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Association Between Serum Trace Heavy Metals and Liver Function Among Adolescents. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e155-e160. [PMID: 36868864 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to metals has been associated with liver-related disease. Few studies have explored the effect of sex stratification on adolescent liver function. METHOD From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2016), 1143 subjects aged 12-19 years were selected for analysis. The outcome variables were the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. RESULTS The results showed a positive association between serum zinc and ALT in boys (odds ratio [OR], 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-5.06). Serum mercury was associated with an increase in ALT level in girls (OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.14-6.57). Mechanistically, the efficacy mediated by total cholesterol accounted for 24.38% and 6.19% of the association between serum zinc and ALT. CONCLUSIONS The results imply that serum heavy metals were associated with the risk of liver injury, possibly mediated by serum cholesterol, in adolescents.
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Lu D, Song J, Lu Y, Fall K, Chen X, Fang F, Landén M, Hultman CM, Czene K, Sullivan P, Tamimi RM, Valdimarsdóttir UA. A shared genetic contribution to breast cancer and schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4637. [PMID: 32934226 PMCID: PMC7492262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between schizophrenia and subsequent breast cancer has been suggested; however the risk of schizophrenia following a breast cancer is unknown. Moreover, the driving forces of the link are largely unclear. Here, we report the phenotypic and genetic positive associations of schizophrenia with breast cancer and vice versa, based on a Swedish population-based cohort and GWAS data from international consortia. We observe a genetic correlation of 0.14 (95% CI 0.09-0.19) and identify a shared locus at 19p13 (GATAD2A) associated with risks of breast cancer and schizophrenia. The epidemiological bidirectional association between breast cancer and schizophrenia may partly be explained by the genetic overlap between the two phenotypes and, hence, shared biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Campus USÖ, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fang Fang
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå stråket 15, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Healthcare Research and Policy, Weill Cornell Medicine, 402 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Unnur A Valdimarsdóttir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Noschang C, Krolow R, Arcego DM, Marcolin M, Ferreira AG, da Cunha AA, Wyse ATS, Dalmaz C. Early-life stress affects behavioral and neurochemical parameters differently in male and female juvenile Wistar rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:547-557. [PMID: 32683715 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal handling is an early life stressor that leads to behavioral and neurochemical changes in adult rats in a sex-specific manner and possibly affects earlier stages of development. Here, we investigated the effects of neonatal handling (days 1-10 after birth) on juvenile rats focusing on biochemical parameters and olfactory memory after weaning. Male neonatal handled rats performed more crossings on the hole-board task, increased Na+ /K+ -ATPase activity in the olfactory bulb, and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus versus non-handled males. Female neonatal handled animals increased the number of rearing and nose-pokes on the hole-board task, decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, and total thiol content in the hippocampus versus non-handled females. This study reinforces that early life stress affects behavioral and neurochemical parameters in a sex-specific manner even before the puberty onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noschang
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Krolow
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D M Arcego
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M Marcolin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A G Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A A da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A T S Wyse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C Dalmaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Zhang M, Liu W, Zhou Y, Li Y, Qin Y, Xu Y. Neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by maternal PM2.5 exposure and protective effects of quercetin and Vitamin C. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:182-196. [PMID: 30218877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that maternal exposure to PM2.5 affects the neurodevelopment of the offspring, especially the neurocognitive function. However, no relevant experimental researches have been published on toxic mechanism and diet intervention. We evaluated the effects of exposure to different doses of PM2.5 on the behavioral development of offspring via a PM2.5 exposure model established by intratracheal instillation, explored its mechanism and the protective effects of quercetin and VC intervention, and focused on the protein expression of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. Specifically, Exposure to PM2.5 during gestation and lactation period caused maternal oxidative stress. Maternal exposure to PM2.5 changed postnatal open-field behaviors in both gender, impaired spatial learning and memory in the female offspring, increased the level of IL-1β, IL-6, down-regulated p-CREB/CREB, BDNF, TrkB, p-CaMKII/CaMKII, p-CaMKIV/CaMKIV, up-regulated p-Akt/Akt and p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 in the offspring. In addition, maternal supplementation with quercetin ameliorate the maternal oxidative stress, improved progeny inflammatory response, regulated BDNF, TrkB, p-Akt/Akt, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 in female offspring, regulated TrkB, p-CREB/CREB and p-Akt/Akt in male offspring. Maternal supplementation with VC increased the levels of CAT in maternal mice, up-regulated BDNF in female offspring, regulated p-CREB/CREB and p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 in male offspring. Our findings indicate that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and lactation could impair behavioral development of offspring. Quercetin shows more protective effects than VC. The mechanism of neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by PM2.5 may be related to oxidative stress, inflammatory response and modulation of the CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yalin Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yajun Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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5
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Cowan CSM, Richardson R. Early‐life stress leads to sex‐dependent changes in pubertal timing in rats that are reversed by a probiotic formulation. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 61:679-687. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick Richardson
