1
|
Wu R, Liu Z, Sun S, Qin A, Liu H, Zhou Y, Li W, Liu Y, Hu M, Yang J, Rochaix JD, An G, Herrera-Estrella L, Tran LSP, Sun X. Identification of bZIP Transcription Factors That Regulate the Development of Leaf Epidermal Cells in Arabidopsis thaliana by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2553. [PMID: 38473801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermal cells are the main avenue for signal and material exchange between plants and the environment. Leaf epidermal cells primarily include pavement cells, guard cells, and trichome cells. The development and distribution of different epidermal cells are tightly regulated by a complex transcriptional regulatory network mediated by phytohormones, including jasmonic acid, and transcription factors. How the fate of leaf epidermal cells is determined, however, is still largely unknown due to the diversity of cell types and the complexity of their regulation. Here, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of epidermal cells in 3-day-old true leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana using single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified two genes encoding BASIC LEUCINE-ZIPPER (bZIP) transcription factors, namely bZIP25 and bZIP53, which are highly expressed in pavement cells and early-stage meristemoid cells. Densities of pavement cells and trichome cells were found to increase and decrease, respectively, in bzip25 and bzip53 mutants, compared with wild-type plants. This trend was more pronounced in the presence of jasmonic acid, suggesting that these transcription factors regulate the development of trichome cells and pavement cells in response to jasmonic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Susu Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Aizhi Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Hao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Mengke Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jincheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guoyong An
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Xuwu Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marotta NJ, Weinert EE. Insights into the metabolism, signaling, and physiological effects of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide monophosphates in bacteria. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 58:118-131. [PMID: 38064689 PMCID: PMC10877235 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2290473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
2',3'-cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (2',3'-cNMPs) have been discovered within both prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the past decade and a half, raising questions about their conserved existence in cells. In plants and mammals, wounding has been found to cause increased levels of 2',3'-cNMPs. Roles for 2',3'-cNMPs in plant immunity suggest that their regulation may be valuable for both plant hosts and microbial pathogens. In support of this hypothesis, a plethora of microbial enzymes have been found with activities related to these molecules. Studies in bacteria suggest that 2',3'-cNMPs are also produced in response to cellular stress and modulate expression of numerous genes. 2',3'-cNMP levels affect bacterial phenotypes, including biofilm formation, motility, and growth. Within E. coli and Salmonella enterica, 2',3'-cNMPs are produced by RNA degradation by RNase I, highlighting potential roles for Type 2 RNases producing 2',3'-cNMPs in a range of organisms. Development of cellular tools to modulate 2',3'-cNMP levels in bacteria has allowed for interrogation of the effects of 2',3'-cNMP concentration on bacterial transcriptomes and physiology. Pull-downs of cellular 2',3'-cNMP binding proteins have identified the ribosome and in vitro studies demonstrated that 2',3'-cNMPs decrease translation, suggesting a direct mechanism for 2',3-cNMP-dependent control of bacterial phenotypes. Future studies dissecting the cellular roles of 2',3'-cNMPs will highlight novel signaling pathways within prokaryotes and which can potentially be engineered to control bacterial physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick J. Marotta
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative
Biosciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Emily E. Weinert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn
State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University
Park, PA, 16803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu M, Arai N, Ochiai T, Ohyama T. Expression and function of an S1-type nuclease in the digestive fluid of a sundew, Drosera adelae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:335-346. [PMID: 36546767 PMCID: PMC9992940 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carnivorous plants trap and digest insects and similar-sized animals. Many studies have examined enzymes in the digestive fluids of these plants and have gradually unveiled the origins and gene expression of these enzymes. However, only a few attempts have been made at characterization of nucleases. This study aimed to reveal gene expression and the structural, functional and evolutionary characteristics of an S1-type nuclease (DAN1) in the digestive fluid of an Australian sundew, Drosera adelae, whose trap organ shows unique gene expression and related epigenetic regulation. METHODS Organ-specificity in Dan1 expression was examined using glandular tentacles, laminas, roots and inflorescences, and real-time PCR. The methylation status of the Dan1 promoter in each organ was clarified by bisulphite sequencing. The structural characteristics of DAN1 were studied by a comparison of primary structures of S1-type nucleases of three carnivorous and seven non-carnivorous plants. DAN1 was prepared using a cell-free protein synthesis system. Requirements for metal ions, optimum pH and temperature, and substrate preference were examined using conventional methods. KEY RESULTS Dan1 is exclusively expressed in the glandular tentacles and its promoter is almost completely unmethylated in all organs. This is in contrast to the S-like RNase gene da-I of Dr. adelae, which shows similar organ-specific expression, but is controlled by a promoter that is specifically unmethylated in the glandular tentacles. Comparison of amino acid sequences of S1-type nucleases identifies seven and three positions where amino acid residues are conserved only among the carnivorous plants and only among the non-carnivorous plants, respectively. DAN1 prefers a substrate RNA over DNA in the presence of Zn2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ at an optimum pH of 4.0. CONCLUSIONS Uptake of phosphates from prey is suggested to be the main function of DAN1, which is very different from the known functions of S1-type nucleases. Evolution has modified the structure and expression of Dan1 to specifically function in the digestive fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Naoki Arai
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Ochiai
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohyama
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tran NT, Jokic L, Keller J, Geier JU, Kaldenhoff R. Impacts of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) on Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa)-Evidence for RF-EMF Interference with Plant Stress Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1082. [PMID: 36903942 PMCID: PMC10005510 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of wireless technology causes a significant exposure increase for all living organisms to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This comprises bacteria, animals, and also plants. Unfortunately, our understanding of how RF-EMF influences plants and plant physiology remains inadequate. In this study, we examined the effects of RF-EMF radiation on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) in both indoor and outdoor environments using the frequency ranges of 1890-1900 MHz (DECT) at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (Wi-Fi). Under greenhouse conditions, RF-EMF exposure had only a minor impact on fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and no effect on plant flowering time. In contrast, lettuce plants exposed to RF-EMF in the field showed a significant and systemic decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and accelerated flowering time compared to the control groups. Gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of two stress-related genes in RF-EMF-exposed plants: violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). RF-EMF-exposed plants had lower Photosystem II's maximal photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than control plants under light stress conditions. In summary, our results imply that RF-EMF might interfere with plant stress responses and reduced plant stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Trung Tran
- Applied Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luca Jokic
- Applied Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Kaldenhoff
