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Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Chen X, Guo Y, Shi J, Wang Y, Guo X, Wu G, Li S, Zhang T. Structural basis for substrate and antibiotic recognition by Helicobacter pylori isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:521-536. [PMID: 38246751 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a global health concern, affecting over half of the world's population. Acquiring structural information on pharmacological targets is crucial to facilitate inhibitor design. Here, we have determined the crystal structures of H. pylori isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (HpIleRS) in apo form as well as in complex with various substrates (Ile, Ile-AMP, Val, and Val-AMP) or an inhibitor (mupirocin). Our results provide valuable insights into substrate specificity, recognition, and the mechanism by which HpIleRS is inhibited by an antibiotic. Moreover, we identified Asp641 as a prospective regulatory site and conducted biochemical analyses to investigate its regulatory mechanism. The detailed structural information acquired from this research holds promise for the development of highly selective and effective inhibitors against H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Chen
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Shi
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong, China
| | - Yilun Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong, China
| | - Guihua Wu
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong, China
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Tran SC, Bryant KN, Cover TL. The Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island as a determinant of gastric cancer risk. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2314201. [PMID: 38391242 PMCID: PMC10896142 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2314201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains can be broadly classified into two groups based on whether they contain or lack a chromosomal region known as the cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI). Colonization of the human stomach with cag PAI-positive strains is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease, compared to colonization with cag PAI-negative strains. The cag PAI encodes a secreted effector protein (CagA) and components of a type IV secretion system (Cag T4SS) that delivers CagA and non-protein substrates into host cells. Animal model experiments indicate that CagA and the Cag T4SS stimulate a gastric mucosal inflammatory response and contribute to the development of gastric cancer. In this review, we discuss recent studies defining structural and functional features of CagA and the Cag T4SS and mechanisms by which H. pylori strains containing the cag PAI promote the development of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirena C. Tran
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaeli N. Bryant
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy L. Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kamankesh M, Yadegar A, Llopis-Lorente A, Liu C, Haririan I, Aghdaei HA, Shokrgozar MA, Zali MR, Miri AH, Rad-Malekshahi M, Hamblin MR, Wacker MG. Future Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improved Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302532. [PMID: 37697021 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a recalcitrant pathogen, which can cause gastric disorders. During the past decades, polypharmacy-based regimens, such as triple and quadruple therapies have been widely used against H. pylori. However, polyantibiotic therapies can disturb the host gastric/gut microbiota and lead to antibiotic resistance. Thus, simpler but more effective approaches should be developed. Here, some recent advances in nanostructured drug delivery systems to treat H. pylori infection are summarized. Also, for the first time, a drug release paradigm is proposed to prevent H. pylori antibiotic resistance along with an IVIVC model in order to connect the drug release profile with a reduction in bacterial colony counts. Then, local delivery systems including mucoadhesive, mucopenetrating, and cytoadhesive nanobiomaterials are discussed in the battle against H. pylori infection. Afterward, engineered delivery platforms including polymer-coated nanoemulsions and polymer-coated nanoliposomes are poposed. These bioinspired platforms can contain an antimicrobial agent enclosed within smart multifunctional nanoformulations. These bioplatforms can prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, as well as specifically killing H. pylori with no or only slight negative effects on the host gastrointestinal microbiota. Finally, the essential checkpoints that should be passed to confirm the potential effectiveness of anti-H. pylori nanosystems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kamankesh
- Polymer Chemistry Department, School of Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6455, Tehran, 14144-6455, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Insituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Chenguang Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717411, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Miri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
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O'Connor HJ. Forty years of Helicobacter pylori infection and changes in findings at esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e13026. [PMID: 37818739 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is 40 years since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection. Over that time major changes have occurred in esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) findings. The aim of this review is to describe these changes, and the important role H. pylori infection has played in their evolution. METHODS References were identified through searches of PubMed using the search terms-endoscopy time trends, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, upper gastrointestinal cancer, gastric polyps, H. pylori, eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, and celiac disease, from 1970 through December 2021. RESULTS The prevalence of H. pylori infection has fallen and consequently, H. pylori-positive peptic ulcer disease has become rare. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is now the commonest disorder diagnosed at EGD, and Barrett's esophagus has increased in parallel. Cancer of the distal stomach has fallen while esophageal adenocarcinoma and reflux-related cardia cancer have risen. Gastric polyps have changed from hyperplastic and adenomas to sporadic fundic gland polyps. Antimicrobial resistance has made H. pylori infection more difficult to eradicate. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, particularly eosinophilic esophagitis, have emerged as important new allergic disorders. Celiac disease has changed and increased. CONCLUSIONS EGD findings appear to have changed from features suggesting a H. pylori-positive "phenotype" 40 years ago to a H. pylori-negative "phenotype" today. These changes have major implications for the management of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey J O'Connor
- Trinity Academic Gastroenterology Group, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, The University of Dublin, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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López-Luis MA, Soriano-Pérez EE, Parada-Fabián JC, Torres J, Maldonado-Rodríguez R, Méndez-Tenorio A. A Proposal for a Consolidated Structural Model of the CagY Protein of Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16781. [PMID: 38069104 PMCID: PMC10706595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CagY is the largest and most complex protein from Helicobacter pylori's (Hp) type IV secretion system (T4SS), playing a critical role in the modulation of gastric inflammation and risk for gastric cancer. CagY spans from the inner to the outer membrane, forming a channel through which Hp molecules are injected into human gastric cells. Yet, a tridimensional structure has been reported for only short segments of the protein. This intricate protein was modeled using different approaches, including homology modeling, ab initio, and deep learning techniques. The challengingly long middle repeat region (MRR) was modeled using deep learning and optimized using equilibrium molecular dynamics. The previously modeled segments were assembled into a 1595 aa chain and a 14-chain CagY multimer structure was assembled by structural alignment. The final structure correlated with published structures and allowed to show how the multimer may form the T4SS channel through which CagA and other molecules are translocated to gastric cells. The model confirmed that MRR, the most polymorphic and complex region of CagY, presents numerous cysteine residues forming disulfide bonds that stabilize the protein and suggest this domain may function as a contractile region playing an essential role in the modulating activity of CagY on tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Angel López-Luis
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.A.L.-L.); (E.E.S.-P.); (J.C.P.-F.); (R.M.-R.)
| | - Eva Elda Soriano-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.A.L.-L.); (E.E.S.-P.); (J.C.P.-F.); (R.M.-R.)
| | - José Carlos Parada-Fabián
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.A.L.-L.); (E.E.S.-P.); (J.C.P.-F.); (R.M.-R.)
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Rogelio Maldonado-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.A.L.-L.); (E.E.S.-P.); (J.C.P.-F.); (R.M.-R.)
| | - Alfonso Méndez-Tenorio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.A.L.-L.); (E.E.S.-P.); (J.C.P.-F.); (R.M.-R.)
