1
|
Oruni A, Lynd A, Njoroge H, Onyige I, van’t Hof AE, Matovu E, Donnelly MJ. Pyrethroid resistance and gene expression profile of a new resistant An. gambiae colony from Uganda reveals multiple resistance mechanisms and overexpression of Glutathione-S-Transferases linked to survival of PBO-pyrethroid combination. Wellcome Open Res 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38813466 PMCID: PMC11134160 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19404.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are being threatened by growing resistance to pyrethroids. To restore their efficacy, a synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) which inhibits cytochrome P450s has been incorporated into pyrethroid treated nets. A trial of PBO-LLINs was conducted in Uganda from 2017 and we attempted to characterize mechanisms of resistance that could impact intervention efficacy. Methods We established an Anopheles gambiae s.s colony in 2018 using female mosquitoes collected from Busia district in eastern Uganda. We first assessed the phenotypic resistance profile of this colony using WHO tube and net assays using a deltamethrin dose-response approach. The Busia colony was screened for known resistance markers and RT-qPCR targeting 15 genes previously associated with insecticide resistance was performed. Results The Busia colony had very high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT. In addition, the colony had moderate resistance to alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin but were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion. Exposure to PBO in combination with permethrin and deltamethrin resulted in higher mortality rates in both net and tube assays, with a higher mortality observed in net assays than tube assays. The kdr marker, Vgsc-995S was at very high frequency (91.7-98.9%) whilst the metabolic markers Coeae1d and Cyp4j5-L43F were at very low (1.3% - 11.5%) and moderate (39.5% - 44.7%) frequencies respectively. Our analysis showed that gene expression pattern in mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin, permethrin or DDT only were similar in comparison to the susceptible strain and there was significant overexpression of cytochrome P450s, glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) and carboxyl esterases (COEs). However, mosquitoes exposed to both PBO and pyrethroid strikingly and significantly only overexpressed closely related GSTs compared to unexposed mosquitoes while major cytochrome P450s were underexpressed. Conclusions The high levels of pyrethroid resistance observed in Busia appears associated with a wide range of metabolic gene families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Oruni
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Harun Njoroge
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ismail Onyige
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Arjen E. van’t Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Poulton BC, Colman F, Anthousi A, Sattelle DB, Lycett GJ. Aedes aegypti CCEae3A carboxylase expression confers carbamate, organophosphate and limited pyrethroid resistance in a model transgenic mosquito. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011595. [PMID: 38377131 PMCID: PMC10906864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a serious threat to our ability to control mosquito vectors which transmit pathogens including malaria parasites and arboviruses. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is an essential first step in tackling the challenges presented by resistance. This study aimed to functionally characterise the carboxylesterase, CCEae3A, the elevated expression of which has been implicated in temephos resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. Using our GAL4/UAS expression system, already established in insecticide-sensitive Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, we produced transgenic An. gambiae mosquitoes that express an Ae. aegypti CCEae3A ubiquitously. This new transgenic line permits examination of CCEae3A expression in a background in which there is not a clear orthologue in Vectorbase and allows comparison with existing An. gambiae GAL4-UAS lines. Insecticide resistance profiling of these transgenic An. gambiae larvae indicated significant increases in resistance ratio for three organophosphate insecticides, temephos (6), chloropyriphos (6.6) and fenthion (3.2) when compared to the parental strain. Cross resistance to adulticides from three major insecticide classes: organophosphates (malathion, fenitrothion and pirimiphos methyl), carbamates (bendiocarb and propoxur) and pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) was also detected. Resistance to certain organophosphates and carbamates validates conclusions drawn from previous expression and phenotypic data. However, detection of resistance to pirimiphos methyl and alphacypermethrin has not previously been formally associated with CCEae3A, despite occurring in Ae. aegypti strains where this gene was upregulated. Our findings highlight the importance of characterising individual resistance mechanisms, thereby ensuring accurate information is used to guide future vector control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth C. Poulton
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Colman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amalia Anthousi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Sattelle
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Lycett
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos VS, Bridi LC, Rafael MS. Phylogenetic relationships of the supercontig of sodium channel subunit I (NaV) in 17 species of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e07012021. [PMID: 36287479 PMCID: PMC9592096 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0701-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria is a global health problem and is transmitted by the Anopheles species. Due to the epidemiological importance of the genus, studies on biological, phylogenetic, and evolutionary aspects have contributed to the understanding of adaptation, vector capacity, and resistance to insecticides. The latter may result from different causes such as mutations in the gene that encodes the sodium channel (NaV). Methods: In this study, the NaV subunit I scaffold of 17 anopheline species was used to infer phylogenetic relationships of the genus Anopheles using Bayesian inference. The evolutionary phylogenetic tree of the NaV gene was aligned in the AliView program and analyzed utilizing Bayesian inference, using the software MrBayes. Results: The anophelines were grouped into five well-supported clusters: 1 - Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles albimanus; 2 - Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles atroparvus; 3 - Anopheles dirus; 4 - Anopheles minimus, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles stephensi; and 5 - Anopheles christyi, Anopheles epiroticus, Anopheles merus, Anopheles melas, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis. Conclusions: The topology confirms the phylogenetic relationships proposed in studies based on the genome of some anophelines and reflects the current taxonomy of the genus, which suggests that NaV undergoes selection pressure during the evolution of the species. These data are useful tools for inferring their ability to resist insecticides and also help in better understanding the evolutionary processes of the genus Anopheles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Silva Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Leticia Cegatti Bridi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen R, Messer PW. Predicting the genomic resolution of bulk segregant analysis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6523970. [PMID: 35137024 PMCID: PMC8895995 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bulk segregant analysis is a technique for identifying the genetic loci that underlie phenotypic trait differences. The basic approach is to compare two pools of individuals from the opposing tails of the phenotypic distribution, sampled from an interbred population. Each pool is sequenced and scanned for alleles that show divergent frequencies between the pools, indicating potential association with the observed trait differences. Bulk segregant analysis has already been successfully applied to the mapping of various quantitative trait loci in organisms ranging from yeast to maize. However, these studies have typically suffered from rather low mapping resolution, and we still lack a detailed understanding of how this resolution is affected by experimental parameters. Here, we use coalescence theory to calculate the expected genomic resolution of bulk segregant analysis for a simple monogenic trait. We first show that in an idealized interbreeding population of infinite size, the expected length of the mapped region is inversely proportional to the recombination rate, the number of generations of interbreeding, and the number of genomes sampled, as intuitively expected. In a finite population, coalescence events in the genealogy of the sample reduce the number of potentially informative recombination events during interbreeding, thereby increasing the length of the mapped region. This is incorporated into our model by an effective population size parameter that specifies the pairwise coalescence rate of the interbreeding population. The mapping resolution predicted by our calculations closely matches numerical simulations and is surprisingly robust to moderate levels of contamination of the segregant pools with alternative alleles. Furthermore, we show that the approach can easily be extended to modifications of the crossing scheme. Our framework will allow researchers to predict the expected power of their mapping experiments, and to evaluate how their experimental design could be tuned to optimize mapping resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runxi Shen
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Philipp W Messer
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karnatak M, Hassam M, Vanangamudi M, Sharma S, Kumar Yadav D, Singh C, Puri SK, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Novel naphthyl based 1,2,4-trioxanes: Synthesis and in vivo efficacy in the Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in Swiss mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 51:128372. [PMID: 34547418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1,2,4-trioxanes 9a1-a4, 9b1-b4, 10-13 and 9c1-c4 were synthesized and evaluated against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in Swiss mice via oral and intramuscular (i.m.) routes. Adamantane-based trioxane 9b4, the most active compound of the series, provided 100% protection to the infected mice at the dose 48 mg/kg × 4 days and 100% clearance of parasitemia at the dose 24 mg/kg × 4 days via oral route. Adamantane-based trioxane 9b4, is twice active than artemisinin. We have also studied the photooxygenation behaviour of allylic alcohols 6a-b (3-(4-alkoxynaphthyl)-but-2-ene-1-ols) and 6c (3-[4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-naphthalen-1-yl]-but-2-en-1-ol). Being behaving as dienes, they furnished corresponding endoperoxides, while behaving as allylic alcohols, they yielded β-hydroxyhydroperoxides. All the endoperoxides (7a-c) and β-hydroxyhydroperoxides (8a-c) have been separately elaborated to the corresponding 1,2,4-trioxanes, except from endoperoxide 7c. It is worthy to note that TBDMS protected naphthoyl endoperoxide 7c unable to deliver 1,2,4-trioxane, which demonstrated the strength of the O-Si bond is not easy to cleave under acidic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sunil K Puri
