of fish oil in RA demonstrate benefit, but clinical trials of fish oil in IBD and asthma are inconsistent with no overall clear evidence of efficacy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Dawson DR, Branch-Mays G, Gonzalez OA, Ebersole JL. Dietary modulation of the inflammatory cascade. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:161-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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9
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Calder PC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:645-62. [PMID: 22765297 PMCID: PMC3575932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 770] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are able to inhibit partly a number of aspects of inflammation including leucocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression and leucocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions, production of eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, production of inflammatory cytokines and T cell reactivity. In parallel, EPA gives rise to eicosanoids that often have lower biological potency than those produced from arachidonioc acid and EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving resolvins and protectins. Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of n-3 fatty acids include altered cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, disruption of lipid rafts, inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B so reducing expression of inflammatory genes, activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor NR1C3 (i.e. peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ) and binding to the G protein coupled receptor GPR120. These mechanisms are interlinked. In adult humans, an EPA plus DHA intake greater than 2 g day⁻¹ seems to be required to elicit anti-inflammatory actions, but few dose finding studies have been performed. Animal models demonstrate benefit from n-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Clinical trials of fish oil in patients with RA demonstrate benefit supported by meta-analyses of the data. Clinical trails of fish oil in patients with IBD and asthma are inconsistent with no overall clear evidence of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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10
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Leite MF, Lima AM, Otton R. Combination of astaxanthin and fish oil supplementation alters antioxidant enzyme profile of dental pulp tissue. Int Endod J 2012; 45:1109-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Leite
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - A. M. Lima
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - R. Otton
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul; São Paulo; Brazil
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11
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Monk JM, Kim W, Callaway E, Turk HF, Foreman JE, Peters JM, He W, Weeks B, Alaniz RC, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Immunomodulatory action of dietary fish oil and targeted deletion of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ in inflammation-induced colon carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G153-67. [PMID: 21940900 PMCID: PMC3345959 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00315.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is highly expressed in colonic epithelial cells; however, the role of PPARδ ligands, such as fatty acids, in mucosal inflammation and malignant transformation has not been clarified. Recent evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory/chemoprotective properties of fish oil (FO)-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be partly mediated by PPARδ. Therefore, we assessed the role of PPARδ in modulating the effects of dietary n-3 PUFAs by targeted deletion of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ (PPARδ(ΔIEpC)). Subsequently, we documented changes in colon tumorigenesis and the inflammatory microenvironment, i.e., local [mesenteric lymph node (MLN)] and systemic (spleen) T cell activation. Animals were fed chemopromotive [corn oil (CO)] or chemoprotective (FO) diets during the induction of chronic inflammation/carcinogenesis. Tumor incidence was similar in control and PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. FO reduced mucosal injury, tumor incidence, colonic STAT3 activation, and inflammatory cytokine gene expression, independent of PPARδ genotype. CD8(+) T cell recruitment into MLNs was suppressed in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. Similarly, FO reduced CD8(+) T cell numbers in the MLN. Dietary FO independently modulated MLN CD4(+) T cell activation status by decreasing CD44 expression. CD11a expression by MLN CD4(+) T cells was downregulated in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. Lastly, splenic CD62L expression was downregulated in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These data demonstrate that expression of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ does not influence azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon tumor incidence. Moreover, we provide new evidence that dietary n-3 PUFAs attenuate intestinal inflammation in an intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Monk
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Wooki Kim
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Harmony F. Turk
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Jennifer E. Foreman
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Weimin He
- 4Institute of Biosciences and Technology and
| | - Brad Weeks
- 5Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University,
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- 6Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas; and
| | - David N. McMurray
- 2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and ,6Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
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van den Elsen LWJ, Noakes PS, van der Maarel MA, Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M, Diaper ND, Miles EA, Eussen SRBM, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Wilson SJ, Godfrey KM, Calder PC. Salmon consumption by pregnant women reduces ex vivo umbilical cord endothelial cell activation. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1418-25. [PMID: 22011457 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to n-3 (omega-3) long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) reduces cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression. However, to our knowledge, no previous human studies have examined the influence of an altered diet on CAM expression. OBJECTIVE We assessed whether salmon (rich in n-3 LCPUFAs) consumption twice a week during pregnancy affected offspring umbilical vein EC CAM expression. DESIGN Women were randomly assigned to maintain their habitual diets or to consume 2 portions of salmon per week during pregnancy months 4-9. ECs were isolated from umbilical cord veins collected at birth and cultured. The cell surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was assessed by flow cytometry after the culture of ECs in the presence and absence of bacterial LPS for 24 h. Cytokine and growth factor concentrations in culture supernatant fluid were measured by using a multiplex assay. RESULTS LPS increased the expression of VCAM-1 and the production of several cytokines and growth factors. The level of ICAM-1 expression per cell [ie, the median fluorescence intensity (MFI)] was increased by LPS stimulation in the control group (16.9 ± 2.4 compared with 135.3 ± 20.2; P < 0.001) and to a lesser extent in the salmon group (14.1 ± 3.8 compared with 65.8 ± 22.4; P = 0.037). The ICAM-1 MFI in the salmon group after LPS stimulation was lower than in the control group (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Increased dietary salmon intake in pregnancy dampens offspring EC activation, which implicates a role for n-3 LCPUFAs in the suppression of inflammatory processes in humans. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00801502.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke W J van den Elsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
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Enteral n-3 fatty acids and micronutrients enhance percentage of positive neutrophil and lymphocyte adhesion molecules: a potential mediator of pressure ulcer healing in critically ill patients. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1056-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
n-3 Fatty acids are recognised as influencing both wound healing and immunity. We assessed the impact of a fish oil- and micronutrient-enriched formula (study formula) on the healing of pressure ulcers and on immune function in critically ill patients in an intensive care unit. A total of forty patients with pressure ulcers and receiving nutritional support were enrolled (intervention group, n 20, received study formula; and a control group, n 20, received an isoenergetic formula). Total and differential leucocyte count and percentage of adhesion molecule positive granulocyte and lymphocyte cells (CD11a, CD11b, CD18 and CD49b) were measured on days 0, 7 and 14. Percentage of positive lymphocytes for CD54, CD49b, CD49d and CD8 were also measured on days 0, 7 and 14. The state of pressure ulcers was assessed by using the pressure ulcer scale for healing tool score on days 7, 14 and 28 of treatment. No between-group differences in patient demographics, anthropometry or diagnostic class were observed. Patients who received the study formula showed significant increases in the percentage of positive CD18 and CD11a lymphocytes and of CD49b granulocytes as compared to controls (P < 0·05). While the severity of pressure ulcers was not significantly different between the two groups on admission, severity increased significantly over time for the control group (P < 0·05), but not for the study group. The present study suggests that a fish oil- and micronutrient-enriched formula may prevent worsening of pressure ulcers and that this effect may be mediated by an effect on adhesion molecule expression.