- Applied Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zand Karimi H, Innes RW. Molecular mechanisms underlying host-induced gene silencing. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3183-3199. [PMID: 35666177 PMCID: PMC9421479 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) refers to the silencing of genes in pathogens and pests by expressing homologous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) or artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) in the host plant. The discovery of such trans-kingdom RNA silencing has enabled the development of RNA interference-based approaches for controlling diverse crop pathogens and pests. Although HIGS is a promising strategy, the mechanisms by which these regulatory RNAs translocate from plants to pathogens, and how they induce gene silencing in pathogens, are poorly understood. This lack of understanding has led to large variability in the efficacy of various HIGS treatments. This variability is likely due to multiple factors, such as the ability of the target pathogen or pest to take up and/or process RNA from the host, the specific genes and target sequences selected in the pathogen or pest for silencing, and where, when, and how the dsRNAs or amiRNAs are produced and translocated. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms underlying HIGS, identify key unanswered questions, and explore strategies for improving the efficacy and reproducibility of HIGS treatments in the control of crop diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Zand Karimi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goodman HL, Kroon JTM, Tomé DFA, Hamilton JMU, Alqarni AO, Chivasa S. Extracellular ATP targets Arabidopsis RIBONUCLEASE 1 to suppress mycotoxin stress-induced cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1531-1542. [PMID: 35524456 PMCID: PMC9545236 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a purinergic signal with important functions in regulating plant growth and stress-adaptive responses, including programmed cell death. While signalling events proximate to receptor activation at the plasma membrane have been characterised, downstream protein targets and the mechanism of cell death activation/regulation are unknown. We designed a proteomic screen to identify ATP-responsive proteins in Arabidopsis cell cultures exposed to mycotoxin stress via fumonisin B1 (FB1) application. Arabidopsis RIBONUCLEASE 1 (RNS1) was identified by the screen, and transgenic plants overexpressing native RNS1 showed greater susceptibility to FB1, while a gene knockout rns1 mutant and antisense RNS1 transgenic plants were resistant to FB1-induced cell death. Native RNS1 complemented rns1 mutants and restored the cell death response to FB1, while a catalytically inactive version of the ribonuclease could not. The FB1 resistance of salicylic acid (SA)-depleted nahG-expressing plants was abolished by transformation with native RNS1, but not the catalytically dead version. The mechanism of FB1-induced cell death is activation of RNS1-dependent RNA cleavage, which is blocked by ATP via RNS1 suppression, or enhanced by SA through induction of RNS1 expression. Our study reveals RNS1 as a previously unknown convergence point of ATP and SA signalling in the regulation of stress-induced cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali O. Alqarni
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Stephen Chivasa
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moore BM, Lee YS, Wang P, Azodi C, Grotewold E, Shiu SH. Modeling temporal and hormonal regulation of plant transcriptional response to wounding. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:867-888. [PMID: 34865154 PMCID: PMC8824630 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to wounding stress by changing gene expression patterns and inducing the production of hormones including jasmonic acid. This wounding transcriptional response activates specialized metabolism pathways such as the glucosinolate pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. While the regulatory factors and sequences controlling a subset of wound-response genes are known, it remains unclear how wound response is regulated globally. Here, we how these responses are regulated by incorporating putative cis-regulatory elements, known transcription factor binding sites, in vitro DNA affinity purification sequencing, and DNase I hypersensitive sites to predict genes with different wound-response patterns using machine learning. We observed that regulatory sites and regions of open chromatin differed between genes upregulated at early and late wounding time-points as well as between genes induced by jasmonic acid and those not induced. Expanding on what we currently know, we identified cis-elements that improved model predictions of expression clusters over known binding sites. Using a combination of genome editing, in vitro DNA-binding assays, and transient expression assays using native and mutated cis-regulatory elements, we experimentally validated four of the predicted elements, three of which were not previously known to function in wound-response regulation. Our study provides a global model predictive of wound response and identifies new regulatory sequences important for wounding without requiring prior knowledge of the transcriptional regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Christina Azodi
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harith-Fadzilah N, Lam SD, Haris-Hussain M, Ghani IA, Zainal Z, Jalinas J, Hassan M. Proteomics and Interspecies Interaction Analysis Revealed Abscisic Acid Signalling to Be the Primary Driver for Oil Palm's Response against Red Palm Weevil Infestation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2574. [PMID: 34961045 PMCID: PMC8709180 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The red palm weevil (RPW; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera Curculionidae)) is an invasive insect pest that is difficult to manage due to its nature of infesting the host palm trees from within. A holistic, molecular-based approach to identify proteins that correlate with RPW infestation could give useful insights into the vital processes that are prevalent to the host's infestation response and identify the potential biomarkers for an early detection technique. Here, a shotgun proteomic analysis was performed on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis; OP) under untreated (control), wounding by drilling (wounded), and artificial larval infestation (infested) conditions at three different time points to characterise the RPW infestation response at three different stages. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed many overlapping pathways between the control, wounded, and infested groups. Further analysis via literature searches narrowed down biologically relevant proteins into categories, which were photosynthesis, growth, and stress response. Overall, the patterns of protein expression suggested abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signalling to be the primary driver of insect herbivory response. Interspecies molecular docking analysis between RPW ligands and OP receptor proteins provided putative interactions that result in ABA signalling activation. Seven proteins were selected as candidate biomarkers for early infestation detection based on their relevance and association with ABA signalling. The MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD028986. This study provided a deeper insight into the mechanism of stress response in OP in order to develop a novel detection method or improve crop management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazmi Harith-Fadzilah
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.H.-F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Su Datt Lam
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mohammad Haris-Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.-H.); (I.A.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Idris Abd Ghani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.-H.); (I.A.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.H.-F.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Johari Jalinas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.-H.); (I.A.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.H.-F.); (Z.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh NK, Paz E, Kutsher Y, Reuveni M, Lers A. Tomato T2 ribonuclease LE is involved in the response to pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:895-906. [PMID: 32352631 PMCID: PMC7280031 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
T2 ribonucleases (RNases) are RNA-degrading enzymes that function in various cellular processes, mostly via RNA metabolism. T2 RNase-encoding genes have been identified in various organisms, from bacteria to mammals, and are most diverse in plants. The existence of T2 RNase genes in almost every organism suggests an important biological function that has been conserved through evolution. In plants, T2 RNases are suggested to be involved in phosphate scavenging and recycling, and are implicated in defence responses to pathogens. We investigated the function of the tomato T2 RNase LE, known to be induced by phosphate deficiency and wounding. The possible involvement of LE in pathogen responses was examined. Expression analysis showed LE induction during fungal infection and by stimuli known to be associated with pathogen inoculation, including oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Analysis of LE-suppressed transgenic tomato lines revealed higher susceptibility to oxalic acid, a cell death-inducing factor, compared to the wild type. This elevated sensitivity of LE-suppressed lines was evidenced by visual signs of necrosis, and increased ion leakage and reactive oxygen species levels, indicating acceleration of cell death. Challenge of the LE-suppressed lines with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea resulted in accelerated development of disease symptoms compared to the wild type, associated with suppressed expression of pathogenesis-related marker genes. The results suggest a role for plant endogenous T2 RNases in antifungal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Einat Paz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environment SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Yaarit Kutsher
- Plant Science Institute, the Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Moshe Reuveni
- Plant Science Institute, the Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Amnon Lers
- Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Transcriptome Analysis of Wounding in the Model Grass Lolium temulentum. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060780. [PMID: 32580425 PMCID: PMC7356841 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For forage and turf grasses, wounding is a predominant stress that often results in extensive loss of vegetative tissues followed by rapid regrowth. Currently, little is known concerning the perception, signaling, or molecular responses associated with wound stress in forage- and turf-related grasses. A transcriptome analysis of Lolium temulentum plants subjected to severe wounding revealed 9413 upregulated and 7704 downregulated, distinct, differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Categories related to signaling, transcription, and response to stimuli were enriched in the upregulated DEGs. Specifically, sequences annotated as enzymes involved in hormone biosynthesis/action and cell wall modifications, mitogen-activated protein kinases, WRKY transcription factors, proteinase inhibitors, and pathogen defense-related DEGs were identified. Surprisingly, DEGs related to heat shock and chaperones were more prevalent in the downregulated DEGs when compared with the upregulated DEGs. This wound transcriptome analysis is the first step in identifying the molecular components and pathways used by grasses in response to wounding. The information gained from the analysis will provide a valuable molecular resource that will be used to develop approaches that can improve the recovery, regrowth, and long-term fitness of forage and turf grasses before/after cutting or grazing.
