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Borini Etichetti C, Arel Zalazar E, Di Benedetto C, Cocordano N, Valente S, Bicciato S, Menacho-Márquez M, Larocca MC, Girardini J. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) promotes invadopodia formation and metastasis in cancer cells. Biochimie 2024; 222:28-36. [PMID: 38301884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Isoprenyl cysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) catalyzes the last step of the prenylation pathway. Previously, we found that high ICMT levels enhance tumorigenesis in vivo and that its expression is repressed by the p53 tumor suppressor. Based on evidence suggesting that some ICMT substrates affect invasive traits, we wondered if this enzyme may promote metastasis. In this work, we found that ICMT overexpression enhanced lung metastasis in vivo. Accordingly, ICMT overexpression also promoted cellular functions associated with aggressive phenotypes such as migration and invasion in vitro. Considering that some ICMT substrates are involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, we hypothesized that actin-rich structures, associated with invasion and metastasis, may be affected. Our findings revealed that ICMT enhanced the formation of invadopodia. Additionally, by analyzing cancer patient databases, we found that ICMT is overexpressed in several tumor types. Furthermore, the concurrent expression of ICMT and CTTN, which encodes a crucial component of invadopodia, showed a significant correlation with clinical outcome. In summary, our work identifies ICMT overexpression as a relevant alteration in human cancer that promotes the development of metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Borini Etichetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental de Rosario, IFISE, CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
| | - Evelyn Arel Zalazar
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
| | - Carolina Di Benedetto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, CA, 94143, United States.
| | - Nabila Cocordano
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
| | - Sabrina Valente
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, via Giuseppe Campi, 287 41125, Italy.
| | - Mauricio Menacho-Márquez
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
| | - María Cecilia Larocca
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental de Rosario, IFISE, CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
| | - Javier Girardini
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, 2000, Argentina.
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2
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Song X, Liu C, Dhiloo KH, Yi CQ, Zhang TT, Zhang YJ. Functional characterization of a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in the leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22088. [PMID: 38349673 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) as the short-chain prenyltransferases for catalyzing the formation of the acyclic precursor (E)-GGPP has been extensively investigated in mammals, plants, and microbes, but its functional plasticity is poorly understood in insect species. Here, a single GGPPS in leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica, MhieGGPPS, was functionally investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MhieGGPPS was clustered in one clade with homologs and had six conserved motifs. Molecular docking results indicated that binding sites of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), (E)-geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), and (E)-farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) were in the chain-length determination region of MhieGGPPS, respectively. In vitro, recombiant MhieGGPPS could catalyze the formation of (E)-geranylgeraniol against different combinations of substrates including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)/DMAPP, IPP/(E)-GPP, and IPP/(E)-FPP, suggesting that MhieGGPPS could not only use (E)-FPP but also (E)-GPP and DMAPP as the allylic cosubstrates. In kinetic analysis, the (E)-FPP was most tightly bound to MhieGGPPS than that of others. It was proposed that MhieGGPPS as a multifunctional enzyme is differentiated from the other GGPPSs in the animals and plants, which only accepted (E)-FPP as the allylic cosubstrate. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the functional plasticity of GGPPS in M. hieroglyphica and the novel biosynthesis mechanism in the isoprenoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Khalid H Dhiloo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Chao-Qun Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Liu J, Liang P. Complexation and evolution of cis-prenyltransferase homologues in Cinnamomum kanehirae deduced from kinetic and functional characterizations. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4828. [PMID: 37916302 PMCID: PMC10661081 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthases (DHDDSs), cis-prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) synthesizing precursors of dolichols to mediate glycoprotein biosynthesis require partners, for eample Nus1 in yeast and NgBR in animals, which are cis-PTs homologues without activity but to boost the DHDDSs activity. Unlike animals, plants have multiple cis-PT homologues to pair or stand alone to produce various chain-length products with less known physiological roles. We chose Cinnamomum kanehirae, a tree that contains two DHDDS-like and three NgBR-like proteins from genome analysis, and found that one DHDDS-like protein acted as a homodimeric cis-PT to make a medium-chain C55 product, while the other formed heterodimeric complexes with either one of two NgBR homologues to produce longer-chain products. Both complexes were functional to complement the growth defect of the yeast rer2 deficient strain at a higher temperature. From the roles for the polyprenol and dolichol biosynthesis and sequence motifs, their homologues in various species were compared to reveal their possible evolutionary paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Jin Liu
- Institute of Biochemical SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Po‐Huang Liang
- Institute of Biochemical SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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4
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Flores L, Shene C, Asenjo JA, Chisti Y. Coenzyme Q in Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16: Effect of the Medium Composition. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:586. [PMID: 37999410 PMCID: PMC10672569 DOI: 10.3390/md21110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ; ubiquinone) is an essential component of the respiratory chain. It is also a potent antioxidant that prevents oxidative damage to DNA, biological membranes, and lipoproteins. CoQ comprises a six-carbon ring with polar substituents that interact with electron acceptors and donors, and a hydrophobic polyisoprenoid chain that allows for its localization in cellular membranes. Human CoQ has 10 isoprenoid units (CoQ10) within the polyisoprenoid chain. Few microorganisms produce CoQ10. This work shows that Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16 produces CoQ10 and CoQ9. The CoQ10 content in RT2316-16 depended strongly on the composition of the growth medium and the age of the culture, whereas the CoQ9 content was less variable probably because it served a different function in the cell. Adding p-hydroxybenzoic acid to the culture media positively influenced the CoQ10 content of the cell. The absence of some B vitamins and p-aminobenzoic acid in the culture medium negatively affected the growth of RT2316-16, but reduced the decline in CoQ10 that otherwise occurred during growth. The highest content of CoQ9 and CoQ10 in the biomass were 855 μg g-1 and 10 mg g-1, respectively. The results presented here suggest that the thraustochytrid RT2316-16 can be a potential vehicle for producing CoQ10. Metabolic signals that trigger the synthesis of CoQ10 in RT2316-16 need to be determined for optimizing culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liset Flores
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Carolina Shene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Juan A. Asenjo
- Centre for Biotechnoloy and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370459, Chile;
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia;
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Yu H, Chen B, Li J, Dong N, Chang X, Wang J, Peng H, Zha L, Gui S. Identification and functional characterization of two trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthases and one squalene synthase involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus. PLANTA 2023; 258:115. [PMID: 37943378 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Two trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthase and one squalene synthase genes were identified and proved to be involved in the triterpenoid biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus. Platycodon grandiflorus is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. The main bioactive compounds of P. grandiflorus are triterpenoid saponins. The biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins in P. grandiflorus has been preliminarily explored. However, limited functional information on related genes has been reported. A total of three trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthases (trans-IDSs) genes (PgFPPS, PgGGPPS1 and PgGGPPS2) and one squalene synthase (SQS) gene (PgSQS) in P. grandiflorus were screened and identified from transcriptome dataset. Subcellular localization of the proteins was defined based on the analysis of GFP-tagged. The activity of genes was verified in Escherichia coli, demonstrating that recombinant PgFPPS catalysed the production of farnesyl diphosphate. PgGGPPS1 produced geranylgeranyl diphosphate, whereas PgGGPPS2 did not exhibit catalytic activity. By structural identification of encoding genes, a transmembrane region was found at the C-terminus of the PgSQS gene, which produced an insoluble protein when expressed in E. coli but showed no apparent effect on the enzyme function. Furthermore, some triterpenoid saponin synthesis-related genes were discovered by combining the component content and the gene expression assays at the five growth stages of P. grandiflorus seedlings. The accumulation of active components in P. grandiflorus was closely associated with the expression level of genes related to the synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Nan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiangwei Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jutao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU057), National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China.
