1
|
Li Q, Liao Q, Qi S, Huang H, He S, Lyu W, Liang J, Qin H, Cheng Z, Yu F, Dong X, Wang Z, Han L, Han Y. Opportunities and perspectives of small molecular phosphodiesterase inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116386. [PMID: 38614063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a superfamily of enzymes that are responsible for the hydrolysis of two second messengers: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). PDE inhibition promotes the gene transcription by activating cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), initiating gene transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The procedure exerts neuroprotective profile, and motor and cognitive improving efficacy. From this point of view, PDE inhibition will provide a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we summarized the PDE inhibitors that have entered the clinical trials or been discovered in recent five years. Well-designed clinical or preclinical investigations have confirmed the effectiveness of PDE inhibitors, such as decreasing Aβ oligomerization and tau phosphorylation, alleviating neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating neuronal plasticity and improving long-term cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Shandong Kangqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shulei Qi
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Siyu He
- Guizhou Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zimeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 256699, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lingfei Han
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yantao Han
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahmood S, Lozano Gonzalez M, Tummalapalli S, Eberhard J, Ly J, Hoffman CS, Kelly MP, Gordon J, Colussi D, Childers W, Rotella DP. First Optimization of Novel, Potent, Selective PDE11A4 Inhibitors for Age-Related Cognitive Decline. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14597-14608. [PMID: 37862143 PMCID: PMC10641827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 11A4 (PDE11A4) is a dual-acting cyclic nucleotide hydrolase expressed in neurons in the CA1, subiculum, amygdalostriatal transition area and amygdalohippocampal area of the extended hippocampal formation. PDE11A4 is the only PDE enzyme to emanate solely from hippocampal formation, a key brain region for the formation of long-term memory. PDE11A4 expression increases in the hippocampal formation of both humans and rodents as they age. Interestingly, PDE11A knockout mice do not show age-related deficits in associative memory and show no gross histopathology. This suggests that inhibition of PDE11A4 might serve as a therapeutic option for age-related cognitive decline. A novel, yeast-based high throughput screen previously identified moderately potent, selective PDE11A4 inhibitors, and this work describes initial efforts that improved potency more than 10-fold and improved some pharmaceutical properties of one of these scaffolds, leading to selective, cell-penetrant PDE11A4 inhibitors, one of which is 10-fold more potent compared to tadalafil in cell-based activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shams
ul Mahmood
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair
State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
- Sokol
Institute of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Mariana Lozano Gonzalez
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair
State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
- Sokol
Institute of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Sreedhar Tummalapalli
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair
State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
- Sokol
Institute of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Jeremy Eberhard
- Biology
Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Judy Ly
- Biology
Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Charles S. Hoffman
- Biology
Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Michy P. Kelly
- Department
of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - John Gordon
- Moulder
Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Dennis Colussi
- Moulder
Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Wayne Childers
- Moulder
Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - David P. Rotella
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair
State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
- Sokol
Institute of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pilarzyk K, Porcher L, Capell WR, Burbano SD, Davis J, Fisher JL, Gorny N, Petrolle S, Kelly MP. Conserved age-related increases in hippocampal PDE11A4 cause unexpected proteinopathies and cognitive decline of social associative memories. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13687. [PMID: 36073342 PMCID: PMC9577960 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, associative memories are more susceptible to age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) than are recognition memories. Reduced cAMP/cGMP signaling in the hippocampus may contribute to ARCD. Here, we found that both aging and traumatic brain injury-associated dementia increased the expression of the cAMP/cGMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) in the human hippocampus. Further, age-related increases in hippocampal PDE11A4 mRNA and protein were conserved in mice, as was the increased vulnerability of associative versus recognition memories to ARCD. Interestingly, mouse PDE11A4 protein in the aged ventral hippocampus (VHIPP) ectopically accumulated in the membrane fraction and filamentous structures we term "ghost axons." These age-related increases in expression were driven by reduced exoribonuclease-mediated degradation of PDE11A mRNA and increased PDE11A4-pS117/pS124, the latter of which also drove the punctate accumulation of PDE11A4. In contrast, PDE11A4-pS162 caused dispersal. Importantly, preventing age-related increases in PDE11 expression via genetic deletion protected mice from ARCD of short-term and remote long-term associative memory (aLTM) in the social transmission of food preference assay, albeit at the expense of recent aLTM. Further, mimicking age-related overexpression of PDE11A4 in CA1 of old KO mice caused aging-like impairments in CREB function and remote social-but not non-social-LTMs. RNA sequencing and phosphoproteomic analyses of VHIPP identified cGMP-PKG-as opposed to cAMP-PKA-as well as circadian entrainment, glutamatergic/cholinergic synapses, calcium signaling, oxytocin, and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling as mechanisms by which PDE11A deletion protects against ARCD. Together, these data suggest that PDE11A4 proteinopathies acutely impair signaling in the aged brain and contribute to ARCD of social memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Pilarzyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Latarsha Porcher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - William R. Capell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Steven D. Burbano
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jeff Davis
- Instrument Resource FacilityUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Janet L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nicole Gorny
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Siena Petrolle
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michy P. Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & NeuroscienceUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Center for Research on AgingUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong G, Lee H, Vo TTT, Juang U, Kwon SH, Park J, Park J, Kim SH. Functional characteristics and research trends of PDE11A in human diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:298. [PMID: 35929507 PMCID: PMC9434997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP and cGMP are important secondary messengers involved in cell regulation and metabolism driven by the G protein-coupled receptor. cAMP is converted via adenylyl cyclase (AC) and activates protein kinase A to phosphorylate intracellular proteins that mediate specific responses. cAMP signaling serves a role at multiple steps in tumorigenesis. The level of cAMP is increased in association with cancer cell formation through activation of AC-stimulatory G protein by mutation. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP to AMP and GMP. PDEs are composed of 11 families, and each can hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP or both cAMP and cGMP. PDEs perform various roles depending on their location and expression site, and are involved in several diseases, including male erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. PDE11A is the 11th member of the PDE family and is characterized by four splice variants with varying tissue expression and N-terminal regulatory regions. Among tissues, the expression of PDE11A was highest in the prostate, and it was also expressed in hepatic skeletal muscle, pituitary, pancreas and kidney. PDE11A is the first PDE associated with an adrenocortical tumor associated genetic condition. In several studies, three PDE11A mutations have been reported in patients with Cushing syndrome with primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease or isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease without other genetic defects. It has been reported that an increase in PDE11A expression affects the proliferation of glioblastoma and worsens patient prognosis. The present mini-review summarizes the location of PDE11A expression, the impact of structural differences and disease relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeyeong Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Trang T Vo