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Vasoprotection by dietary supplements and exercise: role of TNFα signaling. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:972679. [PMID: 22110483 PMCID: PMC3206370 DOI: 10.1155/2012/972679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Dietary supplements, including fish oil, dietary fibers, and various natural products, and exercise training exert vasoprotective effects. However, the mechanisms underlying the vasoprotective benefits of dietary supplements and physical activity demand extensive investigation. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) plays a pivotal role in the dysregulation of macrovascular and microvascular function. TNFα induces vascular inflammation, monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, vascular oxidative stress, apoptosis, and atherogenic response and participates in the regulation of thrombosis and coagulation through multiple signaling pathways involving NFκB, Sp1, activator protein 1, JNK, p38, STAT3, and so forth. Dietary supplements and exercise training decrease TNFα production and ameliorate TNFα-mediated pathological changes in vasculature. Thus, the inhibitory effects of dietary supplements and physical exercise on TNFα production and TNFα signaling may contribute to their vasoprotective properties.
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15
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Otton R, Marin DP, Bolin AP, de Cássia Santos Macedo R, Campoio TR, Fineto C, Guerra BA, Leite JR, Barros MP, Mattei R. Combined fish oil and astaxanthin supplementation modulates rat lymphocyte function. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:707-18. [PMID: 21972007 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Higher intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are abundant in marine fishes have been long described as a "good nutritional intervention" with increasing clinical benefits to cardiovascular health, inflammation, mental, and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of daily fish oil (FO-10 mg EPA/kg body weight (BW) and 7 mg DHA/kg BW) intake by oral gavage associated with the antioxidant astaxanthin (ASTA-1 mg/kg BW) on the redox metabolism and the functional properties of lymphocytes from rat lymph nodes. METHODS This study was conducted by measurements of lymphocyte proliferation capacity, ROS production [superoxide (O₂(•-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)], nitric oxide (NO(•)) generation, intracellular calcium release, oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, activities of major antioxidant enzymes, GSH/GSSG content, and cytokines release. RESULTS After 45 days of FO + ASTA supplementation, the proliferation capacity of activated T- and B-lymphocytes was significantly diminished followed by lower levels of O₂(•-), H₂O₂ and NO(•) production, and increased activities of total/SOD, GR and GPx, and calcium release in cytosol. ASTA was able to prevent oxidative modification in cell structures through the suppression of the oxidative stress condition imposed by FO. L: -selectin was increased by FO, and IL-1β was decreased only by ASTA supplementation. CONCLUSION We can propose that association of ASTA with FO could be a good strategy to prevent oxidative stress induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids and also to potentiate immuno-modulatory effects of FO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemari Otton
- Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences, CBS, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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The 2008 ESPEN Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture: Fatty acids and inflammation--from the membrane to the nucleus and from the laboratory bench to the clinic. Clin Nutr 2010; 29:5-12. [PMID: 19931231 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many chronic conditions involve excessive inflammation that is damaging to host tissues. Excessive or inappropriate inflammation and immunosuppression are components of the response to surgery, trauma, injury and infection in some individuals and these can lead, progressively, to sepsis and septic shock. Hyperinflammation is characterised by the production of inflammatory cytokines, eicosanoids and other inflammatory mediators, while the immunosuppression is characterised by impairment of antigen presentation and of certain T cell responses. N-6 fatty acids may contribute to the hyperinflamed and immunosuppressed states. N-3 fatty acids from fish oil decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids. They act both directly (by replacing arachidonic acid as an eicosanoid precursor) and indirectly (by altering the expression of inflammatory genes through effects on transcription factor activation). Thus, these fatty acids are potentially useful anti-inflammatory agents and may be of benefit in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases or at risk of hyperinflammation and sepsis. An emerging application of n-3 fatty acids is in surgical or critically ill patients where they may be added to parenteral or enteral formulas. Studies to date are suggestive of clinical benefits from these approaches, although more robust data are needed especially in critically ill patients.
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17
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Abstract
The endothelium is critical for the maintenance of a proper vessel function. Disturbances of endothelial function, called endothelial dysfunction, have serious implications, and lead to the development of atherosclerosis. It is well established that the risk for atherosclerosis development is influenced by nutritional factors such as the intake of certain fatty acids. Due to the fundamental role of the endothelium for atherosclerosis development, it is, therefore, likely that fatty acids directly influence the function of endothelial cells. The present review aims to explain the divergent effects of different types of fatty acids on cardiovascular disease risk by summarizing in vitro-data on the effects of fatty acids on (1) important signalling pathways involved in the modulation of endothelial cell function, and (2) endothelial cell functional properties, namely vasoactive mediator release and mononuclear cell recruitment, both of which are typically dysregulated during endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients 2010; 2:355-374. [PMID: 22254027 PMCID: PMC3257651 DOI: 10.3390/nu2030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms; many of these are mediated by, or at least associated with, changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes. Changes in these compositions can modify membrane fluidity, cell signaling leading to altered gene expression, and the pattern of lipid mediator production. Cell involved in the inflammatory response are typically rich in the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, but the contents of arachidonic acid and of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be altered through oral administration of EPA and DHA. Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid have roles in inflammation. EPA also gives rise to eicosanoids and these often have differing properties from those of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids. EPA and DHA give rise to newly discovered resolvins which are anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving. Increased membrane content of EPA and DHA (and decreased arachidonic acid content) results in a changed pattern of production of eicosanoids and resolvins. Changing the fatty acid composition of cells involved in the inflammatory response also affects production of peptide mediators of inflammation (adhesion molecules, cytokines etc.). Thus, the fatty acid composition of cells involved in the inflammatory response influences their function; the contents of arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA appear to be especially important. The anti-inflammatory effects of marine n-3 PUFAs suggest that they may be useful as therapeutic agents in disorders with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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19