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Bitter J, Pfeiffer M, Borg AJE, Kuhlmann K, Pavkov-Keller T, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Nidetzky B. Enzymatic β-elimination in natural product O- and C-glycoside deglycosylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7123. [PMID: 37932298 PMCID: PMC10628242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of natural product glycosides involves, alongside hydrolysis, β-elimination for glycosidic bond cleavage. Here, we discover an O-glycoside β-eliminase (OGE) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens that converts the C3-oxidized O-β-D-glucoside of phloretin (a plant-derived flavonoid) into the aglycone and the 2-hydroxy-3-keto-glycal elimination product. While unrelated in sequence, OGE is structurally homologous to, and shows effectively the same Mn2+ active site as, the C-glycoside deglycosylating enzyme (CGE) from a human intestinal bacterium implicated in β-elimination of 3-keto C-β-D-glucosides. We show that CGE catalyzes β-elimination of 3-keto O- and C-β-D-glucosides while OGE is specific for the O-glycoside substrate. Substrate comparisons and mutagenesis for CGE uncover positioning of aglycone for protonic assistance by the enzyme as critically important for C-glycoside cleavage. Collectively, our study suggests convergent evolution of active site for β-elimination of 3-keto O-β-D-glucosides. C-Glycoside cleavage is a specialized feature of this active site which is elicited by substrate through finely tuned enzyme-aglycone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bitter
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Annika J E Borg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kirill Kuhlmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Pedro A Sánchez-Murcia
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingstalstraße 6/III, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Bang SG, Joeng WT, Hyun TK. Gibberellic acid 3 enhanced the anticancer activity of Abeliophyllum distichum adventitious roots by activating the diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37820039 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2266169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The industrial value of various plants has been improved through the of plant cell culture systems with elicitation. In this study, the adventitious root of Abeliophyllum distichum (AdAR) was treated with gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) to improve its anticancer property. The hexane fraction of the GA3-treated A. distichum adventitious root exhibited a stronger cytotoxic activity against A549 cells than the hexane fraction of AdAR. Through GC/MS and principal component analysis, we identified ferruginol and sugiol as anticancer compounds, which were induced by GA3 treatment in AdAR. Gene expression analysis combined with functional characterisation suggests that the GA3 treatment increased the transcription of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases and copalyl diphosphate synthase, which led to the accumulation of diterpenoids, including ferruginol and sugiol. Overall, these findings can contribute to the advancement of metabolic engineering for enhancing the biosynthesis of active diterpenoids, and facilitate the large-scale production of bioactive compounds sourced from A. distichum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Gun Bang
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Joeng
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Martin A, Dierlamm N, Zocher G, Li SM. A basidomycetous hydroxynaphthalene-prenylating enzyme exhibits promiscuity toward prenyl donors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12621-1. [PMID: 37326682 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fungal prenyltransferase ShPT from Stereum hirsutum was believed to prenylate 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and thereby be involved in the vibralactone biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that hydroxynaphthalenes instead of benzyl alcohol or aldehyde were accepted by ShPT for regular C-prenylation in the presence of both dimethylallyl and geranyl diphosphate. Although the natural substrate of ShPT remains unknown, our results provide one additional prenyltransferase from basidiomycetes, which are less studied, in comparison to those from other sources. Furthermore, this study expands the chemical toolbox for regioselective production of prenylated naphthalene derivatives. KEY POINTS: •Basidiomycetous prenyltransferase •Biochemical characterization •A DMATS prenyltransferase prenylating hydroxynaphthalene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Martin
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nele Dierlamm
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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9
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Song X, Qin YG, Zhang YH, Zhou YB, Li ZX. Farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases regulate the biosynthesis of alarm pheromone in a unique manner in the vetch aphid Megoura viciae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:229-239. [PMID: 36533988 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (FPPS/GGPPS) as the short-chain prenyltransferases catalyse the formation of the acyclic precursors (E)-FPP and (E)-GGPP for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Here, we first cloned the cDNAs encoding FPPS and GGPPS in the vetch aphid Megoura viciae (designated as MvFPPS and MvGGPPS). They had an open reading frame of 1185 and 930 bp in length, encoding 395 and 309 amino acids, with a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.52 and 6.21, respectively. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that MvFPPS and MvGGPPS shared the conserved aspartate-rich motifs characterized by all prenyltransferases identified to date and were clustered with their homologues in two large clades. RNA interference (RNAi) combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that both MvFPPS and MvGGPPS were involved in the biosynthesis of alarm pheromone. Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed that the expression of MvFPPS and MvGGPPS was significantly higher in embryos than in other tissues. RNAi and GC-MS performed specifically in embryos corroborated the function of MvFPPS and MvGGPPS. In vitro, enzymatic activity assay and product analysis demonstrated that MvFPPS could catalysed the formation of (E)-FPP using DMAPP or (E)-GPP as the allylic cosubstrates in the presence of IPP, while MvGGPPS could only use (E)-GPP or (E)-FPP as cosubstrates. Functional interaction analysis using RNAi revealed that MvGGPPS exerts unidirectional functional compensation for MvFPPS. Moreover, it can regulate the biosynthesis of alarm pheromone by imposing a negative feedback regulation on MvFPPS. Our study helps to understand the molecular regulatory mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Song
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Guo Qin
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Han Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Bei Zhou
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Jiang H, Wang X. Biosynthesis of monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid as natural flavors and fragrances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108151. [PMID: 37037288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large class of plant-derived compounds, that constitute the main components of essential oils and are widely used as natural flavors and fragrances. The biosynthesis approach presents a promising alternative route in terpenoid production compared to plant extraction or chemical synthesis. In the past decade, the production of terpenoids using biotechnology has attracted broad attention from both academia and the industry. With the growing market of flavor and fragrance, the production of terpenoids directed by synthetic biology shows great potential in promoting future market prospects. Here, we reviewed the latest advances in terpenoid biosynthesis. The engineering strategies for biosynthetic terpenoids were systematically summarized from the enzyme, metabolic, and cellular dimensions. Additionally, we analyzed the key challenges from laboratory production to scalable production, such as key enzyme improvement, terpenoid toxicity, and volatility loss. To provide comprehensive technical guidance, we collected milestone examples of biosynthetic mono- and sesquiterpenoids, compared the current application status of chemical synthesis and biosynthesis in terpenoid production, and discussed the cost drivers based on the data of techno-economic assessment. It is expected to provide critical insights into developing translational research of terpenoid biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China.
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11
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Wang L, Chen Z, Chen D, Kan B, He Y, Cai H. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase promotes cell proliferation by regulating gene expression and alternative splicing profiles in HeLa cells. Oncol Lett 2023; 25:145. [PMID: 36936029 PMCID: PMC10018273 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS), an essential enzyme involved in the mevalonate pathway, is implicated in various diseases, including multiple types of cancer. As an RNA-binding protein (RBP), FDPS is also involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. However, to the best of our knowledge, transcriptome-wide targets of FDPS still remain unknown. In the present study, FDPS expression patterns in pan-cancer were analyzed. In addition, it was investigated how FDPS overexpression (FDPS-OE) regulates the transcriptome in HeLa cells. FDPS-OE increased the proliferation rate in HeLa cells by MTT assay. Using transcriptome-wide high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, it was found that FDPS upregulated the expression levels of genes enriched in cell proliferation and extracellular matrix organization, including the laminin subunit γ2, interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 and matrix metallopeptidase 19 genes. According to alternative splicing (AS) analysis, FDPS modulated the splicing patterns of the bone morphogenic protein 1, semaphorin 4D, annexin A2 and sirtuin 2 genes, which are enriched in the cell cycle and DNA repair, and are related to cell proliferation. To corroborate the FDPS-regulated transcriptome findings, FDPS was overexpressed in human osteosarcoma cells. Differentially expressed genes and regulated AS genes in the cells were both validated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The results suggested that, as an emerging RBP, FDPS may serve an important role in transcriptome profiles by altering gene expression and regulating AS. FDPS also affected the cell proliferation rate. These findings broaden the understanding of the molecular functions of FDPS, and the potential of FDPS as a target in therapy should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- ABLife BioBigData Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- ABLife BioBigData Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, P.R. China
| | - Bo Kan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yangfang He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hanqing Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Hanqing Cai, Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China, E-mail:
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12
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Sun Q, He L, Sun L, Xu HY, Fu YQ, Sun ZY, Zhu BQ, Duan CQ, Pan QH. Identification of SNP loci and candidate genes genetically controlling norisoprenoids in grape berry based on genome-wide association study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142139. [PMID: 36938056 PMCID: PMC10014734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining new grapevine varieties with unique aromas has been a long-standing goal of breeders. Norisoprenoids are of particular interest to wine producers and researchers, as these compounds are responsible for the important varietal aromas in wine, characterized by a complex floral and fruity smell, and are likely present in all grape varieties. However, the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and candidate genes genetically controlling the norisoprenoid content in grape berry remain unknown. To this end, in this study, we investigated 13 norisoprenoid traits across two years in an F1 population consisting of 149 individuals from a hybrid of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Muscat Alexandria and V. vinifera L. cv. Christmas Rose. Based on 568,953 SNP markers, genome-wide association analysis revealed that 27 candidate SNP loci belonging to 18 genes were significantly associated with the concentrations of norisoprenoid components in grape berry. Among them, 13 SNPs were confirmed in a grapevine germplasm population comprising 97 varieties, including two non-synonymous mutations SNPs within the VvDXS1 and VvGGPPS genes, respectively in the isoprenoid metabolic pathway. Genotype analysis showed that the grapevine individuals with the heterozygous genotype C/T at chr5:2987350 of VvGGPPS accumulated higher average levels of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and β-cyclocitral than those with the homozygous genotype C/C. Furthermore, VvGGPPS was highly expressed in individuals with high norisoprenoids concentrations. Transient overexpression of VvGGPPS in the leaves of Vitis quinquangularis and tobacco resulted in an increase in norisoprenoid concentrations. These findings indicate the importance of VvGGPPS in the genetic control of norisoprenoids in grape berries, serving as a potential molecular breeding target for aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Lei He
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Xu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Qun Fu
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Sun
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Qing Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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13
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Schmitt I, Meyer F, Krahn I, Henke NA, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF. From Aquaculture to Aquaculture: Production of the Fish Feed Additive Astaxanthin by Corynebacterium glutamicum Using Aquaculture Sidestream. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041996. [PMID: 36838984 PMCID: PMC9958746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular economy holds great potential to minimize the use of finite resources, and reduce waste formation by the creation of closed-loop systems. This also pertains to the utilization of sidestreams in large-scale biotechnological processes. A flexible feedstock concept has been established for the industrially relevant Corynebacterium glutamicum, which naturally synthesizes the yellow C50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin. In this study, we aimed to use a preprocessed aquaculture sidestream for production of carotenoids, including the fish feed ingredient astaxanthin by C. glutamicum. The addition of a preprocessed aquaculture sidestream to the culture medium did not inhibit growth, obviated the need for addition of several components of the mineral salt's medium, and notably enhanced production of astaxanthin by an engineered C. glutamicum producer strain. Improved astaxanthin production was scaled to 2 L bioreactor fermentations. This strategy to improve astaxanthin production was shown to be transferable to production of several native and non-native carotenoids. Thus, this study provides a proof-of-principle for improving carotenoid production by C. glutamicum upon supplementation of a preprocessed aquaculture sidestream. Moreover, in the case of astaxanthin production it may be a potential component of a circular economy in aquaculture.