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijin Juang
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Mitos Research Institute, Mitos Therapeutics Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pilarzyk K, Farmer R, Porcher L, Kelly MP. The Role of PDE11A4 in Social Isolation-Induced Changes in Intracellular Signaling and Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:749628. [PMID: 34887755 PMCID: PMC8650591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.749628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A), an enzyme that degrades cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), is the only PDE whose mRNA expression in brain is restricted to the hippocampal formation. Previously, we showed that chronic social isolation changes subsequent social behaviors in adult mice by reducing expression of PDE11A4 in the membrane fraction of the ventral hippocampus (VHIPP). Here we seek extend these findings by determining 1) if isolation-induced decreases in PDE11A4 require chronic social isolation or if they occur acutely and are sustained long-term, 2) if isolation-induced decreases occur uniquely in adults (i.e., not adolescents), and 3) how the loss of PDE11 signaling may increase neuroinflammation. Both acute and chronic social isolation decrease PDE11A4 expression in adult but not adolescent mice. This decrease in PDE11A4 is specific to the membrane compartment of the VHIPP, as it occurs neither in the soluble nor nuclear fractions of the VHIPP nor in any compartment of the dorsal HIPP. The effect of social isolation on membrane PDE11A4 is also selective in that PDE2A and PDE10A expression remain unchanged. Isolation-induced decreases in PDE11A4 expression appear to be functional as social isolation elicited changes in PDE11A-relevant signal transduction cascades (i.e., decreased pCamKIIα and pS6-235/236) and behavior (i.e., increased remote long-term memory for social odor recognition). Interestingly, we found that isolation-induced decreases in membrane PDE11A4 correlated with increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the soluble fraction, suggesting pro-inflammatory signaling for this cytokine. This effect on IL-6 is consistent with the fact that PDE11A deletion increased microglia activation, although it left astrocytes unchanged. Together, these data suggest that isolation-induced decreases in PDE11A4 may alter subsequent social behavior via increased neuroinflammatory processes in adult mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Pilarzyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Reagan Farmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Latarsha Porcher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michy P Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Center for Aging Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nabavi SM, Talarek S, Listos J, Nabavi SF, Devi KP, Roberto de Oliveira M, Tewari D, Argüelles S, Mehrzadi S, Hosseinzadeh A, D'onofrio G, Orhan IE, Sureda A, Xu S, Momtaz S, Farzaei MH. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors say NO to Alzheimer's disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110822. [PMID: 31536753 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) consisted of 11 subtypes (PDE1 to PDE11) and over 40 isoforms that regulate levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the second messengers in cell functions. PDE inhibitors (PDEIs) have been attractive therapeutic targets due to their involvement in diverse medical conditions, e.g. cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), etc. Among them; AD with a complex pathology is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affect mostly senile people in the world and only symptomatic treatment particularly using cholinesterase inhibitors in clinic is available at the moment for AD. Consequently, novel treatment strategies towards AD are still searched extensively. Since PDEs are broadly expressed in the brain, PDEIs are considered to modulate neurodegenerative conditions through regulating cAMP and cGMP in the brain. In this sense, several synthetic or natural molecules inhibiting various PDE subtypes such as rolipram and roflumilast (PDE4 inhibitors), vinpocetine (PDE1 inhibitor), cilostazol and milrinone (PDE3 inhibitors), sildenafil and tadalafil (PDE5 inhibitors), etc have been reported showing encouraging results for the treatment of AD. In this review, PDE superfamily will be scrutinized from the view point of structural features, isoforms, functions and pharmacology particularly attributed to PDEs as target for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química (DQ), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra (ICET), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil.
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Sandro Argüelles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Grazia D'onofrio
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
| | - Saeedeh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Role for Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) in the Formation of Social Memories and the Stabilization of Mood. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:201-230. [PMID: 28956334 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The most recently discovered 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family is the Phosphodiesterase 11 (PDE11) family, which is encoded by a single gene PDE11A. PDE11A is a dual-specific PDE, breaking down both cAMP and cGMP. There are four PDE11A splice variants (PDE11A1-4) with distinct tissue expression profiles and unique N-terminal regulatory regions, suggesting that each isoform could be individually targeted with a small molecule or biologic. PDE11A4 is the PDE11A isoform expressed in brain and is found in the hippocampal formation of humans and rodents. Studies in rodents show that PDE11A4 mRNA expression in brain is, in fact, restricted to the hippocampal formation (CA1, possibly CA2, subiculum, and the adjacently connected amygdalohippocampal area). Within the hippocampal formation of rodents, PDE11A4 protein is expressed in neurons but not astrocytes, with a distribution across nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane compartments. This subcellular localization of PDE11A4 is altered in response to social experience in mouse, and in vitro studies show the compartmentalization of PDE11A4 is controlled, at least in part, by homodimerization and N-terminal phosphorylation. PDE11A4 expression dramatically increases in the hippocampus with age in the rodent hippocampus, from early postnatal life to late aging, suggesting PDE11A4 function may evolve across the lifespan. Interestingly, PDE11A4 protein shows a three to tenfold enrichment in the rodent ventral hippocampal formation (VHIPP; a.k.a. anterior in primates) versus dorsal hippocampal formation (DHIPP). Consistent with this enrichment in VHIPP, studies in knockout mice show that PDE11A regulates the formation of social memories and the stabilization of mood and is a critical mechanism by which social experience feeds back to modify the brain and subsequent social behaviors. PDE11A4 likely controls behavior by regulating hippocampal glutamatergic, oxytocin, and cytokine signaling, as well as protein translation. Given its unique tissue distribution and relatively selective effects on behavior, PDE11A may represent a novel therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, or age-related disorders. Therapeutically targeting PDE11A4 may be a way to selectively restore aberrant cyclic nucleotide signaling in the hippocampal formation while leaving the rest of the brain and periphery untouched, thus, relieving deficits while avoiding unwanted side effects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pathak G, Agostino MJ, Bishara K, Capell WR, Fisher JL, Hegde S, Ibrahim BA, Pilarzyk K, Sabin C, Tuczkewycz T, Wilson S, Kelly MP. PDE11A negatively regulates lithium responsivity. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1714-1724. [PMID: 27646265 PMCID: PMC5359083 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium responsivity in patients with bipolar disorder has been genetically associated with Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A), and lithium decreases PDE11A mRNA in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hippocampal neurons originating from lithium-responsive patients. PDE11 is an enzyme uniquely enriched in the hippocampus that breaks down cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Here we determined whether decreasing PDE11A expression is sufficient to increase lithium responsivity in mice. In dorsal hippocampus and ventral hippocampus (VHIPP), lithium-responsive C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvTac mice show decreased PDE11A4 protein expression relative to lithium-unresponsive BALB/cJ mice. In VHIPP, C57BL/6J mice also show differences in PDE11A4 compartmentalization relative to BALB/cJ mice. In contrast, neither PDE2A nor PDE10A expression differ among the strains. The compartment-specific differences in PDE11A4 protein expression are explained by a coding single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at amino acid 499, which falls within the GAF-B homodimerization domain. Relative to the BALB/cJ 499T, the C57BL/6J 499A decreases PDE11A4 homodimerization, which removes PDE11A4 from the membrane. Consistent with the observation that lower PDE11A4 expression correlates with better lithium responsiveness, we found that Pde11a knockout mice (KO) given 0.4% lithium chow for 3+ weeks exhibit greater lithium responsivity relative to wild-type (WT) littermates in tail suspension, an antidepressant-predictive assay, and amphetamine hyperlocomotion, an anti-manic predictive assay. Reduced PDE11A4 expression may represent a lithium-sensitive pathophysiology, because both C57BL/6J and Pde11a KO mice show increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) relative to BALB/cJ and PDE11A WT mice, respectively. Our finding that PDE11A4 negatively regulates lithium responsivity in mice suggests that the PDE11A SNPs identified in patients may be functionally relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - K Bishara
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - W R Capell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J L Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - S Hegde
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - B A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - K Pilarzyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - C Sabin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - S Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - M P Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Laqqan M, Solomayer EF, Hammadeh M. Association between alterations in DNA methylation level of spermatozoa at CpGs dinucleotide and male subfertility problems. Andrologia 2017; 50. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Laqqan
- Gynecology & Assisted Reproduction Laboratory; Department of Obstetrics; Saarland University; Saarland Germany
| | - E. F. Solomayer
- Gynecology & Assisted Reproduction Laboratory; Department of Obstetrics; Saarland University; Saarland Germany
| | - M. Hammadeh
- Gynecology & Assisted Reproduction Laboratory; Department of Obstetrics; Saarland University; Saarland Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Snyder GL, Vanover KE. PDE Inhibitors for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:385-409. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Hegde S, Capell WR, Ibrahim BA, Klett J, Patel NS, Sougiannis AT, Kelly MP. Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A), Enriched in Ventral Hippocampus Neurons, is Required for Consolidation of Social but not Nonsocial Memories in Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2920-2931. [PMID: 27339393 PMCID: PMC5061884 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to form long-lasting social memories is critical to our health and survival. cAMP signaling in the ventral hippocampal formation (VHIPP) appears to be required for social memory formation, but the phosphodiesterase (PDE) involved remains unknown. Previously, we showed that PDE11A, which degrades cAMP and cGMP, is preferentially expressed in CA1 and subiculum of the VHIPP. Here, we determine whether PDE11A is expressed in neurons where it could directly influence synaptic plasticity and whether expression is required for the consolidation and/or retrieval of social memories. In CA1, and possibly CA2, PDE11A4 is expressed throughout neuronal cell bodies, dendrites (stratum radiatum), and axons (fimbria), but not astrocytes. Unlike PDE2A, PDE9A, or PDE10A, PDE11A4 expression begins very low at postnatal day 7 (P7) and dramatically increases until P28, at which time it stabilizes to young adult levels. This expression pattern is consistent with the fact that PDE11A is required for social long-term memory (LTM) formation during adolescence and adulthood. Male and female PDE11 knockout (KO) mice show normal short-term memory (STM) for social odor recognition (SOR) and social transmission of food preference (STFP), but no LTM 24 h post training. Importantly, PDE11A KO mice show normal LTM for nonsocial odor recognition. Deletion of PDE11A may impair memory consolidation by impairing requisite protein translation in the VHIPP. Relative to WT littermates, PDE11A KO mice show reduced expression of RSK2 and lowered phosphorylation of S6 (pS6-235/236). Together, these data suggest PDE11A is selectively required for the proper consolidation of recognition and associative social memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Hegde
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Will R Capell
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Baher A Ibrahim
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jennifer Klett
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Neema S Patel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Michy P Kelly
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA,University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, VA Building 1, 3rd Floor, D-12, Columbia, SC 29209, USA, Tel: +1 803 216 3546, Fax: +1 803 216 3351, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
D'Andrea MR, Qiu Y, Haynes-Johnson D, Bhattacharjee S, Kraft P, Lundeen S. Expression of PDE11A in Normal and Malignant Human Tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:895-903. [PMID: 15995148 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6625.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) is the newest member in the PDE family. Although the tissue distribution of PDE11A mRNA has been shown, its protein expression pattern has not been well studied. The goal of this report is to investigate the distribution of PDE11A proteins in a wide range of normal and malignant human tissues. We utilized a polyclonal antibody that recognized all four PDE11A isoforms. Its specificity was demonstrated by Western blot analysis on a recombinant human PDE11A protein and native PDE11A proteins in various human tissues. Immunohistochemistry showed that PDE11A is widely expressed. Various degrees of immunoreactivity were observed in the epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells of all tissues examined. The highest expression was in the epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells of the prostate, Leydig, and spermatogenic cells of the testis, the tubule epithelial cells in the kidney, the epithelial and endothelial cells in the adrenal, the epithelial cells and macrophages in the colon, and the epidermis in the skin. Furthermore, PDE11A expression was also detected in several human carcinomas. Our results suggest that PDE11A might be involved in multiple physiological processes in various organs via its ability to modulate intracellular cAMP and cGMP levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R D'Andrea
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 1000 Route 202, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Design and Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives as PDE Inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:9890630. [PMID: 26998358 PMCID: PMC4779523 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9890630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins appended to benzimidazole through pyrazole are designed and synthesized using microwave irradiation. These compounds were analyzed for phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition indirectly by motility pattern in human spermatozoa. Some of the synthesized compounds, namely, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, and 5k, have exhibited potent inhibitory activity on PDE.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The majority of benign adrenal cortex lesions leading to Cushing syndrome are associated to one or another abnormality of the cAMP/cGMP-phosphodiesterase signaling pathway. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are key regulatory enzymes of intracellular cAMP/cGMP levels. These second messengers play important regulatory roles in controlling steroidogenesis in the adrenal. Disruption of PDEs has been associated with a number of adrenal diseases. Specifically, genetic mutations have been associated with benign adrenal lesions, leading to Cushing syndrome and/or related adrenal hyperplasias. A Genome Wide Association study, in 2006, led to the identification of mutations in 2 PDE genes: PDE8B and PDE11A; mutations in these 2 genes modulate steroidogenesis. Further human studies have identified PDE2 as also directly regulating steroidogenesis. PDE2 decreases aldosterone production. This review focuses on the most recent knowledge we have gained on PDEs and their association with adrenal steroidogenesis and altered function, through analysis of patient cohorts and what we have learned from mouse studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Szarek