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Yessoufou A, Plé A, Moutairou K, Hichami A, Khan NA. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces suppressive and migratory functions of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:2377-88. [PMID: 19561360 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900101-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance is one of the fundamental aspects of the immune system. The CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells have emerged as key players in the development of tolerance to self and foreign antigens. However, little is known about the endogenous factors and mechanisms controlling their suppressive capacity on immune response. In this study, we observed that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, diminished, in a dose-dependent manner, the capacity of Treg cells to inhibit the CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T-cell proliferation. DHA not only reduced the migration of Treg cells toward chemokines but also downregulated the mRNA expression of CCR-4 and CXCR-4 in Treg cells. DHA also curtailed ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation and downregulated the Smad7 levels in these cells. Contradictorily, DHA upregulated the mRNA expression of Foxp3, CTLA-4, TGF-beta, and IL-10; nonetheless, this fatty acid increased the expression of p27(KIP1) mRNA, known to be involved in Treg cell unresponsiveness. In Foxp3-immunoprepitated nuclear proteins, DHA upregulated histone desacetylase 7 levels that would again participate in the unresposnsiveness of these cells. Finally, a DHA-enriched diet also diminished, ex vivo, the suppressive capacity of Treg cells. Altogether, these results suggest that DHA, by diminishing Treg cell functions, may play a key role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akadiri Yessoufou
- University of Burgundy, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Lipids and Cell Signaling, Faculty of Life Sciences, Dijon, France
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20
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Higgins LJ, Rutledge JC. Inflammation associated with the postprandial lipolysis of triglyceriderich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009; 11:199-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-009-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Romanato G, Scarpa M, Angriman I, Faggian D, Ruffolo C, Marin R, Zambon S, Basato S, Zanoni S, Filosa T, Pilon F, Manzato E. Plasma lipids and inflammation in active inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29:298-307. [PMID: 19035968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) can cause metabolic and inflammatory alterations. AIM To evaluate the relationships between inflammatory parameters, plasma lipids and phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition in patients with active UC and CD. METHODS Diet, the Harvey-Bradshaw Activity Index (HBAI), inflammatory parameters, lipoproteins and FA composition were assessed in 60 CD and 34 UC. RESULTS No differences in clinical parameters were observed in the two groups. Total cholesterol correlated inversely with the number of bowel movements in both groups and directly with BMI in UC. Arachidonic acid correlated inversely with HBAI in UC and total and HDL cholesterol were inversely related to C-reactive protein (CRP) in CD while HDL correlated with CRP in UC. Docosapentaenoic acid was the only polyunsaturated n-3 FA that was correlated to CRP in both groups. Total cholesterol was independently associated in the multiple regression analysis with the number of bowel movements and systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Total and LDL cholesterol were lower in the active UC and CD than in the healthy subjects and were correlated with the systemic inflammatory status. Phospholipid FA composition was correlated to the systemic inflammatory status, but was unrelated to dietary intake and intestinal disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romanato
- CNR-Institute of Neurosciences-Aging Section, Padova, Italy.
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22
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Lipid and phospholipid profile after bowel resection for Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:931-8. [PMID: 18597099 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic inflammation, impaired intestinal adsorption, and bowel resection may have an impact on lipid metabolism before and after intestinal surgery for Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this prospective study was to define the impact of intestinal surgery for CD on plasma phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition and of serum plasma lipoprotein concentrations and to investigate the role of CD recurrence on lipid parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four consecutive patients who had intestinal surgery for CD since December 2004 to March 2006 were enrolled in this prospective study. The total amount of calorie intake and the quality of the aliments, systemic inflammatory activity, and plasma lipoproteins and phospholipid fatty acid composition were determined at operation and at follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed with pair-matched tests. RESULTS The median follow-up was 6 (4-20) months. During the follow-up, no significant modification of body mass index was observed. An increase of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p=0.02) without other modifications in the plasma phospholipid FA composition were evidenced after surgery. The comparison between colectomy and ileo-colonic or ileal resection groups did not show any significant difference in the lipoprotein concentration and phospholipid FA profile. The length of resected bowel did not show any significant correlation with any relevant difference in lipid, phospholipid profile, or in inflammatory parameters. Patients who experienced a recurrence of CD reported significantly higher levels of total (p<0.01), HDL (p=0.01), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=0.01) were observed in patients in remission than in those with recurrent active disease. CONCLUSIONS Patients who are submitted to intestinal resection for CD improve their inflammatory status as well as their lipid metabolism, and CD recurrence, but not the extent of bowel resection, is the main predictor of alteration of serum lipid concentration.
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Yusof HM, Miles EA, Calder P. Influence of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation in middle-aged men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:219-28. [PMID: 18403189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a moderate dose of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.8 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus 0.3g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day) given for 8 weeks to healthy middle-aged males on cardiovascular risk factors, particularly plasma lipids and inflammatory markers. The study was double-blind and placebo-controlled. The proportion of EPA was significantly increased in plasma phosphatidylcholine (from 1.4% to 5.0% of total fatty acids; P<0.001), cholesteryl esters (from 1.2% to 4.5%; P<0.001) and triacylglycerols (from 0.3% to 1.8%; P<0.001). In contrast, the more modest increases in DHA in these lipid fractions were not significant. There was very little effect of n-3 fatty acids on the risk factors measured, apart from a reduction in plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 concentration compared with placebo (P=0.05). The change in plasma sICAM-1 concentration was significantly inversely related to the change in DHA in plasma phosphatidylcholine (r=-0.675; P=0.001), but less so to the change in EPA (r=-0.406; P=0.076). Data from the present study suggest that marine oil providing 1.8 g of EPA plus 0.3g DHA/day is not sufficient to demonstrate marked effects on cardiovascular risk factors (plasma lipids and inflammatory markers) in healthy middle-aged men, although there may be a slight anti-inflammatory effect as indicated by the decrease in sICAM-1. The stronger association between changes in DHA than EPA and sICAM-1 concentrations suggest that DHA may be more anti-inflammatory than EPA. Thus, one reason why only limited effects were seen here may be that the dose of DHA provided was insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayati M Yusof
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton , UK.
