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Zhu J, Miner MD. Local Power: The Role of Tissue-Resident Immunity in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation. Viruses 2024; 16:1019. [PMID: 39066181 PMCID: PMC11281577 DOI: 10.3390/v16071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From established latency, human herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) frequently reactivates into the genital tract, resulting in symptomatic ulcers or subclinical shedding. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells that accumulate and persist in the genital skin at the local site of recrudescence are the "first responders" to viral reactivation, performing immunosurveillance and containment and aborting the ability of the virus to induce clinical lesions. This review describes the unique spatiotemporal characteristics, transcriptional signatures, and noncatalytic effector functions of TRM CD8+ T cells in the tissue context of human HSV-2 infection. We highlight recent insights into the intricate overlaps between intrinsic resistance, innate defense, and adaptive immunity in the tissue microenvironment and discuss how rapid virus-host dynamics at the skin and mucosal level influence clinical outcomes of genital herpes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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2
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Sankaran DG, Zhu H, Maymi VI, Forlastro IM, Jiang Y, Laniewski N, Scheible KM, Rudd BD, Grimson AW. Gene Regulatory Programs that Specify Age-Related Differences during Thymocyte Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.14.599011. [PMID: 38948840 PMCID: PMC11212896 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.599011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
T cell development is fundamental to immune system establishment, yet how this development changes with age remains poorly understood. Here, we construct a transcriptional and epigenetic atlas of T cell developmental programs in neonatal and adult mice, revealing the ontogeny of divergent gene regulatory programs and their link to age-related differences in phenotype and function. Specifically, we identify a gene module that diverges with age from the earliest stages of genesis and includes programs that govern effector response and cell cycle regulation. Moreover, we reveal that neonates possess more accessible chromatin during early thymocyte development, likely establishing poised gene expression programs that manifest later in thymocyte development. Finally, we leverage this atlas, employing a CRISPR-based perturbation approach coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing as a readout to uncover a conserved transcriptional regulator, Zbtb20, that contributes to age-dependent differences in T cell development. Altogether, our study defines transcriptional and epigenetic programs that regulate age-specific differences in T cell development.
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3
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Doan TA, Forward TS, Schafer JB, Lucas ED, Fleming I, Uecker-Martin A, Ayala E, Guthmiller JJ, Hesselberth JR, Morrison TE, Tamburini BAJ. Immunization-induced antigen archiving enhances local memory CD8+ T cell responses following an unrelated viral infection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:66. [PMID: 38514656 PMCID: PMC10957963 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigens from viruses or immunizations can persist or are archived in lymph node stromal cells such as lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC). Here, we find that, during the time frame of antigen archiving, LEC apoptosis caused by a second, but unrelated, innate immune stimulus such as vaccina viral infection or CpG DNA administration resulted in cross-presentation of archived antigens and boosted memory CD8 + T cells specific to the archived antigen. In contrast to "bystander" activation associated with unrelated infections, the memory CD8 + T cells specific to the archived antigen from the immunization were significantly higher than memory CD8 + T cells of a different antigen specificity. Finally, the boosted memory CD8 + T cells resulted in increased protection against Listeria monocytogenes expressing the antigen from the immunization, but only for the duration that the antigen was archived. These findings outline an important mechanism by which lymph node stromal cell archived antigens, in addition to bystander activation, can augment memory CD8 + T cell responses during repeated inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu A Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tadg S Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johnathon B Schafer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aspen Uecker-Martin
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edgardo Ayala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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4
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Lee AR, Wilson KR, Clarke M, Engel S, Tscharke DC, Gebhardt T, Bedoui S, Bachem A. GPR41 and GPR43 regulate CD8 + T cell priming during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332588. [PMID: 38524121 PMCID: PMC10957577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Naïve CD8+ T cells need to undergo a complex and coordinated differentiation program to gain the capacity to control virus infections. This not only involves the acquisition of effector functions, but also regulates the development of a subset of effector CD8+ T cells into long-lived and protective memory cells. Microbiota-derived metabolites have recently gained interest for their influence on T cells, but much remains unclear about their role in CD8+ T cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPR)41 and GPR43 that can bind microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in CD8+ T cell priming following epicutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. We found that HSV-specific CD8+ T cells in GPR41/43-deficient mice were impaired in the antigen-elicited production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), granzyme B and perforin, and failed to differentiate effectively into memory precursors. The defect in controlling HSV-1 at the site of infection could be restored when GPR41 and GPR43 were expressed exclusively by HSV-specific CD8+ T cells. Our findings therefore highlight roles for GPR41 and GPR43 in CD8+ T cell differentiation, emphasising the importance of metabolite sensing in fine-tuning anti-viral CD8+ T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Renita Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kayla Roberta Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michele Clarke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sven Engel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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5
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Ashayeripanah M, Vega-Ramos J, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Valikhani S, Lun ATL, White JT, Young LJ, Yaftiyan A, Zhan Y, Wakim L, Caminschi I, Lahoud MH, Lew AM, Shortman K, Smyth GK, Heath WR, Mintern JD, Roquilly A, Villadangos JA. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by blood-borne pathogens induces prolonged dendritic cell paralysis and immunosuppression. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113754. [PMID: 38354086 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood-borne pathogens can cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) followed by protracted, potentially lethal immunosuppression. The mechanisms responsible for impaired immunity post-SIRS remain unclear. We show that SIRS triggered by pathogen mimics or malaria infection leads to functional paralysis of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Paralysis affects several generations of cDCs and impairs immunity for 3-4 weeks. Paralyzed cDCs display distinct transcriptomic and phenotypic signatures and show impaired capacity to capture and present antigens in vivo. They also display altered cytokine production patterns upon stimulation. The paralysis program is not initiated in the bone marrow but during final cDC differentiation in peripheral tissues under the influence of local secondary signals that persist after resolution of SIRS. Vaccination with monoclonal antibodies that target cDC receptors or blockade of transforming growth factor β partially overcomes paralysis and immunosuppression. This work provides insights into the mechanisms of paralysis and describes strategies to restore immunocompetence post-SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Ashayeripanah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Javier Vega-Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health and the UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shirin Valikhani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Aaron T L Lun