- Section of Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C A Stratakis
- Section of Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Otero C, Peñaloza JP, Rodas PI, Fernández-Ramires R, Velasquez L, Jung JE. Temporal and spatial regulation of cAMP signaling in disease: role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2014; 28:593-607. [PMID: 24750474 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, cAMP has been proposed as one of the most versatile second messengers. The remarkable feature of cAMP to tightly control highly diverse physiological processes, including metabolism, homeostasis, secretion, muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration, immune response, and gene transcription, is reflected by millions of different articles worldwide. Compartmentalization of cAMP in space and time, maintained by mainly phosphodiesterases, contributes to the maintenance of equilibrium inside the cell where one signal can trigger many different events. Novel cAMP sensors seem to carry out certain unexpected signaling properties of cAMP and thereby to permit delicate adaptations of biologic responses. Measuring space and time events with biosensors will increase our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cognitive impairment, cancer, and renal and heart failure. Further insights into the cAMP dynamics will help to optimize the pharmacological treatment for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Otero
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Azevedo MF, Faucz FR, Bimpaki E, Horvath A, Levy I, de Alexandre RB, Ahmad F, Manganiello V, Stratakis CA. Clinical and molecular genetics of the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Endocr Rev 2014; 35:195-233. [PMID: 24311737 PMCID: PMC3963262 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They are critical regulators of the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP as well as of their signaling pathways and downstream biological effects. PDEs have been exploited pharmacologically for more than half a century, and some of the most successful drugs worldwide today affect PDE function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified as causative of certain human genetic diseases; even more recently, functional variants of PDE genes have been suggested to play a potential role in predisposition to tumors and/or cancer, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. Mouse models have been developed that point to wide developmental effects of PDEs from heart function to reproduction, to tumors, and beyond. This review brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines (biochemistry and pharmacology, oncology, endocrinology, and reproductive sciences) with emphasis on recent research on PDEs, how PDEs affect cAMP and cGMP signaling in health and disease, and what pharmacological exploitations of PDEs may be useful in modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling in a way that prevents or treats certain human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa F Azevedo
- Section on Endocrinology Genetics (M.F.A., F.R.F., E.B., A.H., I.L., R.B.d.A., C.A.S.), Program on Developmental Endocrinology Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Section of Endocrinology (M.F.A.), University Hospital of Brasilia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70840-901, Brazil; Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (F.R.F., R.B.d.A.), Graduate Program in Health Science, Medical School, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Branch (F.A., V.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program (C.A.S.), NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kelly MP, Adamowicz W, Bove S, Hartman AJ, Mariga A, Pathak G, Reinhart V, Romegialli A, Kleiman RJ. Select 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases exhibit altered expression in the aged rodent brain. Cell Signal 2013; 26:383-97. [PMID: 24184653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the only known enzymes to compartmentalize cAMP and cGMP, yet little is known about how PDEs are dynamically regulated across the lifespan. We mapped mRNA expression of all 21 PDE isoforms in the adult rat and mouse central nervous system (CNS) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and in situ hybridization to assess conservation across species. We also compared PDE mRNA and protein in the brains of old (26 months) versus young (5 months) Sprague-Dawley rats, with select experiments replicated in old (9 months) versus young (2 months) BALB/cJ mice. We show that each PDE isoform exhibits a unique expression pattern across the brain that is highly conserved between rats, mice, and humans. PDE1B, PDE1C, PDE2A, PDE4A, PDE4D, PDE5A, PDE7A, PDE8A, PDE8B, PDE10A, and PDE11A showed an age-related increase or decrease in mRNA expression in at least 1 of the 4 brain regions examined (hippocampus, cortex, striatum, and cerebellum). In contrast, mRNA expression of PDE1A, PDE3A, PDE3B, PDE4B, PDE7A, PDE7B, and PDE9A did not change with age. Age-related increases in PDE11A4, PDE8A3, PDE8A4/5, and PDE1C1 protein expression were confirmed in hippocampus of old versus young rodents, as were age-related increases in PDE8A3 protein expression in the striatum. Age-related changes in PDE expression appear to have functional consequences as, relative to young rats, the hippocampi of old rats demonstrated strikingly decreased phosphorylation of GluR1, CaMKIIα, and CaMKIIβ, decreased expression of the transmembrane AMPA regulatory proteins γ2 (a.k.a. stargazin) and γ8, and increased trimethylation of H3K27. Interestingly, expression of PDE11A4, PDE8A4/5, PDE8A3, and PDE1C1 correlate with these functional endpoints in young but not old rats, suggesting that aging is not only associated with a change in PDE expression but also a change in PDE compartmentalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michy P Kelly
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
| | - Wendy Adamowicz
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Neuroscience Research Unit, Eastern point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Susan Bove
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Neuroscience Research Unit, Eastern point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Alexander J Hartman
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Abigail Mariga
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Neuroscience Research Unit, Eastern point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Geetanjali Pathak
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Veronica Reinhart
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Neuroscience Research Unit, Eastern point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Alison Romegialli
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Neuroscience Research Unit, Eastern point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Robin J Kleiman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Neuroscience Research Unit, Eastern point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jäger R, Russwurm C, Schwede F, Genieser HG, Koesling D, Russwurm M. Activation of PDE10 and PDE11 phosphodiesterases. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:1210-9. [PMID: 22105073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.263806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recently identified cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, PDE10 and PDE11, contain a tandem of so-called GAF domains in their N-terminal regulatory regions. In PDE2 and PDE5, the GAF domains mediate cGMP stimulation; however, their function in PDE10 and PDE11 remains controversial. Although the GAF domains of PDE10 mediate cAMP-induced stimulation of chimeric adenylyl cyclases, cAMP binding did not stimulate the PDE10 holoenzyme. Comparable data about cGMP and the PDE11 GAF domains exist. Here, we identified synthetic ligands for the GAF domains of PDE10 and PDE11 to reduce interference of the GAF ligand with the catalytic reaction of PDE. With these ligands, GAF-mediated stimulation of the PDE10 and PDE11 holoenzymes is demonstrated for the first time. Furthermore, PDE10 is shown to be activated by cAMP, which paradoxically results in potent competitive inhibition of cGMP turnover by cAMP. PDE11, albeit susceptible to GAF-dependent stimulation, is not activated by the native cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP. In summary, PDE11 can be stimulated by GAF domain ligands, but its native ligand remains to be identified, and PDE10 is the only PDE activated by cAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Jäger