Collapse
|
11
|
Borniego ML, Molina MC, Guiamét JJ, Martinez DE. Physiological and Proteomic Changes in the Apoplast Accompany Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1635. [PMID: 31969890 PMCID: PMC6960232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast, i.e. the cellular compartment external to the plasma membrane, undergoes important changes during senescence. Apoplastic fluid volume increases quite significantly in senescing leaves, thereby diluting its contents. Its pH elevates by about 0.8 units, similar to the apoplast alkalization in response to abiotic stresses. The levels of 159 proteins decrease, whereas 24 proteins increase in relative abundance in the apoplast of senescing leaves. Around half of the apoplastic proteins of non-senescent leaves contain a N-terminal signal peptide for secretion, while all the identified senescence-associated apoplastic proteins contain the signal peptide. Several of the apoplastic proteins that accumulate during senescence also accumulate in stress responses, suggesting that the apoplast may constitute a compartment where developmental and stress-related programs overlap. Other senescence-related apoplastic proteins are involved in cell wall modifications, proteolysis, carbohydrate, ROS and amino acid metabolism, signaling, lipid transport, etc. The most abundant senescence-associated apoplastic proteins, PR2 and PR5 (e.g. pathogenesis related proteins PR2 and PR5) are related to leaf aging rather than to the chloroplast degradation program, as their levels increase only in leaves undergoing developmental senescence, but not in dark-induced senescent leaves. Changes in the apoplastic space may be relevant for signaling and molecular trafficking underlying senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dana E. Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Choudhury S, Larkin P, Xu R, Hayden M, Forrest K, Meinke H, Hu H, Zhou M, Fan Y. Genome wide association study reveals novel QTL for barley yellow dwarf virus resistance in wheat. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:891. [PMID: 31752676 PMCID: PMC6873737 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is an important virus disease that causes significant reductions in wheat yield. For effective control of Barley yellow dwarf virus through breeding, the identification of genetic sources of resistance is key to success. In this study, 335 geographically diverse wheat accessions genotyped using an Illumina iSelect 90 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) bead chip array were used to identify new sources of resistance to BYD in different environments. Results A genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed using all the generalised and mixed linkage models (GLM and MLM, respectively) identified a total of 36 significant marker-trait associations, four of which were consistently detected in the K model. These four novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 6A and 7A and associated with markers IWA3520, IWB24938, WB69770 and IWB57703, respectively. These four QTL showed an additive effect with the average visual symptom score of the lines containing resistance alleles of all four QTL being much lower than those with less favorable alleles. Several Chinese landraces, such as H-205 (Baimazha) and H-014 (Dahongmai) which have all four favorable alleles, showed consistently higher resistance in different field trials. None of them contained the previously described Bdv2, Bdv3 or Bdv4 genes for BYD resistance. Conclusions This study identified multiple novel QTL for BYD resistance and some resistant wheat genotypes. These will be useful for breeders to generate combinations with and/or without Bdv2 to achieve higher levels and more stable BYD resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shormin Choudhury
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia.,Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rugen Xu
- Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Matthew Hayden
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerrie Forrest
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Meinke
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia
| | - Hongliang Hu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia.
| | - Yun Fan
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim K, Yadav D, Cho M. Multi-phased internalization of murine norovirus (MNV) in Arabidopsis seedlings and its potential correlation with plant defensive responses. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103648. [PMID: 31356928 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is a highly infectious human pathogen that causes acute foodborne diseases worldwide. As global diet patterns have begun to incorporate a higher consumption of fresh agricultural products, the internalization of norovirus into plants has emerged as a potential threat to human health. Here, we demonstrated that murine norovirus (MNV1) was internalized into Arabidopsis in multiple phases, and this internalization was correlated with Arabidopsis innate immunity responses. Under hydroponic conditions, continuous treatment of MNV1 retarded root growth and facilitated flower development of Arabidopsis without causing necrotic lesions. Examination of viral titers and RNA levels revealed that MNV1 was internalized into Arabidopsis in at least three different phases. In response to MNV1 treatment, the Arabidopsis defensive marker PR1 (a salicylic acid signaling marker) was transiently up-regulated at the early stage. PDF1.2, a jasmonic acid signaling marker, exhibited a gradual induction over time. Noticeably, Arabidopsis RNS1 (T2 ribonuclease) was rapidly induced by MNV1 and exhibited anti-correlation with the internalization of MNV1. Exposure to recombinant Arabidopsis RNS1 protein reduced the viral titers and degraded MNV1 RNA in vitro. In conclusion, the internalization of MNV1 into Arabidopsis was fluctuated by mutual interactions that were potentially regulated by Arabidopsis immune systems containing RNS1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin Kim
- SELS Center, Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- SELS Center, Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dombrowski JE, Kronmiller BA, Hollenbeck VG, Rhodes AC, Henning JA, Martin RC. Transcriptome analysis of the model grass Lolium temulentum exposed to green leaf volatiles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:222. [PMID: 31138172 PMCID: PMC6540478 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forage and turf grasses are routinely cut and grazed upon throughout their lifecycle. When grasses are cut or damaged, they rapidly release a volatile chemical cocktail called green leaf volatiles (GLV). Previously we have shown that mechanical wounding or exposure to GLV released from cut grass, activated a Lt 46 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) within 3 min and a 44 kDa MAPK within 15-20 min in the model grass species Lolium temulentum (Lt). Currently very little is known concerning the perception, signaling or molecular responses associated with wound stress in grasses. Since GLV are released during wounding, we wanted to investigate what genes and signaling pathways would be induced in undamaged plants exposed to GLV. RESULTS RNA-Seq generated transcriptome of Lolium plants exposed to GLV identified 4308 up- and 2794 down-regulated distinct differentially-expressed sequences (DES). Gene Ontology analysis revealed a strong emphasis on signaling, response to stimulus and stress related categories. Transcription factors and kinases comprise over 13% of the total DES found in the up-regulated dataset. The analysis showed a strong initial burst within the first hour of GLV exposure with over 60% of the up-regulated DES being induced. Specifically sequences annotated for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and other plant hormones, mitogen-activated protein kinases and WRKY transcription factors were identified. Interestingly, eleven DES for ferric reductase oxidase, an enzyme involved in iron uptake and transport, were exclusively found in the down-regulated dataset. Twelve DES of interest were selected for qRT-PCR analysis; all displayed a rapid induction one hour after GLV exposure and were also strongly induced by mechanical wounding. CONCLUSION The information gained from the analysis of this transcriptome and previous studies suggests that GLV released from cut grasses transiently primes an undamaged plant's wound stress pathways for potential oncoming damage, and may have a dual role for inter- as well as intra-plant signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Dombrowski
- USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-7102 USA
| | - Brent A. Kronmiller
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Vicky G. Hollenbeck
- USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-7102 USA
| | - Adelaide C. Rhodes
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - John A. Henning
- USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-7102 USA
| | - Ruth C. Martin
- USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-7102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wieczorek P, Wrzesińska B, Frąckowiak P, Przybylska A, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. Contribution of Tomato torrado virus Vp26 coat protein subunit to systemic necrosis induction and virus infectivity in Solanum lycopersicum. Virol J 2019; 16:9. [PMID: 30642343 PMCID: PMC6332883 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) infection manifests with burn-like symptoms on leaves, leaflets and upper stem parts of susceptible infected plants. The symptoms caused by ToTV may be considered as one of the most severe virus-induced forms of systemic necrosis, which spreads within the whole plant and leads to a lethal phenotype. However, to date there are no data revealing which viral genes encode for a specific pathogenicity determinant that triggers the plant necrotic response for any torradovirus. In this study we evaluated the influence of three coat protein subunits of ToTV: Vp23, Vp26 and Vp35, transiently expressed from a PVX-based vector, and checked their association with the induction of systemic necrosis in infected Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Beta Lux), a natural host of ToTV. METHODS To estimate how ToTV coat protein subunits might contribute in plant response to virus infection we over-expressed the proteins from PVX-based vector in tomato and analyzed enzymatic activities related with plant defense response. By doing protein qualitative analysis performed by mass spectrometry we indicated the PR10 in protein fraction with induced ribonuclease activity. RESULTS We observed that only the Vp26 enhanced PVX pathogenicity causing severe necrosis of the infected plant. Moreover, we indicated increased RNase and oxidative activities in plants infected with PVX-Vp26 chimeras only. Importantly, we suspected that this increased RNase activity is associated with increased accumulation of PR10 mRNA and products of its translation. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the obtained results, we indicated that Vp26 acts as the elicitor of hypersensitive response-like reactions of PVX-Vp26 manifesting with enhanced pathogenicity of the recombined PVX. This might be the first described suspected necrosis determinant of torradoviruses infecting tomatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Wieczorek