- School of Psychology The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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Kong L, Zhang H, Cao Y, Le J, Wu J, Liu B, Chen M, Du Y, Wang J, Wang G, Yi T, Zhou X, Wang G, Miao Q, Li S, Zhao N, Dong J. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Invigorating Kidney and Supplementing Qi Chinese Herbal Formulae in Asthma Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:3754145. [PMID: 28740537 PMCID: PMC5504930 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3754145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The theories of Shen-reinforcement and Qi-supplementation are important in asthma treatment based on traditional Chinese medicine theories. Early studies suggested that Invigorating Kidney and Supplementing Qi herbal formulae, Bu Shen Fang Chuan (BSFC) and Bu Shen Yi Qi (BSYQ), conveyed promising results in asthma treatment. However, the efficacy and safety of the formulae need to be further investigated by a randomized double-blind clinical trial. METHODS 328 eligible patients were randomly sent to BSFC, BSYQ, and placebo group. The two formulae were received as add-on therapy. The primary endpoints were rate of asthma exacerbation and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score. The secondary endpoints included HPA axis function and inflammatory cytokine production profile. All indexes were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS The primary endpoints were not improved in both groups; however, the depression levels of subgroup patients with HAM-D score > 5 were improved in BSFC group. HPA axis functions and inflammatory cytokines level were also improved by two formulae. The incidences of adverse events were similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS The two formulae had multiple advantage effects on neuroendocrine-immune system. They are worth used as a replacement therapy in asthma. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with clinical trial number ChiCTR-PRC-09000529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Kong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuxue Cao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jingjing Le
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Baojun Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yijie Du
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Genfa Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Tao Yi
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xianmei Zhou
- Pneumology Department, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Pneumology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing Miao
- Pneumology Department, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Suyun Li
- Pneumology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450008, China
| | - Naiqing Zhao
- Department of Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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7
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Hueston CM, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Stress and adolescent hippocampal neurogenesis: diet and exercise as cognitive modulators. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1081. [PMID: 28375209 PMCID: PMC5416690 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for brain maturation. Deciphering how disturbances to the central nervous system at this time affect structure, function and behavioural outputs is important to better understand any long-lasting effects. Hippocampal neurogenesis occurs during development and continues throughout life. In adulthood, integration of these new cells into the hippocampus is important for emotional behaviour, cognitive function and neural plasticity. During the adolescent period, maturation of the hippocampus and heightened levels of hippocampal neurogenesis are observed, making alterations to neurogenesis at this time particularly consequential. As stress negatively affects hippocampal neurogenesis, and adolescence is a particularly stressful time of life, it is important to investigate the impact of stressor exposure at this time on hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function. Adolescence may represent not only a time for which stress can have long-lasting effects, but is also a critical period during which interventions, such as exercise and diet, could ameliorate stress-induced changes to hippocampal function. In addition, intervention at this time may also promote life-long behavioural changes that would aid in fostering increased hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function. This review addresses both the acute and long-term stress-induced alterations to hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition during the adolescent period, as well as changes to the stress response and pubertal hormones at this time which may result in differential effects than are observed in adulthood. We hypothesise that adolescence may represent an optimal time for healthy lifestyle changes to have a positive and long-lasting impact on hippocampal neurogenesis, and to protect against stress-induced deficits. We conclude that future research into the mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of the adolescent hippocampus to stress, exercise and diet and the consequent effect on cognition may provide insight into why adolescence may be a vital period for correct conditioning of future hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hueston
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Y M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Chen GH, Xia L, Wang F, Li XW, Jiao CA. Patients with chronic insomnia have selective impairments in memory that are modulated by cortisol. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1567-76. [PMID: 27412857 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Memory impairment is a frequent complaint in insomniacs; however, it is not consistently demonstrated. It is unknown whether memory impairment in insomniacs involves neuroendocrine dysfunction. The participants in this study were selected from the clinical setting and included 21 patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID), 25 patients with insomnia and comorbid depressive disorder (CDD), and 20 control participants without insomnia. We evaluated spatial working and reference memory, object working and reference memory, and object recognition memory using the Nine Box Maze Test. We also evaluated serum neuroendocrine hormone levels. Compared to the controls, the CID patients made significantly more errors in spatial working and object recognition memory (p < .05), whereas the CDD patients performed poorly in all the assessed memory types (p < .05). In addition, the CID patients had higher levels (mean difference [95% CI]) of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, cortisol (31.98 [23.97, 39.98] μg/l), total triiodothyronine (667.58 [505.71, 829.45] μg/l), and total thyroxine (41.49 [33.23, 49.74] μg/l) (p < .05), and lower levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (-35.93 [-38.83, -33.02] ng/l), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (-4.50 [-5.02, -3.98] ng/l) (p < .05), and adrenocorticotropic hormone compared to the CDD patients. After controlling for confounding variables, the partial correlation analysis revealed that the levels of cortisol positively correlated with the errors in object working memory (r = .534, p = .033) and negatively correlated with the errors in object recognition memory (r = -.659, p = .006) in the CID patients. The results suggest that the CID patients had selective memory impairment, which may be mediated by increased cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and the Center of Psychologic Medicine of Anhui Province, Chaohu, China. .,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Lan Xia