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram 122413, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molecular genotypic diversity of populations of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis and development of SCAR marker for pesticide resistance. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7787-7800. [PMID: 34655405 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis is a destructive pest of Solanum melongena. The control of L. orbonalis with extensive application of synthetic chemical insecticides resulted in the development of resistance with known genetic heterogeneity among populations. Understanding the genetic diversity of their populations is important in developing strategies for their management. The present investigation was performed to characterize populations of L. orbonalis for their genetic diversity in the entire region of Tamil Nadu, South India using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers as a tool of the molecular marker. METHODS AND RESULTS Among 60 random 10-mer primers, only ten primers generated reproducible and scorable banding profile. Among the ten different random primers, the primers namely OPG 7, OPG 8, OPS 2 and OPS 7 generated the highest genetic variation with over 80% genetic polymorphism. Phylogram analysis produced 18 clusters with eight major and ten minor clusters. Cluster analysis, statistical fitness, population structure and analysis of molecular variance confirmed the significant genetic variation among different populations. A trait specific marker obtained through RAPD was cloned, sequenced and used to develop a stable diagnostic SCAR marker for DNA fingerprinting to distinguish the populations. Amplification of this locus in the samples of 20 different populations indicated recognition of the trait for pesticide resistance in 12 populations. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the biochemical nature of host plant varieties of this insect pest and variation in the application of different insecticides are essential contributing factors for the genotypic variations observed among populations of L. orbonalis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Piameu M, Nwane P, Toussile W, Mavridis K, Wipf NC, Kouadio PF, Mbakop LR, Mandeng S, Ekoko WE, Toto JC, Ngaffo KL, Ngo Etounde PK, Ngantchou AT, Chouaibou M, Müller P, Awono-Ambene P, Vontas J, Etang J. Pyrethroid and Etofenprox Resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii from Vegetable Farms in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Dynamics, Intensity and Molecular Basis. Molecules 2021; 26:5543. [PMID: 34577014 PMCID: PMC8469461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations from Cameroon. However, the intensity of this resistance and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Therefore, we conducted three cross-sectional resistance surveys between April 2018 and October 2019, using the revised World Health Organization protocol, which includes resistance incidences and intensity assessments. Field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Nkolondom, Nkolbisson and Ekié vegetable farms in the city of Yaoundé were tested with deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and etofenprox, using 1× insecticide diagnostic concentrations for resistance incidence, then 5× and 10× concentrations for resistance intensity. Subsamples were analyzed for species identification and the detection of resistance-associated molecular markers using TaqMan® qPCR assays. In Nkolbisson, both An. coluzzii (96%) and An. gambiae s.s. (4%) were found together, whereas only An. gambiae s.s. was present in Nkolondom, and only An. coluzzii was present in Ekié. All three populations were resistant to the four insecticides (<75% mortality rates-MR1×), with intensity generally fluctuating over the time between mod-erate (<98%-MR5×; ≥98%-MR10×) and high (76-97%-MR10×). The kdr L995F, L995S, and N1570Y, and the Ace-1 G280S-resistant alleles were found in An. gambiae from Nkolondom, at 73%, 1%, 16% and 13% frequencies, respectively, whereas only the kdr L995F was found in An. gambiae s.s. from Nkolbisson at a 50% frequency. In An. coluzzii from Nkolbisson and Ekié, we detected only the kdr L995F allele at 65% and 60% frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, expression levels of Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, and Gste2 metabolic genes were highly upregulated (over fivefold) in Nkolondom and Nkolbisson. Pyrethroid and etofenprox-based vector control interventions may be jeopardized in the prospected areas, due to high resistance intensity, with multiple mechanisms in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Piameu
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et Maladies Tropicales (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wilson Toussile
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Département de Mathématiques et Sciences Physiques (MPS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé (ENSPY), Université de Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 8390, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nadja Christina Wipf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paraudie France Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mandeng
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Eyisap Ekoko
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala 999108, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Kelly Lionelle Ngaffo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre d’excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l’élimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA/ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, P.O. Box 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 22620, Burkina Faso;
| | - Petronile Klorane Ngo Etounde
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Arthur Titcho Ngantchou
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Mouhamadou Chouaibou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 875, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Josiane Etang
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala 999108, Cameroon
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang YX, Lin RH, Li Z, Wang AY, Xue C, Duan AL, Zhao M, Zhang JH. Function Analysis of P450 and GST Genes to Imidacloprid in Aphis craccivora (Koch). Front Physiol 2021; 11:624287. [PMID: 33551847 PMCID: PMC7854575 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.624287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphis craccivora (Koch) is an economically important pest that affects legumes in worldwide. Chemical control is still the primary efficient method for A. craccivora management. However, the mechanism underlying insecticide resistance in A. craccivora has not been elucidated. A previous study observed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) significantly synergized imidacloprid in A. craccivora field populations, indicating that cytochrome P450 (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes may play pivotal roles in imidacloprid resistance. In this study, 38 P450 genes and 10 GST genes were identified in A. craccivora through transcriptomic analysis. The expression levels of these P450 and GST genes were measured in susceptible (SUS) strains of A. craccivora under imidacloprid treatment with LC15, LC50, and LC85 doses. The expression levels of CYP18A1, CYP6CY21, CYP6DA1, CYP6DA2, CYP4CJ1, CYP4CJ2, and CYP380C6 were up-regulated in the three treatments. Most of these genes belong to CYP3 and CYP4 Clans. In addition, the expression levels of all P450 and GST genes in A. craccivora were also measured in the Juye (JY) and Linqing (LQ) field populations. The expression levels of CYP6DA2, CYP4CJ1, and CYP380C6 were up-regulated in the SUS strain after imidacloprid treatment at three doses, and these genes were overexpressed in the JY population. Furthermore, the sensitivity of A. craccivora to imidacloprid was significantly increased after knockdown of CYP380C6 and CYP6DA2 through RNA interference. These results may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying of imidacloprid resistance in A. craccivora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xue Yang
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Lin
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ai-Yu Wang
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ai-Ling Duan
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kouassi BL, Edi C, Tia E, Konan LY, Akré MA, Koffi AA, Ouattara AF, Tanoh AM, Zinzindohoue P, Kouadio B, Andre M, Irish SR, Armistead J, Dengela D, Cissé NG, Flatley C, Chabi J. Susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae from Côte d'Ivoire to insecticides used on insecticide-treated nets: evaluating the additional entomological impact of piperonyl butoxide and chlorfenapyr. Malar J 2020; 19:454. [PMID: 33298071 PMCID: PMC7725118 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets are currently the mainstay of vector control in Côte d’Ivoire. However, resistance to pyrethroids has been reported across the country, limiting options for insecticide resistance management due to the paucity of alternative insecticides. Two types of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), ITNs with pyrethroids and the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and Interceptor®G2 nets, a net treated with a combination of chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin, are believed to help in the control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Methods The susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to pyrethroid insecticides with and without pre-exposure to PBO as well as to chlorfenapyr was investigated in fifteen sites across the country. Susceptibility tests were conducted on 2- to 4-day old adult female An. gambiae s.l. reared from larval collections. The resistance status, intensity, and effects of PBO on mortality after exposure to different concentrations of deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin were determined using WHO susceptibility test kits. In the absence of a WHO-recommended standard protocol for chlorfenapyr, two interim doses (100 and 200 µg/bottle) were used to test the susceptibility of mosquitoes using the CDC bottle assay method. Results Pre-exposure to PBO did not result in full restoration of susceptibility to any of the three pyrethroids for the An. gambiae s.l. populations from any of the sites surveyed. However, PBO pre-exposure did increase mortality for all three pyrethroids, particularly deltamethrin (from 4.4 to 48.9%). Anopheles gambiae s.l. from only one site (Bettie) were susceptible to chlorfenapyr at the dose of 100 µg active ingredient (a.i.)/bottle. At the dose of 200 µg (a.i.)/bottle, susceptibility was only recorded in 10 of the 15 sites. Conclusion Low mosquito mortality was found for pyrethroids alone, and while PBO increased mortality, it did not restore full susceptibility. The vector was not fully susceptible to chlorfenapyr in one third of the sites tested. However, vector susceptibility to chlorfenapyr seems to be considerably higher than for pyrethroids alone or with PBO. These data should be used cautiously when making ITN procurement decisions, noting that bioassays are conducted in controlled conditions and may not fully represent field efficacy where the host-seeking behaviours, which include free-flying activity are known to enhance pro-insecticide chlorfenapyr intoxication to mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Constant Edi
- Swiss Center of Scientific Research in Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Emmanuel Tia
- Centre of Veterinary and Medical Entomology, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Lucien Y Konan
- National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Maurice A Akré
- National Institute of Public Health/Pierre Richet Institute, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- National Institute of Public Health/Pierre Richet Institute, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | - Blaise Kouadio
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - McKenzie Andre
- National Malaria Control Programme, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Seth R Irish
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adedeji EO, Ogunlana OO, Fatumo S, Beder T, Ajamma Y, Koenig R, Adebiyi E. Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:465. [PMID: 32912275 PMCID: PMC7488410 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Oluwatobiloba Adedeji
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Segun Fatumo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - Thomas Beder
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ajamma
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Rainer Koenig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), G200, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Monitoring and molecular profiling of contemporary insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in Guinea-Bissau. Acta Trop 2020; 206:105440. [PMID: 32156617 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite reduction in the prevalence of malaria, Guinea-Bissau (GB) is still widely affected by the disease that is primarily vectored by Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. Monitoring mosquito susceptibility and investigating the insecticide resistance status is an integral part of malaria control actions. Here, mosquito populations from five regions of GB: Bafatá, Bissau, Buba, Cacheu and Gabu were monitored for species ID and insecticide resistance, using diagnostic and intensity WHO bioassays, as well as molecular assays. Phenotypic and molecular identification of species showed the presence of An. gambiae s.s. (S form), An. coluzzii (M form) and An. arabiensis, as well as rare An. arabiensis/ An. gambiae hybrids. Resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin was found in all Anopheles populations assayed, with the intensity of resistance for permethrin being moderate to high, as confirmed by bioassays performed at concentration intensities of 5X and 10X. Consistent to these findings, molecular analysis showed a higher frequency of knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F, L1014S, reaching > 90% in some areas) compared to previous studies in the same region, as well as detected for the first time the presence of the super kdr mutation (N1575Y) in GB. The "iAche" (G119S) resistance mutation was also found in GB in low frequencies (up to 12.41%). Additionally, the synergistic PBO-permethrin bioassays suggested partial involvement of non target (metabolic and/or reduced penetration) resistance mechanism. Expression analysis of known pyrethroid metabolisers indicated the slight overexpression and possible association of the cytochrome P450s CYP6Z1, CYP4G16 with the pyrethroid resistance phenotype. The findings should guide future evidence-based resistance management strategies in GB.