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You N, Chen Y, Yan X, Gu B, Wang J, Zhang J. Persistent Helicobacter pylori infection leads to elevated fasting plasma glucose level: A retrospective cohort study based on a nondiabetes Chinese population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1942-1948. [PMID: 37403267 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and fast plasma glucose (FPG) on nondiabetes populations is still inconclusive. Nowadays, not only the high infection rate of H. pylori but also the high FPG level is threatening the Chinese people. METHODS A retrospective cohort study has been established to analyze the relationship between H. pylori infection and FPG level, 18 164 individuals performed healthy examination in Taizhou Hospital Health Examination Center from 2017 to 2022 were included, and hematological indicators, body parameters, and H. pylori detection by 13 C-urea breath test were collected from patients. The follow-up intervals were greater than 12 months. RESULTS H. pylori infection was regarded as an independent risk factor for elevated FPG after multivariate logistic regression. Additionally, the average interval time were 33.6 ± 13.3 months. Mean changed FPG values in the persistent infection group were higher than in the subgroup of persistent negative (P = 0.029) as well as eradication infection (P = 0.007). The aforementioned changes began to appear after 2 years of follow-up. Similarly, when compared with the subgroup of persistent infection, mean changed triglyceride/high density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) values were much lower in the subgroup of persistent negative (P = 0.008) and eradication infection (P = 0.018), but the differences appeared after 3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori infection is an independent risk factor for elevated FPG in non-diabetes mellitus (DM) individuals. Persistent H. pylori infection causes an increase in FPG level and TG/HDL, which may be a risk factor for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binbin Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinshun Zhang
- Health Management Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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Jamal Eddin TM, Nasr SM, Gupta I, Zayed H, Al Moustafa AE. Helicobacter pylori and epithelial mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancers: An update of the literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18945. [PMID: 37609398 PMCID: PMC10440535 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer, a multifactorial disease, is considered one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In addition to genetic and environmental risk factors, infectious agents, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) contribute to the onset and development of gastric cancer. H. pylori is a type I carcinogen that colonizes the gastric epithelium of approximately 50% of the world's population, thus increasing the risk of gastric cancer development. On the other hand, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process crucial to embryogenic growth, wound healing, organ fibrosis and cancer progression. Several studies associate gastric pathogen infection of the epithelium with EMT initiation, provoking cancer metastasis in the gastric mucosa through various molecular signaling pathways. Additionally, EMT is implicated in the progression and development of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. In this review, we recapitulate recent findings elucidating the association between H. pylori infection in EMT promotion leading to gastric cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala M. Jamal Eddin
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahd M.O. Nasr
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 2M1, Canada
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9
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Sahoo OS, Mitra R, Bhattacharjee A, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Is Diabetes Mellitus a Predisposing Factor for Helicobacter pylori Infections? Curr Diab Rep 2023; 23:195-205. [PMID: 37213058 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-023-01511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to analyse the consistency of reports suggesting the role of Diabetes Mellitus in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). RECENT FINDINGS There have been numerous controversies citing the prevalence of H. pylori infections in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review investigates the possible crosstalk between H. pylori infections and T2DM and also designs a meta-analysis to quantify the association. Subgroup analyses have also been conducted to deduce factors like geography and testing techniques, in playing a role in stratification analysis. Based on a scientific literature survey and meta-analysis of databases from 1996 to 2022, a trend towards more frequent H. pylori infections in patients with diabetes mellitus was observed. The highly diversified nature of H. pylori infections across age, gender, and geographical regions requires large interventional studies to evaluate its long-term association with diabetes mellitus. Further possible linkage of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus concomitant with that of H. pylori infected patients has also been delineated in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India, 713209
| | - Rhiti Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India, 713209
| | - Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India, 713209
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, India, 700129
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India, 713209
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India, 713209.
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10
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Zeng Y, Jin RU. Molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapies, and future perspectives for gastric cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:566-582. [PMID: 34933124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major source of global cancer mortality with limited treatment options and poor patient survival. As our molecular understanding of gastric cancer improves, we are now beginning to recognize that these cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases with incredibly unique pathogeneses and active oncogenic pathways. It is this molecular diversity and oftentimes lack of common oncogenic driver mutations that bestow the poor treatment responses that oncologists often face when treating gastric cancer. In this review, we will examine the treatments for gastric cancer including up-to-date molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies. We will then review the molecular subtypes of gastric cancer to highlight the diversity seen in this disease. We will then shift our discussion to basic science and gastric cancer mouse models as tools to study gastric cancer molecular heterogeneity. Furthermore, we will elaborate on a molecular process termed paligenosis and the cyclical hit model as key events during gastric cancer initiation that impart nondividing mature differentiated cells the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and accumulate disparate genomic mutations during years of chronic inflammation and injury. As our basic science understanding of gastric cancer advances, so too must our translational and clinical efforts. We will end with a discussion regarding single-cell molecular analyses and cancer organoid technologies as future translational avenues to advance our understanding of gastric cancer heterogeneity and to design precision-based gastric cancer treatments. Elucidation of interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity is the only way to advance future cancer prevention, diagnoses and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zeng
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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11
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Dooyema SD, Noto JM, Wroblewski LE, Piazuelo MB, Krishna U, Suarez G, Romero-Gallo J, Delgado AG, Peek RM. Helicobacter pylori actively suppresses innate immune nucleic acid receptors. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2105102. [PMID: 35905376 PMCID: PMC9341374 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic mucosal pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate the host immune response; consequently, microbes contribute to the development of >2 million cases of cancer/year. Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and Helicobacter pylori confers the highest risk for this disease. Gastric innate immune effectors can either eliminate bacteria or mobilize adaptive immune responses including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytosolic DNA sensor/adaptor proteins (e.g., stimulator of interferon genes, STING). The H. pylori strain-specific cag type IV secretion system (T4SS) augments gastric cancer risk and translocates DNA into epithelial cells where it activates the microbial DNA sensor TLR9 and suppresses injury in vivo; however, the ability of H. pylori to suppress additional nucleic acid PRRs within the context of chronic gastric inflammation and injury remains undefined. In this study, in vitro and ex vivo experiments identified a novel mechanism through which H. pylori actively suppresses STING and RIG-I signaling via downregulation of IRF3 activation. In vivo, the use of genetically deficient mice revealed that Th17 inflammatory responses are heightened following H. pylori infection within the context of Sting deficiency in conjunction with increased expression of a known host immune regulator, Trim30a. This novel mechanism of immune suppression by H. pylori is likely a critical component of a finely tuned rheostat that not only regulates the initial innate immune response, but also drives chronic gastric inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D.R. Dooyema
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Microbe-Host Interactions Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Noto
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lydia E. Wroblewski
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Uma Krishna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Giovanni Suarez
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,CONTACT Richard M. Peek Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1030C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN37232, USA
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12
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Xie Y, Xie F, Zhou X, Zhang L, Yang B, Huang J, Wang F, Yan H, Zeng L, Zhang L, Zhou F. Microbiota in Tumors: From Understanding to Application. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200470. [PMID: 35603968 PMCID: PMC9313476 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbes with complex functions have been found to be a potential component in tumor microenvironments. Due to their low biomass and other obstacles, intratumor microbiota is poorly understood. Mucosal sites and normal adjacent tissues are important sources of intratumor microbiota, while hematogenous spread also leads to the invasion of microbes. Intratumor microbiota affects the progression of tumors through several mechanisms, such as DNA damage, activation of oncogenic pathways, induction of immunosuppression, and metabolization of drugs. Notably, in different types of tumors, the composition and abundance of intratumor microbiota are highly heterogeneous and may play different roles in the progression of tumors. Because of the concern in this field, several techniques such as omics and immunological methods have been used to study intratumor microbiota. Here, recent progress in this field is reviewed, including the potential sources of intratumor microbiota, their functions and related mechanisms, and their heterogeneity. Techniques that can be used to study intratumor microbiota are also discussed. Moreover, research is summarized into the development of strategies that can be used in antitumor treatment and prospects for possible future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xie
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeSuzhou215123P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Feng Xie
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery WenzhouThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou32500P. R. China
| | - Bing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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13
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Animal Models and Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113141. [PMID: 35683528 PMCID: PMC9181647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of at least half of the world’s population. Persistent infection is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and an increased risk of gastric cancer and gastric-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In vivo studies using several animal models have provided crucial evidence for understanding the pathophysiology of H. pylori-associated complications. Numerous animal models, such as Mongolian gerbils, transgenic mouse models, guinea pigs, and other animals, including non-human primates, are being widely used due to their persistent association in causing gastric complications. However, finding suitable animal models for in vivo experimentation to understand the pathophysiology of gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma is a complicated task. In this review, we summarized the most appropriate and latest information in the scientific literature to understand the role and importance of H. pylori infection animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-97-586-5740
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14
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Moon HS. Risk factors for early gastric cancer: focus on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2022.65.5.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is a global health problem, and the incidence and geographical distribution of different types of gastric cancer varies. Particularly, noncardiac gastric cancer is more prevalent in East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Africa. Infection with Helicobacter pylori, which was discovered in 1982, is a common cause of chronic gastritis, and the association between H. pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma is well established.Current Concepts: Gastric cancer is histologically divided into 2 types: intestinal and diffuse. H. pylori infection is considered as the main risk factor for the development of both types of gastric tumors. The most documented course of development of stomach cancer is following cellular metaplasia due to chronic inflammation, damage, and repair. Various molecular alterations caused by H. pylori are identified not only in gastric cancer but also in precancerous lesions. Recently, many studies have attempted to diagnose H. pylori gastritis and precancerous lesions using endoscopy.Discussion and Conclusion: Recent studies have shown that eradication therapy stabilizes or reduces the risk of developing gastric cancer. Therefore, the diagnosis and understanding of gastritis and precancerous lesions caused by H. pylori are the first step in the prevention of gastric cancer.