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24
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Scarpa M, Romanato G, Manzato E, Ruffolo C, Marin R, Basato S, Zambon S, Filosa T, Zanoni S, Pilon F, Polese L, Sturniolo GC, D'Amico DF, Angriman I. Restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: impact on lipid metabolism and adipose tissue and serum fatty acids. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:279-87. [PMID: 17955308 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-007-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the changes of the metabolism of circulating and storage lipids in patients with ulcerative colitis after restorative proctocolectomy. Fifteen consecutive patients and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Disease activity, diet, inflammatory parameters, plasma lipoprotein concentrations, and fatty acids (FA) of serum phospholipids and of the subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed at colectomy and at ileostomy closure. In ulcerative colitis patients, total cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid were lower than in healthy subjects (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). The median interval between colectomy and ileostomy closure was 6 (range 2-9) months. During that interval, the inflammatory parameters improved, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol increased (p < 0.01), and low-density (LDL) cholesterol decreased (p = 0.01). At ileostomy closure, serum arachidonic acid levels were increased (p = 0.04), whereas serum oleic acid level was decreased (p = 0.02). In this interval, no significant alteration, either in serum n-3 FA precursors or in the FA of subcutaneous adipose tissue, was observed. The increase of serum arachidonic acid after colectomy might suggest a lower utilization for inflammatory process. The reduction of LDL cholesterol is an index of malabsorption probably due to the accelerated transit and to the exclusion of the terminal ileum caused by the covering ileostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Clinica Chirurgica I, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Gastroenterologiche, Policlinico Universitario, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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25
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Luu NT, Madden J, Calder PC, Grimble RF, Shearman CP, Chan T, Dastur N, Howell WM, Rainger GE, Nash GB. Dietary supplementation with fish oil modifies the ability of human monocytes to induce an inflammatory response. J Nutr 2007; 137:2769-74. [PMID: 18029497 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.12.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are key orchestrators of inflammation and are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis. (n-3) Fatty acids, found in fish oil, have been shown to have protective effects in such disorders. To investigate possible modes of action, we used a monocyte:endothelial cell (EC) coculture model to investigate the pro-inflammatory potential of monocytes. Monocytes were isolated from the blood of donors with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or control donors, before and after a 12-wk supplementation of their diet with fish oil. The monocytes were cultured with human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) for 24 h, after which the ability of the HUVEC to recruit flowing neutrophils was tested. Monocytes from either group of donors stimulated the EC to support the adhesion and migration of neutrophils. Fish oil supplementation reduced the potency of monocytes from normal subjects, but not those from patients with PAD, to induce recruitment. Concurrent medication may have acted as a complicating factor. On subgroup analysis, only those free of medication showed a significant effect of fish oil. Responses before or after supplementation were not closely linked to patterns of secretion of cytokines by cultured monocytes, tested in parallel monocultures. These results suggest that fish oil can modulate the ability of monocytes to stimulate EC and that this might contribute to their protective effects against chronic inflammatory disorders. Benefits, however, may depend on existing medical status and on other treatments being received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyet-Thin Luu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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26
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Aghdassi E, Wendland BE, Stapleton M, Raman M, Allard JP. Adequacy of nutritional intake in a Canadian population of patients with Crohn's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:1575-80. [PMID: 17761234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is frequently associated with nutritional deficiencies, often a result of disease activity and poor oral intake. This study investigated the adequacy of dietary intake, based on the Canadian Dietary Reference Intake, in ambulatory patients with Crohn's disease and a normal body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m(2)). This was a cross-sectional study of 74 patients with mean age of 35.7+/-1.4 years and BMI of 23.05+/-0.45. All patients completed a 7-day food record and a diary for the Crohn's Disease Activity Index. Mean Crohn's Disease Activity Index was 138.99+/-11.38. Energy and protein intakes were within the recommended levels of intake, but total carbohydrates, fat, and saturated fat intake exceeded the recommended levels of <55%, <35%, and <10% in 39.2%, 27%, and 59.5% of the patients, respectively. Micronutrient intakes were suboptimal most notably for folate, vitamins C, E, and calcium. There were no substantial differences between patients with active and inactive disease in terms of failure to meet the Dietary Reference Intake. In conclusion, in this population sample, a large number of ambulatory patients with Crohn's disease have suboptimal dietary patterns despite a normal BMI and inactive disease. Dietary counseling and supplementation may be warranted in this patient population.
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27
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Irons R, Fritsche KL. n-3 PUFA fail to affect in vivo, antigen-driven CD8+T-cell proliferation in the spleen of naïve mice. Br J Nutr 2006; 95:838-44. [PMID: 16571165 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the most frequently reported immunomodulatory actions of n-3 PUFA is their ability to diminish in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine if n-3 PUFA intake affects the kinetics or magnitude of the antigen-driven expansion of CD8(+)T-lymphocytes in vivo. In this study we utilized a well-characterized model of T-cell immunity (i.e. infection with the intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes). Weanling BALB/c mice were fed one of two experimental diets that differed solely in fat source. Our control diet contained lard (180 g/kg) and was devoid of long-chain n-3 PUFA. The experimental diet contained 150 g/kg menhaden fish oil and 30 g/kg corn oil, thus providing approximately 8 % of energy from long-chain n-3 PUFA. After 4 weeks, mice were infected intravenously with 10(6) colony-forming units of actA-deficient L. monocytogenes. Clonal expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+)T-cells in the spleen was measured at 5, 7, 9 and 14 d post-challenge using a class I MHC tetramer loaded with the immunodominant peptide from this pathogen (i.e. K(d):LLO91-99). We report that feeding mice a diet rich in n-3 fatty acids did not significantly impact either the kinetics or magnitude of in vivo, antigen-driven expansion of CD8(+)T-cells. Furthermore, contraction of this T-cell population was not affected by n-3 PUFA treatment. To our knowledge this is the first time MHC tetramers have been used to investigate the influence of n-3 PUFA on in vivo CD8(+)T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Irons
- Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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28
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Xue H, Wan M, Song D, Li Y, Li J. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in endothelium. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:434-9. [PMID: 16616699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) regulate inflammation and immunoreaction partially via affecting endothelial functions. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms for inhibiting endothelial activation by omega-3 PUFA remain unclear. We investigated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) of endothelium. We analyzed the expression of extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2), Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 mRNA by real-time RT-PCR and the kinases activity by western blotting in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We observed that EPA or DHA alone significantly reduced the TNF-alpha-induced activation of p38 and JNK kinases at a concentration of 20 microM, but EPA is a more potent inhibitor than DHA. In contrast, both EPA and DHA significantly counteracted the TNF-alpha-mediated deactivation of ERK1/2 kinases. Meanwhile, both EPA and DHA significantly attenuated the TNF-alpha-induced expression of p38 and ERK1/2 mRNA, and DHA but not EPA also reduced the TNF-alpha-induced JNK mRNA expression. We present data show that both EPA and DHA alone diminish activation of p38 and JNK kinases, while maintaining the activation of ERK1/2 kinases of TNF-alpha-stimulated HUVEC. This may contribute to the inhibiting effects of omega-3 PUFA on endothelial activation by proinflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xue
- Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, No. 305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China
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29
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Ly LH, Smith R, Switzer KC, Chapkin RS, McMurray DN. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid modulates CTLA-4 expression in murine CD4+ T-cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 74:29-37. [PMID: 16221546 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that downregulation of proliferation by CD4(+) T-cells in mice fed n-3 PUFA diets is dependent on the involvement of CD28. Therefore, we hypothesized that the balance of co-stimulatory and downregulatory properties of CD28 and CTLA-4, respectively, would be altered by diet. Mice were fed a control corn oil (CO)-enriched diet devoid of n-3 PUFA, or diets enriched with either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for 14d. The proliferation of splenic CD4(+) T-cells was suppressed by DHA and EPA following stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. Surprisingly, the number of surface CD28 molecules was not reduced in activated CD4(+) T-cells from either group of n-3 PUFA-fed mice. However, in mice fed EPA, CTLA-4 protein levels were enhanced significantly 72 h post-activation (P<0.01). Therefore, we conclude that dietary EPA may suppress CD4(+) T-cell activation by enhancing the downregulatory co-receptor CTLA-4, while not altering the levels of CD28.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Corn Oil/pharmacology
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan H Ly
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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30
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Foote MR, Nonnecke BJ, Fowler MA, Miller BL, Beitz DC, Waters WR. Effects of Age and Nutrition on Expression of CD25, CD44, and l-Selectin (CD62L) on T-cells from Neonatal Calves. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:2718-29. [PMID: 16027185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the plane of nutrition and age on the proliferation and activation of lymphocyte subsets from milk replacer-fed calves were investigated in vitro. Holstein calves were fed a standard (0.45 kg/d of a 20% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer, n = 4) or intensified (1.14 kg/d of a 28% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer, n = 4) diet from 1 to 8 wk of age. Average daily weight gain of intensified-diet (0.66 kg/d) calves was greater than that of standard-diet (0.27 kg/d) calves. Relative to the pokeweed mitogen-induced responses of CD4(+) cells from steers (5 to 6 mo of age), CD4(+) cells from 1-wk-old calves showed decreased proliferative activity, delayed increase in CD25 expression, and no demonstrable increase in CD44 expression or decrease in CD62L expression. Calf CD8(+) and gammadeltaT-cell receptor(+) cells, unlike T-cells from the older animals, did not demonstrate decreased expression of CD62L after stimulation with mitogen. The increased expression of CD44 by mitogen-stimulated gammadeltaT-cell receptor(+) cells from older animals was not seen in gammadeltaT-cell receptor(+) cells from 1-wk-old calves. At wk 8 of age, mitogen-induced proliferation and expression of activation antigens by T-cells from standard-fed calves were similar to responses of T-cells from steers indicating rapid maturation of T-cell function during the neonatal period. Feeding calves an intensified milk replacer was associated with decreased proliferation of mitogen-stimulated CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadeltaT-cell receptor(+) cells; decreased CD25 expression by mitogen-stimulated CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells; and decreased CD44 expression by mitogen-stimulated CD8(+) cells. These results indicate that the functional capacity of the calf's T-cell population becomes more adult-like during the first weeks of life and suggest that nutrition modulates T-cell function during this period of immune maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Foote
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Irons R, Pinge-Filho P, Fritsche KL. Dietary (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Do Not Affect the In Vivo Development and Function of Listeria-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ Effector and Memory/Effector T Cells in Mice. J Nutr 2005; 135:1151-6. [PMID: 15867296 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.5.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that in a mouse model, a diet high in (n-3) PUFA diminishes host survival following an infection from Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive bacterial pathogen. In this study we investigated the impact of (n-3) PUFA on the adaptive immune response to L. monocytogenes. BALB/c mice were fed experimental diets either devoid of or rich in (n-3) PUFA from fish oil for 4 wk and then infected with 10(6) actA-deficient L. monocytogenes. At 7 and 35 d postchallenge, effector and memory/effector T cells in the spleen were enumerated by flow cytometry. Surprisingly, the number of Listeria-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector and memory/effector T cells in the spleen was not affected by (n-3) PUFA. Also, the effector cells derived from mice fed either diet were equally capable of conferring protective immunity upon adoptive transfer to naive recipients. Despite our previous data, which demonstrated that (n-3) PUFA profoundly impaired host resistance to L. monocytogenes, pathogen-specific T cell responses were not substantially affected by dietary (n-3) PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Irons
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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Whiting CV, Bland PW, Tarlton JF. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce disease and colonic proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:340-9. [PMID: 15803023 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000164016.98913.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduce the severity of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, probably by means of reduction of immune cell activation or enhancement of the epithelial barrier. Using the severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model of colitis, this study examined the effect of dietary n-3 PUFAs on development of colitis and on immunologic, epithelial, and matrix parameters in the intestines of control and colitic animals. METHODS SCID mice were fed n-3-enriched or control diet for 3 weeks before colitis induction by transplantation of CD45RB T cells and maintained on the same diet for 4 to 8 weeks. Phenotype of infiltrating cells, epithelial ZO-1 protein, and mucosal type I collagen were assessed by immunohistology and tissue cytokines by ELISA. RESULTS Transplanted n-3-fed animals had significantly reduced pathology scores, colonic tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-12, and interleukin-1beta compared with animals fed standard diet. Proinflammatory cytokines were reduced despite a similar level of immune cell infiltration by T cells, CD11c cells, and CD11b cells. Neutrophil infiltration was significantly reduced in n-3-fed control and colitic mice, and other myeloid populations were reduced in mice on the n-3 diet. Epithelial ZO-1 expression was increased, and myofibroblast activation significantly decreased in transplanted n-3-fed animals compared with standard diet mice. Submucosal collagen synthesis was enhanced in n-3-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Dietary n-3 PUFAs reduced clinical colitis and colonic immunopathology in this model of colonic inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokine synthesis, reducing myeloid cell recruitment and activation, and enhancing epithelial barrier function and mucosal wound healing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine V Whiting