Collapse
|
14
|
Helvecio E, Romão TP, de Carvalho-Leandro D, de Oliveira IF, Cavalcanti AEHD, Reimer L, de Paiva Cavalcanti M, de Oliveira APS, Paiva PMG, Napoleão TH, Wallau GL, de Melo Neto OP, Melo-Santos MAV, Ayres CFJ. Polymorphisms in GSTE2 is associated with temephos resistance in Aedes aegypti. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 165:104464. [PMID: 32359546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes involved in several distinct biological processes. In insects, the GSTs, especially delta and epsilon classes, play a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics used to control insect populations. Here, we investigated its potential role in temephos resistance, examining the GSTE2 gene from susceptible (RecL) and resistant (RecR) strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, vector for several pathogenic arboviruses. Total GST enzymatic activity and the GSTE2 gene expression profile were evaluated, with the GSTE2 cDNA and genomic loci sequenced from both strains. Recombinant GSTE2 and mutants were produced in a heterologous expression system and assayed for enzyme kinetic parameters. These proteins also had their 3D structure predicted through molecular modeling. Our results showed that RecR has a profile of total GST enzymatic activity higher than RecL, with the expression of the GSTE2 gene in resistant larvae increasing six folds. Four exclusive RecR mutations were observed (L111S, I150V, E178A and A198E), which were absent in the laboratory susceptible strains. The enzymatic activity of the recombinant GSTE2 showed different kinetic parameters, with the GSTE2 RecR showing an enhanced ability to metabolize its substrate. The I150V mutation was shown to induce significant changes in catalytic parameters and a 3D modeling of GSTE2 mapped two of the RecR changes (L111S and I150V) near the enzyme's catalytic pocket, also implying an impact on its catalytic activity. Our results reinforce a potential role for GSTE2 in the metabolic resistance phenotype while contributing to the understanding of the molecular basis for the resistance mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisama Helvecio
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Tatiany Patrícia Romão
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Status of Insecticide Resistance and Its Mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii Populations from Forest Settings in South Cameroon. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100741. [PMID: 31554225 PMCID: PMC6827028 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A key factor affecting malaria vector control efforts in Cameroon is the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l (An. gambiae) populations; however, mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance in forest mosquito populations are still not well documented yet. The present study was conducted to screen molecular mechanisms conferring insecticide resistance in An. gambiae s.l. populations from the South Cameroon forest region. WHO bioassays were conducted with F0 An. gambiae females aged three to four days from forest (Sangmelima, Nyabessan, and Mbandjock) and urban sites (Yaoundé (Bastos and Nkolondom)), against pyrethroids (permethrin 0.75% and deltamethrin 0.05%) and carbamates (bendiocarb 0.1%). Members of the An. Gambiae s.l. species complex were identified using molecular diagnostic tools. TaqMan assays were used to screen for target site mutations. The expression profiles of eight genes implicated in insecticide resistance were assessed using RT-qPCR. Cuticle hydrocarbon lipids were measured to assess their potential implication in insecticide resistance. Both An. Gambiae and An. coluzzii were detected. An. gambiae was highly prevalent in Sangmelima, Nyabessan, Mbandjock, and Nkolondom. An. coluzzii was the only species found in the Yaoundé city center (Bastos). Low mortality rate to both pyrethroids and bendiocarb was recorded in all sites. High frequency of L1014F allele (75.32–95.82%) and low frequencies of L1014S (1.71–23.05%) and N1575Y (5.28–12.87%) were recorded. The G119S mutation (14.22–35.5%) was detected for the first time in An. gambiae populations from Cameroon. This mutation was rather absent from An. coluzzii populations. The detoxification genes Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, Cyp6p4, Cyp6z1, as well as Cyp4g16 which catalyzes epicuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis, were found to be overexpressed in at least one population. The total cuticular hydrocarvbon content, a proxy of cuticular resistance, did not show a pattern associated with pyrethroid resistance in these populations. The rapid emergence of multiple resistance mechanisms in An. Gambiae s.l. population from the South Cameroon forest region is of big concern and could deeply affect the sustainability of insecticide-based interventions strategies in this region.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tiwari MK, Yadav DK, Chaudhary S. Recent Developments in Natural Product Inspired Synthetic 1,2,4- Trioxolanes (Ozonides): An Unusual Entry into Antimalarial Chemotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:831-846. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190412104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO “World health statistics 2018”, malaria alongside acute respiratory infections
and diarrhoea, is one of the major infectious disease causing children’s death in between the
age of 1-5 years. Similarly, according to another report (2016) malaria accounts for approximately
3.14% of the total disease burden worldwide. Although malaria has been widely eradicated in many
parts of the world, the global number of cases continues to rise due to the rapid spread of malaria parasites
that are resistant to antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin (8), a major breakthrough in the antimalarial
chemotherapy was isolated from the plant Artemisia annua in 1972. Its semi-synthetic derivatives such
as artemether (9), arteether (10), and artesunic acid (11) are quite effective against multi-drug resistant
malaria strains and are currently the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria. Inspite of exhibiting
excellent antimalarial activity by artemisinin (8) and its derivatives, parallel programmes for the discovery
of novel natural and synthetic peroxides were also the area of investigation of medicinal chemists
all over the world. In these continuous efforts of extensive research, natural ozonide (1,2,4-
trioxolane) was isolated from Adiantum monochlamys (Pteridaceae) and Oleandra wallichii (Davalliaceae)
in 1976. These naturally occurring stable ozonides inspired chemists to investigate this novel
class for antimalarial chemotherapy. The first identification of unusually stable synthetic antimalarial
1,2,4-trioxolanes was reported in 1992. Thus, an unusual entry of ozonides in the field of antimalarial
chemotherapy had occurred in the early nineties. This review highlights the recent advancements and
historical developments observed during the past 42 years (1976-2018) focusing mainly on important
ventures of the antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon city, 406-799, Korea
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mavridis K, Wipf N, Medves S, Erquiaga I, Müller P, Vontas J. Rapid multiplex gene expression assays for monitoring metabolic resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:9. [PMID: 30612581 PMCID: PMC6322220 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic resistance of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) to insecticides is operationally significant, particularly in combination with target site resistance. However, detection of metabolic resistance is not trivial and relies on laborious bioassays, unspecific biochemical methods, or sophisticated and expensive molecular approaches using transcriptomics. METHODS Rapid one-step multiplex TaqMan-probe based RT-qPCR assays were developed and optimised to measure the expression levels of genes associated with metabolic insecticide resistance in An. gambiae (s.l.). Primers and probes were designed to target the mRNA of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases CYP6P3, CYP6M2, CYP9K1, CYP6P4 and CYP6Z1, and the glutathione-S-transferase GSTE2. The novel assays were validated versus gold standard methods with a range of phenotyped mosquito specimens. The assays were also tested directly on lysates of RNAlater®-preserved mosquitoes without an RNA extraction step. RESULTS The novel assays are efficient (reaction efficiencies = 95-109%), sensitive (covering a > 10.0 Ct range with R2 values > 0.99), specific (TaqMan chemistry), reproducible (%CV = 4.46-12.07%), as well as readily expandable to capture additional loci as they evolve or to cover additional species. The assays were successfully validated in terms of expression levels against standard two-step singleplex qPCR assays (overall % difference = -17.6%, 95% CI = -38.7-3.43%) and microarrays, using laboratory strains and field-caught samples. The assays can also be applied directly on lysates of mosquito specimens, without RNA extraction or DNase treatment. CONCLUSIONS The novel multiplex assays for monitoring the levels of major detoxification genes and metabolic resistance in An. gambiae (s.l.) are simple to perform, robust and rapid. They may complement current diagnostic assays to provide evidence-based and operationally relevant information for insecticide resistance management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Nadja Wipf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P.O. Box, CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Medves
- Fast Track Diagnostics, a Siemens Healthineers Company, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Ignacio Erquiaga
- Fast Track Diagnostics, a Siemens Healthineers Company, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Pie Müller
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P.O. Box, CH-4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece. .,Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumari A, Karnatak M, Singh D, Shankar R, Jat JL, Sharma S, Yadav D, Shrivastava R, Verma VP. Current scenario of artemisinin and its analogues for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:804-829. [PMID: 30579122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human malaria, one of the most striking, reemerging infectious diseases, is caused by several types of Plasmodium parasites. Whilst advances have been made in lowering the numbers of cases and deaths, it is clear that a strategy based solely on disease control year on year, without reducing transmission and ultimately eradicating the parasite, is unsustainable. Natural products have served as a template for the design and development of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinic or in the development phase. Artemisinin combine potent, rapid antimalarial activity with a wide therapeutic index and an absence of clinically important resistance. The alkylating ability of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogues toward heme related to their antimalarial efficacy are underlined. Although impressive results have already been achieved in malaria research, more systematization and concentration of efforts are required if real breakthroughs are to be made. This review will concisely cover the clinical, preclinical antimalarial and current updates in artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Diverse classes of semi-synthetic analogs of artemisinin reported in the last decade have also been extensively studied. The experience gained in this respect is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jawahar L Jat