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15
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Tegtmeyer N, Linz B, Yamaoka Y, Backert S. Unique TLR9 Activation by Helicobacter pylori Depends on the cag T4SS, But Not on VirD2 Relaxases or VirD4 Coupling Proteins. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:121. [PMID: 35239059 PMCID: PMC8894178 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori harbor multiple type-IV secretion systems (T4SSs). Here we analyzed components of three T4SSs, the cytotoxin-associated genes (cag) T4SS, TFS3 and TFS4. The cag T4SS delivers the effector protein CagA and the LPS-metabolite ADP-heptose into gastric epithelial cells, which plays a pivotal role in chronic infection and development of gastric disease. In addition, the cag T4SS was reported to facilitate conjugative transport of chromosomal bacterial DNA into the host cell cytoplasm, where injected DNA activates intracellular toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and triggers anti-inflammatory signaling. Canonical DNA-delivering T4SSs in a variety of bacteria are composed of 11 VirB proteins (VirB1-11) which assemble and engage VirD2 relaxase and VirD4 coupling proteins that mediate DNA processing and guiding of the covalently bound DNA through the T4SS channel. Nevertheless, the role of the latter components in H. pylori is unclear. Here, we utilized isogenic knockout mutants of various virB (virB9 and virB10, corresponding to cagX and cagY), virD2 (rlx1 and rlx2), virD4 (cag5, traG1/2) and xerD recombinase genes in H. pylori laboratory strain P12 and studied their role in TLR9 activation by reporter assays. While inactivation of the structural cag T4SS genes cagX and cagY abolished TLR9 activation, the deletion of rlx1, rlx2, cag5, traG or xerD genes had no effect. The latter mutants activated TLR9 similar to wild-type bacteria, suggesting the presence of a unique non-canonical T4SS-dependent mechanism of TLR9 stimulation by H. pylori that is not mediated by VirD2, VirD4 and XerD proteins. These findings were confirmed by the analysis of TLR9 activation by H. pylori strains of worldwide origin that possess different sets of T4SS genes. The exact mechanism of TLR9 activation should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Choi JM, Kim SG. Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Epigenetic Changes in Gastric Cancer-related Genes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2021.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is known that gastric carcinogenesis results from the progressive changes from chronic gastritis to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved in this process, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is believed to induce the initiation and progression of these steps. From an epigenetic point of view, H. pylori induces hypermethylation of genes involved in the development of gastric cancer and regulates the expression of various microRNAs (miRNAs). These H. pylori-related epigenetic changes are accumulated not only at the site of neoplasm but also in the adjacent non-cancerous gastric mucosa. Thereby, a state vulnerable to gastric cancer known as an epigenetic field defect is formed. H. pylori eradication can have an effective chemopreventive effect in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the molecular biological changes that occur in the stomach environment during H. pylori eradication have not yet been established. Several studies have reported that H. pylori eradication can restore infection-related changes, especially epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer-related genes, but some studies have shown otherwise. Simply put, it appears that the recovery of methylated gastric cancer-related genes and miRNAs during H. pylori eradication may vary among genes and may also differ depending on the histological subtype of the gastric mucosa. In this review, we will discuss the potential mechanism of gastric cancer prevention by H. pylori eradication, mainly from an epigenetic perspective.
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17
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Cai D, Brickey WJ, Ting JP, Sad S. Isolates of Salmonella typhimurium circumvent NLRP3 inflammasome recognition in macrophages during the chronic phase of infection. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101461. [PMID: 34864057 PMCID: PMC8715120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome signaling results in cell death and release of cytokines from the IL-1 family, which facilitates control over an infection. However, some pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium (ST) activate various innate immune signaling pathways, including inflammasomes, yet evade these cell death mechanisms, resulting in a chronic infection. Here we investigated inflammasome signaling induced by acute and chronic isolates of ST obtained from different organs. We show that ST isolated from infected mice during the acute phase displays an increased potential to activate inflammasome signaling, which then undergoes a protracted decline during the chronic phase of infection. This decline in inflammasome signaling was associated with reduced expression of virulence factors, including flagella and the Salmonella pathogenicity island I genes. This reduction in cell death of macrophages induced by chronic isolates had the greatest impact on the NLRP3 inflammasome, which correlated with a reduction in caspase-1 activation. Furthermore, rapid cell death induced by Casp-1/11 by ST in macrophages limited the subsequent activation of cell death cascade proteins Casp-8, RipK1, RipK3, and MLKL to prevent the activation of alternative forms of cell death. We observed that the lack of the ability to induce cell death conferred a competitive fitness advantage to ST only during the acute phase of infection. Finally, we show that the chronic isolates displayed a significant attenuation in their ability to infect mice through the oral route. These results reveal that ST adapts during chronic infection by circumventing inflammasome recognition to promote the survival of both the host and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willie June Brickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Bastos PAD, Wheeler R, Boneca IG. Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:5902851. [PMID: 32897324 PMCID: PMC7794044 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota, and the plethora of signalling molecules that they generate, are a major driving force that underlies a striking range of inter-individual physioanatomic and behavioural consequences for the host organism. Among the bacterial effectors, one finds peptidoglycan, the major constituent of the bacterial cell surface. In the steady-state, fragments of peptidoglycan are constitutively liberated from bacterial members of the gut microbiota, cross the gut epithelial barrier and enter the host system. The fate of these peptidoglycan fragments, and the outcome for the host, depends on the molecular nature of the peptidoglycan, as well the cellular profile of the recipient tissue, mechanism of cell entry, the expression of specific processing and recognition mechanisms by the cell, and the local immune context. At the target level, physiological processes modulated by peptidoglycan are extremely diverse, ranging from immune activation to small molecule metabolism, autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we bring together a fragmented body of literature on the kinetics and dynamics of peptidoglycan interactions with the mammalian host, explaining how peptidoglycan functions as a signalling molecule in the host under physiological conditions, how it disseminates within the host, and the cellular responses to peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A D Bastos
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France.,Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard-Vaillant, Villejuif 94800, France; INSERM UMR 1015, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and genetics of the bacterial cell wall Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France; CNRS, UMR 2001 "Microbiologie intégrative et moléculaire", Paris 75015, France
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19
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Wang X, Shu X, Li Q, Li Y, Chen Z, Wang Y, Pu K, Zheng Y, Ye Y, Liu M, Ma L, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Zhang F, Guo Q, Ji R, Zhou Y. Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Wuwei, a high-risk area for gastric cancer in northwest China: An all-ages population-based cross-sectional study. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12810. [PMID: 33904635 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection across all age groups in Wuwei City, a high-risk area for gastric cancer in Northwest China. METHODS We conducted this study from 2016 to 2017 in an urban and a rural community in Wuwei City. Stool antigen tests targeted individuals aged 0 to 3 years old, and 13 C-urea breath tests targeted individuals aged above 3 years. We selected participants based on hierarchical cluster sampling. We assessed the association between variables and H. pylori infection based on logistic regression models. RESULTS Ultimately, the results of 2,163 participants (age: 0 to 77 years old) were included (1,238 minors and 925 adults) in the analysis. The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 35.6%. It increased with age, reaching the peak in the 30 to 39 age group, and then began to decline. In multivariate analysis, age was positively associated with prevalence of H. pylori infection, and factors negatively associated with the prevalence were drinking running water, the frequency of yoghurt consumption, and an annual household income of Renminbi (¥) 30,000-100,000 or 100,000 above. In the subgroup analyses, however, the same variables associated differently in different age groups. Additionally, we interestingly noticed that boarding, eating at school cafeterias over six times per week, and frequently drinking untreated water were independent predictors of H. pylori infection in junior and senior high school students. CONCLUSION The prevalence of H. pylori infection is moderate and closely associated with the socioeconomic conditions of Wuwei City, as well as the sanitary situations and dietary habits of the participants in the city. Boarding, eating at school, and drinking untreated water are the main factors explaining the rising infection rate in junior-senior high school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaochuang Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Zhaofeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Medical Administration, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Zhengqi Wu
- Gansu Wuwei Tumour Hospital, Wuwei, China
| | - Fuhua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Second Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinghong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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20
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Abstract
In the United States, the incidence of gastric cancer has decreased over the past five decades. However, despite overall decreasing trends in incidence rates of gastric cancer, rates of noncardia gastric cancer among adults aged less than 50 years in the United States are increasing, and most cases of gastric cancer still present with advanced disease and poor resultant survival. Epidemiologic studies have identified the main risk factors for gastric cancer, including increasing age, male sex, non-White race, Helicobacter pylori infection, and smoking. This article summarizes the current epidemiologic evidence with implications for primary and secondary prevention of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Thrift
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Theresa H Nguyen
- Baylor Clinic, 6620 Main Street, MS: BCM620, Room 110D, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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21
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Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Routine Testing Workflow: Effect of Bacterial Load and Virulence Factors. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132755. [PMID: 34201588 PMCID: PMC8268826 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic methods are mandatory for effective management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Histology and culture are the most common invasive methods in current practice, even if molecular methods are gaining in importance. The performance of these conventional methods varies significantly. We conducted a retrospective study of 1540 adults and 504 children with gastric biopsies taken during endoscopy to assess the impact of bacterial load and the cagA virulence factor on the performance of H. pylori infection testing. The association between virulence and histology findings was also investigated. With 23S rRNA qPCR confirmed by glmM amplification as the gold standard, culture and histology had lower sensitivity, 74.4% and 73.3%, respectively. However, their sensitivity was enhanced (>90%) in biopsies with high bacterial load (qPCR Ct < 30). Positive cagA status of the strain was associated with high bacterial load (94.9%), thus resulting in more frequent positive culture (94.3%) and H. pylori histology detection (91.7%) and more severe lesions on histology (p < 0.001). Conversely, the cagA status of the strains was negative in 110/119 (92.4%) of biopsies with low bacterial load (qPCR Ct < 30), 82/90 (91.1%) with negative H. pylori histology detection and 119/131 (90%) with negative culture findings (p < 0.001). This study highlights the low sensitivity of conventional culture and histology that may lead to false negative diagnosis if used alone. H. pylori quantification associated with cagA genotyping in routine workflow are essential for a sensitive and reliable diagnosis, to identify patients at high risk and to manage eradication therapies.