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan-An Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and the Center of Psychologic Medicine of Anhui Province, Chaohu, China
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Montgomery DL. Distribution and Cellular Heterogeneity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viral Antigen Expression in the Brain of Persistently Infected Calves: A New Perspective. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:643-54. [PMID: 17846236 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection following in utero exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) early in gestation is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle industries worldwide. The brain is a primary target of persistent infection. In the current study, the types of cells infected and topography of viral antigen expression were examined in brain sections from 9 BVDV persistently infected crossbred calves, all less than 1 year of age, by immunohistochemical staining using the 15C5 primary monoclonal antibody. BVDV antigen was detected in the brains of all persistently infected calves. A variety of cell types was infected, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, blood vessel-associated cells (pericytes, perivascular macrophages, smooth muscle cells), and cells in the leptomeninges (blood vessel-associated cells). Conclusive demonstration of viral antigen in vascular endothelial cells was elusive. The intensity and distribution of viral antigen staining in neurons were highly variable. Viral antigen staining was most consistent and intense in thalamic nuclei, most notably in dorsal and medial nuclear groups, followed by the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, basal nuclei, and piriform cortex. Staining in other brain areas was often less intense and inconsistent. The variability in the intensity and topography of viral antigen in the brain may explain the heterogeneity in the clinical manifestations of BVDV-induced disease. Additionally, infection of the brain in persistently infected calves may underlie or at least contribute to endocrine disturbances and immunologic deficits that are protean manifestations of BVDV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Montgomery
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
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10
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Chiu YHM, Hsu HHL, Coull BA, Bellinger DC, Kloog I, Schwartz J, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Prenatal particulate air pollution and neurodevelopment in urban children: Examining sensitive windows and sex-specific associations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 87:56-65. [PMID: 26641520 PMCID: PMC4691396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain growth and structural organization occurs in stages beginning prenatally. Toxicants may impact neurodevelopment differently dependent upon exposure timing and fetal sex. OBJECTIVES We implemented innovative methodology to identify sensitive windows for the associations between prenatal particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and children's neurodevelopment. METHODS We assessed 267 full-term urban children's prenatal daily PM2.5 exposure using a validated satellite-based spatio-temporally resolved prediction model. Outcomes included IQ (WISC-IV), attention (omission errors [OEs], commission errors [CEs], hit reaction time [HRT], and HRT standard error [HRT-SE] on the Conners' CPT-II), and memory (general memory [GM] index and its components - verbal [VEM] and visual [VIM] memory, and attention-concentration [AC] indices on the WRAML-2) assessed at age 6.5±0.98 years. To identify the role of exposure timing, we used distributed lag models to examine associations between weekly prenatal PM2.5 exposure and neurodevelopment. Sex-specific associations were also examined. RESULTS Mothers were primarily minorities (60% Hispanic, 25% black); 69% had ≤12 years of education. Adjusting for maternal age, education, race, and smoking, we found associations between higher PM2.5 levels at 31-38 weeks with lower IQ, at 20-26 weeks gestation with increased OEs, at 32-36 weeks with slower HRT, and at 22-40 weeks with increased HRT-SE among boys, while significant associations were found in memory domains in girls (higher PM2.5 exposure at 18-26 weeks with reduced VIM, at 12-20 weeks with reduced GM). CONCLUSIONS Increased PM2.5 exposure in specific prenatal windows may be associated with poorer function across memory and attention domains with variable associations based on sex. Refined determination of time window- and sex-specific associations may enhance insight into underlying mechanisms and identification of vulnerable subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda Chiu
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsien Leon Hsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Riese P, Trittel S, Schulze K, Guzmán CA. Rodents as pre-clinical models for predicting vaccine performance in humans. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Trittel
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Melnikova VI, Lifantseva NV, Voronova SN, Zakharova LA. Long-lasting effects of the prenatal blockade of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the rat thymus. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2015; 462:193-5. [PMID: 26163218 DOI: 10.1134/s160767291503014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V I Melnikova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia,
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13
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Barr GA, Hunter DA. Interactions between glia, the immune system and pain processes during early development. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1698-710. [PMID: 24910104 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a serious problem for infants and children and treatment options are limited. Moreover, infants born prematurely or hospitalized for illness likely have concurrent infection that activates the immune system. It is now recognized that the immune system in general and glia in particular influence neurotransmission and that the neural bases of pain are intimately connected to immune function. We know that injuries that induce pain activate immune function and suppressing the immune system alleviates pain. Despite this advance in our understanding, virtually nothing is known of the role that the immune system plays in pain processing in infants and children, even though pain is a serious clinical issue in pediatric medicine. This brief review summarizes the existing data on immune-neural interactions in infants, providing evidence for the immaturity of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.