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14
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Dong C, Zhang M, Song S, Wei F, Qin L, Fan P, Shi Y, Wang X, Wang R. A Small Subunit of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Functions as an Active Regulator of Carotenoid Synthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020992. [PMID: 36674507 PMCID: PMC9863795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most imperative antioxidants in higher plants, carotenoids serve as accessory pigments to harvest light for photosynthesis and photoprotectors for plants to adapt to high light stress. Here, we report a small subunit (SSU) of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) in Nicotiana tabacum, NtSSU II, which takes part in the regulation carotenoid biosynthesis by forming multiple enzymatic components with NtGGPPS1 and downstream phytoene synthase (NtPSY1). NtSSU II transcript is widely distributed in various tissues and stimulated by low light and high light treatments. The confocal image revealed that NtSSU II was localized in the chloroplast. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) indicated that NtSSU II and NtGGPPS1 formed heterodimers, which were able to interact with phytoene synthase (NtPSY1) to channel GGPP into the carotenoid production. CRISPR/Cas9-induced ntssu II mutant exhibited decreased leaf area and biomass, along with a decline in carotenoid and chlorophyll accumulation. Moreover, the genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were also downregulated in transgenic plants of ntssu II mutant. Taken together, the newly identified NtSSU II could form multiple enzymatic components with NtGGPPS1 and NtPSY1 to regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in N. tabacum, in addition to the co-expression of genes in carotenoids biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lili Qin
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Puqing Fan
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongchun Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Han X, Li C, Sun S, Ji J, Nie B, Maker G, Ren Y, Wang L. The chromosome-level genome of female ginseng (Angelica sinensis) provides insights into molecular mechanisms and evolution of coumarin biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1224-1237. [PMID: 36259135 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coumarins are natural products with important medicinal values, and include simple coumarins, furanocoumarins and pyranocoumarins. Female ginseng (Angelica sinensis) is a renowned herb with abundant coumarins, originated in China and known for the treatment of female ailments for thousands of years. The molecular basis of simple coumarin biosynthesis in A. sinensis and the evolutionary history of the genes involved in furanocoumarin biosynthesis are largely unknown. Here, we generated the first chromosome-scale genome of A. sinensis. It has a genome size of 2.37 Gb, which was generated by combining PacBio and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The genome was predicted to contain 43 202 protein-coding genes dispersed mainly on 11 pseudochromosomes. We not only provided evidence for whole-genome duplication (WGD) specifically occurring in the Apioideae subfamily, but also demonstrated the vital role of tandem duplication for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in A. sinensis. Combined analyses of transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed key genes and candidate transcription factors regulating simple coumarin biosynthesis. Furthermore, phylogenomic synteny network analyses suggested prenyltransferase genes involved in furanocoumarin biosynthesis evolved independently in the Moraceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Apiaceae after ζ and ε WGD. Our work sheds light on coumarin biosynthesis, and provides a benchmark for accelerating genetic research and molecular breeding in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Han
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 6150, Western Australia, Murdoch, 90 South Street, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shichao Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bao Nie
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Garth Maker
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 6150, Western Australia, Murdoch, 90 South Street, Australia
| | - Yonglin Ren
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 6150, Western Australia, Murdoch, 90 South Street, Australia
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 528200, Foshan, China
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16
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Zhang DC, Luo LL, Wang ZR, Xu WJ, Li JL, Tan ST, Wu JH, Li Y, Zhang C, Liang C, Wang XY. SmDXS5, acting as a molecular valve, plays a key regulatory role in the primary and secondary metabolism of tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043761. [PMID: 36438137 PMCID: PMC9685628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Red sage, the dry root and rhizome of the herbaceous plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is widely used for treating various diseases. The low content of tanshinones (terpenoids) has always restricted development of the S. miltiorrhiza industry. Here, we found that SmDXS5, a rate-limiting enzyme-coding gene located at the intersection of primary and secondary metabolism, can effectively change the transcription level and secondary metabolome profile of hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza, and significantly increase the content of tanshinones. Agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to infuse S. miltiorrhiza explants, and hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza expressing the SmDXS5 gene were obtained successfully. We identified 39 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) by metabolomics based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole exactive mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics. These DAMs might be key metabolites of SmDXS5 gene regulation. RNA sequencing was used to compare gene expression between the hairy roots of the SmDXS5 overexpressing group and the blank control (BC) group. Compared with the BC group, 18,646 differentially expressed genes were obtained: 8994 were upregulated and 9,652 downregulated. The combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways and synthase gene expression levels in the SmDXS5 overexpressing group were upregulated significantly, and the accumulation of tanshinone components was increased significantly, which promoted the process of glycolysis and promoted the transformation of carbohydrates to secondary metabolism. Moreover, the expression of SmPAL, the first rate-limiting enzyme gene of the phenylpropane pathway, decreased, reducing the accumulation of phenolic acid, another secondary metabolite. Therefore, SmDXS5 can be defined as a 'valve' gene, mainly responsible for regulating the distribution of primary and secondary metabolic flow of tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza, and for other secondary metabolic pathways. The discovery of SmDXS5 and its molecular valve function in regulating primary and secondary metabolism will provide a basis for the industrial production of tanshinone components, and cultivation of high quality S. miltiorrhiza.