- Veterinary Pathology Infection and Immunity, School Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Pérez J, Ware MA, Chevalier S, Gougeon R, Bennett GJ, Shir Y. Dietary fat and protein interact in suppressing neuropathic pain-related disorders following a partial sciatic ligation injury in rats. Pain 2004; 111:297-305. [PMID: 15363873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic sensory disorders (CNSD) of rats receiving a partial sciatic nerve ligation injury (the PSL model) are suppressed by dietary soy protein. Although previously shown to modify nociceptive behavior in acute pain models, dietary fat has never been tested for its putative analgesic properties in chronic pain states. Here we tested the role of dietary fat, protein and fat/protein interactions in the development of tactile allodynia and heat hyperalgesia in PSL-injured rats. Male Wistar rats were fed nine different diets, comprising of three proteins (soy, casein and albumin) and three fats (corn, soy and canola) for a week preceding PSL injury and for 2 weeks thereafter. Rats' responses to tactile and noxious heat stimuli were tested before surgery and 3, 7 and 14 days afterwards. Tactile and heat sensory abnormalities following PSL injury were significantly different among the nine dietary groups. Consumption of corn and soy fats suppressed the levels of tactile and heat allodynia and hyperalgesia, whereas consumption of soy and casein proteins was associated with lower levels of heat hyperalgesia but not tactile allodynia. A significant fat/protein interaction was found for the heat but not tactile stimuli. We conclude that dietary fat is a significant independent predictor of levels of neuropathic sensory disorders in rats and that this effect is accentuated by dietary protein. The mechanisms by which fat suppresses neuropathic disorders have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pérez
- Anesthesia Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada Department of Anesthesia, Pain Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada The Nutrition and Food Science Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que., Canada
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Abstract
Nutrients may be involved in the modulation of the immune response through at least three different mechanisms. First, the intestinal ecosystem plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, triggering the uncontrolled inflammatory response in genetically predisposed individuals. Nutrients, together with bacteria, are major components of, and can therefore influence, the intestinal environment. Second, as components of cell membranes, nutrients can mediate the expression of proteins involved in the immune response, such as cytokines, adhesion molecules and nitric oxide synthase. The composition of lipids in the cell membrane is modified by dietary changes and can influence cellular responses. Indeed, various epidemiological, experimental and clinical data suggest that the immune response may be sensitive to changes in dietary composition. Finally, suboptimal levels of micronutrients are often found in both children and adults with inflammatory bowel disease, although, with the exception of iron and folate, it is unusual to discover symptoms attributable to these deficits. However, subclinical deficits may have a pathophysiological significance, as they may favour the self-perpetuation of the disease (due to defects in the mechanisms of tissue repair), cause defective defence against damage produced by oxygen free radicals and facilitate lipid peroxidation. These events can occur even in clinically inactive or mildly active disease, as well as in the development of dysplasia in the intestinal mucosa. Some dietary manipulations have been attempted as primary treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, and specially formulated diets for enteral nutrition have proved to be an effective treatment for Crohn's disease. Most trials, although lacking sufficient patient numbers, have demonstrated a role for dietary manipulation as primary therapy for inflammatory disease. Dietary lipids are one of the most active nutritional substrates modulating the immune response. Recently, it has been demonstrated that lipids may be a key factor explaining the therapeutic effect of clinical nutrition in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gassull
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitari Germans, Trias i Pujol, Catalonia, Spain.
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Anderson MJ, Fritsche KL. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate in vivo, antigen-driven CD4+ T-cell proliferation in mice. J Nutr 2004; 134:1978-83. [PMID: 15284386 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine whether dietary lipids affect in vivo, antigen-driven, proliferation of naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes. To accomplish this, we adoptively transferred lymphocytes from T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic DO11.10 (i.e., donor) mice into syngeneic, nontransgenic BALB/c (i.e., recipient) mice. Before adoptive transfer, recipient mice were fed for 4 wk AIN93G-type diets that differed only in fat source: lard, low in PUFA, fish oil, rich in (n-3) PUFA, and soybean oil, rich in (n-6) PUFA. One week after transfer, recipient mice were immunized with antigen (i.e., ovalbumin), and expansion of CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes (LN) was measured by flow cytometry. Five days postimmunization (p.i.), at the peak of expansion, CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells in the draining LN and spleen were 5- to 10-fold higher than in unimmunized mice, then quickly declined during the contraction phase (i.e., 7 and 10 d p.i.). Recipients fed the (n-6) PUFA rich diet had approximately 25% greater in vivo expansion of CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells than lard- and fish oil-fed recipient mice at 5 d p.i. (P < 0.05). However, at 7 and 10 d p.i., CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells in the draining lymph nodes did not differ between groups, nor in the spleen at 5, 7, and 10 d p.i. In summary, we are the first to demonstrate that dietary PUFAs affect antigen-driven expansion of naïve CD4(+) T cells in vivo. Surprisingly, (n-3) PUFA consumption did not reduce CD4(+) T-cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J Anderson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
Over the last 25 years, the effects of fatty acids on the immune system have been characterized using in vitro, animal and human studies. Advances in fatty acid biochemistry and molecular techniques have recently suggested new mechanisms by which fatty acids could potentially modify immune responses, including modification of the organization of cellular lipids and interaction with nuclear receptors. Possibilities for the clinical applications of n-3 PUFA are now developing. The present review focuses on the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory properties of n-3 PUFA in the arterial wall may contribute to the protective effects of n-3 PUFA in CVD, as suggested by epidemiological and secondary prevention studies. Studies are just beginning to show that dietary n-3 PUFA can be incorporated into plaque lipid in human subjects, where they may influence the morphology and stability of the atherosclerotic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Yaqoob
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Calder PC. n–3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107:1-11. [PMID: 15132735 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long chain n–3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) are found in fatty fish and in fish oils. Substantial evidence from epidemiological and case-control studies indicates that consumption of fish, fatty fish and long-chain n–3 PUFAs reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Secondary prevention studies using long-chain n–3 PUFAs in patients post-myocardial infarction have shown a reduction in total and cardiovascular mortality, with an especially potent effect on sudden death. Long-chain n–3 PUFAs have been shown to decrease blood triacylglycerol (triglyceride) concentrations, to decrease production of chemoattractants, growth factors, adhesion molecules, inflammatory eicosanoids and inflammatory cytokines, to lower blood pressure, to increase nitric oxide production, endothelial relaxation and vascular compliance, to decrease thrombosis and cardiac arrhythmias and to increase heart rate variability. These mechanisms most likely explain the primary and secondary cardiovascular protection afforded by long-chain n–3 PUFA consumption. A recent study suggests that long-chain n–3 PUFAs might also act to stabilize advanced atherosclerotic plaques, perhaps through their anti-inflammatory effects. As a result of the robust evidence in their favour, a number of recommendations to increase intake of long-chain n–3 PUFAs have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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Mayer K, Meyer S, Reinholz-Muhly M, Maus U, Merfels M, Lohmeyer J, Grimminger F, Seeger W. Short-Time Infusion of Fish Oil-Based Lipid Emulsions, Approved for Parenteral Nutrition, Reduces Monocyte Proinflammatory Cytokine Generation and Adhesive Interaction with Endothelium in Humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:4837-43. [PMID: 14568963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Potential