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Francis SH, Sekhar KR, Ke H, Corbin JD. Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases by methylxanthines and related compounds. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:93-133. [PMID: 20859794 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring methylxanthines were the first inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to be discovered. To improve potency and specificity for inhibition of various PDEs in research and for treatment of diseases, thousands of compounds with related structures have now been synthesized. All known PDE inhibitors contain one or more rings that mimic the purine in the cN substrate and directly compete with cN for access to the catalytic site; this review focuses on inhibitors that contain a nucleus that is closely related to the xanthine ring of theophylline and caffeine and the purine ring of cNs. The specificity and potency of these compounds for blocking PDE action have been improved by appending groups at positions on the rings as well as by modification of the number and distribution of nitrogens and carbons in those rings. Several of these inhibitors are highly selective for particular PDEs; potent and largely selective PDE5 inhibitors are used clinically for treatment of erectile dysfunction [sildenafil (Viagra™), tadalafil (Cialis™) and vardenafil (Levitra™)] and pulmonary hypertension [sildenafil (Revatio™) and tadalafil (Adenocirca)]. Related compounds target other PDEs and show therapeutic promise for a number of maladies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Phosphodiesterase 11A in brain is enriched in ventral hippocampus and deletion causes psychiatric disease-related phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8457-62. [PMID: 20404172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000730107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) is the most recently identified family of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the only known enzymes to break down cyclic nucleotides. The tissue expression profile of this dual specificity PDE is controversial, and little is understood of its biological function, particularly in the brain. We seek here to determine if PDE11A is expressed in the brain and to understand its function, using PDE11A(-/-) knockout (KO) mice. We show that PDE11A mRNA and protein are largely restricted to hippocampus CA1, subiculum, and the amygdalohippocampal area, with a two- to threefold enrichment in the ventral vs. dorsal hippocampus, equal distribution between cytosolic and membrane fractions, and increasing levels of protein expression from postnatal day 7 through adulthood. Interestingly, PDE11A KO mice show subtle psychiatric-disease-related deficits, including hyperactivity in an open field, increased sensitivity to the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801, as well as deficits in social behaviors (social odor recognition memory and social avoidance). In addition, PDE11A KO mice show enlarged lateral ventricles and increased activity in CA1 (as per increased Arc mRNA), phenotypes associated with psychiatric disease. The increased sensitivity to MK-801 exhibited by PDE11A KO mice may be explained by the biochemical dysregulation observed around the glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isozazolepropionic (AMPA) receptor, including decreased levels of phosphorylated-GluR1 at Ser845 and the prototypical transmembrane AMPA-receptor-associated proteins stargazin (gamma2) and gamma8. Together, our data provide convincing evidence that PDE11A expression is restricted in the brain but plays a significant role in regulating brain function.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kruse LS, Møller M, Tibæk M, Gammeltoft S, Olesen J, Kruuse C. PDE9A, PDE10A, and PDE11A expression in rat trigeminovascular pain signalling system. Brain Res 2009; 1281:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Boikos SA, Horvath A, Heyerdahl S, Stein E, Robinson-White A, Bossis I, Bertherat J, Carney JA, Stratakis CA. Phosphodiesterase 11A expression in the adrenal cortex, primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, and other corticotropin-independent lesions. Horm Metab Res 2008; 40:347-53. [PMID: 18491255 PMCID: PMC2713062 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1076694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A variety of adrenal tumors and bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasias (BAH) leading to Cushing syndrome (CS) may be caused by aberrant cAMP signaling. We recently identified patients with a micronodular form of BAH that we have called "isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease" (iMAD) in whom CS was associated with inactivating mutations in phosphodiesterase (PDE) 11A ( PDE11A). In the present study, we examined PDE11A expression in normal adrenocortical tissue, sporadic tumors, and hyperplasias without PDE11A mutations, and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and adenomas from patients with PRKAR1A and a single tumor with a GNAS mutation. The total number of the tumor samples that we studied was 22. Normal human tissues showed consistent PDE11A expression. There was variable expression of PDE11A in sporadic adrenocortical hyperplasia or adenomas; PPNAD tissues from patients with PRKAR1A mutations expressed consistently high levels of PDE11A in contrast to adenomas caused by GNAS mutations. Phosphorylated CREB was the highest in tissues from patients with iMAD compared to all other forms of BAH and normal adrenal tissue. We conclude that PDE11A is expressed widely in adrenal cortex. Its expression appears to be increased in PPNAD but varies widely among other adrenocortical tumors. PRKAR1A expression appears to be higher in tissues with PDE11A defects. Finally, sequencing defects in PDE11A are associated with a high state of CREB phosphorylation, just like PRKAR1A mutations. These preliminary data suggest that these two molecules are perhaps regulated in a reverse manner in their control of cAMP signaling in adrenocortical tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Boikos
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A. Horvath
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S. Heyerdahl
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E. Stein
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A. Robinson-White
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I. Bossis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Bertherat
- INSERM U567 and Institut Cochin, Assistance Publique H ôpitaux de Paris, Hô pital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - J. A. Carney
- Laboratory of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C. A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Willoughby D, Cooper DMF. Organization and Ca2+Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclases in cAMP Microdomains. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:965-1010. [PMID: 17615394 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenylyl cyclases are variously regulated by G protein subunits, a number of serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases, and Ca2+. In some physiological situations, this regulation can be readily incorporated into a hormonal cascade, controlling processes such as cardiac contractility or neurotransmitter release. However, the significance of some modes of regulation is obscure and is likely only to be apparent in explicit cellular contexts (or stages of the cell cycle). The regulation of many of the ACs by the ubiquitous second messenger Ca2+provides an overarching mechanism for integrating the activities of these two major signaling systems. Elaborate devices have been evolved to ensure that this interaction occurs, to guarantee the fidelity of the interaction, and to insulate the microenvironment in which it occurs. Subcellular targeting, as well as a variety of scaffolding devices, is used to promote interaction of the ACs with specific signaling proteins and regulatory factors to generate privileged domains for cAMP signaling. A direct consequence of this organization is that cAMP will exhibit distinct kinetics in discrete cellular domains. A variety of means are now available to study cAMP in these domains and to dissect their components in real time in live cells. These topics are explored within the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Willoughby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Contraction and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes are key physiological events in the cardiovascular system. These events are regulated by second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, in response to extracellular stimulants. The strength of signal transduction is controlled by intracellular cyclic nucleotide concentrations, which are determined by a balance in production and degradation of cAMP and cGMP. Degradation of cyclic nucleotides is catalyzed by 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), and therefore regulation of PDEs hydrolytic activity is important for modulation of cellular functions. Mammalian PDEs are composed of 21 genes and are categorized into 11 families based on sequence homology, enzymatic properties, and sensitivity to inhibitors. PDE families contain many splice variants that mostly are unique in tissue-expression patterns, gene regulation, enzymatic regulation by phosphorylation and regulatory proteins, subcellular localization, and interaction with association proteins. Each unique variant is closely related to the regulation of a specific cellular signaling. Thus, multiple PDEs function as a particular modulator of each cardiovascular function and regulate physiological homeostasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Mammals/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Cells/enzymology