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17
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Satta A, Esquirol L, Ebert BE, Newman J, Peat TS, Plan M, Schenk G, Vickers CE. Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial short-chain prenyltransferases and discovery of a novel GGPP phosphatase. FEBS J 2022; 289:6672-6693. [PMID: 35704353 PMCID: PMC9796789 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with strong potential to be used for industrial terpenoid production. However, the key enzymes forming the principal terpenoid building blocks, called short-chain prenyltransferases (SPTs), are insufficiently characterized. Here, we examined SPTs in the model cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC 7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Each species has a single putative SPT (SeCrtE and SyCrtE, respectively). Sequence analysis identified these as type-II geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases (GGPPSs) with high homology to GGPPSs found in the plastids of green plants and other photosynthetic organisms. In vitro analysis demonstrated that SyCrtE is multifunctional, producing geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP; C20 ) primarily but also significant amounts of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP, C15 ) and geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C10 ); whereas SeCrtE appears to produce only GGPP. The crystal structures were solved to 2.02 and 1.37 Å, respectively, and the superposition of the structures against the GGPPS of Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC 7002 yield a root mean square deviation of 0.8 Å (SeCrtE) and 1.1 Å (SyCrtE). We also discovered that SeCrtE is co-encoded in an operon with a functional GGPP phosphatase, suggesting metabolic pairing of these two activities and a putative function in tocopherol biosynthesis. This work sheds light on the activity of SPTs and terpenoid synthesis in cyanobacteria. Understanding native prenyl phosphate metabolism is an important step in developing approaches to engineering the production of different chain-length terpenoids in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Satta
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and BiotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia,CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science PlatformBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanAustralia
| | - Birgitta E. Ebert
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and BiotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Janet Newman
- CSIRO Biomedical ProgramParkvilleAustralia,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonAustralia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical ProgramParkvilleAustralia,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonAustralia
| | - Manuel Plan
- Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and BiotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia,School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia,Sustainable Minerals InstituteThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Claudia E. Vickers
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science PlatformBrisbaneAustralia,Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanAustralia,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
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18
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Sleda MA, Li ZH, Behera R, Baierna B, Li C, Jumpathong J, Malwal SR, Kawamukai M, Oldfield E, Moreno SNJ. The Heptaprenyl Diphosphate Synthase (Coq1) Is the Target of a Lipophilic Bisphosphonate That Protects Mice against Toxoplasma gondii Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0196622. [PMID: 36129297 PMCID: PMC9600589 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01966-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenyldiphosphate synthases catalyze the reaction of allylic diphosphates with one or more isopentenyl diphosphate molecules to form compounds such as farnesyl diphosphate, used in, e.g., sterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation, as well as longer "polyprenyl" diphosphates, used in ubiquinone and menaquinone biosynthesis. Quinones play an essential role in electron transport and are associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane due to the presence of the polyprenyl group. In this work, we investigated the synthesis of the polyprenyl diphosphate that alkylates the ubiquinone ring precursor in Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious disease in immunocompromised patients and the unborn fetus. The enzyme that catalyzes this early step of the ubiquinone synthesis is Coq1 (TgCoq1), and we show that it produces the C35 species heptaprenyl diphosphate. TgCoq1 localizes to the mitochondrion and is essential for in vitro T. gondii growth. We demonstrate that the growth defect of a T. gondii TgCoq1 mutant is rescued by complementation with a homologous TgCoq1 gene or with a (C45) solanesyl diphosphate synthase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcSPPS). We find that a lipophilic bisphosphonate (BPH-1218) inhibits T. gondii growth at low-nanomolar concentrations, while overexpression of the TgCoq1 enzyme dramatically reduced growth inhibition by the bisphosphonate. Both the severe growth defect of the mutant and the inhibition by BPH-1218 were rescued by supplementation with a long-chain (C30) ubiquinone (UQ6). Importantly, BPH-1218 also protected mice against a lethal T. gondii infection. TgCoq1 thus represents a potential drug target that could be exploited for improved chemotherapy of toxoplasmosis. IMPORTANCE Millions of people are infected with Toxoplasma gondii, and the available treatment for toxoplasmosis is not ideal. Most of the drugs currently used are only effective for the acute infection, and treatment can trigger serious side effects requiring changes in the therapeutic approach. There is, therefore, a compelling need for safe and effective treatments for toxoplasmosis. In this work, we characterize an enzyme of the mitochondrion of T. gondii that can be inhibited by an isoprenoid pathway inhibitor. We present evidence that demonstrates that inhibition of the enzyme is linked to parasite death. In addition, the inhibitor can protect mice against a lethal dose of T. gondii. Our results thus reveal a promising chemotherapeutic target for the development of new medicines for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Sleda
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhu-Hong Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ranjan Behera
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Baihetiya Baierna
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Catherine Li
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jomkwan Jumpathong
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Satish R. Malwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Silvia N. J. Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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19
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The Biosynthesis Related Enzyme, Structure Diversity and Bioactivity Abundance of Indole-Diterpenes: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206870. [PMID: 36296463 PMCID: PMC9611320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole diterpenes are a large class of secondary metabolites produced by fungi, possessing a cyclic diterpenoid backbone and an indole moiety. Novel structures and important biological activity have made indole diterpenes one of the focuses of synthetic chemists. Although the discovery, identification, structural diversity, biological activity and especially structure–activity relationship of indole diterpenes have been reported in some papers in recent years, they are absent of a systematic and comprehensive analysis, and there is no elucidation of enzymes related to this kind of natural product. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the relevant reports to provide new perspectives for the following research. In this review, for the first time, the function of related synthases and the structure–activity relationship of indole diterpenes are expounded, and the recent research advances of them are emphasized.
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20
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Zhang J, Ma Y, Chen Q, Yang M, Feng D, Zhou F, Wang G, Wang C. Functional Prediction of trans-Prenyltransferases Reveals the Distribution of GFPPSs in Species beyond the Brassicaceae Clade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169471. [PMID: 36012736 PMCID: PMC9409350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the most diverse class of plant primary and specialized metabolites, and trans-prenyltransferases (trans-PTs) are the first branch point to synthesize precursors of various chain lengths for further metabolism. Whereas the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme is known, there is no reliable method for precisely predicting the functions of trans-PTs. With the exponentially increasing number of available trans-PTs genes in public databases, an in silico functional prediction method for this gene family is urgently needed. Here, we present PTS-Pre, a web tool developed on the basis of the “three floors” model, which shows an overall 86% prediction accuracy for 141 experimentally determined trans-PTs. The method was further validated by in vitro enzyme assays for randomly selected trans-PTs. In addition, using this method, we identified nine new GFPPSs from different plants which are beyond the previously reported Brassicaceae clade, suggesting these genes may have occurred via convergent evolution and are more likely lineage-specific. The high accuracy of our blind prediction validated by enzymatic assays suggests that PTS-Pre provides a convenient and reliable method for genome-wide functional prediction of trans-PTs enzymes and will surely benefit the elucidation and metabolic engineering of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yihua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingxia Yang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Deyu Feng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (C.W.)
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21
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de Kok NAW, Driessen AJM. The catalytic and structural basis of archaeal glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. Extremophiles 2022; 26:29. [PMID: 35976526 PMCID: PMC9385802 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-022-01277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Archaeal glycerophospholipids are the main constituents of the cytoplasmic membrane in the archaeal domain of life and fundamentally differ in chemical composition compared to bacterial phospholipids. They consist of isoprenyl chains ether-bonded to glycerol-1-phosphate. In contrast, bacterial glycerophospholipids are composed of fatty acyl chains ester-bonded to glycerol-3-phosphate. This largely domain-distinguishing feature has been termed the “lipid-divide”. The chemical composition of archaeal membranes contributes to the ability of archaea to survive and thrive in extreme environments. However, ether-bonded glycerophospholipids are not only limited to extremophiles and found also in mesophilic archaea. Resolving the structural basis of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis is a key objective to provide insights in the early evolution of membrane formation and to deepen our understanding of the molecular basis of extremophilicity. Many of the glycerophospholipid enzymes are either integral membrane proteins or membrane-associated, and hence are intrinsically difficult to study structurally. However, in recent years, the crystal structures of several key enzymes have been solved, while unresolved enzymatic steps in the archaeal glycerophospholipid biosynthetic pathway have been clarified providing further insights in the lipid-divide and the evolution of early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels A W de Kok