impact of omega-3 fatty acids, as contained in fish oil, on immunological function has been suggested because observations of reduced inflammatory diseases in Greenland Inuit were published. A fish oil-based lipid emulsion has recently been approved for parenteral nutrition in many countries. We investigated the influence of a short infusion course of fish oil-based (omega-3) vs conventional (omega-6) lipid emulsion on monocyte function. In a randomized design, twelve healthy volunteers received omega-3 or omega-6 lipid infusion for 48 h, with cross-over repetition of the infusion course after 3 mo. Fatty acid profiles, monocyte cytokine release and adhesive monocyte-endothelium interaction were investigated. Resultant omega-6 lipid emulsion increased plasma-free fatty acids including arachidonic acid, whereas the omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid ratio in monocyte membranes remained largely unchanged. It also caused a tendency toward enhanced monocyte proinflammatory cytokine release and adhesive monocyte-endothelium interaction. In contrast, omega-3 lipid emulsion significantly increased the omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid ratio in the plasma-free fatty acid fraction and in monocyte membrane lipid pool, markedly suppressing monocyte generation of TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 in response to endotoxin. In addition, it also significantly inhibited both monocyte-endothelium adhesion and transendothelial monocyte migration, although monocyte surface expression of relevant adhesive molecules (CD11b, CD18, CD49 days, CCR2) was unchanged. Although isocaloric, omega-3 and omega-6 lipid emulsions exert differential impact on immunological processes in humans. In addition to its nutritional value, fish oil-based omega-3 lipid emulsion significantly suppresses monocyte proinflammatory cytokine generation and features of monocyte recruitment.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Over Studies
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/administration & dosage
- Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/analysis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/analysis
- Female
- Fish Oils/chemistry
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Leukocyte Rolling/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Lipids/analysis
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Parenteral Nutrition
- Sex Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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Abstracts of Original Communications. Proc Nutr Soc 2003. [DOI: 10.1079/pns2003xxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are found in high proportions in oily fish and fish oils. The n-3 PUFA are structurally and functionally distinct from the n-6 PUFA. Typically, human inflammatory cells contain high proportions of the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid and low proportions of n-3 PUFA. The significance of this difference is that arachidonic acid is the precursor of 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, which are highly-active mediators of inflammation. Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of arachidonic acid in inflammatory cell membranes by EPA. This change leads to decreased production of arachidonic acid-derived mediators. This response alone is a potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFA. However, n-3 PUFA have a number of other effects which might occur downstream of altered eicosanoid production or might be independent of this activity. For example, animal and human studies have shown that dietary fish oil results in suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can decrease adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered gene expression. This action might come about through antagonism of the effects of arachidonic acid-derived mediators or through more direct actions on the intracellular signalling pathways which lead to activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFB). Recent studies have shown that n-3 PUFA can down regulate the activity of the nuclear transcription factor NFB. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms in some animal models of chronic inflammatory disease and to protect against the effects of endotoxin and similar inflammatory challenges. Clinical studies have reported that oral fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and among some patients with asthma, supporting the idea that the n-3 PUFA in fish oil are anti-inflammatory. There are indications that inclusion of n-3 PUFA in enteral and parenteral formulas might be beneficial to patients in intensive care or post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, UK.
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Elner VM. Retinal pigment epithelial acid lipase activity and lipoprotein receptors: effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2002; 100:301-38. [PMID: 12545699 PMCID: PMC1358968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To show that fish oil-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, delivered to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by circulating low-density lipoproteins (LDL), enhance already considerable RPE lysosomal acid lipase activity, providing for more efficient hydrolysis of intralysosomal RPE lipids, an effect that may help prevent development of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). METHODS Colorimetric biochemical and histochemical techniques were used to demonstrate RPE acid lipase in situ, in vitro, and after challenge with phagocytic stimuli. Receptor-mediated RPE uptake of fluorescently labeled native, aceto-acetylated, and oxidized LDL was studied in vitro and in vivo. LDL effects on RPE lysosomal enzymes were assessed. Lysosomal enzyme activity was compared in RPE cells from monkeys fed diets rich in fish oil to those from control animals and in cultured RPE cells exposed to sera from these monkeys. RESULTS RPE acid lipase activity was substantial and comparable to that of mononuclear phagocytes. Acid lipase activity increased significantly following phagocytic challenge with photoreceptor outer segment (POS) membranes. Receptor-mediated RPE uptake of labeled lipoproteins was determined in vitro. Distinctive uptake of labeled lipoproteins occurred in RPE cells and mononuclear phagocytes in vivo. Native LDL enhanced RPE lysosomal enzyme activity. RPE lysosomal enzymes increased significantly in RPE cells from monkeys fed fish oil-rich diets and in cultured RPE cells exposed to their sera. CONCLUSIONS RPE cells contain substantial acid lipase for efficient metabolism of lipids imbibed by POS phagocytosis and LDL uptake. Diets rich in fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acids, by enhancing acid lipase, may reduce RPE lipofuscin accumulation, RPE oxidative damage, and the development of ARMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Thies F, Wallace FA, Miles EA. Fatty acids and lymphocyte functions. Br J Nutr 2002; 87 Suppl 1:S31-48. [PMID: 11895154 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system acts to protect the host against pathogenic invaders. However, components of the immune system can become dysregulated such that their activities are directed against host tissues, so causing damage. Lymphocytes are involved in both the beneficial and detrimental effects of the immune system. Both the level of fat and the types of fatty acid present in the diet can affect lymphocyte functions. The fatty acid composition of lymphocytes, and other immune cells, is altered according to the fatty acid composition of the diet and this alters the capacity of those cells to produce eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2, which are involved in immunoregulation. A high fat diet can impair lymphocyte function. Cell culture and animal feeding studies indicate that oleic, linoleic, conjugated linoleic, gamma-linolenic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic, alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids can all influence lymphocyte proliferation, the production of cytokines by lymphocytes, and natural killer cell activity. High intakes of some of these fatty acids are necessary to induce these effects. Among these fatty acids the long chain n-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid, appear to be the most potent when included in the human diet. Although not all studies agree, it appears that fish oil, which contains eicosapentaenoic acid, down regulates the T-helper 1-type response which is associated with chronic inflammatory disease. There is evidence for beneficial effects of fish oil in such diseases; this evidence is strongest for rheumatoid arthritis. Since n-3 fatty acids also antagonise the production of inflammatory eicosanoid mediators from arachidonic acid, there is potential for benefit in asthma and related diseases. Recent evidence indicates that fish oil may be of benefit in some asthmatics but not others.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, UK.