- Department of Applied Chemistry, BabaSaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dadzie SK, Chabi J, Asafu-Adjaye A, Owusu-Akrofi O, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Malm K, Bart-Plange C, Coleman S, Appawu MA, Boakye DA. Evaluation of piperonyl butoxide in enhancing the efficacy of pyrethroid insecticides against resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Ghana. Malar J 2017; 16:342. [PMID: 28818077 PMCID: PMC5561623 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria vector control methods involving the use of pyrethroids remain the strategies being used against malaria vectors in Ghana. These methods include the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying in many areas in Ghana. However, there is evidence that pyrethroid resistance is widespread in many areas in Ghana. Synergists have been shown to be useful in inhibiting the enzymes that are responsible for the development of resistance and hence enhance the insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in many areas. The present study investigated the effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the susceptibility status of An. gambiae s.l. across some sentinel sites in Ghana. Methods Three to five day old An. gambiae s.l. reared from larvae were used in WHO susceptibility tube assays. Batches of 20–25 female adult An. gambiae s.l. were exposed simultaneously to the insecticide alone and to the PBO + insecticide. The knock down rate after 60 min and mortality at 24 h were recorded. Results Deltamethrin and permethrin resistance of An. gambiae s.l. was observed in all the sites in 2015 and 2016. The mortality after 24 h post exposure for deltamethrin ranged from 16.3% in Weija to 82.3% in Kade, whereas that for permethrin ranged from 3.8% in Gomoa Obuasi to 91.3% in Prestea. A significant increase in susceptibility to deltamethrin and less to permethrin was observed during both 2015 and 2016 years in most of the sites when An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were pre-exposed to PBO. Conclusion Findings from this study showed that the use of PBO significantly enhanced the susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in most of the sentinel sites. It is recommended that vector control strategies incorporating PBO as a synergist can be effective in killing mosquitoes in the presence of deltamethrin and permethrin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Dadzie
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andy Asafu-Adjaye
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Aba Baffoe-Wilmot
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Keziah Malm
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Sylvester Coleman
- Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Programme, Ghana Project, Accra, Ghana
| | - Maxwell A Appawu
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel A Boakye
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ntonga Akono P, Mbouangoro A, Mbida Mbida A, Ndo C, Peka Nsangou MF, Kekeunou S. [The Anopheles gambiae species complex and Kdr resistance gene at the periphery of Douala, Cameroon]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:122-129. [PMID: 28303549 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-017-0553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted from May to June 2015 in Yassa (industrialized area) and Logbessou (non-industrialized area), two peri-urban areas of the city of Douala, Cameroon with the aim of an assessment of the spatial distribution of the gambiae complex, the determination of their resistance to insecticides and the distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquito larvae were collected by the dipping method and nursed to adult stage. The sensitivity of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed following WHO protocol. All tested mosquitoes were identified by PCR SINE. Only survivors were used to search for the Kdr mutation. In both areas, the gambiae complex included An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sympatric in their breeding sites. However, An. gambiae was predominant in Logbessou (88%) and An. coluzzii in Yassa (68%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates below 90% regardless of the area of origin of the mosquitoes. PCR diagnosis of Kdr mutation showed that over 95% of survivors harbored the Kdr gene in both sites, with resistant allele frequencies ranging from 0.96 to 1.0 in An. gambiae and from 0.89 to 0.96 in An. coluzzii. The strong resistance of An. coluzzii and This study was conducted from May to June 2015 in Yassa (industrialized area) and Logbessou (nonindustrialized area), two peri-urban areas of the city of Douala, Cameroon with the aim of an assessment of the spatial distribution of the gambiae complex, the determination of their resistance to insecticides and the distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquito larvae were collected by the dipping method and nursed to adult stage. The sensitivity of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed following WHO protocol. All tested mosquitoes were identified by PCR SINE. Only survivors were used to search for the Kdr mutation. In both areas, the gambiae complex included An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sympatric in their breeding sites. However, An. gambiae was predominant in Logbessou (88%) and An. coluzzii in Yassa (68%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates below 90% regardless of the area of origin of the mosquitoes. PCR diagnosis of Kdr mutation showed that over 95% of survivors harbored the Kdr gene in both sites, with resistant allele frequencies ranging from 0.96 to 1.0 in An. gambiae and from 0.89 to 0.96 in An. coluzzii. The strong resistance of An. coluzzii and This study was conducted from May to June 2015 in Yassa (industrialized area) and Logbessou (nonindustrialized area), two peri-urban areas of the city of Douala, Cameroon with the aim of an assessment of the spatial distribution of the gambiae complex, the determination of their resistance to insecticides and the distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquito larvae were collected by the dipping method and nursed to adult stage. The sensitivity of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed following WHO protocol. All tested mosquitoes were identified by PCR SINE. Only survivors were used to search for the Kdr mutation. In both areas, the gambiae complex included An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sympatric in their breeding sites. However, An. gambiae was predominant in Logbessou (88%) and An. coluzzii in Yassa (68%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates below 90% regardless of the area of origin of the mosquitoes. PCR diagnosis of Kdr mutation showed that over 95% of survivors harbored the Kdr gene in both sites, with resistant allele frequencies ranging from 0.96 to 1.0 in An. gambiae and from 0.89 to 0.96 in An. coluzzii. The strong resistance of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae to insecticides highlights the need for developing new mosquito insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ntonga Akono
- Laboratoire de biologie et physiologie animale, Département de biologie animale, Faculté des sciences, Université de Douala, BP. 24 157, Douala, Cameroun.
| | - A Mbouangoro
- Laboratoire d'écologie et de parasitologie, Département de biologie et physiologie animale, Faculté des sciences, Université de Yaounde I, BP. 812, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - A Mbida Mbida
- Laboratoire de biologie et physiologie animale, Département de biologie animale, Faculté des sciences, Université de Douala, BP. 24 157, Douala, Cameroun
| | - C Ndo
- Organisation de coordination pour la lutte contre les endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 15665, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - M F Peka Nsangou
- Laboratoire d'écologie et de parasitologie, Département de biologie et physiologie animale, Faculté des sciences, Université de Yaounde I, BP. 812, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - S Kekeunou
- Laboratoire de zoologie, Département de biologie et physiologie animale, Faculté des sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, BP. 812, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kweka EJ, Lyaruu LJ, Mahande AM. Efficacy of PermaNet® 3.0 and PermaNet® 2.0 nets against laboratory-reared and wild Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations in northern Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:11. [PMID: 28095897 PMCID: PMC5242039 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes have developed resistance against pyrethroids, the only class of insecticides approved for use on long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of the pyrethroid synergist PermaNet® 3.0 LLIN versus the pyrethroid-only PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN, in an East African hut design in Lower Moshi, northern Tanzania. In this setting, resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has been identified in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. METHODS Standard World Health Organization bioefficacy evaluations were conducted in both laboratory and experimental huts. Experimental hut evaluations were conducted in an area where there was presence of a population of highly pyrethroid-resistant An. arabiensis mosquitoes. All nets used were subjected to cone bioassays and then to experimental hut trials. Mosquito mortality, blood-feeding inhibition and personal protection rate were compared between untreated nets, unwashed LLINs and LLINs that were washed 20 times. RESULTS Both washed and unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 and PermaNet® 3.0 LLINs had knockdown and mortality rates of 100% against a susceptible strain of An. gambiae sensu stricto. The adjusted mortality rate of the wild mosquito population after use of the unwashed PermaNet® 3.0 and PermaNet® 2.0 nets was found to be higher than after use of the washed PermaNet® 2.0 and PermaNet® 3.0 nets. CONCLUSIONS Given the increasing incidence of pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae mosquitoes in Tanzania, we recommend that consideration is given to its distribution in areas with pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors within the framework of a national insecticide-resistance management plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliningaya J Kweka
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania. .,Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Lucile J Lyaruu
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Aneth M Mahande
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mabogini field station, Moshi, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Antonio-Nkondjio C, Poupardin R, Tene BF, Kopya E, Costantini C, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji CS. Investigation of mechanisms of bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Malar J 2016; 15:424. [PMID: 27549778 PMCID: PMC4994282 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb is emerging in Anopheles gambiae populations from the city of Yaoundé in Cameroon. However, the molecular basis of this resistance remains uncharacterized. The present study objective is to investigate mechanisms promoting resistance to bendiocarb in An. gambiae populations from Yaoundé. Methods The level of susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l. to bendiocarb 0.1 % was assessed from 2010 to 2013 using bioassays. Mosquitoes resistant to bendiocarb, unexposed and susceptible mosquitoes were screened for the presence of the Ace-1R mutation using TaqMan assays. Microarray analyses were performed to assess the pattern of genes differentially expressed between resistant, unexposed and susceptible. Results Bendiocarb resistance was more prevalent in mosquitoes originating from cultivated sites compared to those from polluted and unpolluted sites. Both An. gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii were found to display resistance to bendiocarb. No G119S mutation was detected suggesting that resistance was mainly metabolic. Microarray analysis revealed the over-expression of several cytochrome P450 s genes including cyp6z3, cyp6z1, cyp12f2, cyp6m3 and cyp6p4. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis supported the detoxification role of cytochrome P450 s with several GO terms associated with P450 activity significantly enriched in resistant samples. Other detoxification genes included UDP-glucosyl transferases, glutathione-S transferases and ABC transporters. Conclusion The study highlights the probable implication of metabolic mechanisms in bendiocarb resistance in An. gambiae populations from Yaoundé and stresses the need for further studies leading to functional validation of detoxification genes involved in this resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Billy Fossog Tene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR 016, 911, Avenue Agropolis, P.O. Box 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fawaz EY, Zayed AB, Fahmy NT, Villinski JT, Hoel DF, Diclaro JW. Pyrethroid Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in the Adult Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:620-628. [PMID: 26810731 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomus papatasi is one of the most medically important sand fly species in the Old World, serving as a vector of Leishmania parasites and phleboviruses. Chemical control is still considered the most effective method for rapidly reducing populations of flying insects involved in vector-borne disease transmission, but is increasingly threatened by insecticide resistance in the target insect posing significant problems for entomologists responsible for control programs. This study was conducted to determine pyrethroid resistance mechanisms and the biological, physiological, and molecular impacts of resistance in Ph. papatasi, and to compare their resistance mechanisms against those reported for mosquitoes and other intensely studied dipterans. Field-collected Ph. papatasi from Aswan, Egypt, were subjected to sublethal doses of permethrin and reared as a resistant strain under laboratory conditions through 16 generations. Biological parameter observations of resistant Ph. papatasi revealed an association of resistance with productivity cost. Physiological analysis revealed that concentrations of oxidase and esterase enzymes increased in early generations of the resistant colony, and then subsided through the F16 generation to levels similar to those in a susceptible colony. The activity levels of acetylcholinesterase were higher in field-collected Ph. papatasi than in susceptible colony flies, but decreased significantly despite subsequent exposure to permethrin. The molecular search for gene mutations in the resistant strain of Ph. papatasi failed to identify any mutations common in pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Our study revealed that the mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in sand flies is different than that in mosquitoes, at least at the genetic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Y Fawaz