- Department of Entomology, Animal Pests & Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20 St, 60-318, Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Wrzesińska
- Department of Entomology, Animal Pests & Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20 St, 60-318, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patryk Frąckowiak
- Department of Entomology, Animal Pests & Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20 St, 60-318, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arnika Przybylska
- Department of Entomology, Animal Pests & Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20 St, 60-318, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
- Department of Entomology, Animal Pests & Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20 St, 60-318, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heydarian Z, Gruber M, Glick BR, Hegedus DD. Gene Expression Patterns in Roots of Camelina sativa With Enhanced Salinity Tolerance Arising From Inoculation of Soil With Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Producing 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase or Expression the Corresponding acdS Gene. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1297. [PMID: 30013518 PMCID: PMC6036250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa treated with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (acdS) or transgenic lines expressing acdS exhibit increased salinity tolerance. AcdS reduces the level of stress ethylene to below the point where it is inhibitory to plant growth. The study determined that several mechanisms appear to be responsible for the increased salinity tolerance and that the effect of acdS on gene expression patterns in C. sativa roots during salt stress is a function of how it is delivered. Growth in soil treated with the PGPB (Pseudomonas migulae 8R6) mostly affected ethylene- and abscisic acid-dependent signaling in a positive way, while expression of acdS in transgenic lines under the control of the broadly active CaMV 35S promoter or the root-specific rolD promoter affected auxin, jasmonic acid and brassinosteroid signaling and/biosynthesis. The expression of genes involved in minor carbohydrate metabolism were also up-regulated, mainly in roots of lines expressing acdS. Expression of acdS also affected the expression of genes involved in modulating the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to prevent cellular damage, while permitting ROS-dependent signal transduction. Though the root is not a photosynthetic tissue, acdS had a positive effect on the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Heydarian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in plants. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 61:155-161. [PMID: 29170889 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rather than random degradation products, the 18 to 40 nucleotides (nt) transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are RNA species generated specifically from pre-RNAs or mature tRNAs in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. Recent studies from animal systems have shown that tsRNAs are important non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels. They are involved in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, tumor genesis, stress response and intergenerational epigenetic inheritance. In this review, we will summarize the discovery, biogenesis, and function of tsRNAs in higher plants. In addition, analysis on tsRNAs from lower plants is shown.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ramanauskas K, Igić B. The evolutionary history of plant T2/S-type ribonucleases. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3790. [PMID: 28924504 PMCID: PMC5598434 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of T2/S-RNases are being discovered in plant genomes. Members of this protein family have a variety of known functions, but the vast majority are still uncharacterized. We present data and analyses of phylogenetic relationships among T2/S-RNases, and pay special attention to the group that contains the female component of the most widespread system of self-incompatibility in flowering plants. The returned emphasis on the initially identified component of this mechanism yields important conjectures about its evolutionary context. First, we find that the clade involved in self-rejection (class III) is found exclusively in core eudicots, while the remaining clades contain members from other vascular plants. Second, certain features, such as intron patterns, isoelectric point, and conserved amino acid regions, help differentiate S-RNases, which are necessary for expression of self-incompatibility, from other T2/S-RNase family members. Third, we devise and present a set of approaches to clarify new S-RNase candidates from existing genome assemblies. We use genomic features to identify putative functional and relictual S-loci in genomes of plants with unknown mechanisms of self-incompatibility. The widespread occurrence of possible relicts suggests that the loss of functional self-incompatibility may leave traces long after the fact, and that this manner of molecular fossil-like data could be an important source of information about the history and distribution of both RNase-based and other mechanisms of self-incompatibility. Finally, we release a public resource intended to aid the search for S-locus RNases, and help provide increasingly detailed information about their taxonomic distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Ramanauskas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Boris Igić
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhirnov IV, Trifonova EA, Romanova AV, Filipenko EA, Sapotsky MV, Malinovsky VI, Kochetov AV, Shumny VK. Induced expression of Serratia marcescens ribonuclease III gene in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. SR1 tobacco plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541611017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Sugawara T, Trifonova EA, Kochetov AV, Kanayama Y. Expression of an extracellular ribonuclease gene increases resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in tobacco. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:246. [PMID: 28105959 PMCID: PMC5123310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apoplast plays an important role in plant defense against pathogens. Some extracellular PR-4 proteins possess ribonuclease activity and may directly inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. It is likely that extracellular RNases can also protect plants against some viruses with RNA genomes. However, many plant RNases are multifunctional and the direct link between their ribonucleolytic activity and antiviral defense still needs to be clarified. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of Nicotiana tabacum plants expressing a non-plant single-strand-specific extracellular RNase against Cucumber mosaic virus. RESULTS Severe mosaic symptoms and shrinkage were observed in the control non-transgenic plants 10 days after inoculation with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), whereas such disease symptoms were suppressed in the transgenic plants expressing the RNase gene. In a Western blot analysis, viral proliferation was observed in the uninoculated upper leaves of control plants, whereas virus levels were very low in those of transgenic plants. These results suggest that resistance against CMV was increased by the expression of the heterologous RNase gene. CONCLUSION We have previously shown that tobacco plants expressing heterologous RNases are characterized by high resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus. In this study, we demonstrated that elevated levels of extracellular RNase activity resulted in increased resistance to a virus with a different genome organization and life cycle. Thus, we conclude that the pathogen-induced expression of plant apoplastic RNases may increase non-specific resistance against viruses with RNA genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Sugawara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | | | - Alex V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Yoshinori Kanayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arai N, Nishimura E, Kikuchi Y, Ohyama T. Functional analyses of carnivorous plant-specific amino acid residues in S-like ribonucleases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
22
|
Rojas H, Floyd B, Morriss SC, Bassham D, MacIntosh GC, Goldraij A. NnSR1, a class III non-S-RNase specifically induced in Nicotiana alata under phosphate deficiency, is localized in endoplasmic reticulum compartments. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:250-9. [PMID: 26025538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A combined strategy of phosphate (Pi) remobilization from internal and external RNA sources seems to be conserved in plants exposed to Pi starvation. Thus far, the only ribonucleases (RNases) reported to be induced in Nicotiana alata undergoing Pi deprivation are extracellular S-like RNase NE and NnSR1. NnSR1 is a class III non S-RNase of unknown subcellular location. Here, we examine the hypothesis that NnSR1 is an intracellular RNase derived from the self-incompatibility system with specific expression in self-incompatible Nicotiana alata. NnSR1 was not induced in self-compatible Nicotiana species exposed to Pi deprivation. NnSR1 conjugated with a fluorescent protein and transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts and Nicotiana leaves showed that the fusion protein co-localized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker. Subcellular fractionation by ultracentrifugation of roots exposed to Pi deprivation revealed that the native NnSR1 migrated in parallel with the BiP protein, a typical ER marker. To our knowledge, NnSR1 is the first class III RNase reported to be localized in ER compartments. The induction of NnSR1 was detected earlier than the extracellular RNase NE, suggesting that intracellular RNA may be the first source of Pi used by the cell under Pi stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Rojas
- Dpto Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brice Floyd
- Dept of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Stephanie C Morriss
- Dept of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Diane Bassham
- Dept of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- Dept of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Ariel Goldraij