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22
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Saniee P, Jalili S, Ghadersoltani P, Daliri L, Siavoshi F. Individual hosts carry H. pylori isolates with different cagA features - motifs and copy number. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104961. [PMID: 34119688 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND H. pylori strains with different genetic contents may infect different or an individual human host. Genetic diversity of cagA is thought to contribute to differences in H. pylori strains pathogenicity. In this study, diversity of cagA genotype, EPIYA motif and copy number was assessed in H. pylori single colonies isolated from individual patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric biopsies from 14H. pylori-positive dyspeptic patients were cultured on selective brucella blood agar and incubated at 37 °C under microaerobic conditions. Four single colonies were obtained from each biopsy subculture on brucella blood agar under similar incubation condition. Presence of cagA and types of EPIYA motifs was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cagA copy number by quantitative real-time (RT) PCR. RESULTS Single colonies of 5 patients showed no variation in cagA genotype, EPIYA motif and copy number. Out of the remaining 9 patients, 1 patient showed presence or absence of cagA gene, 2 patients had mixed EPIYA motifs, 2 patients had different cagA copy number, 1 patient showed absence or presence of cagA and mixed motifs, 2 patients had cagA genes with different nucleotide sequences, 1 patient showed presence or absence of cagA and difference in cagA nucleotide sequence. Four isolates that contained multiple copies of cagA, carried EPIYA-ABC motif. CONCLUSION Genetic diversity of cagA among single colonies isolated from individual patients represents evidence that gastric mucosa of every individual is colonized with a specific and heterogeneous population of H. pylori. Future studies on patients in different disease groups may elucidate the role of mixed populations of H. pylori in development of gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shiva Jalili
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Ghadersoltani
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Layegheh Daliri
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Jia J, Zhang C, Liu Y, Huang Y, Bai Y, Hang X, Zeng L, Zhu D, Bi H. Armeniaspirol A: a novel anti-Helicobacter pylori agent. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:442-454. [PMID: 33780131 PMCID: PMC8867979 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori has been growing worldwide with current treatment regimens. Development of new compounds for treatment of H. pylori infections is urgently required to achieve a successful eradication therapy in the future. Armeniaspirols, a novel class of natural products isolated from Streptomyces armeniacus, have been previously identified as antibacterial agents against Gram‐positive pathogens. In this study, we found that armeniaspirol A (ARM1) exhibited potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori, including multidrug‐resistant strains, with MIC range values of 4–16 μg ml‐1. The underlying mechanism of action of ARM1 against H. pylori involved the disruption of bacterial cell membranes. Also, ARM1 inhibited biofilm formation, eliminated preformed biofilms and killed biofilm‐encased H. pylori in a dose‐dependent manner. In a mouse model of multidrug‐resistant H. pylori infection, dual therapy with ARM1 and omeprazole showed efficient in vivo killing efficacy comparable to the standard triple therapy, and induced negligible toxicity against normal tissues. Moreover, at acidic pH 2.5, ARM1 exhibited a much more potent anti‐H. pylori activity than metronidazole. Thus, these findings demonstrated that ARM1 is a novel potent anti‐H. pylori agent, which can be developed as a promising drug lead for treatment of H. pylori infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chongwen Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yanqiang Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yuefan Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xudong Hang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Liping Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dongqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Hongkai Bi
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology & Helicobacter pylori Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
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24
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Sonbol S, Siam R. The association of group IIB intron with integrons in hypersaline environments. Mob DNA 2021; 12:8. [PMID: 33648565 PMCID: PMC7923331 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-021-00234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group II introns are mobile genetic elements used as efficient gene targeting tools. They function as both ribozymes and retroelements. Group IIC introns are the only class reported so far to be associated with integrons. In order to identify group II introns linked with integrons and CALINS (cluster of attC sites lacking a neighboring integron integrase) within halophiles, we mined for integrons in 28 assembled metagenomes from hypersaline environments and publically available 104 halophilic genomes using Integron Finder followed by blast search for group II intron reverse transcriptases (RT)s. Results We report the presence of different group II introns associated with integrons and integron-related sequences denoted by UHB.F1, UHB.I2, H.ha.F1 and H.ha.F2. The first two were identified within putative integrons in the metagenome of Tanatar-5 hypersaline soda lake, belonging to IIC and IIB intron classes, respectively at which the first was a truncated intron. Other truncated introns H.ha.F1 and H.ha.F2 were also detected in a CALIN within the extreme halophile Halorhodospira halochloris, both belonging to group IIB introns. The intron-encoded proteins (IEP) s identified within group IIB introns belonged to different classes: CL1 class in UHB.I2 and bacterial class E in H.ha.Fa1 and H.ha.F2. A newly identified insertion sequence (ISHahl1) of IS200/605 superfamily was also identified adjacent to H. halochloris CALIN. Finally, an abundance of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems was observed within the identified integrons. Conclusion So far, this is the first investigation of group II introns within integrons in halophilic genomes and metagenomes from hypersaline environments. We report the presence of group IIB introns associated with integrons or CALINs. This study provides the basis for understanding the role of group IIB introns in the evolution of halophiles and their potential biotechnological role. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-021-00234-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sonbol
- Biology Department and the Graduate Program of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Engineering, the American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Rania Siam
- Biology Department and the Graduate Program of Biotechnology, School of Sciences and Engineering, the American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt. .,University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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25
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Fujimoto Y, Katayama Y, Gyotoku Y, Oura R, Kobori I, Kitagawa T, Tamano M. Predictive value of risk score using Kyoto classification of gastritis a few years prior to diagnosis of early gastric cancer. JGH Open 2021; 5:280-285. [PMID: 33553668 PMCID: PMC7857280 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Based on past diagnostic classifications of gastritis, the Kyoto classification of gastritis adopts simpler, more objective gastritis findings according to Helicobacter pylori infection status and evaluates the risk of gastric cancer. To clarify whether this score can predict future gastric cancer, we retrospectively examined risk scores obtained using the Kyoto classification of gastritis a few years prior to the diagnosis of early gastric cancer. Methods We reviewed data from 50 individuals who had undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 2–3 years prior to the diagnosis of early gastric cancer in our hospital. Two expert endoscopists evaluated and compared risk scores obtained using the Kyoto classification of gastritis between cancer and control groups. Results With regard to the risk score obtained using the Kyoto classification of gastritis in all cases, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, diffuse redness, and total score were significantly higher among gastric cancer cases. Among H. pylori‐eradicated cases, atrophy score was higher in the gastric cancer group. Among patients for whom H. pylori had been eradicated for >3 years at first endoscopy, atrophy score was still higher in the gastric cancer group. Conclusion This retrospective study suggested that the risk score obtained using the Kyoto classification of gastritis was useful for predicting the onset of gastric cancer. In particular, patients with a high atrophy score even after H. pylori eradication may be at high risk of developing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan
| | - Yasumi Katayama
- Department of Gastroenterology Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan.,Endoscopy Center Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan
| | - Yoshinori Gyotoku
- Department of Gastroenterology Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan
| | - Ryosuke Oura
- Department of Gastroenterology Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Kobori
- Department of Gastroenterology Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan
| | - Masaya Tamano
- Department of Gastroenterology Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Koshigaya City Japan
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26
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factor Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A (CagA)-Mediated Gastric Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197430. [PMID: 33050101 PMCID: PMC7582651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes persistent infection in the gastric epithelium of more than half of the world’s population, leading to the development of severe complications such as peptic ulcer diseases, gastric cancer, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Several virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), which is translocated into the gastric epithelium via the type 4 secretory system (T4SS), have been indicated to play a vital role in disease development. Although infection with strains harboring the East Asian type of CagA possessing the EPIYA-A, -B, and -D sequences has been found to potentiate cell proliferation and disease pathogenicity, the exact mechanism of CagA involvement in disease severity still remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we discuss the possible role of CagA in gastric pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health (GO-MARCH), Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-97-586-5740; Fax: +81-97-586-5749