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt (; ; ; ; ; ),
- Imtidad Ramses Street, Adjacent to Abbassia Fever Hospital, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt 11517 , and
| | - A B Zayed
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt (; ; ; ; ; )
- Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Cairo, Egypt , and
| | - N T Fahmy
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - J T Villinski
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - D F Hoel
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - J W Diclaro
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt (; ; ; ; ; )
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Insecticide resistance and its molecular basis in urban insect pests. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1363-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Donnelly MJ, Isaacs AT, Weetman D. Identification, Validation, and Application of Molecular Diagnostics for Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:197-206. [PMID: 26750864 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a major obstacle to control of Anopheles malaria mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa and requires an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Efforts to discover resistance genes and DNA markers have been dominated by candidate gene and quantitative trait locus studies of laboratory strains, but with greater availability of genome sequences a shift toward field-based agnostic discovery is anticipated. Mechanisms evolve continually to produce elevated resistance yielding multiplicative diagnostic markers, co-screening of which can give high predictive value. With a shift toward prospective analyses, identification and screening of resistance marker panels will boost monitoring and programmatic decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alison T Isaacs
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Paiva MHS, Lovin DD, Mori A, Melo-Santos MAV, Severson DW, Ayres CFJ. Identification of a major Quantitative Trait Locus determining resistance to the organophosphate temephos in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. Genomics 2015; 107:40-8. [PMID: 26576515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate insecticides (OP) have extensively been used to control mosquitoes, such as the vector Aedes aegypti. Unfortunately, OP resistance has hampered control programs worldwide. We used Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping to evaluate temephos resistance in two F1 intercross populations derived from crosses between a resistant Ae. aegypti strain (RecR) and two susceptible strains (MoyoD and Red). A single major effect QTL was identified on chromosome 2 of both segregating populations, named rtt1 (resistance to temephos 1). Bioinformatics analyses identified a cluster of carboxylesterase genes (CCE) within the rtt1 interval. qRT-PCR demonstrated that different CCEs were up-regulated in F2 resistant individuals from both crosses. However, none exceeded the 2-fold expression. Primary mechanisms for temephos resistance may vary between Ae. aegypti populations, yet also appear to support previous findings suggesting that multiple linked esterase genes may contribute to temephos resistance in the RecR strain as well as other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H S Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE50740-465, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Rodovia BR-104, km 59, Nova Caruaru, Caruaru, PE 55002-970, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Diane D Lovin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Akio Mori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Maria A V Melo-Santos
- Departamento de Entomologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE50740-465, Brazil.
| | - David W Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA.
| | - Constância F J Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Campus da UFPE - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE50740-465, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zou F, Chen C, Zhong D, Shen B, Zhang D, Guo Q, Wang W, Yu J, Lv Y, Lei Z, Ma K, Ma L, Zhu C, Yan G. Identification of QTLs Conferring Resistance to Deltamethrin in Culex pipiens pallens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140923. [PMID: 26484540 PMCID: PMC4617896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex pipiens pallens is the most abundant Culex mosquito species in northern China and is an important vector of bancroftian filariasis and West Nile virus. Deltamethrin is an insecticide that is widely used for mosquito control, however resistance to this and other insecticides has become a major challenge in the control of vector-borne diseases that appear to be inherited quantitatively. Furthermore, the genetic basis of insecticide resistance remains poorly understood. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of resistance to deltamethrin was conducted in F2 intercross segregation populations using bulked segregation analysis (BSA) and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (AFLP) in Culex pipiens pallens. A genetic linkage map covering 381 cM was constructed and a total of seven QTL responsible for resistance to deltamethrin were detected by composite interval mapping (CIM), which explained 95% of the phenotypic variance. The major QTL in linkage group 2 accounted for 62% of the variance and is worthy of further study. 12 AFLP markers in the map were cloned and the genomic locations of these marker sequences were determined by applying the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) tool to the genome sequence of the closely related Culex quinquefasciatus. Our results suggest that resistance to deltamethrin is a quantitative trait under the control of a major QTL in Culex pipiens pallens. Cloning of related AFLP markers confirm the potential utility for anchoring the genetic map to the physical map. The results provide insight into the genetic architecture of the trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhentao Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Steele LD, Coates B, Valero MC, Sun W, Seong KM, Muir WM, Clark JM, Pittendrigh BR. Selective sweep analysis in the genomes of the 91-R and 91-C Drosophila melanogaster strains reveals few of the 'usual suspects' in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123066. [PMID: 25826265 PMCID: PMC4380341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of insect phenotypes for survival after exposure to xenobiotics can result from selection at multiple loci with additive genetic effects. To the authors' knowledge, no selective sweep analysis has been performed to identify such loci in highly dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistant insects. Here we compared a highly DDT resistant phenotype in the Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) 91-R strain to the DDT susceptible 91-C strain, both of common origin. Whole genome re-sequencing data from pools of individuals was generated separately for 91-R and 91-C, and mapped to the reference Drosophila genome assembly (v. 5.72). Thirteen major and three minor effect chromosome intervals with reduced nucleotide diversity (π) were identified only in the 91-R population. Estimates of Tajima's D (D) showed corresponding evidence of directional selection in these same genome regions of 91-R, however, no similar reductions in π or D estimates were detected in 91-C. An overabundance of non-synonymous proteins coding to synonymous changes were identified in putative open reading frames associated with 91-R. Except for NinaC and Cyp4g1, none of the identified genes were the 'usual suspects' previously observed to be associated with DDT resistance. Additionally, up-regulated ATP-binding cassette transporters have been previously associated with DDT resistance; however, here we identified a structurally altered MDR49 candidate resistance gene. The remaining fourteen genes have not previously been shown to be associated with DDT resistance. These results suggest hitherto unknown mechanisms of DDT resistance, most of which have been overlooked in previous transcriptional studies, with some genes having orthologs in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Steele
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brad Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - M. Carmen Valero
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weilin Sun
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William M. Muir
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John M. Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barry R. Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maliti D, Ranson H, Magesa S, Kisinza W, Mcha J, Haji K, Killeen G, Weetman D. Islands and stepping-stones: comparative population structure of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis in Tanzania and implications for the spread of insecticide resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110910. [PMID: 25353688 PMCID: PMC4212992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic structures of the two major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis, differ markedly across Sub-Saharan Africa, which could reflect differences in historical demographies or in contemporary gene flow. Elucidation of the degree and cause of population structure is important for predicting the spread of genetic traits such as insecticide resistance genes or artificially engineered genes. Here the population genetics of An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis in the central, eastern and island regions of Tanzania were compared. Microsatellite markers were screened in 33 collections of female An. gambiae s.l., originating from 22 geographical locations, four of which were sampled in two or three years between 2008 and 2010. An. gambiae were sampled from six sites, An. arabiensis from 14 sites, and both species from two sites, with an additional colonised insectary sample of each species. Frequencies of the knock-down resistance (kdr) alleles 1014S and 1014F were also determined. An. gambiae exhibited relatively high genetic differentiation (average pairwise FST = 0.131), significant even between nearby samples, but without clear geographical patterning. In contrast, An. arabiensis exhibited limited differentiation (average FST = 0.015), but strong isolation-by-distance (Mantel test r = 0.46, p = 0.0008). Most time-series samples of An. arabiensis were homogeneous, suggesting general temporal stability of the genetic structure. An. gambiae populations from Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo were found to have high frequencies of kdr 1014S (around 70%), with almost 50% homozygote but was at much lower frequency on Unguja Island, with no. An. gambiae population genetic differentiation was consistent with an island model of genetic structuring with highly restricted gene flow, contrary to An. arabiensis which was consistent with a stepping-stone model of extensive, but geographically-restricted gene flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deodatus Maliti
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Magesa
- RTI International, Global Health Division, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - William Kisinza
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Center, Muheza, Tanga, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Juma Mcha