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Donnet-Hughes A, Schiffrin EJ, Turini ME. The intestinal mucosa as a target for dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 2001; 36:1043-52. [PMID: 11724456 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on various aspects of both human and animal health, and particular reference has been made to their effects on systemic immune responses. Both immune stimulation and immune suppression have been reported, with the outcome dependent on the type of PUFA, the target cell, as well as the immune competence of the cells before exposure. The systemic and the mucosal immune systems are discrete entities, which have evolved specific approaches in the defense of the host. The latter comprises several interconnected tissues, which communicate with one another through the action of soluble mediators and the trafficking of cellular components. After the oral mucosa, the intestinal epithelium and its associated gut-associated lymphoid tissue are the primary targets of dietary components. Absorption of dietary PUFA and its incorporation into intestinal tissues has been well studied, but the consequences of these events in relation to local immune responses have received little attention. This article describes some of the immune mechanisms operating at this barrier and, where possible, pinpoints areas for which a modulatory role for PUFA has already been demonstrated. Although not an exhaustive treatise of the subject, it is hoped that this review will foster research into the specific interaction between dietary PUFA and cell populations comprising the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Donnet-Hughes
- Immunology Group, Nestec Limited, Nestlé Research Centre, CH-1 000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Miles EA, Wallace FA, Calder PC. Dietary fish oil reduces intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and scavenger receptor expression on murine macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2000; 152:43-50. [PMID: 10996338 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During atherogenesis, a pathological accumulation of lipids occurs within aortic intimal macrophages through uptake of oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) via scavenger receptors. Here we investigate whether some of the anti-atherosclerotic effects ascribed to dietary fish oil are mediated through effects on macrophage intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and scavenger receptor expression. Mice were fed on a low fat diet (containing 25 g/kg corn oil) or on high fat diets containing 200 g/kg coconut oil, safflower oil or fish oil. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were analysed for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Macrophage scavenger receptor A (MSR-A) type I+type II and ICAM-1 expression were measured by flow cytometry and the levels of mRNA coding for MSR-A type I, MSR-A type II and ICAM-1 were measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Feeding mice diets enriched with different fats resulted in significant changes in the fatty acid profile of macrophages, which reflected the fatty acid compositions of the diets. Macrophages from the fish oil fed mice had the lowest expression of ICAM-1 and MSR-A at the level of both mRNA and cell surface expression. The reduced expression of ICAM-1 and MSR-A on macrophages from mice fed on a fish oil-rich diet supports our hypothesis that part of the protective effect of fish oil against atherosclerosis might be due to an altered macrophage phenotype and function ameliorating macrophage-induced plaque formation.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatography, Gas
- Coconut Oil
- Corn Oil/pharmacology
- Diet, Fat-Restricted
- Fish Oils/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Oils/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Probability
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/drug effects
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Reference Values
- Safflower Oil/pharmacology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Miles
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, SO16 7PX, Southampton, UK.
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Yaqoob P, Pala HS, Cortina-Borja M, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Encapsulated fish oil enriched in alpha-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:260-74. [PMID: 10692004 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that dietary fish oil (FO) supplementation alters cytokine production and other functional activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). However, few of these studies have been placebo controlled and few have related the functional changes to alterations in PBMC fatty acid composition PATIENTS AND METHODS Healthy subjects supplemented their diets with 9 g day-1 of encapsulated placebo oil (3 : 1 mix of coconut and soybean oils), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SO), evening primrose oil (EPO) or FO [providing 2.1 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day] for 12 weeks; the capsules also provided 205 mg alpha-tocopherol per day. Blood was sampled at 4-weekly intervals and plasma and PBMC prepared. Plasma phospholipid and PBMC fatty acid composition, plasma alpha-tocopherol and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance concentrations, plasma total antioxidant capacity, the proportions of different PBMC subsets, the proportions of PBMC expressing the adhesion molecules CD2, CD11b and CD54, and PBMC functions (lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, cytokine production) were measured. All measurements were repeated after a 'washout' period of 8 weeks. RESULTS The placebo, OO and SO capsules had no effect on plasma phospholipid or PBMC fatty acid composition. The proportion of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in plasma phospholipids was elevated in subjects taking EPO and was decreased in subjects taking FO. There was no appearance of gamma-linolenic acid in the plasma phospholipids or PBMC in subjects taking EPO. There was a marked increase in the proportion of EPA in the plasma phospholipids (10-fold) and PBMC (four-fold) of subjects taking FO supplements; this increase was maximal after 4 weeks of supplementation. There was an increase in the proportion of DHA in plasma phospholipids and PBMC, and an approximately 20% decrease in the proportion of arachidonic acid in plasma phospholipids and PBMC, during FO supplementation. Plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol were significantly elevated during supplementation in all subjects and returned to baseline values after the washout period. There were no effects of supplementation with any of the capsules on total plasma antioxidant activity or plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances or on the proportion of different PBMC subsets, on the proportion of PBMC expressing adhesion molecules, on natural killer cell activity, on the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated whole blood cultures or PBMC, or on the ex vivo production of a range of cytokines by whole blood cultures or PBMC cultures stimulated by either concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION Supplementation of the diet with 3.2 g EPA plus DHA per day markedly alters plasma phospholipid and PBMC fatty acid compositions. The lack of effect of FO upon PBMC functions may relate to the level of alpha-tocopherol included in the supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yaqoob
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Peterson LD, Thies F, Calder PC. Dose-dependent effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on rat spleen lymphocyte functions. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 61:19-24. [PMID: 10477037 DOI: 10.1054/plef.1999.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Feeding rodents a diet rich in evening primrose oil (EPO), which contains 5-10 g gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)/100 g total fatty acids, has been shown to decrease lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity. However, EPO contains a very high level of linoleic acid which itself can affect lymphocyte functions and it is not clear to what extent the effects of EPO can be attributed to GLA. The current study investigated the effect of two levels of GLA in the rat diet upon immune cell functions; the level of linoleic acid was maintained below 30 g/100 g total fatty acids. Weanling rats were fed on high fat (178 g/kg) diets which contained 4.4 g or 10 g GLA/100 g total fatty acids in place of a proportion of linoleic acid. The total polyunsaturated fatty acid content and the n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of the diet were maintained at 35 g/100 g total fatty acids and 7, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of the serum and of spleen leukocytes were markedly influenced by that of the diet, with an increase in the proportions of GLA and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid when the diets containing GLA were fed; these diets also increased the proportion of arachidonic acid in spleen leukocytes. Spleen lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A was significantly reduced (by 60%) by feeding the diet containing the higher level of GLA, but not by the diet containing the lower level of GLA. Spleen natural killer cell activity and prostaglandin E (PGE) production by spleen leukocytes were not significantly affected by inclusion of GLA in the diet, although there was a tendency towards decreased natural killer cell activity by cells from rats fed the high GLA diet. Thus, this study shows that dietary GLA is capable of altering the fatty acid composition of cells of the immune system and of exerting some immunomodulatory effects, but that the level of GLA in the diet must exceed 4.4 g/100 g total fatty acids for these effects to become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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