- Dpto Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Iglesias R, Citores L, Di Maro A, Ferreras JM. Biological activities of the antiviral protein BE27 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). PLANTA 2015; 241:421-433. [PMID: 25326773 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome inactivating protein BE27 displays several biological activities in vitro that could result in a broad action against several types of pathogens. Beetin 27 (BE27), a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves, is an antiviral protein induced by virus and signaling compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid. Its role as a defense protein has been attributed to its RNA polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity. Here we tested other putative activities of BE27 that could have a defensive role against pathogens finding that BE27 displays rRNA N-glycosidase activity against yeast and Agrobacterium tumefaciens ribosomes, DNA polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity against herring sperm DNA, and magnesium-dependent endonuclease activity against the supercoiled plasmid PUC19 (nicking activity). The nicking activity could be a consequence of an unusual conformation of the BE27 active site, similar to that of PD-L1, a RIP from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves. Additionally, BE27 possesses superoxide dismutase activity, thus being able to produce the signal compound hydrogen peroxide. BE27 is also toxic to COLO 320 cells, inducing apoptosis in these cells by either activating the caspase pathways and/or inhibiting protein synthesis. The combined effect of these biological activities could result in a broad action against several types of pathogens such as virus, bacteria, fungi or insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li Y, Gu M, Zhang X, Zhang J, Fan H, Li P, Li Z, Xu G. Engineering a sensitive visual-tracking reporter system for real-time monitoring phosphorus deficiency in tobacco. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:674-84. [PMID: 25187932 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant phosphorus (P) diagnosis is widely used for monitoring P status and guiding P fertilizer application in field conditions. The common methods for predicting plant response to P are time- and labour-consuming chemical measurements of the extractable soil P and plant P concentrations. In this study, we successfully generated a visual reporter system in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to monitor plant P status by expressing of a Purple gene (Pr) isolated from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis) driven by the promoter (Pro) of OsPT6, a P-starvation-induced rice gene. The leaves of OsPT6pro::Pr (PT6pro::Pr) transgenic tobacco continuously turned into dark purple with the increase of duration and severity of P deficiency, and recovered rapidly to basal green colour upon resupply of P. The expression of several anthocyanin biosynthesis involving genes was strongly activated in the transgenic tobacco in comparison to wild type under P-deficient condition. Such additive purple colour was not detected by deficiencies of other major- and micronutrients or stresses of salt, drought and cold. There was an extremely high correlation between P concentration and anthocyanin accumulation in the transgenic tobacco leaves. Using a hyperspectral sensing technology, P concentration in the leaves of transgenic plants could be predicted by the reflectance spectra at 554 nm wavelength with approximately 0.16 as the threshold value of the P deficiency. Taken together, the colour-based visual reporter system could be specifically and readily used for monitoring the plant P status by naked eyes and accurately assessed by spectral reflectance.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nishimura E, Jumyo S, Arai N, Kanna K, Kume M, Nishikawa JI, Tanase JI, Ohyama T. Structural and functional characteristics of S-like ribonucleases from carnivorous plants. PLANTA 2014; 240:147-59. [PMID: 24771022 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the S-like ribonucleases (RNases) share sequence homology with the S-RNases involved in the self-incompatibility mechanism in plants, they are not associated with this mechanism. They usually function in stress responses in non-carnivorous plants and in carnivory in carnivorous plants. In this study, we clarified the structures of the S-like RNases of Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Nepenthes bicalcarata and Sarracenia leucophylla, and compared them with those of other plants. At ten positions, amino acid residues are conserved or almost conserved only for carnivorous plants (six in total). In contrast, two positions are specific to non-carnivorous plants. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the S-like RNases of the carnivorous plants form a group beyond the phylogenetic relationships of the plants. We also prepared and characterized recombinant S-like RNases of Dionaea muscipula, Cephalotus follicularis, A. vesiculosa, N. bicalcarata and S. leucophylla, and RNS1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. The recombinant carnivorous plant enzymes showed optimum activities at about pH 4.0. Generally, poly(C) was digested less efficiently than poly(A), poly(I) and poly(U). The kinetic parameters of the recombinant D. muscipula enzyme (DM-I) and A. thaliana enzyme RNS1 were similar. The k cat/K m of recombinant RNS1 was the highest among the enzymes, followed closely by that of recombinant DM-I. On the other hand, the k cat/K m of the recombinant S. leucophylla enzyme was the lowest, and was ~1/30 of that for recombinant RNS1. The magnitudes of the k cat/K m values or k cat values for carnivorous plant S-like RNases seem to correlate negatively with the dependency on symbionts for prey digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Nishimura
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Filipenko EA, Kochetov AV, Kanayama Y, Malinovsky VI, Shumny VK. PR-proteins with ribonuclease activity and plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059713060026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
27
|
Rojas HJ, Roldán JA, Goldraij A. NnSR1, a class III non-S-RNase constitutively expressed in styles, is induced in roots and stems under phosphate deficiency in Nicotiana alata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1351-60. [PMID: 24047716 PMCID: PMC3806536 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-S-ribonucleases (non-S-RNases) are class III T2 RNases constitutively expressed in styles of species with S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. So far, no function has been attributed to these RNases. The aim of this work is to examine if NnSR1, a non-S-RNase from Nicotiana alata, is induced under conditions of phosphate (Pi) deprivation. The hypothesis is that under Pi-limited conditions, non-S-RNase functions may resemble the role of S-like RNases. To date, the only RNases reported to be induced by Pi deficiency are class I and class II S-like RNases, which are phylogenetically different from the class III clade of RNases. METHODS Gene and protein expression of NnSR1 were assayed in plants grown hydroponically with and without Pi, by combining RT-PCR, immunoblot and enzymatic activity approaches. KEY RESULTS NnSR1 transcripts were detected in roots 7 d after Pi deprivation and remained stable for several days. Transcript expression was correlated based on Pi availability in the culture medium. Antiserum against a peptide based on a hypervariable domain of NnSR1 recognized NnSR1 in roots and stems but not leaves exposed to Pi shortage. NnSR1 was not detected in culture medium and was pelleted with the microsomal fraction, suggesting that it was membrane-associated or included in large compartments. The anti-NnSR1 inhibited selectively the enzymatic activity of a 31-kDa RNase indicating that NnSR1 was induced in an enzymatically active form. CONCLUSIONS The induction of NnSR1 indicates that there is a general recruitment of all classes of T2 RNases in response to Pi shortage. NnSR1 appears to have regained ancestral functions of class III RNases related to strategies to cope with Pi limitation and also possibly with other environmental challenges. This constitutes the first report for a specific function of class III RNases other than S-RNases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ariel Goldraij
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC–CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nishimura E, Kawahara M, Kodaira R, Kume M, Arai N, Nishikawa JI, Ohyama T. S-like ribonuclease gene expression in carnivorous plants. PLANTA 2013; 238:955-67. [PMID: 23959189 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Functions of S-like ribonucleases (RNases) differ considerably from those of S-RNases that function in self-incompatibility. Expression of S-like RNases is usually induced by low nutrition, vermin damage or senescence. However, interestingly, an Australian carnivorous plant Drosera adelae (a sundew), which traps prey with a sticky digestive liquid, abundantly secretes an S-like RNase DA-I in the digestive liquid even in ordinary states. Here, using D. adelae, Dionaea muscipula (Venus flytrap) and Cephalotus follicularis (Australian pitcher plant), we show that carnivorous plants use S-like RNases for carnivory: the gene da-I encoding DA-I and its ortholog cf-I of C. follicularis are highly expressed and constitutively active in each trap/digestion organ, while the ortholog dm-I of D. muscipula becomes highly active after trapping insects. The da-I promoter is unmethylated only in its trap/digestion organ, glandular tentacles (which comprise a small percentage of the weight of the whole plant), but methylated in other organs, which explains the glandular tentacles-specific expression of the gene and indicates a very rare gene regulation system. In contrast, the promoters of dm-I, which shows induced expression, and cf-I, which has constitutive expression, were not methylated in any organs examined. Thus, it seems that the regulatory mechanisms of the da-I, dm-I and cf-I genes differ from each other and do not correlate with the phylogenetic relationship. The current study suggests that under environmental pressure in specific habitats carnivorous plants have managed to evolve their S-like RNase genes to function in carnivory.
Collapse
|
29
|
RNS2, a conserved member of the RNase T2 family, is necessary for ribosomal RNA decay in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1093-8. [PMID: 21199950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009809108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase T2 enzymes are conserved in most eukaryotic genomes, and expression patterns and phylogenetic analyses suggest that they may carry out an important housekeeping role. However, the nature of this role has been elusive. Here we show that RNS2, an intracellular RNase T2 from Arabidopsis thaliana, is essential for normal ribosomal RNA recycling. This enzyme is the main endoribonuclease activity in plant cells and localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER-derived structures, and vacuoles. Mutants lacking RNS2 activity accumulate RNA intracellularly, and rRNA in these mutants has a longer half-life. Normal rRNA turnover seems essential to maintain cell homeostasis because rns2 mutants display constitutive autophagy. We propose that RNS2 is part of a process that degrades rRNA to recycle its components. This process appears to be conserved in all eukaryotes.