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Eggbauer B, Schrittwieser JH, Kerschbaumer B, Macheroux P, Kroutil W. Regioselective Biocatalytic C4-Prenylation of Unprotected Tryptophan Derivatives. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200311. [PMID: 35770709 PMCID: PMC9540666 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective carbon−carbon bond formation belongs to the challenging tasks in organic synthesis. In this context, C−C bond formation catalyzed by 4‐dimethylallyltryptophan synthases (4‐DMATSs) represents a possible tool to regioselectively synthesize C4‐prenylated indole derivatives without site‐specific preactivation and circumventing the need of protection groups as used in chemical synthetic approaches. In this study, a toolbox of 4‐DMATSs to produce a set of 4‐dimethylallyl tryptophan and indole derivatives was identified. Using three wild‐type enzymes as well as variants, various C5‐substituted tryptophan derivatives as well as N‐methyl tryptophan were successfully prenylated with conversions up to 90 %. Even truncated tryptophan derivatives like tryptamine and 3‐indole propanoic acid were regioselectively prenylated in position C4. The acceptance of C5‐substituted tryptophan derivatives was improved up to 5‐fold by generating variants (e. g. T108S). The feasibility of semi‐preparative prenylation of selected tryptophan derivatives was successfully demonstrated on 100 mg scale at 15 mM substrate concentration, allowing to reduce the previously published multistep chemical synthetic sequence to just a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eggbauer
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- University of Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, AUSTRIA
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23
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Amiri Moghaddam J, Guo H, Willing K, Wichard T, Beemelmanns C. Identification of the new prenyltransferase Ubi-297 from marine bacteria and elucidation of its substrate specificity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:722-731. [PMID: 35821696 PMCID: PMC9235831 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic prenylated metabolites have important biological roles and activities in all living organisms. Compared to their importance in all domains of life, we know relatively little about their substrate scopes and metabolic functions. Here, we describe a new UbiA-like prenyltransferase (Ptase) Ubi-297 encoded in a conserved operon of several bacterial taxa, including marine Flavobacteria and the genus Sacchromonospora. In silico analysis of Ubi-297 homologs indicated that members of this Ptase group are composed of several transmembrane α-helices and carry a conserved and distinct aspartic-rich Mg2+-binding domain. We heterologously produced UbiA-like Ptases from the bacterial genera Maribacter, Zobellia, and Algoriphagus in Escherichia coli. Investigation of their substrate scope uncovered the preferential farnesylation of quinoline derivatives, such as 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8-HQA) and quinaldic acid. The results of this study provide new insights into the abundance and diversity of Ptases in marine Flavobacteria and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Amiri Moghaddam
- Chemical Biology Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Chemical Biology Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Willing
- Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Biochemistry of Microbial Metabolism, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21–23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Srivastava Y, Tripathi S, Mishra B, Sangwan NS. Cloning and homologous characterization of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) from Withania somnifera revealed alterations in metabolic flux towards gibberellic acid biosynthesis. PLANTA 2022; 256:4. [PMID: 35648276 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of a novel geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (WsGGPPS) in planta resulted in increased levels of gibberellic acid and decrease in withanolide content. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, the herb from family Solanaceae is one of the most treasured medicinal plant used in traditional medicinal systems owing to its unique stockpile of pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies in this plant were well established, but the genes affecting the regulation of biosynthesis of major metabolites were not well elucidated. In this study cloning and functional characterization of a key enzyme in terpenoid biosynthetic pathway viz. geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.29) gene from Withania somnifera was performed. The full length WsGGPPS gene contained 1,104 base pairs that encode a polypeptide of 365 amino acids. The quantitative expression analysis suggested that WsGGPPS transcripts were expressed maximally in flower tissues followed by berry tissues. The expression levels of WsGGPPS were found to be regulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA). Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic studies suggested that WsGGPPS had close similarities with GGPPS of Solanum tuberosum and Solanum pennellii. The structural analysis provided basic information about three dimensional features and physicochemical parameters of WsGGPPS protein. Overexpression of WsGGPPS in planta for its functional characterization suggested that the WsGGPPS was involved in gibberellic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashdeep Srivastava
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | | | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
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25
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Giladi M, Lisnyansky Bar-El M, Vaňková P, Ferofontov A, Melvin E, Alkaderi S, Kavan D, Redko B, Haimov E, Wiener R, Man P, Haitin Y. Structural basis for long-chain isoprenoid synthesis by cis-prenyltransferases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1171. [PMID: 35584224 PMCID: PMC9116609 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are synthesized by the prenyltransferase superfamily, which is subdivided according to the product stereoisomerism and length. In short- and medium-chain isoprenoids, product length correlates with active site volume. However, enzymes synthesizing long-chain products and rubber synthases fail to conform to this paradigm, because of an unexpectedly small active site. Here, we focused on the human cis-prenyltransferase complex (hcis-PT), residing at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and playing a crucial role in protein glycosylation. Crystallographic investigation of hcis-PT along the reaction cycle revealed an outlet for the elongating product. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis showed that the hydrophobic active site core is flanked by dynamic regions consistent with separate inlet and outlet orifices. Last, using a fluorescence substrate analog, we show that product elongation and membrane association are closely correlated. Together, our results support direct membrane insertion of the elongating isoprenoid during catalysis, uncoupling active site volume from product length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Giladi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Michal Lisnyansky Bar-El
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Pavla Vaňková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BioCeV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Alisa Ferofontov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Emelia Melvin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Suha Alkaderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel Kavan
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BioCeV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Redko
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Elvira Haimov
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Reuven Wiener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BioCeV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Yoni Haitin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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26
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Nagel R, Hammerbacher A, Kunert G, Phillips MA, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Bark Beetle Attack History Does Not Influence the Induction of Terpene and Phenolic Defenses in Mature Norway Spruce ( Picea abies) Trees by the Bark Beetle-Associated Fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892907. [PMID: 35599904 PMCID: PMC9120863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and phenolics are important constitutive and inducible conifer defenses against bark beetles and their associated fungi. In this study, the inducible defenses of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with different histories of attack by the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus were tested by inoculation with the I. typographus-associated fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. We compared trees that had been under previous attack with those under current attack and those that had no record of attack. After fungal inoculation, the concentrations of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes in bark increased 3- to 9-fold. For the phenolics, the flavan-3-ols, catechin, and gallocatechin, increased significantly by 2- and 5-fold, respectively, while other flavonoids and stilbenes did not. The magnitudes of these inductions were not influenced by prior bark beetle attack history for all the major compounds and compound classes measured. Before fungal inoculation, the total amounts of monoterpenes, diterpenes, and phenolics (constitutive defenses) were greater in trees that had been previously attacked compared to those under current attack, possibly a result of previous induction. The transcript levels of many genes involved in terpene formation (isoprenyl diphosphate synthases and terpene synthases) and phenolic formation (chalcone synthases) were significantly enhanced by fungal inoculation suggesting de novo biosynthesis. Similar inductions were found for the enzymatic activity of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases and the concentration of their prenyl diphosphate products after fungal inoculation. Quantification of defense hormones revealed a significant induction of the jasmonate pathway, but not the salicylic acid pathway after fungal inoculation. Our data highlight the coordinated induction of terpenes and phenolics in spruce upon infection by E. polonica, a fungal associate of the bark beetle I. typographus, but provide no evidence for the priming of these defense responses by prior beetle attack.
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27
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Gajurel G, Nopo-Olazabal L, Hendrix E, Medina-Bolivar F. Production and Secretion of Isowighteone in Hairy Root Cultures of Pigeon Pea ( Cajanus cajan) Co-Treated with Multiple Elicitors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060834. [PMID: 35336716 PMCID: PMC8951554 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Isowighteone (3’-isoprenyl genistein) is a prenylated stilbenoid derivative that exhibits neuroprotective, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. To establish a bioproduction system for this bioactive compound, hairy root cultures of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) were developed via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The cultures were co-treated with methyl jasmonate, cyclodextrin, hydrogen peroxide, and magnesium chloride to enhance the production of isowighteone. The amount of isowighteone that accumulated in the culture medium upon elicitation varied with the period of elicitation. Isowighteone was purified from extracts of the culture medium by semi-preparative HPLC, and its identity was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. After 144 h of elicitation in 12-day-old hairy root culture, the total yield of isowighteone was 8058.618 ± 445.78 μg/g DW, of which approximately 96% was found in the culture medium. The yield of isowighteone in the elicited hairy root culture was approximately 277-fold higher than in the non-elicited root culture. The difference between the phenotypes of the elicited and non-elicited pigeon pea hairy roots was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The non-elicited hairy roots had uniform surfaces whereas the elicited roots had non-uniform shapes. Pigeon pea hairy roots provide a sustainable platform for producing and studying the biosynthesis of isowighteone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Gajurel
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (G.G.); (L.N.-O.); (E.H.)
- Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Luis Nopo-Olazabal
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (G.G.); (L.N.-O.); (E.H.)
| | - Emily Hendrix
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (G.G.); (L.N.-O.); (E.H.)