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27
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Khiddi F, Abdellahi MVM, Horma MA, Billoet A, Collobert G, Amar AM, Nech HDM, Vadel EHM, Houmeida A, Raymond J, Dauga C, Gastli N. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Mauritanian patients. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12726. [PMID: 32686319 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is responsible for various diseases including cancer It co-evolved with humans, and human migrations shaped the expansion and the diversity of strains around the world. The risk of developing a disease depends on virulence factors, mainly the cytotoxin-associated gene A protein (CagA). The aim of this study was to determine the cagA status in H pylori strains from Mauritanian patients and to search for a relationship with endoscopic and histologic findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS H pylori was searched in gastric biopsies taken during endoscopy in patients with gastro-duodenal symptoms. RT-PCR was used for the diagnosis and resistance to clarithromycin. The cagA status was determined with PCR and the EPIYA-cagA polymorphism with sequencing. RESULTS At all, 76/78 (97.4%) biopsies were positive. The rate of clarithromycin resistance was 4/76 (5.26%) due to the A2143G mutation, with a mixed population in 2 cases. The cagA gene was present in 23/76 (30.26%) biopsies, and the EPIYA motif was ABC in 21 (91.3%). High bacterial load and inflammation were significantly associated with cagA-positive status (P < .01). Phylogenetic analysis of the glmM and hspA genes highlighted a mixture of African and European genes in strains of H pylori isolated from patients of Moor origin. CONCLUSION We report a high prevalence of H pylori infection in Mauritanian patients, a low rate of clarithromycin resistance (5.26%) and high bacterial load and inflammation associated with cagA-positive status. The phylogenetic analysis highlights the mix of different populations leading to the Moor ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimetou Khiddi
- Unit of Epidemiology and Diversity of Microorganisms, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | - Annick Billoet
- Centre, Université de Paris, France Bacteriology Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Collobert
- Centre, Université de Paris, France Bacteriology Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Amar
- Gastroenterology Department, Cheikh Zayid hospital, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | - Ahmed Houmeida
- Anatomo-pathology Department, Chiva Clinic, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Josette Raymond
- Centre, Université de Paris, France Bacteriology Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Bacteriology Laboratory, Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Dauga
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Gastli
- Centre, Université de Paris, France Bacteriology Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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28
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Kawahara Y, Hirashita Y, Tamura C, Kudo Y, Sakai K, Togo K, Fukuda K, Matsunari O, Okamoto K, Ogawa R, Mizukami K, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Murakami K. Helicobacter pylori infection modulates endogenous hydrogen sulfide production in gastric cancer AGS cells. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12732. [PMID: 32713122 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent Helicobacter pylori infection induces gastric mucosal atrophy, which is a precancerous condition. Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), a gaseous biological transmitter, has been implicated in both the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract and its diseases. To understand gastric epithelial cell response against H pylori infection, we investigated the metabolic changes of gastric cancer cells co-cultured with H pylori and observed the modulation of endogenous H2 S production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric cancer AGS cells were co-cultured with an H pylori standard strain possessing bacterial virulence factor CagA (ATCC 43504) and a strain without CagA (ATCC 51932). Three hours after inoculation, the cells were subjected to metabolomics analysis using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and pathway analysis were performed. In addition, intracellular H2 S levels were measured by using HSip-1 fluorescent probe. RESULTS Results of OPLS-DA showed a significant difference between the metabolism of untreated control cells and cells inoculated with the H pylori strains ATCC 51932 or ATCC 43504, mainly due to 45 metabolites. Pathway analysis with the selected metabolites indicated that methionine metabolism, which is related to H2 S production, was the most frequently altered pathway. H pylori-inoculated cells produced more endogenous H2 S than control cells. Moreover, ATCC 43504-inoculated cells produced less H2 S than ATCC 51932-inoculated cells. CONCLUSIONS H pylori infection modulates endogenous H2 S production in AGS cells, suggesting that H2 S might be one of the bioactive molecules involved in the biological mechanisms of gastric mucosal disease including mucosal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Kawahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yuka Hirashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Chikako Tamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yoko Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai
- Research Promotion Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kazumi Togo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kensuke Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsunari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Ryo Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mizukami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Okimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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Dos Santos Pereira E, Magalhães Albuquerque L, de Queiroz Balbino V, da Silva Junior WJ, Rodriguez Burbano RM, Pordeus Gomes JP, Barem Rabenhorst SH. Helicobacter pylori cagE, cagG, and cagM can be a prognostic marker for intestinal and diffuse gastric cancer. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104477. [PMID: 32736040 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is known that Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. However, there is a lack of information on whether H. pylori strains may differ in gastric cancer histological subtypes. This study aimed to investigate different H. pylori strains considering six cag Pathogenicity Island - cagPAI genes (cagA, cagE, cagG, cagM, cagT, and virb11), and vacuolating cytotoxin - vacA alleles, and their relation to gastric cancer histologic subtypes. For this purpose, tumor samples from 285 patients with gastric carcinoma were used. H. pylori infection and genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). H. pylori was detected in 93.9% of gastric tumors. For comparative analyzes between histopathological subtypes considering H. pylori cagPAI genes the strains were grouped according to the vacA s1/s2 alleles. In the vacAs1 group, the strains cagA(-)cagE(+), cagA(+)cagE(+)cagG(+), cagA(+)cagM(+), or only cagE(+) strains were more frequent in the intestinal subtype (P = .009; P = .024; P = .046, respectively). In contrast, cagM(+)cagG(+)cagA(-) and cagE(-) were associated with diffuse tumors (P = .036), highlighting the presence of cagE in the development of intestinal tumors, and the presence of cagG and absence of cagE in diffuse tumors. Furthermore, WEKA software and Decision Tree (CART) analyses confirmed these findings, in which cagE presence was associated with intestinal tumors, and cagE absence and cagG(+) with diffuse tumors. In conclusion our results showed that vacAs1 (cagG + cagM) strains, mainly cagG positive with cagE absence, were relevant in the studied population for the diffuse outcome, while the presence of cagE was relevant for the intestinal outcome. These findings suggest the relevance of these H. pylori genes as potential markers for gastric cancer histological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Valdir de Queiroz Balbino
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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30
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Genetic variation in the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori strains detected from gastroduodenal patients in Thailand. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1093-1101. [PMID: 32410092 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence of genetic variation in the Helicobacter pylori cag-PAI in Thailand, a region with the low incidence of gastric cancer. To clarify this issue, variation in the H. pylori cag-PAI in strains detected in Thailand was characterized and simultaneously compared with strains isolated from a high-risk population in Korea. The presence of ten gene clusters within cag-PAI (cagA, cagE, cagG, cagH, cagL, cagM, cagT, orf13, virB11, and orf10) and IS605 was characterized in H. pylori strains detected from these two countries. The cagA genotypes and EPIYA motifs were analyzed by DNA sequencing. The overall proportion of the ten cag-PAI genes that were detected ranged between 66 and 79%; additionally, approximately 48% of the strains from Thai patients contained an intact cag-PAI structure, while a significantly higher proportion (80%) of the strains from Korean patients had an intact cag-PAI. A significantly higher proportion of IS605 was detected in strains from Thai patients (55%). Analysis of cagA genotypes and EPIYA motifs revealed a higher frequency of Western-type cagA in Thai patients (87%) relative to Korean patients (8%) who were predominately associated with the East Asian-type cagA (92%). Variations in the Western-type cagA in the Thai population, such as EPIYA-BC patterns and EPIYA-like sequences (EPIYT), were mainly detected as compared with the Korean population (p < 0.05). In summary, H. pylori strains that colonize the Thai population tend to be associated with low virulence due to distinctive cag-PAI variation, which may partially explain the Asian paradox phenomenon in Thailand.