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14
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Laks DR. Luteinizing hormone provides a causal mechanism for mercury associated disease. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:698-701. [PMID: 19914008 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the pituitary is a main target for inorganic mercury (I-Hg) deposition and accumulation within the brain. My recent study of the US population (1999-2006) has uncovered a significant, inverse relationship between chronic mercury exposure and levels of luteinizing hormone (LH). This association with LH signifies more than its presumed role as bioindicator for pituitary neurosecretion and function. LH is the only hormone with a rare and well characterized, high affinity binding site for mercury. On its catalytic beta subunit, LH has the structure to preferentially bind inorganic mercury almost irreversibly, and, by that manner, accumulate the neurotoxic element. Thus, it is likely that LH is an early and significant target of chronic mercury exposure. Moreover, due to the role of LH in immune-modulation and neurogenesis, I present LH as a central candidate to elucidate a causal mechanism for chronic mercury exposure and associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan R Laks
- Mental Retardation Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA.
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15
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Nicot A. Gender and sex hormones in multiple sclerosis pathology and therapy. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:4477-515. [PMID: 19273365 DOI: 10.2741/3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that gender affects the susceptibility and course of multiple sclerosis (MS) with a higher disease prevalence and overall better prognosis in women than men. This sex dimorphism may be explained by sex chromosome effects and effects of sex steroid hormones on the immune system, blood brain barrier or parenchymal central nervous system (CNS) cells. The well known improvement in disease during late pregnancy has also been linked to hormonal changes and has stimulated recent clinical studies to determine the efficacy of and tolerance to sex steroid therapeutic approaches. Both clinical and experimental studies indicate that sex steroid supplementation may be beneficial for MS. This could be related to anti-inflammatory actions on the immune system or CNS and to direct neuroprotective properties. Here, clinical and experimental data are reviewed with respect to the effects of sex hormones or gender in the pathology or therapy of MS or its rodent disease models. The different cellular targets as well as some molecular mechanisms likely involved are discussed.