| | - Fabricio Medina-Bolivar
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA; (G.G.); (L.N.-O.); (E.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-87-0680-4319
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28
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Sompiyachoke K, Nagasaka A, Ito T, Hemmi H. Identification and biochemical characterization of a heteromeric cis-prenyltransferase from the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. J Biochem 2022; 171:641-651. [PMID: 35195245 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (cPTs) form linear polyprenyl pyrophosphates, the precursors of polyprenyl or dolichyl phosphates that are essential for cell function in all living organisms. Polyprenyl phosphate serves as a sugar-carrier for pesptidoglycan cell wall synthesis in bacteria, a role which dolichyl phosphate performs analogously for protein glycosylation in eukaryotes and archaea. Bacterial cPTs are characterized by their homodimeric structure, while cPTs from eukaryotes usually require two distantly homologous subunits for enzymatic activity. This study identifies the subunits of heteromeric cPT, Af1219 and Af0707, from a thermophilic sulfur-reducing archaeon, Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Both subunits are indispensable for cPT activity, and their protein-protein interactions were demonstrated by a pulldown assay. Gel filtration chromatography and chemical cross-linking experiments suggest that Af1219 and Af0707 likely form a heterotetramer complex. Although this expected subunit composition agrees with a reported heterotetrameric structure of human hCIT/NgBR cPT complex, the similarity of the quaternary structures is likely a result of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Sompiyachoke
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-8601, Japan
| | - Arisa Nagasaka
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-8601, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ito
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hemmi
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-8601, Japan
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29
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Bader CD, Panter F, Garcia R, Tchesnokov EP, Haid S, Walt C, Spröer C, Kiefer AF, Götte M, Overmann J, Pietschmann T, Müller R. Sandacrabins - Structurally Unique Antiviral RNA Polymerase Inhibitors from a Rare Myxobacterium. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104484. [PMID: 34990513 PMCID: PMC9306752 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structure elucidation and total synthesis of five unprecedented terpenoid‐alkaloids, the sandacrabins, are reported, alongside with the first description of their producing organism Sandaracinus defensii MSr10575, which expands the Sandaracineae family by only its second member. The genome sequence of S. defensii as presented in this study was utilized to identify enzymes responsible for sandacrabin formation, whereby dimethylbenzimidazol, deriving from cobalamin biosynthesis, was identified as key intermediate. Biological activity profiling revealed that all sandacrabins except congener A exhibit potent antiviral activity against the human pathogenic coronavirus HCoV229E in the three digit nanomolar range. Investigation of the underlying mode of action discloses that the sandacrabins inhibit the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase complex, highlighting them as structurally distinct non‐nucleoside RNA synthesis inhibitors. The observed segregation between cell toxicity at higher concentrations and viral inhibition opens the possibility for their medicinal chemistry optimization towards selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal D Bader
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fabian Panter
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz International Lab for anti-infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Egor P Tchesnokov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sibylle Haid
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and, The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Walt
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Inhoffenstraße 7 and German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander F Kiefer
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Inhoffenstraße 7 and German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and, The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz International Lab for anti-infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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30
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Gladysheva IV, Cherkasov SV, Khlopko YA, Plotnikov AO. Genome Characterization and Probiotic Potential of Corynebacterium amycolatum Human Vaginal Isolates. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020249. [PMID: 35208706 PMCID: PMC8878833 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome of healthy women contains nondiphtheria corynebacteria. The role and functions of nondiphtheria corynebacteria in the vaginal biotope are still under study. We sequenced and analysed the genomes of three vaginal C. amycolatum strains isolated from healthy women. Previous studies have shown that these strains produced metabolites that significantly increased the antagonistic activity of peroxide-producing lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms and had strong antimicrobial activity against opportunistic pathogens. Analysis of the C. amycolatum genomes revealed the genes responsible for adaptation and survival in the vaginal environment, including acid and oxidative stress resistance genes. The genes responsible for the production of H2O2 and the synthesis of secondary metabolites, essential amino acids and vitamins were identified. A cluster of genes encoding the synthesis of bacteriocin was revealed in one of the annotated genomes. The obtained results allow us to consider the studied strains as potential probiotics that are capable of preventing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and supporting colonisation resistance in the vaginal biotope.
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Ospina F, Schülke KH, Hammer SC. Biocatalytic Alkylation Chemistry: Building Molecular Complexity with High Selectivity. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100454. [PMID: 34821073 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has traditionally been viewed as a field that primarily enables access to chiral centers. This includes the synthesis of chiral alcohols, amines and carbonyl compounds, often through functional group interconversion via hydrolytic or oxidation-reduction reactions. This limitation is partly being overcome by the design and evolution of new enzymes. Here, we provide an overview of a recently thriving research field that we summarize as biocatalytic alkylation chemistry. In the past 3-4 years, numerous new enzymes have been developed that catalyze sp3 C-C/N/O/S bond formations. These enzymes utilize different mechanisms to generate molecular complexity by coupling simple fragments with high activity and selectivity. In many cases, the engineered enzymes perform reactions that are difficult or impossible to achieve with current small-molecule catalysts such as organocatalysts and transition-metal complexes. This review further highlights that the design of new enzyme function is particularly successful when off-the-shelf synthetic reagents are utilized to access non-natural reactive intermediates. This underscores how biocatalysis is gradually moving to a field that build molecules through selective bond forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ospina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kai H Schülke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Adak S, Moore BS. Cryptic halogenation reactions in natural product biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1760-1774. [PMID: 34676862 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to December 2020Enzymatic halogenation reactions are essential for the production of thousands of halogenated natural products. However, in recent years, scientists discovered several halogenases that transiently incorporate halogen atoms in intermediate biosynthetic molecules to activate them for further chemical reactions such as cyclopropanation, terminal alkyne formation, C-/O-alkylation, biaryl coupling, and C-C rearrangements. In each case, the halogen atom is lost in the course of biosynthesis to the final product and is hence termed "cryptic". In this review, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of cryptic halogenation reactions in natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Adak
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA.
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA. .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Yang Z, Xie C, Zhan T, Li L, Liu S, Huang Y, An W, Zheng X, Huang S. Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of the Trans-Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthases Gene Family in Cinnamomum camphora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:708697. [PMID: 34589098 PMCID: PMC8475955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.708697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trans-isopentenyl diphosphate synthases (TIDSs) genes are known to be important determinants for terpene diversity and the accumulation of terpenoids. The essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora, which is rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other aromatic compounds, has a wide range of pharmacological activities and has therefore attracted considerable interest. However, the TIDS gene family, and its relationship to the camphor tree (C. camphora L. Presl.), has not yet been characterized. In this study, we identified 10 TIDS genes in the genome of the C. camphora borneol chemotype that were unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Synteny analysis revealed that the TIDS gene family in this species likely expanded through segmental duplication events. Furthermore, cis-element analyses demonstrated that C. camphora TIDS (CcTIDS) genes can respond to multiple abiotic stresses. Finally, functional characterization of eight putative short-chain TIDS proteins revealed that CcTIDS3 and CcTIDS9 exhibit farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) activity, while CcTIDS1 and CcTIDS2 encode geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPS). Although, CcTIDS8 and CcTIDS10 were found to be catalytically inactive alone, they were able to bind to each other to form a heterodimeric functional geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) in vitro, and this interaction was confirmed using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that the CcTIDS3, CcTIDS8, CcTIDS9, and CcTIDS10 genes were found to be more active in C. camphora roots as compared to stems and leaves, which were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These novel results provide a foundation for further exploration of the role of the TIDS gene family in camphor trees, and also provide a potential mechanism by which the production of camphor tree essential oil could be increased for pharmacological purposes through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Institute of Medicine and Health, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Systematic mining of fungal chimeric terpene synthases using an efficient precursor-providing yeast chassis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023247118. [PMID: 34257153 PMCID: PMC8307374 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023247118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric terpene synthases, termed PTTSs, are a unique family of enzymes occurring only in fungi. Characterizing PTTSs is challenging due to the complex reactions they catalyze and the structural complexity of their products. Here, by devising an efficient precursor-providing yeast chassis and incorporating a high-throughput automated platform, we identified 34 active PTTSs, which was considerably more than the number of known functional PTTSs. This effective and rapid pipeline can be employed for the characterization of other PTTSs or related terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes. By systematically analyzing the presence/absence of PTTS genes together with phylogenetic analysis, the ancestral PTTS gene was inferred to have undergone duplication and functional divergence, which led to the development of two distinct cyclization mechanisms. Chimeric terpene synthases, which consist of C-terminal prenyltransferase (PT) and N-terminal class I terpene synthase (TS) domains (termed PTTSs here), is unique to fungi and produces structurally diverse di- and sesterterpenes. Prior to this study, 20 PTTSs had been functionally characterized. Our understanding of the origin and functional evolution of PTTS genes is limited. Our systematic search of sequenced fungal genomes among diverse taxa revealed that PTTS genes were restricted to Dikarya. Phylogenetic findings indicated different potential models of the origin and evolution of PTTS genes. One was that PTTS genes originated in the common Dikarya ancestor and then underwent frequent gene loss among various subsequent lineages. To understand their functional evolution, we selected 74 PTTS genes for biochemical characterization in an efficient precursor-providing yeast system employing chassis-based, robot-assisted, high-throughput automatic assembly. We found 34 PTTS genes that encoded active enzymes and collectively produced 24 di- and sesterterpenes. About half of these di- and sesterterpenes were also the products of the 20 known PTTSs, indicating functional conservation, whereas the PTTS products included the previously unknown sesterterpenes, sesterevisene (1), and sesterorbiculene (2), suggesting that a diversity of PTTS products awaits discovery. Separating functional PTTSs into two monophyletic groups implied that an early gene duplication event occurred during the evolution of the PTTS family followed by functional divergence with the characteristics of distinct cyclization mechanisms.
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Computer-Aid Directed Evolution of GPPS and PS Enzymes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6653500. [PMID: 33791370 PMCID: PMC7994089 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6653500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pinene, a natural active monoterpene, is widely used as a flavoring agent, perfume, medicine, and biofuel. Although genetically engineered microorganisms have successfully produced pinene, to date, the biological yield of pinene is much lower than that of semiterpenes (isoprene) and sesquiterpenes (farnesene). In addition to the low heterologous expression of geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) and pinene synthase (PS), cytotoxicity due to accumulation of the monoterpene also limits the production of pinene in microorganisms. In this study, we attempted to use two strategies to increase the biological yield of pinene. By deleting the random coils of GPPS and PS alone or in combination, a strain with a 335% yield increase was obtained. Additionally, upon computer-guided molecular modeling and docking of GPPS with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), its substrate, the key sites located within the catalytic pocket for substrate binding, was predicted. After screening, a strain harboring the T273R mutation of GPPS was selected among a batch of mutations of the key sites with a 154% increase in pinene yield.