Collapse
|
30
|
MacIntosh GC. RNase T2 Family: Enzymatic Properties, Functional Diversity, and Evolution of Ancient Ribonucleases. NUCLEIC ACIDS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21078-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
31
|
García I, Castellano JM, Vioque B, Solano R, Gotor C, Romero LC. Mitochondrial beta-cyanoalanine synthase is essential for root hair formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3268-79. [PMID: 20935247 PMCID: PMC2990132 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.076828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide is stoichiometrically produced as a coproduct of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway and is detoxified by β-cyanoalanine synthase enzymes. The molecular and phenotypical analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants of the mitochondrial β-cyanoalanine synthase CYS-C1 suggests that discrete accumulation of cyanide is not toxic for the plant and does not alter mitochondrial respiration rates but does act as a strong inhibitor of root hair development. The cys-c1 null allele is defective in root hair formation and accumulates cyanide in root tissues. The root hair defect is phenocopied in wild-type plants by the exogenous addition of cyanide to the growth medium and is reversed by the addition of hydroxocobalamin or by genetic complementation with the CYS-C1 gene. Hydroxocobalamin not only recovers the root phenotype of the mutant but also the formation of reactive oxygen species at the initial step of root hair tip growth. Transcriptional profiling of the cys-c1 mutant reveals that cyanide accumulation acts as a repressive signal for several genes encoding enzymes involved in cell wall rebuilding and the formation of the root hair tip as well as genes involved in ethylene signaling and metabolism. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial β-cyanoalanine synthase activity is essential to maintain a low level of cyanide for proper root hair development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene García
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - José María Castellano
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Blanca Vioque
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Luis C. Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bustos R, Castrillo G, Linhares F, Puga MI, Rubio V, Pérez-Pérez J, Solano R, Leyva A, Paz-Ares J. A central regulatory system largely controls transcriptional activation and repression responses to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001102. [PMID: 20838596 PMCID: PMC2936532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to different stresses by inducing or repressing transcription of partially overlapping sets of genes. In Arabidopsis, the PHR1 transcription factor (TF) has an important role in the control of phosphate (Pi) starvation stress responses. Using transcriptomic analysis of Pi starvation in phr1, and phr1 phr1-like (phl1) mutants and in wild type plants, we show that PHR1 in conjunction with PHL1 controls most transcriptional activation and repression responses to phosphate starvation, regardless of the Pi starvation specificity of these responses. Induced genes are enriched in PHR1 binding sequences (P1BS) in their promoters, whereas repressed genes do not show such enrichment, suggesting that PHR1(-like) control of transcriptional repression responses is indirect. In agreement with this, transcriptomic analysis of a transgenic plant expressing PHR1 fused to the hormone ligand domain of the glucocorticoid receptor showed that PHR1 direct targets (i.e., displaying altered expression after GR:PHR1 activation by dexamethasone in the presence of cycloheximide) corresponded largely to Pi starvation-induced genes that are highly enriched in P1BS. A minimal promoter containing a multimerised P1BS recapitulates Pi starvation-specific responsiveness. Likewise, mutation of P1BS in the promoter of two Pi starvation-responsive genes impaired their responsiveness to Pi starvation, but not to other stress types. Phylogenetic footprinting confirmed the importance of P1BS and PHR1 in Pi starvation responsiveness and indicated that P1BS acts in concert with other cis motifs. All together, our data show that PHR1 and PHL1 are partially redundant TF acting as central integrators of Pi starvation responses, both specific and generic. In addition, they indicate that transcriptional repression responses are an integral part of adaptive responses to stress. As sessile organisms, plants are often exposed to stress conditions, and have evolved adaptive responses to protect themselves from different types of stress. Some responses are stress type-specific whereas others are common to different stress types. Understanding how these responses are controlled is crucial for rational improvement of stress tolerance, a limiting factor in crop productivity. Here we examined the physiological and molecular responses to phosphate starvation and found that a single transcription factor family, represented by PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (PHR1), has a central role in the control of specific and shared phosphate starvation stress responses. In consonance with the importance of PHR1, we found that the PHR1-binding sequence, present in most PHR1 direct targets, is a crucial cis motif for Pi starvation responsiveness. An artificial promoter controlled by PHR1 recapitulates responsiveness to Pi starvation and to modulators of this response, qualifying PHR1 family members as central integrators in Pi starvation signalling. This central integrator system also controls most transcriptional repression responses to Pi starvation, indicating that they are an integral part of the adaptive response, and not a consequence of plant malfunction due to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regla Bustos
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Castrillo
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Linhares
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Puga
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hillwig MS, Liu X, Liu G, Thornburg RW, MacIntosh GC. Petunia nectar proteins have ribonuclease activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2951-65. [PMID: 20460362 PMCID: PMC2892141 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants requiring an insect pollinator often produce nectar as a reward for the pollinator's visitations. This rich secretion needs mechanisms to inhibit microbial growth. In Nicotiana spp. nectar, anti-microbial activity is due to the production of hydrogen peroxide. In a close relative, Petunia hybrida, limited production of hydrogen peroxide was found; yet petunia nectar still has anti-bacterial properties, suggesting that a different mechanism may exist for this inhibition. The nectar proteins of petunia plants were compared with those of ornamental tobacco and significant differences were found in protein profiles and function between these two closely related species. Among those proteins, RNase activities unique to petunia nectar were identified. The genes corresponding to four RNase T2 proteins from Petunia hybrida that show unique expression patterns in different plant tissues were cloned. Two of these enzymes, RNase Phy3 and RNase Phy4 are unique among the T2 family and contain characteristics similar to both S- and S-like RNases. Analysis of amino acid patterns suggest that these proteins are an intermediate between S- and S-like RNases, and support the hypothesis that S-RNases evolved from defence RNases expressed in floral parts. This is the first report of RNase activities in nectar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert W. Thornburg
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: Robert Thornburg: ; Gustavo MacIntosh:
| | - Gustavo C. MacIntosh
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: Robert Thornburg: ; Gustavo MacIntosh:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Daher Z, Recorbet G, Valot B, Robert F, Balliau T, Potin S, Schoefs B, Dumas-Gaudot E. Proteomic analysis of Medicago truncatula root plastids. Proteomics 2010; 10:2123-37. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
RNase T2 genes from rice and the evolution of secretory ribonucleases in plants. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 283:381-96. [PMID: 20182746 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The plant RNase T2 family is divided into two different subfamilies. S-RNases are involved in rejection of self-pollen during the establishment of self-incompatibility in three plant families. S-like RNases, on the other hand, are not involved in self-incompatibility, and although gene expression studies point to a role in plant defense and phosphate recycling, their biological roles are less well understood. Although S-RNases have been subjects of many phylogenetic studies, few have included an extensive analysis of S-like RNases, and genome-wide analyses to determine the number of S-like RNases in fully sequenced plant genomes are missing. We characterized the eight RNase T2 genes present in the Oryza sativa genome; and we also identified the full complement of RNase T2 genes present in other fully sequenced plant genomes. Phylogenetics and gene expression analyses identified two classes among the S-like RNase subfamily. Class I genes show tissue specificity and stress regulation. Inactivation of RNase activity has occurred repeatedly throughout evolution. On the other hand, Class II seems to have conserved more ancestral characteristics; and, unlike other S-like RNases, genes in this class are conserved in all plant species analyzed and most are constitutively expressed. Our results suggest that gene duplication resulted in high diversification of Class I genes. Many of these genes are differentially expressed in response to stress, and we propose that protein characteristics, such as the increase in basic residues can have a defense role independent of RNase activity. On the other hand, constitutive expression and phylogenetic conservation suggest that Class II S-like RNases may have a housekeeping role.