- Muscle Cells/physiology
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocardial Contraction/physiology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Phenotype
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/classification
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Phylogeny
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Kinases/physiology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Subcellular Fractions/enzymology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Omori
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Tanabe Seiyaku Co Ltd, 2-50 Kawagishi 2-chome, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bender AT, Beavo JA. Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Regulation to Clinical Use. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:488-520. [PMID: 16968949 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1317] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate the cellular levels of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, by controlling their rates of degradation. There are 11 different PDE families, with each family typically having several different isoforms and splice variants. These unique PDEs differ in their three-dimensional structure, kinetic properties, modes of regulation, intracellular localization, cellular expression, and inhibitor sensitivities. Current data suggest that individual isozymes modulate distinct regulatory pathways in the cell. These properties therefore offer the opportunity for selectively targeting specific PDEs for treatment of specific disease states. The feasibility of these enzymes as drug targets is exemplified by the commercial and clinical successes of the erectile dysfunction drugs, sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra). PDE inhibitors are also currently available or in development for treatment of a variety of other pathological conditions. In this review the basic biochemical properties, cellular regulation, expression patterns, and physiological functions of the different PDE isoforms will be discussed. How these properties relate to the current and future development of PDE inhibitors as pharmacological agents is especially considered. PDEs hold great promise as drug targets and recent research advances make this an exciting time for the field of PDE research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Bender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical School, Health Sciences Building, Box 357280, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Horvath A, Boikos S, Giatzakis C, Robinson-White A, Groussin L, Griffin KJ, Stein E, Levine E, Delimpasi G, Hsiao HP, Keil M, Heyerdahl S, Matyakhina L, Libè R, Fratticci A, Kirschner LS, Cramer K, Gaillard RC, Bertagna X, Carney JA, Bertherat J, Bossis I, Stratakis CA. A genome-wide scan identifies mutations in the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 11A4 (PDE11A) in individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia. Nat Genet 2006; 38:794-800. [PMID: 16767104 DOI: 10.1038/ng1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) regulate cyclic nucleotide levels. Increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling has been associated with PRKAR1A or GNAS mutations and leads to adrenocortical tumors and Cushing syndrome. We investigated the genetic source of Cushing syndrome in individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia that was not caused by known defects. We performed genome-wide SNP genotyping, including the adrenocortical tumor DNA. The region with the highest probability to harbor a susceptibility gene by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and other analyses was 2q31-2q35. We identified mutations disrupting the expression of the PDE11A isoform-4 gene (PDE11A) in three kindreds. Tumor tissues showed 2q31-2q35 LOH, decreased protein expression and high cyclic nucleotide levels and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. PDE11A codes for a dual-specificity PDE that is expressed in adrenal cortex and is partially inhibited by tadalafil and other PDE inhibitors; its germline inactivation is associated with adrenocortical hyperplasia, suggesting another means by which dysregulation of cAMP signaling causes endocrine tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anelia Horvath
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Makhlouf A, Kshirsagar A, Niederberger C. Phosphodiesterase 11: a brief review of structure, expression and function. Int J Impot Res 2006; 18:501-9. [PMID: 16395323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 11 (PDE11) is the latest isoform of the phosphodiesterase family to be identified. Interest in PDE11 has increased recently because tadalafil, an oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, cross reacts with PDE11. The function of PDE11 remains largely unknown, but growing evidence points to a possible role in male reproduction. The published literature on PDE11 structure, function and expression is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Makhlouf
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7316, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gross-Langenhoff M, Hofbauer K, Weber J, Schultz A, Schultz JE. cAMP is a ligand for the tandem GAF domain of human phosphodiesterase 10 and cGMP for the tandem GAF domain of phosphodiesterase 11. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:2841-6. [PMID: 16330539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511468200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal tandem GAF domains are present in 5 out of 11 mammalian phosphodiesterase (PDE) families. The ligand for the GAF domains of PDEs 2, 5, and 6 is cGMP, whereas those for PDEs 10 and 11 remained enigmatic for years. Here we used the cyanobacterial cyaB1 adenylyl cyclase, which has an N-terminal tandem GAF domain closely related to those of the mammalian PDEs, as an assay system to identify the ligands for the human PDEs 10 and 11 GAF domains. We report that a chimera between the PDE10 GAF domain and the cyanobacterial cyclase was 9-fold stimulated by cAMP (EC50= 19.8 microm), whereas cGMP had only low activity. cAMP increased Vmax in a non-cooperative manner and did not affect the Km for ATP of 27 microm. In an analogous chimeric construct with the tandem GAF domain of human PDE11A4, cGMP was identified as an allosteric activator (EC50 = 72.5 microm) that increased Vmax of the cyclase non-cooperatively 4-fold. GAF-B of PDE10 and GAF-A of PDE11A4 contain an invariant NKFDE motif present in all mammalian PDE GAF ensembles. We mutated the aspartates within this motif in both regions and found that intramolecular signaling was considerably reduced or abolished. This was in line with all data concerning GAF domains with an NKFDE motif as far as they have been tested. The data appeared to define those GAF domains as a distinct subclass within the >3100 annotated GAF domains for which we propose a tentative classification scheme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gross-Langenhoff
- Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biochemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Tübingen, Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signalling has received increasing attention over the last decade, since the discovery of the gaseous signalling molecule, nitric oxide, which activates cGMP synthesis. Furthermore, research into cGMP signalling has also been stimulated by the development of Viagra and pharmacologically active related compounds, which act to prevent cGMP breakdown. While much is known about the biochemical aspects of components of the cGMP signalling pathway, the precise in vivo roles of such components have only recently come to light through work in model organisms. This review outlines recent work utilising the genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster in studies of organotypic cGMP signalling. While organisms such as Drosophila may not be the obvious choice for such studies, use of this model has proved that unique and detailed insights for cGMP signalling can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shireen-A Davies