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Unguja, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Khamis Haji
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Unguja, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Gerald Killeen
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Merseyside, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mitchell SN, Rigden DJ, Dowd AJ, Lu F, Wilding CS, Weetman D, Dadzie S, Jenkins AM, Regna K, Boko P, Djogbenou L, Muskavitch MAT, Ranson H, Paine MJI, Mayans O, Donnelly MJ. Metabolic and target-site mechanisms combine to confer strong DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92662. [PMID: 24675797 PMCID: PMC3968025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of resistance to insecticides has become a classic exemplar of evolution occurring within human time scales. In this study we demonstrate how resistance to DDT in the major African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is a result of both target-site resistance mechanisms that have introgressed between incipient species (the M- and S-molecular forms) and allelic variants in a DDT-detoxifying enzyme. Sequencing of the detoxification enzyme, Gste2, from DDT resistant and susceptible strains of An. gambiae, revealed a non-synonymous polymorphism (I114T), proximal to the DDT binding domain, which segregated with strain phenotype. Recombinant protein expression and DDT metabolism analysis revealed that the proteins from the susceptible strain lost activity at higher DDT concentrations, characteristic of substrate inhibition. The effect of I114T on GSTE2 protein structure was explored through X-ray crystallography. The amino acid exchange in the DDT-resistant strain introduced a hydroxyl group nearby the hydrophobic DDT-binding region. The exchange does not result in structural alterations but is predicted to facilitate local dynamics and enzyme activity. Expression of both wild-type and 114T alleles the allele in Drosophila conferred an increase in DDT tolerance. The 114T mutation was significantly associated with DDT resistance in wild caught M-form populations and acts in concert with target-site mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (Vgsc-1575Y and Vgsc-1014F) to confer extreme levels of DDT resistance in wild caught An. gambiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Mitchell
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Dowd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Lu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S. Wilding
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Adam M. Jenkins
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Regna
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pelagie Boko
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique de Ouidah/Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Marc A. T. Muskavitch
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. I. Paine
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Mayans
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJD); (OM)
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJD); (OM)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yan H, Jia H, Gao H, Guo X, Xu B. Identification, genomic organization, and oxidative stress response of a sigma class glutathione S-transferase gene (AccGSTS1) in the honey bee, Apis cerana cerana. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:415-26. [PMID: 23250585 PMCID: PMC3682021 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are members of a multifunctional antioxidant enzyme superfamily that play pivotal roles in both detoxification and protection against oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. In this study, a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding a sigma class GST was identified in the Chinese honey bee, Apis cerana cerana (AccGSTS1). AccGSTS1 was constitutively expressed in all tissues of adult worker bees, including the brain, fat body, epidermis, muscle, and midgut, with particularly robust transcription in the fat body. Relative messenger RNA expression levels of AccGSTS1 at different developmental stages varied, with the highest levels of expression observed in adults. The potential function of AccGSTS1 in cellular defenses against abiotic stresses (cold, heat, UV, H2O2, HgCl2, and insecticides) was investigated. AccGSTS1 was significantly upregulated in response to all of the treatment conditions examined, although the induction levels were varied. Recombinant AccGSTS1 protein showed characteristic glutathione-conjugating catalytic activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Functional assays revealed that AccGSTS1 could remove H2O2, thereby protecting DNA from oxidative damage. Escherichia coli overexpressing AccGSTS1 showed long-term resistance under conditions of oxidative stress. Together, these results suggest that AccGSTS1 is a crucial antioxidant enzyme involved in cellular antioxidant defenses and honey bee survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Yan
- />College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haihong Jia
- />College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongru Gao
- />College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- />College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- />College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kulma K, Saddler A, Koella JC. Effects of age and larval nutrition on phenotypic expression of insecticide-resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58322. [PMID: 23484017 PMCID: PMC3590143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide-resistance threatens the control of mosquito-borne diseases like malaria or dengue fever. To ensure sustainable vector control we need a full understanding of the factors driving the evolution of resistance. We test the hypothesis that the expression of insecticide-resistance depends on the available resources by rearing genetically DDT-resistant and sensitive larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes at three diet regimes, which correspond to 40%, 70% and 100% of the normal diet and exposing the adult females to DDT 5, 10 and 15 days after emergence. In both colonies post-exposure survival decreased with age at exposure. Additionally, the food levels and DDT-resistance were positively correlated in both colonies, although only in the DDT-resistant one was this relationship statistically significant. The impact of larval diet was smaller than the effect of age at exposure. We discuss our results and explain the implication of this study to resistance monitoring for public health and vector management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kulma
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Saddler
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob C. Koella
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Identification of the major loci responsible for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors would aid the development and implementation of effective resistance management strategies, which are urgently needed to tackle the growing threat posed by resistance to the limited insecticides available for malaria control. Genome-wide association studies in the major malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, have been hindered by the high degree of within-population structuring and very low levels of linkage disequilibrium hence we revisited the use of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to study resistance phenotypes in this vector species. Earlier work, identified two major QTL associated with pyrethroid resistance in A. gambiae s.s. from East Africa using genetic crossing of laboratory-colonized resistant and susceptible strains. In this study, we report the results from genetic mapping of pyrethroid resistance in three isofemale pedigrees established from wild-caught female A. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes from Benin. We identified two QTL on chromosomes 2L and 3R in these field populations, in similar genomic locations to the QTL identified in laboratory strains. The relative merits of two alternative study designs are discussed and suggestions made for future genetic mapping studies of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.
Collapse
|
34
|
Daborn PJ, Lumb C, Harrop TWR, Blasetti A, Pasricha S, Morin S, Mitchell SN, Donnelly MJ, Müller P, Batterham P. Using Drosophila melanogaster to validate metabolism-based insecticide resistance from insect pests. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:918-924. [PMID: 23023059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance is important for preserving insecticide efficacy, developing new insecticides and implementing insect control. The metabolic detoxification of insecticides is a widespread resistance mechanism. Enzymes with the potential to detoxify insecticides are commonly encoded by members of the large cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase gene families, all rapidly evolving in insects. Here, we demonstrate that the model insect Drosophila melanogaster is useful for functionally validating the role of metabolic enzymes in conferring metabolism-based insecticide resistance. Alleles of three well-characterized genes from different pest insects were expressed in transgenic D. melanogaster : a carboxylesterase gene (αE7) from the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina, a glutathione S-transferase gene (GstE2) from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and a cytochrome P450 gene (Cyp6cm1) from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. For all genes, expression in D. melanogaster resulted in insecticide resistance phenotypes mirroring those observed in resistant populations of the pest species. Using D. melanogaster to assess the potential for novel metabolic resistance mechanisms to evolve in pest species is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Daborn
- Department of Genetics and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mahande AM, Dusfour I, Matias JR, Kweka EJ. Knockdown Resistance, rdl Alleles, and the Annual Entomological Inoculation Rate of Wild Mosquito Populations from Lower Moshi, Northern Tanzania. J Glob Infect Dis 2012; 4:114-9. [PMID: 22754247 PMCID: PMC3385201 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.96776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Understanding vector behavioral response due to ecological factors is important in the control of disease vectors. This study was conducted to determine the knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles, dieldrin resistance alleles, and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) of malaria vectors in lower Moshi irrigation schemes for the mitigation of disease transmission. Materials and Methods: The study was longitudinal design conducted for 14 months. Mosquitoes were collected fortnightly by using a CDC miniature light trap in 20 houses. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically in the field, of which 10% of this population was identified to species level by using molecular techniques. Samples from this study population were taken for kdr and resistance to dieldrin (rdl) genes detection. Results: A total of 6220 mosquitoes were collected by using a light trap, of which 86.0% (n=5350) were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and 14.0% (n=870) were Culex quinquefasciatus. Ten percent of the An. gambiae s.l. (n=535) collected were taken for species identification, of which 99.8% (n=534) were identified as An. arabiensis while 0.2% (n=1) were An. gambiae sensu stricto. Of the selected mosquitoes, 3.5% (n=19) were sporozoite positive. None of the mosquitoes tested had the kdr gene. The rdl resistant allele was detected at a frequency of 0.48 throughout the year. EIR was determined to be 0.54 ib/trap/year. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the homozygous and the heterozygous resistance present in rdl genes demonstrated the effect of pesticide residues on resistance selection pressure in mosquitoes. A better insecticide usage protocol needs to be developed for farmers to use in order to avoid excessive use of pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneth M Mahande