Collapse
|
36
|
You MK, Shin HY, Kim YJ, Ok SH, Cho SK, Jeung JU, Yoo SD, Kim JK, Shin JS. Novel bifunctional nucleases, OmBBD and AtBBD1, are involved in abscisic acid-mediated callose deposition in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1015-29. [PMID: 20018603 PMCID: PMC2815893 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.147645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Screening of the expressed sequence tag library of the wild rice species Oryza minuta revealed an unknown gene that was rapidly and strongly induced in response to attack by a rice fungal pathogen (Magnaporthe oryzae) and an insect (Nilaparvata lugens) and by wounding, abscisic acid (ABA), and methyl jasmonate treatments. Its recombinant protein was identified as a bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities in vitro. This gene was designated OmBBD (for O. minuta bifunctional nuclease in basal defense response). Overexpression of OmBBD in an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) model system caused the constitutive expression of the PDF1.2, ABA1, and AtSAC1 genes, which are involved in priming ABA-mediated callose deposition. This activation of defense responses led to an increased resistance against Botrytis cinerea. atbbd1, the knockout mutant of the Arabidopsis ortholog AtBBD1, was susceptible to attack by B. cinerea and had deficient callose deposition. Overexpression of either OmBBD or AtBBD1 in atbbd1 plants complemented the susceptible phenotype of atbbd1 against B. cinerea as well as the deficiency of callose deposition. We suggest that OmBBD and AtBBD1 have a novel regulatory role in ABA-mediated callose deposition.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sangaev SS, Trifonova EA, Titov SE, Romanova AV, Kolodyazhnaya YS, Sapotsky MV, Malinovsky VI, Kochetov AV. Silencing of the Nk1 gene in the SR1 Nicotiana tabacum plants by RNA interference. RUSS J GENET+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795410010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
38
|
Koo AJ, Howe GA. The wound hormone jasmonate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1571-80. [PMID: 19695649 PMCID: PMC2784233 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues are highly vulnerable to injury by herbivores, pathogens, mechanical stress, and other environmental insults. Optimal plant fitness in the face of these threats relies on complex signal transduction networks that link damage-associated signals to appropriate changes in metabolism, growth, and development. Many of these wound-induced adaptive responses are triggered by de novo synthesis of the plant hormone jasmonate (JA). Recent studies provide evidence that JA mediates systemic wound responses through distinct cell autonomous and non-autonomous pathways. In both pathways, bioactive JAs are recognized by an F-box protein-based receptor system that couples hormone binding to ubiquitin-dependent degradation of transcriptional repressor proteins. These results provide a framework for understanding how plants recognize and respond to tissue injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J.K. Koo
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Corresponding author: Tel.: 1-517-355-5159; Fax: 1-517-353-9168. E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Banović B, Surbanovski N, Konstantinović M, Maksimović V. Basic RNases of wild almond (Prunus webbii): cloning and characterization of six new S-RNase and one "non-S RNase" genes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:395-402. [PMID: 18778875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the S-RNase allele structure of a Prunus webbii population from the Montenegrin region of the Balkans, we analyzed 10 Prunus webbii accessions. We detected 10 different S-RNase allelic variants and obtained the nucleotide sequences for six S-RNases. The BLAST analysis showed that these six sequences were new Prunus webbii S-RNase alleles. It also revealed that one of sequenced alleles, S(9)-RNase, coded for an amino acid sequence identical to that for Prunus dulcis S(14)-RNase, except for a single conservative amino acid replacement in the signal peptide region. Another, S(3)-RNase, was shown to differ by only three amino acid residues from Prunus salicina Se-RNase. The allele S(7)-RNase was found to be inactive by stylar protein isoelectric focusing followed by RNase-specific staining, but the reason for the inactivity was not at the coding sequence level. Further, in five of the 10 analyzed accessions, we detected the presence of one active basic RNase (marked PW(1)) that did not amplify with S-RNase-specific DNA primers. However, it was amplified with primers designed from the PA1 RNase nucleotide sequence (basic "non-S RNase" of Prunus avium) and the obtained sequence showed high homology (80%) with the PA1 allele. Although homologs of PA1 "non-S RNases" have been reported in four other Prunus species, this is the first recorded homolog in Prunus webbii. The evolutionary implications of the data are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Banović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Impact of transcriptional, ABA-dependent, and ABA-independent pathways on wounding regulation of RNS1 expression. Mol Genet Genomics 2008; 280:249-61. [PMID: 18607631 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-008-0360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Injured plants induce a wide range of genes whose products are thought to help to repair the plant or to defend against opportunistic pathogens that might infect the wounded plant. In Arabidopsis thaliana L., oligogalacturonides (OGAs) and jasmonic acid (JA) are the main regulators of the signaling pathways that control the local and systemic wound response, respectively. RNS1, a secreted ribonuclease, is induced by wounding in Arabidopsis independent of these two signals, thus indicating that another wound-response signal exists. Here we show that abscisic acid (ABA), which induces wound-responsive genes in other systems, also induces RNS1. In the absence of ABA signaling, wounding induces only approximately 45% of the endogenous levels of RNS1 mRNA. However, significant levels of RNS1 still accumulate in the absence of ABA signaling. Our results suggest that wound-responsive increases in ABA production may amplify induction of RNS1 by a novel ABA-independent pathway. To elucidate this novel pathway, we show here that the wound induction of RNS1 is due in part to transcriptional regulation by wounding and ABA. We also show evidence of post-transcriptional regulation which may contribute to the high levels of RNS1 transcript accumulation in response to wounding.
Collapse
|
41
|
Roux D, Faure C, Bonnet P, Girard S, Ledoigt G, Davies E, Gendraud M, Paladian F, Vian A. A possible role for extra-cellular ATP in plant responses to high frequency, low amplitude electromagnetic field. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 227:883-91. [PMID: 19704572 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In parallel to evoking the accumulation of stress-related transcripts, exposure to low level 900 MHz EMF affected the levels of ATP, the main energy molecule of the cell. Its concentration dropped rapidly (27% after 30 min) in response to EMF exposure, along with a 18% decrease in the adenylate energy charge (AEC), a good marker of cell energy status. One could interpret this decrease in ATP and AEC in a classical way, i.e., as the result of an increase in cellular energy usage, but recent work brings exciting new insights in pointing out a signalling function for ATP, especially in the stress physiology context where it could trigger both reactive oxygen species and calcium movement (this latter being involved in plant responses to EMF exposure). In this addendum, we discuss our results within this new perspective for ATP function.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bove J, Kim CY, Gibson CA, Assmann SM. Characterization of wound-responsive RNA-binding proteins and their splice variants in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 67:71-88. [PMID: 18278441 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the characterization of three UBA2 genes (UBA2a, -b, and -c; corresponding to At3g56860, At2g41060, and At3g15010) encoding Arabidopsis thaliana proteins with high homology to Vicia faba AKIP1 and other heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-type RNA-binding proteins. In vitro RNA binding assays revealed that the three UBA2 proteins interact efficiently with homoribopolymers. Biolistic transient expression of UBA2-GFPs demonstrated that the three UBA2 proteins localize to the nucleus. Expression analysis by RNA gel blot, RT-PCR, and promoter::GUS assays showed that UBA2 transcripts are present in all organs. UBA2 genes are subject to alternative splicing affecting only the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs): six different splice variants were detected for UBA2a, and two each were found for UBA2b and UBA2c. RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the levels of UBA2 transcripts are regulated by wounding in a splice variant-specific manner: splice variants UBA2a.1 and UBA2c.1 increased following mechanical wounding. Wounding effects on gene expression are transduced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-dependent and oligogalacturonide (OGA)-dependent pathways. However, neither MeJA nor OGA treatment altered levels of any of the UBA2 transcripts, and other plant hormones implicated in wound responses, ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA), also had no effect on accumulation of UBA2 transcripts. Taken together, these results imply that the three UBA2 genes encode hnRNP-type nuclear RNA-binding proteins that function in a novel wound signal transduction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bove
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schwachtje J, Baldwin IT. Why does herbivore attack reconfigure primary metabolism? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:845-51. [PMID: 18316639 PMCID: PMC2259057 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schwachtje