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16
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Aluru N, Vijayan MM. Brain transcriptomics in response to beta-naphthoflavone treatment in rainbow trout: the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 87:1-12. [PMID: 18282621 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure disrupts steroid production in teleostean fishes. While this suppression of plasma steroid levels is thought to involve aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, the target tissues impacted and the molecular mechanisms involved have rarely been addressed. We tested the hypothesis that AhR activation downregulates genes involved in neuroendocrine function, including the control of brain-pituitary-interrenal (BPI) and -gonadal (BPG) axes in rainbow trout. To elucidate receptor-specific signaling, we utilized a pharmacological approach using beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) and resveratrol (RVT) as AhR agonist and antagonist, respectively. The gene expression pattern in the brain was analysed using a low-density targeted trout cDNA array enriched with genes encoding proteins involved in endocrine signaling, stress response and metabolic adjustments. Upregulation of AhR and CYP1A1 gene expression with BNF and the inhibition of this response by RVT confirmed AhR-dependent signaling. RVT by itself impacted only a few genes, while BNF treatment significantly modulated the transcript level of 49 genes, many of which are involved in the neuroendocrine control of stress and reproduction. Of these, only 27% of the BNF-mediated transcriptional response was blocked by RVT, suggesting molecular regulation of neuroendocrine pathways that are also AhR-independent. Gene expression pattern for select genes seen with the microarray analysis was also confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR. Overall, our results reveal for the first time that BNF disrupts several key genes involved in the neuroendocrine control of stress and sex steroid biosynthesis, while the mode of action involves both AhR-dependent and -independent pathways in trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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17
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Hince M, Sakkal S, Vlahos K, Dudakov J, Boyd R, Chidgey A. The role of sex steroids and gonadectomy in the control of thymic involution. Cell Immunol 2008; 252:122-38. [PMID: 18294626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A major underlying cause for aging of the immune system is the structural and functional atrophy of the thymus, and associated decline in T cell genesis. This loss of naïve T cells reduces adaptive immunity to new stimuli and precipitates a peripheral bias to memory cells against prior antigens. Whilst multiple mechanisms may contribute to this process, the temporal alliance of thymic decline with puberty has implicated a causative role for sex steroids. Accordingly ablation of sex steroids induces profound thymic rejuvenation. Although the thymus retains some, albeit highly limited, function in healthy adults, this is insufficient for resurrecting the T cell pool following cytoablative treatments such as chemo- and radiation-therapy and AIDS. Increased risk of opportunistic infections and cancer relapse or appearance, are a direct consequence. Temporary sex steroid ablation may thus provide a clinically effective means to regenerate the thymus and immune system in immunodeficiency states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hince
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Level 3, Building-75, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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18
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Hodgson DM, Nakamura T, Walker AK. Prophylactic role for complementary and alternative medicine in perinatal programming of adult health. Complement Med Res 2007; 14:92-101. [PMID: 17464160 DOI: 10.1159/000100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health status of an individual in adulthood is proposed to be determined by events occurring in the prenatal and early postnatal period. A common early life event proven to have long lasting effects on the developing fetus is stress, including pain. Exposure of fetal and neonatal infants to repetitive psychological (e.g., maternal stress) or physiological (e.g., pain, infection, and noise) stress during this period is proposed to alter mechanisms involved in the regulation of stress, immunological maturation, pain perception, and cognition. Such changes, which persist into adulthood, may occur via alterations in the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This process is typically referred to as 'perinatal programming'. Ontogenic alterations in the development of the HPA-axis have been related to a number of adult pathologies such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, as well as psychopathologies such as anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVE In this review, the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), such as music, dietary supplements, massage and aromatherapy, in reducing perinatal stress in mothers and infants is examined. An emphasis is placed on these therapies as preventative measures which may be of value to individuals at risk of developing disease profiles associated with the consequences of adverse perinatal programming. The widening interest in perinatal programming and CAM suggests the potential for CAM to become a valuable tool in offsetting negative adult health outcomes resulting from perinatal programming associated with adverse gestational early life environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Hodgson
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
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19
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20
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Morale MC, Serra PA, L'episcopo F, Tirolo C, Caniglia S, Testa N, Gennuso F, Giaquinta G, Rocchitta G, Desole MS, Miele E, Marchetti B. Estrogen, neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: glia dictates resistance versus vulnerability to neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2005; 138:869-78. [PMID: 16337092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-menopausal estrogen deficiency is recognized to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of a number of age-related diseases in women, such as osteoporosis, coronary heart disease and Alzheimer's disease. There are also sexual differences in the progression of diseases associated with the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, such as Parkinson's disease, a chronic progressive degenerative disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in the substancia nigra pars compacta. The mechanism(s) responsible for dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease are still unknown, but oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are believed to play a key role in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron demise. Estrogen neuroprotective effects have been widely reported in a number of neuronal cell systems including the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, via both genomic and non-genomic effects, however, little is known on estrogen modulation of astrocyte and microglia function in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. We here highlight estrogen modulation of glial neuroinflammatory reaction in the protection of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and emphasize the cardinal role of glia-neuron crosstalk in directing neuroprotection vs neurodegeneration. In particular, the specific role of astroglia and its pro-/anti-inflammatory mechanisms in estrogen neuroprotection are presented. This study shows that astrocyte and microglia response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine injury vary according to the estrogenic status with direct consequences for dopaminergic neuron survival, recovery and repair. These findings provide a new insight into the protective action of estrogen that may possibly contribute to the development of novel therapeutic treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Morale
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Neuropharmacology Section, Troina, Italy
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21
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Marchetti B, Serra PA, Tirolo C, L'episcopo F, Caniglia S, Gennuso F, Testa N, Miele E, Desole S, Barden N, Morale MC. Glucocorticoid receptor–nitric oxide crosstalk and vulnerability to experimental parkinsonism: pivotal role for glia–neuron interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 48:302-21. [PMID: 15850669 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress have been closely associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in astrocytes and microglia and the production of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are thought to contribute to dopaminergic neuron demise. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that activated astroglial cells play key roles in neuroprotection and can promote recovery of CNS functions. Endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) exert potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects and are key players in protecting the brain against stimulation of innate immunity. Here we review our work showing that exposure to a dysfunctional GR from early embryonic life in transgenic (Tg) mice expressing GR antisense RNA represents a key vulnerability factor in the response of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and further report that exacerbation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity with no recovery is determined by failure of astroglia to exert neuroprotective effects. Aberrant iNOS gene expression and increased glia vulnerability to cell death characterized the response of GR-deficient mice to stimulation of innate immunity. More importantly, GR-deficient glial cells failed to protect fetal dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress-induces cell death, whereas wild-type glia afforded neuroprotection. Thus, lack of iNOS/NO regulation by GCs can program an aberrant GR-NO crosstalk in turn responsible for loss of astroglia neuroprotective function in response to stimulation of innate immunity, pointing to glia and efficient GR-NO dialogue as pivotal factors orchestrating neuroprotection in experimental parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marchetti
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina (EN) Italy.