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Mabogini Field Station, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Oduola AO, Idowu ET, Oyebola MK, Adeogun AO, Olojede JB, Otubanjo OA, Awolola TS. Evidence of carbamate resistance in urban populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes resistant to DDT and deltamethrin insecticides in Lagos, South-Western Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:116. [PMID: 22686575 PMCID: PMC3409038 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance monitoring is essential in ensuring the success of insecticide based vector control programmes. This study was carried out to assess the susceptibility status of urban populations of Anopheles gambiae to carbamate insecticide being considered for vector control in mosquito populations previously reported to be resistant to DDT and permethrin. Methods Two – three day old adult female Anopheles mosquitoes reared from larval collections in 11 study sites from Local Government Areas of Lagos were exposed to test papers impregnated with DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05% and propoxur 0.1% insecticides. Additional tests were carried out to determine the susceptibility status of the Anopheles gambiae population to bendiocarb insecticide. Members of the A. gambiae complex, the molecular forms, were identified by PCR assays. The involvement of metabolic enzymes in carbamate resistance was assessed using Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist assays. The presence of kdr-w/e and ace-1R point mutations responsible for DDT-pyrethroid and carbamate resistance mechanisms was also investigated by PCR. Results Propoxur resistance was found in 10 out of the 11 study sites. Resistance to three classes of insecticides was observed in five urban localities. Mortality rates in mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin and propoxur did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) but was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in populations exposed to DDT. All mosquitoes tested were identified as A. gambiae s.s (M form). The kdr -w point mutation at allelic frequencies between 45%-77% was identified as one of the resistant mechanisms responsible for DDT and pyrethroid resistance. Ace-1R point mutation was absent in the carbamate resistant population. However, the possible involvement of metabolic resistance was confirmed by synergistic assays conducted. Conclusion Evidence of carbamate resistance in A. gambiae populations already harbouring resistance to DDT and permethrin is a clear indication that calls for the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies to combat the multiple resistance identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo O Oduola
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ayres CFJ, Müller P, Dyer N, Wilding CS, Rigden DJ, Donnelly MJ. Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29237. [PMID: 22206003 PMCID: PMC3242777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family play critical roles in detoxification of xenobiotics across many taxa. While GSTs are ubiquitous both in animals and plants, the GST epsilon class (GSTE) is insect-specific and has been associated with resistance to chemical insecticides. While both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae GSTE clusters consist of eight members, only four putative orthologs are identifiable between the species, suggesting independent expansions of the class in each lineage. We used a primer walking approach, sequencing almost the entire cluster from three Anopheles species (An. stephensi, An. funestus (both Cellia subgenus) and An. plumbeus (Anopheles subgenus)) and compared the sequences to putative orthologs in An. gambiae (Cellia) in an attempt to trace the evolution of the cluster within the subfamily Anophelinae. Furthermore, we measured transcript levels from the identified GSTE loci by real time reverse transcription PCR to determine if all genes were similarly transcribed at different life stages. Among the species investigated, gene order and orientation were similar with three exceptions: (i) GSTE1 was absent in An. plumbeus; (ii) GSTE2 is duplicated in An. plumbeus and (iii) an additional transcriptionally active pseudogene (ψAsGSTE2) was found in An. stephensi. Further statistical analysis and protein modelling gave evidence for positive selection on codons of the catalytic site in GSTE5 albeit its origin seems to predate the introduction of chemical insecticides. Gene expression profiles revealed differences in expression pattern among genes at different life stages. With the exception of GSTE1, ψAsGSTE2 and GSTE2b, all Anopheles species studied share orthologs and hence we assume that GSTE expansion generally predates radiation into subgenera, though the presence of GSTE1 may also suggest a recent duplication event in the Old World Cellia subgenus, instead of a secondary loss. The modifications of the catalytic site within GSTE5 may represent adaptations to new habitats.
Collapse
|
38
|
Koella JC, Saddler A, Karacs TPS. Blocking the evolution of insecticide-resistant malaria vectors with a microsporidian. Evol Appl 2011; 5:283-92. [PMID: 25568048 PMCID: PMC3353349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding a way to block the evolution insecticide resistance would be a major breakthrough for the control of malaria. We suggest that this may be possible by introducing a stress into mosquito populations that restores the sensitivity of genetically resistant mosquitoes and that decreases their longevity when they are not exposed to insecticide. We use a mathematical model to show that, despite the intense selection pressure imposed by insecticides, moderate levels of stress might tip the evolutionary balance between costs and benefits of resistance toward maintaining sensitivity. Our experimental work with the microsporidian parasite Vavraia culicis infecting two lines of resistant mosquitoes and a sensitive line suggests that it may indeed be possible to stress the mosquitoes in the required way. The mortality of resistant mosquitoes 24 h after exposure to the insecticide was up to 8.8 times higher in infected than in uninfected ones; if mosquitoes were not exposed to the insecticide, resistant mosquitoes infected by the microsporidian lived about half as long as uninfected ones and insecticide-sensitive mosquitoes (with or without the parasite). Our results suggest that biopesticides or other insecticides that interfere with the expression of resistance may help to manage insecticide resistance in programs of malaria control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Saddler
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London Ascot, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Djègbè I, Boussari O, Sidick A, Martin T, Ranson H, Chandre F, Akogbéto M, Corbel V. Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa. Malar J 2011; 10:261. [PMID: 21910856 PMCID: PMC3179749 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the spatial and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin, West Africa. Methods Anopheles gambiae s.l populations were collected from October 2008 to June 2010 in four sites selected on the basis of different use of insecticides and environment. WHO susceptibility tests were carried out to detect resistance to DDT, fenitrothion, bendiocarb, permethrin and deltamethrin. The synergist piperonyl butoxide was used to assess the role of non-target site mechanisms in pyrethroid resistance. Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were identified to species and to molecular M and S forms using PCR techniques. Molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to determine kdr and Ace.1R allelic frequencies and activity of the detoxification enzymes. Results Throughout the surveys very high levels of mortality to bendiocarb and fenitrothion were observed in An. gambiae s.l. populations. However, high frequencies of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids were seen in both M and S form of An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis. PBO increased the toxicity of permethrin and restored almost full susceptibility to deltamethrin. Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes from Cotonou and Malanville showed higher oxidase activity compared to the Kisumu susceptible strain in 2009, whereas the esterase activity was higher in the mosquitoes from Bohicon in both 2008 and 2009. A high frequency of 1014F kdr allele was initially showed in An. gambiae from Cotonou and Tori-Bossito whereas it increased in mosquitoes from Bohicon and Malanville during the second year. For the first time the L1014S kdr mutation was found in An. arabiensis in Benin. The ace.1R mutation was almost absent in An. gambiae s.l. Conclusion Pyrethroid and DDT resistance is widespread in malaria vector in Benin and both metabolic and target site resistance are implicated. Resistance was not correlated with a change of malaria species and/or molecular forms. The 1014S kdr allele was first identified in wild population of An. arabiensis hence confirming the expansion of pyrethroid resistance alleles in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Friedman R. Genomic organization of the glutathione S-transferase family in insects. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 61:924-32. [PMID: 21930223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a large and diverse gene family in insects. They are classified into six major subclasses. Sigma, Omega, Zeta, and Theta have representatives across Metazoa while Delta and Epsilon are specific to Insecta and Holometabola, respectively. In this study, GSTs are assigned to a subclass by a combination of literature, phylogenetic, and genomic evidence. Moreover, it is confirmed that GSTs frequently cluster by genomic position as a result of recent gene expansions. These expansions are largely explained by the number of protein-coding genes in the genome, although life history is another contributing factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Perry T, Batterham P, Daborn PJ. The biology of insecticidal activity and resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:411-22. [PMID: 21426939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying insecticide resistance mechanisms is paramount for pest insect control, as the understandings that underpin insect control strategies must provide ways of detecting and managing resistance. Insecticide resistance studies rely heavily on detailed biochemical and genetic analyses. Although there have been many successes, there are also many examples of resistance that still challenge us. As a precursor to rational pest insect control, the biology of the insect, within the contexts of insecticide modes of action and insecticide metabolism, must be well understood. It makes sense to initiate this research in the best model insect system, Drosophila melanogaster, and translate these findings and methodologies to other insects. Here we explore the usefulness of the D. melanogaster model in studying metabolic-based insecticide resistances, target-site mediated resistances and identifying novel insecticide targets, whilst highlighting the importance of having a more complete understanding of insect biology for insecticide studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trent Perry
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gunasekaran K, Muthukumaravel S, Sahu SS, Vijayakumar T, Jambulingam P. Glutathione S transferase activity in Indian vectors of malaria: A defense mechanism against DDT. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:561-569. [PMID: 21661317 DOI: 10.1603/me10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes involved in detoxification of xenobiotic compounds in majority of the insect groups. Significance of insect GSTs is their elevated level of activity in association with insecticide resistance. This investigation was to explore the metabolic status of GSTs in two Indian DDT-resistant malaria vectors, Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles annularis, and one DDT-susceptible vector, Anopheles fluviatilis. Malkangiri and Koraput districts of Orissa State, endemic for falciparum malaria and having a long insecticide spraying history, were the study areas. F1 progeny was raised from wild-caught females of the three vectors and used for biochemical assays to detect the GST-mediated DDT resistance mechanism. Results of the enzyme assay showed a significant 3-fold increase in GST activity in DDT-resistant An. annularis compared with its susceptible population. In DDT-resistant An. culicifacies, the median GST activity (71.8 micromol/min/mg) was almost the same as estimated in the DDT-resistant An. annularis (74.6 micromol/ min/mg), suggesting that the GST activity estimated in An. culicifacies could be an elevated level for detoxification of DDT. Furthermore, the GST activity in DDT-resistant An. culicifacies and An. annularis was significantly higher than that in the DDT-susceptible An. fluviatilis, which had a GST activity of 20.0 micromol/min/mg. Also, the GST-mediated DDT detoxification was confirmed by comparing GST activity in wild-caught females with that in their F1 progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Gunasekaran