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31
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The Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:682-695. [PMID: 32451226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of the human stomach with Helicobacter pylori strains containing the cag pathogenicity island is a risk factor for development of gastric cancer. The cag pathogenicity island contains genes encoding a secreted effector protein (CagA) and components of a type IV secretion system (Cag T4SS). The molecular architecture of the H. pylori Cag T4SS is substantially more complex than that of prototype T4SSs in other bacterial species. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries pertaining to the structure and function of the Cag T4SS and its role in gastric cancer pathogenesis.
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32
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Miernyk KM, Bruden D, Rudolph KM, Hurlburt DA, Sacco F, McMahon BJ, Bruce MG. Presence of cagPAI genes and characterization of vacA s, i and m regions in Helicobacter pylori isolated from Alaskans and their association with clinical pathologies. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:218-227. [PMID: 32011229 PMCID: PMC10874806 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Gastric cancer is a health disparity in the Alaska Native people. The incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection, a risk factor for non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma, is also high. Gastric cancer is partially associated with the virulence of the infecting strain.Aim. To genotype the vacA s, m and i and cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) genes in H. pylori from Alaskans and investigate associations with gastropathy.Methodology. We enrolled patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) in 1998-2005 and patients with gastric cancer in 2011-2013. Gastric biopsies were collected and cultured and PCR was performed to detect the presence of the right and left ends of the cagPAI, the cagA, cagE, cagT and virD4 genes and to genotype the vacA s, m and i regions.Results. We recruited 263 people; 22 (8 %) had no/mild gastritis, 121 (46 %) had moderate gastritis, 40 (15%) had severe gastritis, 38 (14 %) had PUD, 30 (11 %) had IM and 12 (5 %) had gastric cancer. H. pylori isolates from 150 (57%) people had an intact cagPAI; those were associated with a more severe gastropathy (P≤0.02 for all comparisons). H. pylori isolates from 77 % of people had either the vacA s1/i1/m1 (40 %; 94/234) or s2/i2/m2 (37 %; 86/234) genotype. vacA s1/i1/m1 was associated with a more severe gastropathy (P≤0.03 for all comparisons).Conclusions. In this population with high rates of gastric cancer, we found that just over half of the H. pylori contained an intact cagPAI and 40 % had the vacA s1/i1/m1 genotype. Infection with these strains was associated with a more severe gastropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Miernyk
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Dana Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Karen M. Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Debby A. Hurlburt
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Frank Sacco
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Michael G. Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Abstract
Gastric acid secretion (i) facilitates digestion of protein as well as absorption of micronutrients and certain medications, (ii) kills ingested microorganisms, including Helicobacter pylori, and (iii) prevents bacterial overgrowth and enteric infection. The principal regulators of acid secretion are the gastric peptides gastrin and somatostatin. Gastrin, the major hormonal stimulant for acid secretion, is synthesized in pyloric mucosal G cells as a 101-amino acid precursor (preprogastrin) that is processed to yield biologically active amidated gastrin-17 and gastrin-34. The C-terminal active site of gastrin (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 ) binds to gastrin/CCK2 receptors on parietal and, more importantly, histamine-containing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, located in oxyntic mucosa, to induce acid secretion. Histamine diffuses to the neighboring parietal cells where it binds to histamine H2 -receptors coupled to hydrochloric acid secretion. Gastrin is also a trophic hormone that maintains the integrity of gastric mucosa, induces proliferation of parietal and ECL cells, and is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis. Somatostatin, present in D cells of the gastric pyloric and oxyntic mucosa, is the main inhibitor of acid secretion, particularly during the interdigestive period. Somatostatin exerts a tonic paracrine restraint on gastrin secretion from G cells, histamine secretion from ECL cells, and acid secretion from parietal cells. Removal of this restraint, for example by activation of cholinergic neurons during ingestion of food, initiates and maximizes acid secretion. Knowledge regarding the structure and function of gastrin, somatostatin, and their respective receptors is providing novel avenues to better diagnose and manage acid-peptic disorders and certain cancers. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:197-228, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Schubert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Molecular anatomy and pathogenic actions of Helicobacter pylori CagA that underpin gastric carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:50-63. [PMID: 31804619 PMCID: PMC6952403 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori cagA-positive strains is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer. The cagA gene product, CagA, is delivered into gastric epithelial cells via the bacterial type IV secretion system. Delivered CagA then undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation at the Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) motifs in its C-terminal region and acts as an oncogenic scaffold protein that physically interacts with multiple host signaling proteins in both tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent and -independent manners. Analysis of CagA using in vitro cultured gastric epithelial cells has indicated that the nonphysiological scaffolding actions of CagA cell-autonomously promote the malignant transformation of the cells by endowing the cells with multiple phenotypic cancer hallmarks: sustained proliferation, evasion of growth suppressors, invasiveness, resistance to cell death, and genomic instability. Transgenic expression of CagA in mice leads to in vivo oncogenic action of CagA without any overt inflammation. The in vivo oncogenic activity of CagA is further potentiated in the presence of chronic inflammation. Since Helicobacter pylori infection triggers a proinflammatory response in host cells, a feedforward stimulation loop that augments the oncogenic actions of CagA and inflammation is created in CagA-injected gastric mucosa. Given that Helicobacter pylori is no longer colonized in established gastric cancer lesions, the multistep nature of gastric cancer development should include a “hit-and-run” process of CagA action. Thus, acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations that compensate for CagA-directed cancer hallmarks may be required for completion of the “hit-and-run” process of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Yu Y, Yao X, Liang J, Lu C, Yan T, Lin J. Is Helicobacter pylori associated with Behçet's syndrome? A meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12663. [PMID: 31617289 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preceding studies have reported the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) and Behçet's syndrome (BS), but there still exists controversy. In this study, we firstly conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the relationship of these two diseases. METHODS Articles published until July 1, 2019, in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases with restriction of English-language studies were searched and reviewed. According to the inclusion criteria, relevant statistical data were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS Six articles were finally included. The result showed that BS individuals were 1.39 times more susceptible to H pylori infection (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = (1.03, 1.87)). In addition, it found that oral ulceration (OR = 27.98, 95% CI = (3.49, 224.49)), genital ulceration (OR = 3.15, 95% CI = (1.51, 6.56)), and cutaneous lesions (OR = 4.29, 95% CI = (2.14, 8.61)) were alleviated after H pylori eradication. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis showed no statistical heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS BS patients had higher rate of H pylori infection, and clinical symptoms including oral ulceration, genital ulceration, and cutaneous lesions can be improved after H pylori eradication. The results indicated that H pylori may be an etiological factor to BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Liang
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianlian Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Tsai J, Yeh Y, Lin L, Sun Y, Hsiao C. Crystal structure of the flagellin protein FlaG from Helicobacter pylori. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Yin Tsai
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural BiologyNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hung Yeh
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Lun‐Der Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural BiologyNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yuh‐Ju Sun
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural BiologyNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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37
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Inhibitory effect of medicinal plants from Cameroon on the growth and adhesion of Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Integr Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2019.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Peng C, Li NS, Hu Y, Lu NH. Impact factors that modulate gastric cancer risk in Helicobacter pylori-infected rodent models. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12580. [PMID: 30950162 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer causes a large social and economic burden to humans. Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection is a major risk factor for distal gastric cancer. Detailed elucidation of H pylori pathogenesis is significant for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. Animal models of H pylori-induced gastric cancer have provided an invaluable resource to help elucidate the mechanisms of H pylori-induced carcinogenesis as well as the interaction between host and the bacterium. Rodent models are commonly used to study H pylori infection because H pylori-induced pathological processes in the stomachs of rodents are similar to those in the stomachs of humans. The risk of gastric cancer in H pylori-infected animal models is greatly dependent on host factors, bacterial determinants, environmental factors, and microbiota. However, the related mechanisms and the effects of the interactions among these impact factors on gastric carcinogenesis remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the impact factors mediating gastric cancer risk when establishing H pylori-infected animal models. Clarifying these factors and their potential interactions will provide insights to construct animal models of gastric cancer and investigate the in-depth mechanisms of H pylori pathogenesis, which might contribute to the management of H pylori-associated gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nian-Shuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Chung JM, Sheedlo MJ, Campbell AM, Sawhney N, Frick-Cheng AE, Lacy DB, Cover TL, Ohi MD. Structure of the Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system. eLife 2019; 8:e47644. [PMID: 31210639 PMCID: PMC6620104 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are molecular machines that can mediate interbacterial DNA transfer through conjugation and delivery of effector molecules into host cells. The Helicobacter pylori Cag T4SS translocates CagA, a bacterial oncoprotein, into gastric cells, contributing to gastric cancer pathogenesis. We report the structure of a membrane-spanning Cag T4SS assembly, which we describe as three sub-assemblies: a 14-fold symmetric outer membrane core complex (OMCC), 17-fold symmetric periplasmic ring complex (PRC), and central stalk. Features that differ markedly from those of prototypical T4SSs include an expanded OMCC and unexpected symmetry mismatch between the OMCC and PRC. This structure is one of the largest bacterial secretion system assemblies ever reported and illustrates the remarkable structural diversity that exists among bacterial T4SSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Chung
- Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Michael J Sheedlo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Anne M Campbell
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Neha Sawhney
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Arwen E Frick-Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Michigan School of MedicineAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Dana Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashvilleUnited States
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashvilleUnited States
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Michigan School of MedicineAnn ArborUnited States
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Tian X, Ju H, Yang W. An ego network analysis approach identified important biomarkers with an association to progression and metastasis of gastric cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15963-15970. [PMID: 31081222 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer type worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify gastric-related therapeutic indicators on the basis of the ego network analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The microarray data related to GC was downloaded from ArrayExpress database. All human protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were downloaded from the STRING database. Ego genes were identified on the basis of PPI networks and the gene expression in GC, and then co-expression networks (ego networks) were constructed using these ego genes. On the basis of ego networks, the optimal GO terms and genes were predicted by affinity predictions and cold read predictions. Finally, the predicted genes as effective biomarkers for GC were verified by the bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS The differential expression networks were conducted and comprised of 365 edges and 232 nodes, which resulted in 218 ego genes. Although there was no significant difference in the expression of top ten ego genes among different groups of GC samples, it was eventually confirmed that top three optimal GO terms with highest cool read values were translational termination (cool read value = 0.987), translational elongation (cool read value = 0.986), and macromolecular complex disassembly (cool read value = 0.985) and top five optimal genes were UBA52, RPS27A, MAPK1, UBC, and UBB. UBA52, RPS27A, and MAPK1 were verified by the bioinformatics analysis to be related to the progression and metastasis of GC. CONCLUSIONS An ego network analysis approach is a very effective method for screening GC and the screened genes might be biomarkers for GC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Ju
- Jilin Province Blood Center (Changchun City Center Blood Station), Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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41
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Román-Román A, Martínez-Santos VI, Castañón-Sánchez CA, Albañil-Muñoz AJ, González-Mendoza P, Soto-Flores DG, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Fernández-Tilapa G. CagL polymorphisms D58/K59 are predominant in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Mexican patients with chronic gastritis. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:5. [PMID: 30805032 PMCID: PMC6373039 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa in humans. One of the main virulence factors of H. pylori is the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), which encodes a type 4-secretion system (T4SS) and the cytotoxin CagA. Translocation of CagA through the T4SS triggers host-signaling pathways. One of the T4SS proteins is CagL, which is necessary for CagA translocation. CagL is a 26-kDa protein that contains a hypervariable motif, which spans residues 58 to 62. Several polymorphisms in this region have been associated with different disease outcomes, e.g. in Mexico, N58 is associated with a higher risk of gastric cancer. The aim of this work is to analyze the sequence of the hypervariable motif (residues 58 to 62) of clinical isolates from Mexican patients with chronic gastritis, and to correlate these polymorphisms with the vacA genotype. Results Of the 164 biopsies analyzed, only 30.5% (50/164) were positive for H. pylori. Thirty-six of the 50 clinical isolates (72%) were cagA positive, and 40 (80%) had the most virulent vacA genotype (s1/m1). Of the cagA positive strains, 94.4% were vacA s1/m1. All the cagA+ strains contained the cagL gene. The most prevalent sequence in the polymorphic region (residues 58–62) was DKMGE (75.8%, 25/33), followed by NKMGQ and NEIGQ (6.1%, 2/33), and DEIGQ, NKMGE, DKIGE, and DKIGK (3%, 1/33). Regarding polymorphisms in positions 58 and 59, the most common were D58/K59 (81.8%, 27/33), followed by N58/K59 (9.1%, 3/33), and D58/E59 (3%, 1/33). Only two isolates (6.1%) contained residues N58/E59, which correspond to those found in H. pylori strain ATCC 26695. 92.6% of the clinical isolates having polymorphism D58/K59 had the genotype vacA s1/m1, considered to be the most virulent, while 7.4% had the genotypes vacA s1/m2 and s2/m2. Conclusions In Mexican patients, CagL polymorphisms D58, K59, M60, E62, K122, and I134 are more common in patients with chronic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Román-Román
- 1Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n C.U. Sur., C.P. 39090 Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico
| | - Verónica I Martínez-Santos
- 2Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Javier Méndez Aponte No. 1, Fracc. 10, Col. Servidor Agrario, C.P. 39070 Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico
| | - Carlos A Castañón-Sánchez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Aldama s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 71256 San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca Mexico
| | - Alan J Albañil-Muñoz
- 4Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n C.U. Sur., C.P. 39090 Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico
| | - Paola González-Mendoza
- 4Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n C.U. Sur., C.P. 39090 Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico
| | - Diana G Soto-Flores
- 4Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n C.U. Sur., C.P. 39090 Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico
| | - Dinorah N Martínez-Carrillo
- 4Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n C.U. Sur., C.P. 39090 Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico
| | - Gloria Fernández-Tilapa
- 4Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n C.U. Sur., C.P. 39090 Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico
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Hatakeyama M. Malignant Helicobacter pylori-Associated Diseases: Gastric Cancer and MALT Lymphoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:135-149. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Khatoon J, Prasad KN, Rai RP, Shukla SK, Krishnani N, Ghoshal UC. Expression levels of A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs), and Th17-related cytokines and their association with Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastroduodenal diseases. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5145580. [PMID: 30371773 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) (10 and 17) and Th17-related cytokines [interleukin (IL) 17A, IL-17F, IL-33, IL-23, IL-23R] were investigated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction in gastric biopsies of patients with different gastroduodenal pathologies in the presence and absence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Patients with gastric cancer (GC) (n = 70, intestinal-type 38 and diffuse type 32), peptic ulcer disease [n = 50, duodenal ulcer (DU) 16 and gastric ulcer (GU) 34] and functional dyspepsia (n = 120) were included in the study. Further, the expression levels of ADAMs and Th17 cytokines were correlated with H. pylori cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cagPAI) status. Expression levels of ADAMs (10 and 17) and Th17-related cytokines (IL-17A, IL-23, IL-23R) were significantly higher in H. pylori-positive than in H. pylori-negative gastric biopsies. Significant increase in ADAM17 and Th17 cytokines (IL-17A and IL-23) expressions was observed in patients with GU and intestinal-type GC in the presence of H. pylori infection and in strains harbouring intact cagPAI. Expression levels of IL-17A, IL-23 and ADAM17 were strongly correlated with GU and intestinal-type GC and weakly with DU and diffuse-type GC in the presence of H. pylori infection. Higher expression levels of ADAM17 and Th17 cytokines (IL-17A and IL-23), and their strong correlation with GU and intestinal-type GC patients in the presence of H. pylori and its intact cagPAI status, suggest a possible role of strain specificity in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanarah Khatoon
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (U.P.) 226014, India
| | - Kashi Nath Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (U.P.) 226014, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (U.P.) 226014, India
| | - Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA-19107 USA
| | - Narendra Krishnani
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (U.P.) 226014, India
| | - Uday Chand Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (U.P.) 226014, India