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22
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Zakharova LA, Ermilova IY, Melnikova VI, Malyukova IV, Adamskaya EI. Hypothalamic control of mitogen-induced proliferative responses and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone levels in thymus and peripheral blood of rat fetuses. Neuroimmunomodulation 2005; 12:85-91. [PMID: 15785110 DOI: 10.1159/000083580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of endogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the development of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced proliferative responses was studied in rat fetuses. Preliminary treatment of fetuses in utero with either the LHRH receptor antagonist or anti-LHRH antibodies resulted in the suppression of ConA-induced proliferative responses of thymocytes. LHRH and LHRH-immunopositive cells, morphologically similar to thymocytes, were detected in intact fetal thymus. A significant content of LHRH was also found in the peripheral blood of fetuses. The LHRH content in thymus and plasma was similar in males and females. Surgical ablation of the hypothalamus resulted in 2-fold decreases in thymus and plasma levels of LHRH in 21-day-old fetuses compared to sham-operated fetuses. It was concluded that LHRH regulates mitogen-induced proliferative responses of thymocytes during prenatal ontogenesis in the rat. The main source of plasma LHRH at that period is the hypothalamus. Moreover, LHRH is synthesized in the fetal thymus. Thus, LHRH is suggested to have not only a central effect but also to be involved in autocrine or paracrine regulation of proliferative immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A Zakharova
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Li X, Taylor S, Zegarelli B, Shen S, O'Rourke J, Cone RE. The induction of splenic suppressor T cells through an immune-privileged site requires an intact sympathetic nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 153:40-9. [PMID: 15265662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antigen injection into the eye's anterior chamber (AC) induces the antigen-specific suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) that is mediated by NKT cells and splenic CD8+ suppressor T cells. Because the AC, uveal tissues, the thymus and spleen required to induce anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) have dense sympathetic innervations, we examined the effects of chemical sympathectomy of mice by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the induction of the suppression of contact sensitivity to trinitrophenol (TNP) induced by the injection of TNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA) into the anterior chamber. DTH measured as contact sensitivity to picrylchloride was not induced in mice that received 6-OHDA before immunization with TNP-BSA. Although spleen cells from 6-OHDA-treated TNP-BSA-immunized mice produced IFN-gamma when stimulated by TNP-BSA, the number of DTH-initiating hepatic NKT cells was reduced markedly in 6-OHDA-treated mice. Chemically denervated mice did not produce splenic suppressor T cells or thymic NKT cells that activate splenic suppressor T cells. We suggest that an intact sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is required to maintain cellular immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Li
- Department of Pathology, Connecticut Lions Vision Immunology Center. University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3105, USA
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24
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Morale MC, Serra PA, Delogu MR, Migheli R, Rocchitta G, Tirolo C, Caniglia S, Testa N, L'Episcopo F, Gennuso F, Scoto GM, Barden N, Miele E, Desole MS, Marchetti B. Glucocorticoid receptor deficiency increases vulnerability of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: critical role of glial nitric oxide. FASEB J 2003; 18:164-6. [PMID: 14630699 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0501fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) exert via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Emerging evidence indicates that an inflammatory process is involved in dopaminergic nigro-striatal neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease. We here report that the GR deficiency of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing GR antisense RNA from early embryonic life has a dramatic impact in "programming" the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The GR deficiency of Tg mice exacerbates MPTP-induced toxicity to dopaminergic neurons, as revealed by both severe loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive nigral neurons and sharp decreases in striatal levels of dopamine and its metabolites. In addition, the late increase in dopamine oxidative metabolism and ascorbic acid oxidative status in GR-deficient mice was far greater than in wild-type (Wt) mice. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was sharply increased in activated astrocytes, macrophages/microglia of GR-deficient as compared with Wt mice. Moreover, GR-deficient microglia produced three- to fourfold higher nitrite levels than Wt mice; these increases preceded the loss of dopaminergic function and were resistant to GR the inhibitory effect of GC, pointing to peroxynitrites as candidate neurotoxic effectors. The iNOS inhibitor N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine normalized vulnerability of Tg mice, thus establishing a novel link between genetic impairment of GR function and vulnerability to MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Morale
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