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Kajiura H, Yoshizawa T, Tokumoto Y, Suzuki N, Takeno S, Takeno KJ, Yamashita T, Tanaka SI, Kaneko Y, Fujiyama K, Matsumura H, Nakazawa Y. Structure-function studies of ultrahigh molecular weight isoprenes provide key insights into their biosynthesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:215. [PMID: 33594248 PMCID: PMC7887238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plant trans-1,4-prenyltransferases (TPTs) produce ultrahigh molecular weight trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI) with a molecular weight of over 1.0 million. Although plant-derived TPI has been utilized in various industries, its biosynthesis and physiological function(s) are unclear. Here, we identified three novel Eucommia ulmoides TPT isoforms—EuTPT1, 3, and 5, which synthesized TPI in vitro without other components. Crystal structure analysis of EuTPT3 revealed a dimeric architecture with a central hydrophobic tunnel. Mutation of Cys94 and Ala95 on the central hydrophobic tunnel no longer synthesizd TPI, indicating that Cys94 and Ala95 were essential for forming the dimeric architecture of ultralong-chain TPTs and TPI biosynthesis. A spatiotemporal analysis of the physiological function of TPI in E. ulmoides suggested that it is involved in seed development and maturation. Thus, our analysis provides functional and mechanistic insights into TPI biosynthesis and uncovers biological roles of TPI in plants. Kajiura and Yoshizawa et al. identify three new prenyltransferases in the tree Eucommia ulmoides that synthesize exceptionally high molecular weight trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI). Through crystal structure and mutational analyses, they identify key residues required for TPI synthesis and reveal its functional importance in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokumoto
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Shinya Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Kanokwan Jumtee Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamashita
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kaneko
- Yeast Genetic Resources Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Nakazawa
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan. .,Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan.
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37
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38
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Chang HY, Cheng TH, Wang AHJ. Structure, catalysis, and inhibition mechanism of prenyltransferase. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:40-63. [PMID: 33246356 PMCID: PMC7839719 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, represent a large family of natural products composed of five‐carbon isopentenyl diphosphate or its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate as the building blocks. Isoprenoids are structurally and functionally diverse and include dolichols, steroid hormones, carotenoids, retinoids, aromatic metabolites, the isoprenoid side‐chain of ubiquinone, and isoprenoid attached signaling proteins. Productions of isoprenoids are catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as prenyltransferases, such as farnesyltransferases, geranylgeranyltransferases, terpenoid cyclase, squalene synthase, aromatic prenyltransferase, and cis‐ and trans‐prenyltransferases. Because these enzymes are key in cellular processes and metabolic pathways, they are expected to be potential targets in new drug discovery. In this review, six distinct subsets of characterized prenyltransferases are structurally and mechanistically classified, including (1) head‐to‐tail prenyl synthase, (2) head‐to‐head prenyl synthase, (3) head‐to‐middle prenyl synthase, (4) terpenoid cyclase, (5) aromatic prenyltransferase, and (6) protein prenylation. Inhibitors of those enzymes for potential therapies against several diseases are discussed. Lastly, recent results on the structures of integral membrane enzyme, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yang Chang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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You MK, Lee YJ, Yu JS, Ha SH. The Predicted Functional Compartmentation of Rice Terpenoid Metabolism by Trans-Prenyltransferase Structural Analysis, Expression and Localization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8927. [PMID: 33255547 PMCID: PMC7728057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most terpenoids are derived from the basic terpene skeletons of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C10), farnesyl-PP (FPP, C15) and geranylgeranyl-PP (GGPP, C20). The trans-prenyltransferases (PTs) mediate the sequential head-to-tail condensation of an isopentenyl-PP (C5) with allylic substrates. The in silico structural comparative analyses of rice trans-PTs with 136 plant trans-PT genes allowed twelve rice PTs to be identified as GGPS_LSU (OsGGPS1), homomeric G(G)PS (OsGPS) and GGPS_SSU-II (OsGRP) in Group I; two solanesyl-PP synthase (OsSPS2 and 3) and two polyprenyl-PP synthases (OsSPS1 and 4) in Group II; and five FPSs (OsFPS1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) in Group III. Additionally, several residues in "three floors" for the chain length and several essential domains for enzymatic activities specifically varied in rice, potentiating evolutionarily rice-specific biochemical functions of twelve trans-PTs. Moreover, expression profiling and localization patterns revealed their functional compartmentation in rice. Taken together, we propose the predicted topology-based working model of rice PTs with corresponding terpene metabolites: GPP/GGPPs mainly in plastoglobuli, SPPs in stroma, PPPs in cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplast and FPPs in cytosol. Our findings could be suitably applied to metabolic engineering for producing functional terpene metabolites in rice systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung You
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (J.S.Y.)
| | | | | | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (J.S.Y.)
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40
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Abdelmagid WM, Mahmoodi N, Tanner ME. A guanidinium-based inhibitor of a type I isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127577. [PMID: 32979487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An inhibitor bearing a phosphinylphosphonate group appended to a guanidinium functionality was designed to inhibit enzymes that generate carbocations from dimethylallyl diphosphate. When tested against human farnesyl diphosphate synthase the inhibitor bound with high micromolar affinity and did not bind more tightly than an isosteric inhibitor lacking the guanidinium functionality. When tested against the Type I isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase from Escherichia coli, the inhibitor bound with a Ki value of 120 nM, which was 400 times greater than its isosteric counterpart. This strategy of inhibition was much more effective with an enzyme that generates a carbocation that is not stabilized by both resonance and ion pairing, presumably because there is more evolutionary pressure on the enzyme to stabilize the cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Abdelmagid
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Niusha Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Borini Etichetti CM, Arel Zalazar E, Cocordano N, Girardini J. Beyond the Mevalonate Pathway: Control of Post-Prenylation Processing by Mutant p53. Front Oncol 2020; 10:595034. [PMID: 33224889 PMCID: PMC7674641 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.595034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the TP53 gene are among the most frequent alterations in human cancer. Consequently, many tumors show high expression of p53 point mutants, which may acquire novel activities that contribute to develop aggressive tumors. An unexpected aspect of mutant p53 function was uncovered by showing that some mutants can increase the malignant phenotype of tumor cells through alteration of the mevalonate pathway. Among metabolites generated through this pathway, isoprenoids are of particular interest, since they participate in a complex process of posttranslational modification known as prenylation. Recent evidence proposes that mutant p53 also enhances this process through transcriptional activation of ICMT, the gene encoding the methyl transferase responsible for the last step of protein prenylation. In this way, mutant p53 may act at different levels to promote prenylation of key proteins in tumorigenesis, including several members of the RAS and RHO families. Instead, wild type p53 acts in the opposite way, downregulating mevalonate pathway genes and ICMT. This oncogenic circuit also allows to establish potential connections with other metabolic pathways. The demand of acetyl-CoA for the mevalonate pathway may pose limitations in cell metabolism. Likewise, the dependence on S-adenosyl methionine for carboxymethylation, may expose cells to methionine stress. The involvement of protein prenylation in tumor progression offers a novel perspective to understand the antitumoral effects of mevalonate pathway inhibitors, such as statins, and to explore novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Arel Zalazar
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nabila Cocordano
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Javier Girardini
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, IDICER, CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
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Li Y, Wei H, Yang J, Du K, Li J, Zhang Y, Qiu T, Liu Z, Ren Y, Song L, Kang X. High-quality de novo assembly of the Eucommia ulmoides haploid genome provides new insights into evolution and rubber biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:183. [PMID: 33328448 PMCID: PMC7603500 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the acquisition of a high-quality haploid chromosome-scale genome assembly for the first time in a tree species, Eucommia ulmoides, which is known for its rubber biosynthesis and medicinal applications. The assembly was obtained by applying PacBio and Hi-C technologies to a haploid that we specifically generated. Compared to the initial genome release, this one has significantly improved assembly quality. The scaffold N50 (53.15 MB) increased 28-fold, and the repetitive sequence content (520 Mb) increased by 158.24 Mb, whereas the number of gaps decreased from 104,772 to 128. A total of 92.87% of the 26,001 predicted protein-coding genes identified with multiple strategies were anchored to the 17 chromosomes. A new whole-genome duplication event was superimposed on the earlier γ paleohexaploidization event, and the expansion of long terminal repeats contributed greatly to the evolution of the genome. The more primitive rubber biosynthesis of this species, as opposed to that in Hevea brasiliensis, relies on the methylerythritol-phosphate pathway rather than the mevalonate pathway to synthesize isoprenyl diphosphate, as the MEP pathway operates predominantly in trans-polyisoprene-containing leaves and central peels. Chlorogenic acid biosynthesis pathway enzymes were preferentially expressed in leaves rather than in bark. This assembly with higher sequence contiguity can foster not only studies on genome structure and evolution, gene mapping, epigenetic analysis and functional genomics but also efforts to improve E. ulmoides for industrial and medical uses through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental, Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyu Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianjun Song