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wheeler MA, Ayyagari RR, Wheeler GL, Weiss RM. Regulation of cyclic nucleotides in the urinary tract. J Smooth Muscle Res 2005; 41:1-21. [PMID: 15855736 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide levels are controlled through their synthesis from nucleotide triphosphates by cyclases and their degradation to 5'-monophosphates by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Components controlling cyclic AMP-induced relaxation in the urinary tract include receptors, inhibitory and stimulatory G-proteins, isoforms of adenylyl cyclase and PDEs. The responsiveness of PDEs to a variety of physiological challenges is related to the presence of multiple families of isoenzymes with specific localization within tissues and within cells. At least 11 families of PDEs encode more than 50 PDE proteins produced in mammalian cells. In the urinary tract, characterization of PDE isoforms has lagged behind other systems and much of the literature was published prior to identification of PDE7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Specific PDE inhibitors regulate smooth muscle function in the bladder, urethra, prostate and ureter. The pharmacological potential of these inhibitors may include treatment of urge incontinence and the low compliance bladder, and treatment of prostate cancer. G-proteins also regulate cyclic AMP production. Changes in specific G- protein isoforms with aging, most prominently Gialpha2, cause decreased relaxation response in the aging bladder. As we have seen here with aging and certainly in other disease processes, levels of the components of adenylyl cyclase/phosphodiesterase/protein kinase can change and thus affect the relaxation response. By exploitation of differences in PDE expression in disease, such as the overexpression of PDEs in cancer, treatment options may present themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Wheeler
- The Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Loughney K, Taylor J, Florio VA. 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A: localization in human tissues. Int J Impot Res 2005; 17:320-5. [PMID: 15800651 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
3',5'-Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11 (PDE11) is the most recently discovered family of human 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). This family contains one gene, PDE11A, with four splice variants (PDE11A1-PDE11A4). The physiological role of PDE11A has not been determined. Tadalafil (Cialis), a PDE5A inhibitor used for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction, has been reported to partially inhibit PDE11. It was therefore of interest to consider the pattern of expression of PDE11 in human tissues. Although four PDE11A mRNA transcripts have been reported, we detected protein corresponding to only one of them, PDE11A4, in human prostate, pituitary, heart and liver. Using immunohistochemistry, there was strong PDE11A antibody staining in the glandular epithelium of the prostate and weak staining of neuronal cells within parasympathetic ganglia in the heart. No PDE11A protein was detected in blood vessels or cardiac myocytes. None of the four potential PDE11A proteins were detected in human skeletal muscle, testis, or penis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu QR, Drgon T, Walther D, Johnson C, Poleskaya O, Hess J, Uhl GR. Pooled association genome scanning: validation and use to identify addiction vulnerability loci in two samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11864-9. [PMID: 16091475 PMCID: PMC1183486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500329102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Association genome scanning is of increasing interest for identifying the chromosomal regions that contain gene variants that contribute to vulnerability to complex disorders, including addictions. To improve the power and feasibility of this approach, we have validated "10k" microarray-based allelic frequency assessments in pooled DNA samples and have used this approach to seek allelic frequency differences between heavy poly-substance abusers and well characterized control individuals. Thirty-eight loci contain SNPs that display robust allele frequency differences between abusers and controls in both European- and African-American samples. These loci identify an alcohol/acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene cluster and genes implicated in cellular signaling, gene regulation, development, "cell adhesion," and Mendelian disorders. The results converge with previous linkage and association results for addictions. Pooled association genome scanning provides a useful tool for elucidating molecular genetic underpinnings of complex disorders and identifies both previously understood and previously unanticipated mechanisms for addiction vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Rong Liu
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Box 5180, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily: a new target for the development of specific therapeutic agents. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 109:366-98. [PMID: 16102838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which are ubiquitously distributed in mammalian tissues, play a major role in cell signaling by hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP. Due to their diversity, which allows specific distribution at cellular and subcellular levels, PDEs can selectively regulate various cellular functions. Their critical role in intracellular signaling has recently designated them as new therapeutic targets for inflammation. The PDE superfamily represents 11 gene families (PDE1 to PDE11). Each family encompasses 1 to 4 distinct genes, to give more than 20 genes in mammals encoding the more than 50 different PDE proteins probably produced in mammalian cells. Although PDE1 to PDE6 were the first well-characterized isoforms because of their predominance in various tissues and cells, their specific contribution to tissue function and their regulation in pathophysiology remain open research fields. This concerns particularly the newly discovered families, PDE7 to PDE11, for which roles are not yet established. In many pathologies, such as inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cancer, alterations in intracellular signaling related to PDE deregulation may explain the difficulties observed in the prevention and treatment of these pathologies. By inhibiting specifically the up-regulated PDE isozyme(s) with newly synthesized potent and isozyme-selective PDE inhibitors, it may be potentially possible to restore normal intracellular signaling selectively, providing therapy with reduced adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugnier
- CNRS UMR, 7034, Pharmacologie et Physicochimie des Interactions Moléculaires et Cellulaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pomara G, Morelli G. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 11 (PDE11) impacts on sperm quality. Int J Impot Res 2005; 17:385-6; author reply 387. [PMID: 15995718 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
35
|
Weeks JL, Zoraghi R, Beasley A, Sekhar KR, Francis SH, Corbin JD. High biochemical selectivity of tadalafil, sildenafil and vardenafil for human phosphodiesterase 5A1 (PDE5) over PDE11A4 suggests the absence of PDE11A4 cross-reaction in patients. Int J Impot Res 2005; 17:5-9. [PMID: 15538396 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of phosphodiesterase (PDE)11 is unknown and its biochemical characteristics are poorly understood. We have expressed human His-tagged PDE11A4 and purified the enzyme to apparent homogeneity. PDE11A4 displays K(m) values of 0.97 microM for cGMP and 2.4 microM for cAMP, and maximal velocities were 4- to 10-fold higher for cAMP than for cGMP. Given the homology between PDE11 and PDE5, we have compared the biochemical potencies of tadalafil (Cialis, Lilly-ICOS), vardenafil (Levitra, Bayer-GSK), and sildenafil (Viagra, Pfizer Inc.) for PDE11A4 and PDE5A1. PDE5A1/PDE11A4 selectivities are 40-, 9300-, and 1000-fold for tadalafil, vardenafil, and sildenafil, respectively. This suggests that none of these three compounds is likely to crossreact with PDE11A4 in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Weeks
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The visual system can adjust its sensitivity over a wide range of light intensities. Photoreceptors account for some of this adjustment, but there is evidence that postreceptoral processes also exist. To investigate the latter, we pharmacologically mimicked the effects of light stimulation on mouse On bipolar cells, thus avoiding confounding effects of receptoral mechanisms. Here, we report that cGMP selectively enhances responses to dim, but not bright, stimuli through a purely postsynaptic mechanism. This action of cGMP was completely blocked by inhibitors of cGMP-dependent kinase. We propose that cGMP-dependent kinase decreases coupling of the On bipolar cell glutamate receptor to the downstream cascade, thus amplifying small decreases in photoreceptor transmitter levels that would otherwise go undetected by the visual system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Snellman