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25
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Morale MC, Gallo F, Tirolo C, L'Episcopo F, Gennuso F, Testa N, Caniglia S, Spina-Purrello V, Avola R, Scoto GM, Marchetti B. The reproductive system at the neuroendocrine-immune interface: focus on LHRH, estrogens and growth factors in LHRH neuron-glial interactions. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2003; 25:21-46. [PMID: 12963097 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(03)00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Signals generated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (i.e. luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, LHRH, and sex steroids) are major players coordinating the development immune system function. Conversely, products generated by immune system activation exert powerful and longlasting effects on HPG axis activity. In the central nervous system (CNS), one chief neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) compartment is represented by the astroglial cell population and its mediators. Of special interest, the major supporting cells of the brain and the thymus, astrocytes and thymic epithelial cells, share a similar origin and a similar set of peptides, transmitters, hormones and cytokines functioning as paracrine/autocrine regulators. This may explain some fundamental analogies in LHRH regulation of both cell types during ontogeny and in adult life. Hence, the neuropeptide LHRH significantly modulates astrocyte and thymic cell development and function. Here we focus this work on LHRH neuron-glial signaling cascades which dictate major changes during LHRH neuronal differentiation and growth as well as in response to hormonal manipulations and pro-inflammatory challenges. The interplay between LHRH, growth factors, estrogens and pro-inflammatory mediators will be discussed, and the potential physiopathological implications of these findings summarized. The overall study highlights the plasticity of this intersystem cross-talk and emphasize neuron-glial interactions as a key regulatory level of neuroendocrine axes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Morale
- Department of Neuropharmacology, OASI Institute for Research and Care (IRCCS) on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy
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26
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Ware CB, Nelson AM, Liggitt D. Late gestation modulation of fetal glucocorticoid effects requires the receptor for leukemia inhibitory factor: an observational study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:43. [PMID: 12823859 PMCID: PMC165445 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2003] [Accepted: 05/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ablation of the low-affinity receptor subunit for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIFR) causes multi-systemic defects in the late gestation fetus. Because corticosterone is known to have a broad range of effects and LIF function has been associated with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, this study was designed to determine the role for LIFR in the fetus when exposed to the elevated maternal glucocorticoid levels of late gestation. Uncovering a requirement for LIFR in appropriate glucocorticoid response will further understanding of control of glucocorticoid function. METHODS Maternal adrenalectomy or RU486 administration were used to determine the impact of the maternal glucocorticoid surge on fetal development in the absence of LIFR. The mice were analyzed by a variety of histological techniques including immunolabeling and staining techniques (hematoxylin and eosin, Alizarin red S and alcian blue). Plasma corticosterone was assayed using radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Maternal adrenalectomy does not improve the prognosis for LIFR null pups and exacerbates the effects of LIFR loss. RU486 noticeably improves many of the tissues affected by LIFR loss: bone density, skeletal muscle integrity and glial cell formation. LIFR null pups exposed during late gestation to RU486 in utero survive natural delivery, unlike LIFR null pups from untreated litters. But RU486 treated LIFR null pups succumb within the first day after birth, presumably due to neural deficit resulting in an inability to suckle. CONCLUSION LIFR plays an integral role in modulating the fetal response to elevated maternal glucocorticoids during late gestation. This role is likely to be mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor and has implications for adult homeostasis as a direct tie between immune, neural and hormone function.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/embryology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Adrenalectomy
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/analysis
- Animals
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/embryology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/genetics
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/prevention & control
- Corticosterone/blood
- Female
- Fetal Diseases/embryology
- Fetal Diseases/genetics
- Fetal Diseases/prevention & control
- Fetus/physiology
- Genes, Lethal
- Gestational Age
- Homeostasis
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology
- Interleukin-6
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Cytokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, OSM-LIF
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Spinal Cord/embryology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Ware
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7190