- Hebei Huayang Fine Seeds and Seedlings Co., Ltd., 054700, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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The santalene synthase from Cinnamomum camphora: Reconstruction of a sesquiterpene synthase from a monoterpene synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhou Y, Feng J, Li Q, Huang D, Chen X, Du Z, Lv Z, Xiao Y, Han Y, Chen J, Chen W. SmMYC2b Enhances Tanshinone Accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza by Activating Pathway Genes and Promoting Lateral Root Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559438. [PMID: 33042182 PMCID: PMC7517298 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae) is an economically important medicinal plant as well as an emerging model plant. Our previous studies indicate that SmMYC2b is a positive transcription factor that can affect the biosynthesis of phenolic acids and tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza. Moreover, MYC2s are well known to induce the development of lateral roots. As tanshinones are mainly distributed in the periderm, the promotion of lateral root development probably leads to increased accumulation of tanshinones. In this paper, we firstly discovered that SmMYC2b played a dual regulatory role in effectively enhancing the tanshinone accumulation by activating tanshinone biosynthetic pathway and promoting lateral root development. The expression levels of the previously studied pathway genes SmCPS1, SmKSL1, SmCYP76AH1, SmCYP76AH3, and SmCYP76AK1 dramatically increased. In addition, SmMYC2b was proved to exhibit a similar function as other homologs in promoting lateral root development, which increased the tanshinone produced tissue and further enhanced the biosynthesis of tanshinones. RNA-seq assays revealed that SmMYC2b-regulated genes comprised 30.6% (1,901 of 6,210) of JA-responsive genes, confirming that SmMYC2b played a crucial role in transcriptional regulation of JA-regulated genes. Overall, we concluded that SmMYC2b could enhance tanshinone accumulation by activating the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway and promoting lateral root development. Our study provides an effective approach to enhance the production of desired tanshinones and enriches our knowledge of the related regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxian Feng
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Doudou Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zenan Du
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglong Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Evolution of isoprenyl diphosphate synthase-like terpene synthases in fungi. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14944. [PMID: 32913319 PMCID: PMC7484799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs) and trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) are among the core enzymes for creating the enormous diversity of terpenoids. Despite having no sequence homology, TPSs and IDSs share a conserved “α terpenoid synthase fold” and a trinuclear metal cluster for catalysis, implying a common ancestry with TPSs hypothesized to evolve from IDSs anciently. Here we report on the identification and functional characterization of novel IDS-like TPSs (ILTPSs) in fungi that evolved from IDS relatively recently, indicating recurrent evolution of TPSs from IDSs. Through large-scale bioinformatic analyses of fungal IDSs, putative ILTPSs that belong to the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) family of IDSs were identified in three species of Melampsora. Among the GGDPS family of the two Melampsora species experimentally characterized, one enzyme was verified to be bona fide GGDPS and all others were demonstrated to function as TPSs. Melampsora ILTPSs displayed kinetic parameters similar to those of classic TPSs. Key residues underlying the determination of GGDPS versus ILTPS activity and functional divergence of ILTPSs were identified. Phylogenetic analysis implies a recent origination of these ILTPSs from a GGDPS progenitor in fungi, after the split of Melampsora from other genera within the class of Pucciniomycetes. For the poplar leaf rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina, the transcripts of its ILTPS genes were detected in infected poplar leaves, suggesting possible involvement of these recently evolved ILTPS genes in the infection process. This study reveals the recurrent evolution of TPSs from IDSs since their ancient occurrence and points to the possibility of a wide distribution of ILTPS genes in three domains of life.
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Cholesterol metabolism: New functions and therapeutic approaches in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188394. [PMID: 32698040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol and its metabolites (precursors and derivatives) play an important role in cancer. In recent years, numerous studies have reported the functions of cholesterol metabolism in the regulation of tumor biological processes, especially oncogenic signaling pathways, ferroptosis, and tumor microenvironment. Preclinical studies have over the years indicated the inhibitory effects of blocking cholesterol synthesis and uptake on tumor formation and growth. Besides, some new cholesterol metabolic molecules such as SOAT1, SQLE, and NPC1 have recently emerged as promising drug targets for cancer treatment. Here, we systematically review the roles of cholesterol and its metabolites, and the latest advances in cancer therapy targeting cholesterol metabolism.
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Zetzsche LE, Narayan ARH. Broadening the scope of biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:334-346. [PMID: 34430708 PMCID: PMC8382263 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impeccable control over chemo-, site-, and stereoselectivity possible in enzymatic reactions has led to a surge in the development of new biocatalytic methods. Despite carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds providing the central framework for organic molecules, development of biocatalytic methods for their formation has been largely confined to the use of a select few lyases over the last several decades, limiting the types of C-C bond-forming transformations possible through biocatalytic methods. This Review provides an update on the suite of enzymes available for highly selective biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Examples will be discussed in reference to the (1) native activity of enzymes, (2) alteration of activity through protein or substrate engineering for broader applicability, and (3) utility of the biocatalyst for abiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Algal neurotoxin biosynthesis repurposes the terpene cyclase structural fold into an N-prenyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12799-12805. [PMID: 32457155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001325117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylation is a common biological reaction in all domains of life wherein prenyl diphosphate donors transfer prenyl groups onto small molecules as well as large proteins. The enzymes that catalyze these reactions are structurally distinct from ubiquitous terpene cyclases that, instead, assemble terpenes via intramolecular rearrangements of a single substrate. Herein, we report the structure and molecular details of a new family of prenyltransferases from marine algae that repurposes the terpene cyclase structural fold for the N-prenylation of glutamic acid during the biosynthesis of the potent neurochemicals domoic acid and kainic acid. We solved the X-ray crystal structure of the prenyltransferase found in domoic acid biosynthesis, DabA, and show distinct active site binding modifications that remodel the canonical magnesium (Mg2+)-binding motif found in terpene cyclases. We then applied our structural knowledge of DabA and a homologous enzyme from the kainic acid biosynthetic pathway, KabA, to reengineer their isoprene donor specificities (geranyl diphosphate [GPP] versus dimethylallyl diphosphate [DMAPP]) with a single amino acid change. While diatom DabA and seaweed KabA enzymes share a common evolutionary lineage, they are distinct from all other terpene cyclases, suggesting a very distant ancestor to the larger terpene synthase family.
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Chasapis CT, Ntoupa PSA, Spiliopoulou CA, Stefanidou ME. Recent aspects of the effects of zinc on human health. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1443-1460. [PMID: 32394086 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important essential nutrients of great public health significance. It is involved in numerous biological functions and it is considered as a multipurpose trace element, due to its capacity to bind to more than 300 enzymes and more than 2000 transcriptional factors. Its role in biochemical pathways and cellular functions, such as the response to oxidative stress, homeostasis, immune responses, DNA replication, DNA damage repair, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and aging is significant. Zn is required for the synthesis of protein and collagen, thus contributing to wound healing and a healthy skin. Metallothioneins are metal-binding proteins and they are potent scavengers of heavy metals, including Zn, and protect the organism against stress. Zn deficiency is observed almost in 17% of the global population and affects many organ systems, leading to dysfunction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, thus increasing the susceptibility to infection. This review gives a thorough insight into the most recent evidence on the association between Zn biochemistry and human pathologies, epigenetic processes, gut microbial composition, drug targets and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos T Chasapis
- NMR Center, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Panagoula-Stamatina A Ntoupa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara A Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria E Stefanidou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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50
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Workman SD, Strynadka NCJ. A Slippery Scaffold: Synthesis and Recycling of the Bacterial Cell Wall Carrier Lipid. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4964-4982. [PMID: 32234311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell envelope polysaccharides such as peptidoglycan relies on the use of a dedicated carrier lipid both for the assembly of precursors at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane and for the translocation of lipid linked oligosaccharides across the plasma membrane into the periplasmic space. This dedicated carrier lipid, undecaprenyl phosphate, results from the dephosphorylation of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate, which is generated de novo in the cytoplasm by undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase and released as a by-product when newly synthesized glycans are incorporated into the existing cell envelope. The de novo synthesis of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate has been thoroughly characterized from a structural and mechanistic standpoint; however, its dephosphorylation to the active carrier lipid form, both in the course of de novo synthesis and recycling, has only been begun to be studied in depth in recent years. This review provides an overview of bacterial carrier lipid synthesis and presents the current state of knowledge regarding bacterial carrier lipid recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Workman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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