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Rose F. Kennedy Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Marko D, Puppel N, Tjaden Z, Jakobs S, Pahlke G. The substitution pattern of anthocyanidins affects different cellular signaling cascades regulating cell proliferation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2004; 48:318-25. [PMID: 15497183 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aglycons of the most abundant anthocyanins in food, cyanidin (cy) and delphinidin (del), represent potent inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Structure-activity studies show that the presence of vicinal hydroxy substituents at the phenyl ring at the 2-position (B-ring) is crucial for target interaction. The presence of a single hydroxy group or introduction of methoxy substituents at the B-ring results in a substantial loss of inhibitory properties. However, biological activity is not exclusively limited to compounds bearing vicinal hydroxy groups. A contradictory structure-activity relationship is observed for the inhibition of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Of the anthocyanidins tested, malvidin, bearing methoxy substituents in the 3'- and 5'-positions, most effectively inhibited cAMP hydrolysis. The absence of methoxy groups and/or replacement by hydroxy substituents was found to strongly diminish PDE-inhibitory properties. We found that either effective EGFR inhibition or effective PDE inhibition is required to achieve a shut-down of the central mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, a signaling cascade crucial for the regulation of cell growth. This is consistent with the finding that efficient reduction of cell growth is limited to anthocyanidins that are potent EGFR- or PDE-inhibitors including cy and del or malvidin (mv), respectively. In summary, depending on the substitution pattern at the B-ring, anthocyanidins interfere with different signaling cascades involved in the regulation of cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Marko
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
As cGMP hydrolyzing cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have diverse regulatory and catalytic properties, the specific cGMP PDEs a cell expresses will determine the duration and intensity of a cGMP signal. This, in turn, results in different cellular responses between cell types and tissues. Therefore, identifying which cGMP PDEs are expressed in different tissues and cell types could increase our understanding of physiological and pathological processes. The brain is one area where large numbers of diverse cGMP PDEs are expressed in specific regions and cell types. A case in point is differential expression of cGMP PDEs in neuronal cells. For example, we have recently found that PDE5 is expressed in all Purkinje neurons while PDE1B is expressed in only a subset of these neurons. The expression of PDE2 has also been found to be selective for discrete populations of neurons. Another example of selective cGMP PDE expression is seen with cytokine-induced differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. We have recently discovered that monocyte differentiation with the cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) causes an upregulation of PDE2 and a small increase in PDE1B while granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) causes a large increase in PDE1B but a decrease in PDE2. These same cytokines can influence the phenotype of microglial cells and are likely to affect their expression of cGMP PDEs. In this report, we present recent results from our laboratory and review earlier findings illustrating the concept of highly specific expression of cGMP PDEs and discuss how this may be important for understanding brain function and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Bender
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Washington Medical School, Health Sciences Building Box 357280, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pomara G, Morelli G. RE: TADALAFIL HAS NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON HUMAN SPERMATOGENESIS OR REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES. J Urol 2004; 171:2390-1; author reply 2391. [PMID: 15126856 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000124041.11651.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
RE: TADALAFIL HAS NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON HUMAN SPERMATOGENESIS OR REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES: Reply by Authors. J Urol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)62203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
41
|
Li KW, Hornshaw MP, Van Der Schors RC, Watson R, Tate S, Casetta B, Jimenez CR, Gouwenberg Y, Gundelfinger ED, Smalla KH, Smit AB. Proteomics Analysis of Rat Brain Postsynaptic Density. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:987-1002. [PMID: 14532281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303116200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density contains multiple protein complexes that together relay the presynaptic neurotransmitter input to the activation of the postsynaptic neuron. In the present study we took two independent proteome approaches for the characterization of the protein complement of the postsynaptic density, namely 1) two-dimensional gel electrophoresis separation of proteins in conjunction with mass spectrometry to identify the tryptic peptides of the protein spots and 2) isolation of the trypsin-digested sample that was labeled with isotope-coded affinity tag, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the partial separation and identification of the peptides, respectively. Functional grouping of the identified proteins indicates that the postsynaptic density is a structurally and functionally complex organelle that may be involved in a broad range of synaptic activities. These proteins include the receptors and ion channels for glutamate neurotransmission, proteins for maintenance and modulation of synaptic architecture, sorting and trafficking of membrane proteins, generation of anaerobic energy, scaffolding and signaling, local protein synthesis, and correct protein folding and breakdown of synaptic proteins. Together, these results imply that the postsynaptic density may have the ability to function (semi-) autonomously and may direct various cellular functions in order to integrate synaptic physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Effect of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, rolipram, on retinoic acid-increased alkaline phosphatase activity in the mouse fibroblastic C3H10T1/2 cell line. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:63-7. [PMID: 12615143 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated effects of a phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor on retinoic acid-increased alkaline phosphatase activity in the mouse fibroblastic C3H10T1/2 clone 8 (10T1/2) cell line. 10T1/2 cells were cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM) and 10% fetal bovine serum with or without 1 microM retinoic acid and/or the PDE 4 inhibitor, rolipram, and harvested at specific intervals before measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity, cAMP production in response to parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin synthesis and expression, and phosphodiesterase activity. Retinoic acid-increased alkaline phosphatase activity, and slightly enhanced cAMP production in response to parathyroid hormone. However, it did not affect osteocalcin synthesis and expression. In the presence of retinoic acid, PDE 4 activity was not changed. A PDE 4 inhibitor, rolipram, and cAMP analog, 8-bromo-cAMP dramatically increased retinoic acid's ability to induce alkaline phosphatase activity. This is the first report that PDE 4 may be involved in regulation of retinoic acid-increased alkaline phosphatase activity.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wykes V, Bellamy TC, Garthwaite J. Kinetics of nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signalling in CNS cells and its possible regulation by cyclic GMP. J Neurochem 2002; 83:37-47. [PMID: 12358727 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically, nitric oxide (NO) signal transduction occurs through soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), which catalyses cyclic GMP (cGMP) formation. Knowledge of the kinetics of NO-evoked cGMP signals is therefore critical for understanding how NO signals are decoded. Studies on cerebellar astrocytes showed that sGC undergoes a desensitizing profile of activity, which, in league with phosphodiesterases (PDEs), was hypothesized to diversify cGMP responses in different cells. The hypothesis was tested by examining the kinetics of cGMP in rat striatal cells, in which cGMP accumulated in neurones in response to NO. Based on the effects of selective PDE inhibitors, cGMP hydrolysis following exposure to NO was attributed to a cGMP-stimulated PDE (PDE 2). Analysis of NO-induced cGMP accumulation in the presence of a PDE inhibitor indicated that sGC underwent marked desensitization. However, the desensitization kinetics determined under these conditions described poorly the cGMP profile observed in the absence of the PDE inhibitor. An explanation shown plausible theoretically was that cGMP determines the level of sGC desensitization. In support, tests in cerebellar astrocytes indicated an inverse relationship between cGMP level and recovery of sGC from its desensitized state. We suggest that the degree of sGC desensitization is related to the cGMP concentration and that this effect is not mediated by (de)phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wykes
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|