| | - Angelique M Nelson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7190
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7190
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27
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Denton KM, Flower RL, Stevenson KM, Anderson WP. Adult rabbit offspring of mothers with secondary hypertension have increased blood pressure. Hypertension 2003; 41:634-9. [PMID: 12623971 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000052949.85257.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preexisting chronic hypertension complicates up to 5% of pregnancies and is associated with an increased risk of low-birth-weight babies. Studies suggest that an adverse intrauterine environment leading to low birth weight is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, in the adult. In this study, the blood pressure of offspring from mothers with hypertension were followed up into adulthood. Two-kidney, 1-wrapped hypertension was induced in 7 female rabbits; 5 other rabbits underwent sham surgery. Four weeks later, rabbits were mated, at which time mean arterial pressure was 118+/-3 and 87+/-5 mm Hg in the hypertensive and sham groups, respectively (P<0.001). The blood pressure of 30-week-old females was 89+/-2 mm Hg in the offspring of hypertensive (n=14) and 79+/-1 mm Hg in the offspring of normotensive (n=13) mothers (P<0.005). Also, plasma renin activity was significantly lower in the female offspring of hypertensive mothers at 10 weeks of age (P<0.05), suggesting that development of the renin-angiotensin system was altered. In contrast, male offspring from hypertensive and normotensive mothers had similar mean arterial pressure and plasma renin activity. In conclusion, maternal secondary hypertension can "program" hypertension in female adult offspring. The results also suggest that there are gender-specific differences in sensitivity to altered in utero environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Denton
- Department of Physiology, PO Box 13F, Monash University, Victoria, Australia 3800.
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28
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Morales J, Velasco T, Tovar V, Fragoso G, Fleury A, Beltrán C, Villalobos N, Aluja A, Rodarte LF, Sciutto E, Larralde C. Castration and pregnancy of rural pigs significantly increase the prevalence of naturally acquired Taenia solium cysticercosis. Vet Parasitol 2002; 108:41-8. [PMID: 12191898 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cuentepec is a rural village of central Mexico, where 1300 pigs were bred at the time of the study in conditions that favor Taenia solium transmission. The tongues of 1087 (84%) of these pigs were visually examined and 33% were found to be cysticercotic. Castration of male pigs increased prevalence from 23 to 50% (P < 0.001) and pregnancy in sows also increased their prevalence from 28 to 59% (P < 0.001). Thus, endocrinological conditions characterized by low levels of androgens or high levels of female hormones probably influence the susceptibility of pigs to T. solium cysticercosis as observed in mice infected with Taenia crassiceps. Delaying castration of male pigs and confinement of sows during pregnancy might significantly decrease the prevalence of pig-cysticercosis and help curb transmission without much cost or difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morales
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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29
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Marchetti B, Morale MC, Brouwer J, Tirolo C, Testa N, Caniglia S, Barden N, Amor S, Smith PA, Dijkstra CD. Exposure to a dysfunctional glucocorticoid receptor from early embryonic life programs the resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via nitric oxide-induced immunosuppression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5848-59. [PMID: 12023389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones play a central role in the bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems and exert, via GC receptors (GR), potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we report that GR deficiency of transgenic mice expressing GR antisense RNA from early embryonic life has a dramatic impact in programming the susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. GR deficiency renders mice resistant to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE, and such mice do not develop clinical or histological signs of disease compared with EAE-susceptible wild-type mice. Resistance to EAE in GR-deficient mice is associated not with endogenous GC levels, but with a significant reduction in spleen and lymph node cell proliferation. The use of NO inhibitors in vitro indicates that NO is the candidate immunosuppressor molecule. GR-deficient mice develop 3- to 6-fold higher nitrite levels in the periphery and are resistant to NO inhibition by GCs. Specific inhibition of NO production in vivo by treatment with the inducible NO synthase inhibitor, L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine, suppressed circulating nitrites, increased myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific cell proliferation, and rendered GR-deficient mice susceptible to EAE. Thus, life-long GR deficiency triggers inducible NO synthase induction and NO generation with consequent down-regulation of effector cell proliferation. These findings identify a novel link among GR, NO, and EAE susceptibility and highlight NO as critical signaling molecule in bidirectional communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari Medical School, Sassari, Italy.
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