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry-605 006, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ocampo CB, Salazar-Terreros MJ, Mina NJ, McAllister J, Brogdon W. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in 10 localities in Colombia. Acta Trop 2011; 118:37-44. [PMID: 21300017 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is one of the major threats to the effectiveness of vector control programs. In order to establish a baseline susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti in the southwest of Colombia, 10 localities in four Departments (States) were evaluated. Standardized WHO bioassay, CDC bottle bioassay and microplate biochemical assays of non-specific β-esterase (NSE), mixed function oxidases (MFO) and acetylcholinesterase were used. Cross resistance was evaluated with field collected mosquitoes that underwent selection pressure in the laboratory from DDT, propoxur and lambdacyhalothrin during three alternate generations. Mosquitoes with mortality rates below 80% in bioassays were considered resistant. Insecticide resistance varied geographically. Insecticide resistance was observed in 100% of localities in which mosquitoes were exposed to DDT, bendiocarb and temephos using both assays. WHO bioassays showed susceptibility to pyrethroids in all the localities evaluated, however CDC bottle bioassays showed decreases in susceptibility especially with lambdacyhalothrin. All localities showed susceptibility to the organophosphate malathion. Mosquitoes from eight regions with evidence of resistance to any of the insecticide evaluated were also evaluated biochemically. Mosquitoes from five of these regions had increased levels of NSE and two regions had increased levels of MFO. Increase levels of NSE explain partially the low susceptibility to temephos found in all the localities. However, the biochemical mechanisms evaluated do not explain all the resistance observed. Cross resistance was observed between the DDT-selected strain and lambdacyhalothrin, and between the lambdacyhalothrin-selected strain and propoxur and vice versa. The selected strains do not show changes in the biochemical assays evaluated, therefore the observed cross-resistance suggests different biochemical mechanisms. This study shows that Ae. aegypti from Colombia can develop resistance to most of the insecticide classes in the market. Periodic surveillance of insecticide resistance is necessary in order to maintain effective interventions. This study helped to establish the National Network for the surveillance of the insecticide resistance in Colombia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara B Ocampo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Carrera, Cali, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Anderson T, Nkhoma S, Ecker A, Fidock D. How can we identify parasite genes that underlie antimalarial drug resistance? Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:59-85. [PMID: 21174623 PMCID: PMC3148835 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This article outlines genome-scale approaches that can be used to identify mutations in malaria (Plasmodium) parasites that underlie drug resistance and contribute to treatment failure. These approaches include genetic mapping by linkage or genome-wide association studies, drug selection and characterization of resistant mutants, and the identification of genome regions under strong recent selection. While these genomic approaches can identify candidate resistance loci, genetic manipulation is needed to demonstrate causality. We therefore also describe the growing arsenal of available transfection approaches for direct incrimination of mutations suspected to play a role in resistance. Our intention is both to review past progress and highlight promising approaches for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Anderson
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brooke BD, Koekemoer LL. Major effect genes or loose confederations? The development of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:74. [PMID: 20716346 PMCID: PMC2930636 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide use in public health and agriculture presents a dramatic adaptive challenge to target and non-target insect populations. The rapid development of genetically modulated resistance to insecticides is postulated to develop in two distinct ways: By selection for single major effect genes or by selection for loose confederations in which several factors, not normally associated with each other, inadvertently combine their effects to produce resistance phenotypes. Insecticide resistance is a common occurrence and has been intensively studied in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, providing a useful model for examining how insecticide resistance develops and what pleiotropic effects are likely to emerge as a consequence of resistance. As malaria vector control becomes increasingly reliant on successfully managing insecticide resistance, the characterisation of resistance mechanisms and their pleiotropic effects becomes increasingly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basil D Brooke
- Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology of the University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sullivan D. Uncertainty in mapping malaria epidemiology: implications for control. Epidemiol Rev 2010; 32:175-87. [PMID: 20581219 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxq013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a location-specific, dynamic infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes to humans and is influenced by environmental, vector, parasite, and host factors. The principal purposes of malarial epidemiology are 1) to describe the malarial distribution in space and time along with the physical, biologic, and social etiologic factors and 2) to guide control objectives for either modeling impact or measuring progress of control tactics. Mapping malaria and many of its causative factors has been achieved on many different levels from global distribution to biologic quantitative trait localization in humans, parasites, and mosquitoes. Despite these important achievements, a large degree of uncertainty still exists on the annual burden of malarial cases. Accurate, sensitive detection and treatment of asymptomatic reservoirs important to infectious transmission are additional components necessary for future control measures. Presently spurred by the leadership and funding of Bill and Melinda Gates, the malarial community is developing and implementing plans for elimination of malaria. The challenge for malariologists is to digitally integrate and map epidemiologic factors and intervention measures in space and time to target effective, sustainable control alongside research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sullivan
- The Malaria Research Institute, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vezenegho SB, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL. Malaria vector composition and insecticide susceptibility status in Guinea Conakry, West Africa. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 23:326-334. [PMID: 19941598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study provides data on malaria vector species composition and insecticide susceptibility status from three localities in Guinea Conakry. A total of 497 mosquitoes were collected resting indoors and morphologically identified as belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex. The majority of these were An. gambiae s.s. (99.6%), but a small percentage (0.4%) were identified as Anopheles arabiensis. Thirty-four Anopheles funestus s.s. were also collected. The molecular S form of An. gambiae s.s. was predominant over the M form in Siguiri (95%) and Boffa (97.4%), whereas at Mt Nimba the M form was more abundant (61.4%) than the S form (38.1%). One hybrid M/S specimen was recorded from Mt Nimba. Siguiri populations showed high levels of resistance to DDT, dieldrin and bendiocarb. Anopheles gambiae from Boffa were largely susceptible to the insecticides tested. At Mt Nimba, resistance to DDT and bendicocarb was detected. Biochemical enzyme analysis showed that an altered acetylcholinesterase is operating in the field at low levels. The frequency of the 1014F kdr allele in the An. gambiae S form was 0.24 at Siguiri and 0.14 at Mt Nimba. A single RR specimen was found in the M form. The heterogeneity in species composition and resistance profiles between sites requires vector control interventions to be tailored to each site based on the data collected from ongoing monitoring and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Vezenegho
- Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Donnelly MJ, Corbel V, Weetman D, Wilding CS, Williamson MS, Black WC. Does kdr genotype predict insecticide-resistance phenotype in mosquitoes? Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:213-9. [PMID: 19369117 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several groups are developing and applying DNA-based technologies to monitor insecticide-based disease control programmes. However, several recent papers have concluded that the knockdown resistance (kdr) genotype-phenotype correlation that is observed in a wide variety of taxa might not hold in all mosquitoes. In this article, we review the evidence to support this putative breakdown and argue that the conclusion follows from unreliable data or the unparsimonious interpretation of data. We assert that the link between kdr genotype and DDT- and pyrethroid-susceptibility phenotype is clear. However, we emphasize that kdr genotype might explain only a portion of heritable variation in resistance and that diagnostic assays to test the importance of other resistance mechanisms in field populations are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Donnelly
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L35QA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wilding CS, Weetman D, Steen K, Donnelly MJ. High, clustered, nucleotide diversity in the genome of Anopheles gambiae revealed through pooled-template sequencing: implications for high-throughput genotyping protocols. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:320. [PMID: 19607710 PMCID: PMC2723138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Association mapping approaches are dependent upon discovery and validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To further association studies in Anopheles gambiae we conducted a major resequencing programme, primarily targeting regions within or close to candidate genes for insecticide resistance. Results Using two pools of mosquito template DNA we sequenced over 300 kbp across 660 distinct amplicons of the An. gambiae genome. Comparison of SNPs identified from pooled templates with those from individual sequences revealed a very low false positive rate. False negative rates were much higher and mostly resulted from SNPs with a low minor allele frequency. Pooled-template sequencing also provided good estimates of SNP allele frequencies. Allele frequency estimation success, along with false positive and negative call rates, improved significantly when using a qualitative measure of SNP call quality. We identified a total of 7062 polymorphic features comprising 6995 SNPs and 67 indels, with, on average, a SNP every 34 bp; a high rate of polymorphism that is comparable to other studies of mosquitoes. SNPs were significantly more frequent in members of the cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenases and carboxy/cholinesterase gene-families than in glutathione-S-transferases, other detoxification genes, and control genomic regions. Polymorphic sites showed a significantly clustered distribution, but the degree of SNP clustering (independent of SNP frequency) did not vary among gene families, suggesting that clustering of polymorphisms is a general property of the An. gambiae genome. Conclusion The high frequency and clustering of SNPs has important ramifications for the design of high-throughput genotyping assays based on allele specific primer extension or probe hybridisation. We illustrate these issues in the context of the design of Illumina GoldenGate assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Wilding
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
ETANG JOSIANE, VICENTE JOSEL, NWANE PHILIPPE, CHOUAIBOU MOUHAMADOU, MORLAIS ISABELLE, DO ROSARIO VIRGILIOE, SIMARD FREDERIC, AWONO-AMBENE PARFAIT, TOTO JEANCLAUDE, PINTO JOAO. Polymorphism of intron-1 in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene ofAnopheles gambiaes.s. populations from Cameroon with emphasis on insecticide knockdown resistance mutations. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:3076-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|