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D'Costa K, Chonwerawong M, Tran LS, Ferrero RL. Mouse Models Of Helicobacter Infection And Gastric Pathologies. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394371 DOI: 10.3791/56985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that is present in half of the global population and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Several mouse models of gastric Helicobacter infection have been developed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms whereby H. pylori bacteria colonize the stomach of human hosts and cause disease. Herein, we describe protocols to: 1) prepare bacterial suspensions for the in vivo infection of mice via intragastric gavage; 2) determine bacterial colonization levels in mouse gastric tissues, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and viable counting; and 3) assess pathological changes, by histology. To establish Helicobacter infection in mice, specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals are first inoculated with suspensions (containing ≥105 colony-forming units, CFUs) of mouse-colonizing strains of either Helicobacter pylori or other gastric Helicobacter spp. from animals, such as Helicobacter felis. At the appropriate time-points post-infection, stomachs are excised and dissected sagittally into two equal tissue fragments, each comprising the antrum and body regions. One of these fragments is then used for either viable counting or DNA extraction, while the other is subjected to histological processing. Bacterial colonization and histopathological changes in the stomach may be assessed routinely in gastric tissue sections stained with Warthin-Starry, Giemsa or Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains, as appropriate. Additional immunological analyses may also be undertaken by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence on mouse gastric tissue sections. The protocols described below are specifically designed to enable the assessment in mice of gastric pathologies resembling those in human-related H. pylori diseases, including inflammation, gland atrophy and lymphoid follicle formation. The inoculum preparation and intragastric gavage protocols may also be adapted to study the pathogenesis of other enteric human pathogens that colonize mice, such as Salmonella Typhimurium or Citrobacter rodentium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D'Costa
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research
| | - Michelle Chonwerawong
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research
| | - Le Son Tran
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University;
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Harrington D, Lamberton PHL, McGregor A. Human liver flukes. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2:680-689. [PMID: 28786389 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fluke infections occur in people worldwide. In some low-income regions, a combination of ecological, agricultural, and culinary factors leads to a very high prevalence of infection but, in higher-income regions, infections are uncommon. Infection is associated with substantial morbidity and several liver fluke species are recognised as biological carcinogens. Here, we review the epidemiology, clinical significance, and diagnostic and treatment strategies of human infection with these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Harrington
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alastair McGregor
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Synergistic Effects of Helicobacter pylori Outer Inflammatory Protein A (oipA) and cag Pathogenicity Island (cag PAI) on Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-8 Gene Expression Levels in Gastric Tissues of Thai Gastroduodenal Patients. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.2.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yuan XY, Wang Y, Wang MY. The type IV secretion system in Helicobacter pylori. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1041-1054. [PMID: 29927340 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has an essential role in the pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric cancer. The severity of the host inflammatory responses against the bacteria have been straightly associated with a special bacterial virulence factor, the cag pathogenicity island, which is a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to deliver CagA into the host cells. Besides cag-T4SS, the chromosomes of H. pylori can encode another three T4SSs, including comB, tfs3 and tfs4. In this review, we systematically reviewed the four T4SSs of H. pylori and explored their roles in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases. The information summarized in this review might provide valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanism for H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Yuan
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Ming-Yi Wang
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
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Rojas-Rengifo DF, Alvarez-Silva MC, Ulloa-Guerrero CP, Nuñez-Velez VL, Del Pilar Delgado M, Aguilera SM, Castro H, Jaramillo CA, Fernando González Barrios A. Intramolecular energies of the cytotoxic protein CagA of Helicobacter pylori as a possible descriptor of strains' pathogenicity level. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 76:17-22. [PMID: 29864542 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) is known for causing gastroduodenal diseases, such as atrophic gastritis and peptic ulcerations. Furthermore Helicobacter pylori CagA positive strains has been reported as one of the main risk factors for gastric cancer (Parsonnet et al., 1997). Structural variations in the CagA structure can alter its affinity with the host proteins, inducing differences in the pathogenicity of H. pylori. CagA N-terminal region is characterized for be conserved among all H. pylori strains since the C-terminal region is characterized by an intrinsically disorder behavior. We generated complete structural models of CagA using different conformations of the C-terminal region for two H. pylori strains. These models contain the same EPIYA (ABC1C2) motifs but different level of pathogenicity: gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer. Using these structural models we evaluated the pathogenicity level of the H. pylori strain, based on the affinity of the interaction with SHP-2 and Grb2 receptors and on the number of interactions with the EPIYA motif. We found that the main differences in the interaction was due to the contributions of certain types of energies from each strain and not from the total energy of the molecule. Specifically, the electrostatic energy, helix dipole energy, Wander Waals clashes, torsional clash, backbone clash and cis bond energy allowed a separation between severe and mild pathology for the interaction of only CagA with SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Rojas-Rengifo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Molecular y Bioinformática, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Camila Alvarez-Silva
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cindy P Ulloa-Guerrero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Molecular y Bioinformática, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Lucía Nuñez-Velez
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Del Pilar Delgado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Molecular y Bioinformática, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Sonia Milena Aguilera
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Harold Castro
- Computing and Systems Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Jaramillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Molecular y Bioinformática, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Helicobacter pylori-induced IL-33 modulates mast cell responses, benefits bacterial growth, and contributes to gastritis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:457. [PMID: 29691371 PMCID: PMC5915443 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-induced inflammatory responses are critical for the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastritis. IL-33 represents a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine involved in inflammatory diseases, but its relevance to H. pylori-induced gastritis is unknown. Here, we found that gastric IL-33 mRNA and protein expression were elevated in gastric mucosa of both patients and mice infected with H. pylori, which is positively correlated with bacterial load and the degree of gastritis. IL-33 production was promoted via extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signaling pathway activation by gastric epithelial cells in a cagA-dependent manner during H. pylori infection, and resulted in increased inflammation and bacteria burden within the gastric mucosa. Gastric epithelial cell-derived IL-33 promoted TNF-α production from mast cells in vitro, and IL-33 increased TNF-α production in vivo. Increased TNF-α inhibited gastric epithelial cell proliferation, conducing to the progress of H. pylori-associated gastritis and bacteria colonization. This study defined a patent regulatory networks involving H. pylori, gastric epithelial cell, IL-33, mast cell, and TNF-α, which jointly play a pathological effect within the gastric circumstances. It may be a valuable strategy to restrain this IL-33-dependent pathway in the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastritis.
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Park JY, Forman D, Waskito LA, Yamaoka Y, Crabtree JE. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori and CagA-Positive Infections and Global Variations in Gastric Cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E163. [PMID: 29671784 PMCID: PMC5923329 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major health burden and is the fifth most common malignancy and the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. Development of gastric cancer involves several aspects, including host genetics, environmental factors, and Helicobacter pylori infection. There is increasing evidence from epidemiological studies of the association of H. pylori infection and specific virulence factors with gastric cancer. Studies in animal models indicate H. pylori is a primary factor in the development of gastric cancer. One major virulence factor in H. pylori is the cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA), which encodes the CagA protein in the cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI). Meta-analysis of studies investigating CagA seropositivity irrespective of H. pylori status identified that CagA seropositivity increases the risk of gastric cancer (OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.95⁻4.22) relative to the risk of H. pylori infection alone (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.58⁻3.39). Eradicating H. pylori is a strategy for reducing gastric cancer incidence. A meta-analysis of six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) suggests that searching for and eradicating H. pylori infection reduces the subsequent incidence of gastric cancer with a pooled relative risk of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46⁻0.95). The introduction in regions of high gastric cancer incidence of population-based H. pylori screening and treatment programmes, with a scientifically valid assessment of programme processes, feasibility, effectiveness and possible adverse consequences, would impact the incidence of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer. Given the recent molecular understanding of the oncogenic role of CagA, targeting H. pylori screening and treatment programmes in populations with a high prevalence of H. pylori CagA-positive strains, particularly the more oncogenic East Asian H. pylori CagA strains, may be worth further investigation to optimise the benefits of such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Park
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - David Forman
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Langgeng Agung Waskito
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60113, Indonesia.
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5503, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5503, Japan.
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jean E Crabtree
- Leeds Institute Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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