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pant BD, Buhtz A, Kehr J, Scheible WR. MicroRNA399 is a long-distance signal for the regulation of plant phosphate homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:731-8. [PMID: 17988220 PMCID: PMC2268993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microRNA species in plant phloem sap suggests potential signaling roles by long-distance regulation of gene expression. Proof for such a role for a phloem-mobile microRNA is lacking. Here we show that phosphate (Pi) starvation-induced microRNA399 (miR399) is present in the phloem sap of two diverse plant species, rapeseed and pumpkin, and levels are strongly and specifically increased in phloem sap during Pi deprivation. By performing micro-grafting experiments using Arabidopsis, we further show that chimeric plants constitutively over-expressing miR399 in the shoot accumulate mature miR399 species to very high levels in their wild-type roots, while corresponding primary transcripts are virtually absent in roots, demonstrating shoot-to-root transport. The chimeric plants exhibit (i) down-regulation of the miR399 target transcript (PHO2), which encodes a critical component for maintenance of Pi homeostasis, in the wild-type root, and (ii) Pi accumulation in the shoot, which is the phenotype of pho2 mutants, miR399 over-expressers or chimeric plants with a genetic knock-out of PHO2 in the root. Hence the transported miR399 molecules retain biological activity. This is a demonstration of systemic control of a biological process, i.e. maintenance of plant Pi homeostasis, by a phloem-mobile microRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Datt Pant
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Buhtz
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyScience Park Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Trifonova EA, Sapotsky MV, Komarova ML, Scherban AB, Shumny VK, Polyakova AM, Lapshina LA, Kochetov AV, Malinovsky VI. Protection of transgenic tobacco plants expressing bovine pancreatic ribonuclease against tobacco mosaic virus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1121-6. [PMID: 17242942 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. SR1) expressing extracellular pancreatic ribonuclease from Bos taurus and characterized by an increased level of ribonuclease activity in leaf extracts were challenged with tobacco mosaic virus. The transgenic plants exhibited a significantly higher level of protection against the virus infection than the control non-transformed plants. The protection was evidenced by the absence (or significant delay) of the appearance of typical mosaic symptoms and the retarded accumulation of infectious virus and viral antigen. These results demonstrate that modulation of extracellular nuclease expression can be efficiently used in promoting protection against viral diseases.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sangaev SS, Trifonova EA, Titov SE, Romanova AV, Kolodyazhnaya YS, Komarova ML, Sapotsky MV, Malinovsky VI, Kochetov AV, Shumny VK. Effective expression of the gene encoding an extracellular ribonuclease of Zinnia elegans in the SR1 Nicotiana tabacum plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
47
|
van der Graaff E, Schwacke R, Schneider A, Desimone M, Flügge UI, Kunze R. Transcription analysis of arabidopsis membrane transporters and hormone pathways during developmental and induced leaf senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:776-92. [PMID: 16603661 PMCID: PMC1475451 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.079293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparative transcriptome analysis for successive stages of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) developmental leaf senescence (NS), darkening-induced senescence of individual leaves attached to the plant (DIS), and senescence in dark-incubated detached leaves (DET) revealed many novel senescence-associated genes with distinct expression profiles. The three senescence processes share a high number of regulated genes, although the overall number of regulated genes during DIS and DET is about 2 times lower than during NS. Consequently, the number of NS-specific genes is much higher than the number of DIS- or DET-specific genes. The expression profiles of transporters (TPs), receptor-like kinases, autophagy genes, and hormone pathways were analyzed in detail. The Arabidopsis TPs and other integral membrane proteins were systematically reclassified based on the Transporter Classification system. Coordinate activation or inactivation of several genes is observed in some TP families in all three or only in individual senescence types, indicating differences in the genetic programs for remobilization of catabolites. Characteristic senescence type-specific differences were also apparent in the expression profiles of (putative) signaling kinases. For eight hormones, the expression of biosynthesis, metabolism, signaling, and (partially) response genes was investigated. In most pathways, novel senescence-associated genes were identified. The expression profiles of hormone homeostasis and signaling genes reveal additional players in the senescence regulatory network.
Collapse
|
48
|
Okabe T, Yoshimoto I, Hitoshi M, Ogawa T, Ohyama T. An S-like ribonuclease gene is used to generate a trap-leaf enzyme in the carnivorous plantDrosera adelae. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5729-33. [PMID: 16225872 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carnivorous plants usually grow in nutrient-deficient habitats, and thus they partly depend on insects for nitrogen and phosphate needed for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis. We report that a sticky digestive liquid from a sundew, Drosera adelae, contains an abundant amount of an S-like ribonuclease (RNase) that shows high amino acid-sequence similarity to S-like RNases induced by phosphate starvation or wounding in normal plants. By giving leaves an RNase "coat", D. adelae seems to achieve two requirements simultaneously to adapt itself to its specific surroundings: it obtains phosphates from insects, and defends itself against pathogen attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Okabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yamane H, Lee SJ, Kim BD, Tao R, Rose JKC. A coupled yeast signal sequence trap and transient plant expression strategy to identify genes encoding secreted proteins from peach pistils. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2229-38. [PMID: 15983008 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many developmental processes and induced plant responses have been identified that are directly or indirectly influenced by wall-localized, or apoplastic, molecular interactions and signalling pathways. The yeast-based signal sequence trap (YSST) is a potentially valuable experimental tool to characterize the proteome of the wall and apoplast, or 'secretome', although few studies have been performed with plants and to date this strategy has not been coupled with a subsequent analysis to confirm extracellular localization of candidate proteins in planta. This current report describes the use of the YSST, together with transient expression of a selection of identified proteins as fusions with the reporter GFP, focusing on the complex extracellular interactions between peach (Prunus persica) pollen and pistil tissues. The coupled YSST and GFP localization assay was also used to confirm the extracellular localization of a recently identified pistil-specific basic RNase protein (PA1), as has been observed with S-RNases that are involved in self-incompatibility. This pilot YSST screen of pollinated and unpollinated pistil cDNAs revealed a diverse set of predicted cell wall-localized or plasma membrane-bound proteins, several of which have not previously been described. Transient GFP-fusion assays and RNA gel blot analyses were used to confirm their subcellular localization and to provide further insights into their expression or regulation, respectively. These results demonstrated that the YSST strategy represents an effective means either to confirm the extracellular localization of a specific candidate secreted protein, as demonstrated here with PA1, or to conduct a screen for new extracellular proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Yamane
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Plants have four nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. NOS1 appears mitochondrial, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) chloroplastic. Distinct peroxisomal and apoplastic NOS enzymes are predicted. Nitrite-dependent NO synthesis is catalyzed by cytoplasmic nitrate reductase or a root plasma membrane enzyme, or occurs nonenzymatically. Nitric oxide undergoes both catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidation. However, there is no evidence of reaction with superoxide, and S-nitrosylation reactions are unlikely except during hypoxia. The only proven direct targets of NO in plants are metalloenzymes and one metal complex. Nitric oxide inhibits apoplastic catalases/ascorbate peroxidases in some species but may stimulate these enzymes in others. Plants also have the NO response pathway involving cGMP, cADPR, and release of calcium from internal stores. Other known targets include chloroplast and mitochondrial electron transport. Nitric oxide suppresses Fenton chemistry by interacting with ferryl ion, preventing generation of hydroxyl radicals. Functions of NO in plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stressors, iron homeostasis, and regulation of respiration and photosynthesis may all be ascribed to interaction with one of these targets. Nitric oxide function in drought/abscisic acid (ABA)-induction of stomatal closure requires nitrate reductase and NOS1. Nitric oxide synthasel likely functions to produce sufficient NO to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport, allowing nitrite accumulation. Nitric oxide is produced during the hypersensitive response outside cells undergoing programmed cell death immediately prior to loss of plasma membrane integrity. A plasma membrane lipid-derived signal likely activates apoplastic NOS. Nitric oxide diffuses within the apoplast and signals neighboring cells via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent induction of salicylic acid biosynthesis. Response to wounding appears to involve the same NOS and direct targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan D Shapiro
- Biotechnology Program, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers Florida 33965-6565, USA
| |
Collapse
|