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jason T White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Louise J Young
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Atefeh Yaftiyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Linda Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ken Shortman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, 44000 Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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6
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Watson NB, Patel RK, Kean C, Veazey J, Oyesola OO, Laniewski N, Grenier JK, Wang J, Tabilas C, Yee Mon KJ, McNairn AJ, Peng SA, Wesnak SP, Nzingha K, Davenport MP, Tait Wojno ED, Scheible KM, Smith NL, Grimson A, Rudd BD. The gene regulatory basis of bystander activation in CD8 + T cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadf8776. [PMID: 38394230 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf8776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are classically recognized as adaptive lymphocytes based on their ability to recognize specific foreign antigens and mount memory responses. However, recent studies indicate that some antigen-inexperienced CD8+ T cells can respond to innate cytokines alone in the absence of cognate T cell receptor stimulation, a phenomenon referred to as bystander activation. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal CD8+ T cells undergo a robust and diverse program of bystander activation, which corresponds to enhanced innate-like protection against unrelated pathogens. Using a multi-omics approach, we found that the ability of neonatal CD8+ T cells to respond to innate cytokines derives from their capacity to undergo rapid chromatin remodeling, resulting in the usage of a distinct set of enhancers and transcription factors typically found in innate-like T cells. We observed that the switch between innate and adaptive functions in the CD8+ T cell compartment is mediated by changes in the abundance of distinct subsets of cells. The innate CD8+ T cell subset that predominates in early life was also present in adult mice and humans. Our findings provide support for the layered immune hypothesis and indicate that the CD8+ T cell compartment is more functionally diverse than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neva B Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ravi K Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Connor Kean
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Janelle Veazey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nathan Laniewski
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Genomics Innovation Hub and TREx Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cybelle Tabilas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kristel J Yee Mon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrian J McNairn
- Genomics Innovation Hub and TREx Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Seth A Peng
- Department of Clinical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samantha P Wesnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristin M Scheible
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Norah L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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7
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English K, Kwan R, Holz LE, McGuffog C, Krol JMM, Kempe D, Kaisho T, Heath WR, Lisowski L, Biro M, McCaughan GW, Bowen DG, Bertolino P. A hepatic network of dendritic cells mediates CD4 T cell help outside lymphoid organs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1261. [PMID: 38341416 PMCID: PMC10858872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
While CD4+ T cells are a prerequisite for CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against intracellular hepatotropic pathogens, the mechanisms facilitating the transfer of CD4-help to intrahepatic CD8+ T cells are unknown. Here, we developed an experimental system to investigate cognate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to a model-antigen expressed de novo in hepatocytes and reveal that after initial priming, effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells migrate into portal tracts and peri-central vein regions of the liver where they cluster with type-1 conventional dendritic cells. These dendritic cells are locally licensed by CD4+ T cells and expand the number of CD8+ T cells in situ, resulting in larger effector and memory CD8+ T cell pools. These findings reveal that CD4+ T cells promote intrahepatic immunity by amplifying the CD8+ T cell response via peripheral licensing of hepatic type-1 conventional dendritic cells and identify intrahepatic perivascular compartments specialized in facilitating effector T cell-dendritic cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran English
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rain Kwan
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire McGuffog
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jelte M M Krol
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Bowen
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Tamburini B, Doan T, Forward T, Lucas E, Fleming I, Uecker-Martin A, Hesselberth J, Morrison T. Vaccine-induced antigen archiving enhances local memory CD8+ T cell responses following an unrelated viral infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3307809. [PMID: 37841845 PMCID: PMC10571600 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3307809/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Viral and vaccine antigens persist or are archived in lymph node stromal cells (LNSC) such as lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC). Here, we find that, during the time frame of antigen archiving, LEC apoptosis caused by a second, but unrelated, innate immune stimulus such as vaccina viral infection or CpG DNA administration boosted memory CD8+ T cells specific to the archived antigen. In contrast to "bystander" activation associated with unrelated infections, the memory CD8+ T cells specific to the vaccine archived antigen were significantly higher than memory CD8+ T cells of a different antigen specificity. Finally, the boosted memory CD8+ T cells resulted in increased protection against Listeria monocytogenes expressing the vaccine antigen, but only for the duration that the vaccine antigen was archived. These findings outline a novel mechanism by which LNSC archived antigens, in addition to bystander activation, can augment memory CD8+ T cell responses during repeated inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thu Doan
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Erin Lucas
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Ira Fleming
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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9
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Tognarelli EI, Duarte LF, Farías MA, Cancino FA, Corrales N, Ibáñez FJ, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Dendritic Cells Contributes to Protective Immunity against Herpes Simplex Virus Skin Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1170. [PMID: 37371900 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections are highly prevalent in the human population and produce mild to life-threatening diseases. These viruses interfere with the function and viability of dendritic cells (DCs), which are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate and regulate the host's antiviral immune responses. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible host enzyme with reported antiviral activity against HSVs in epithelial cells and neurons. Here, we sought to assess whether HO-1 modulates the function and viability of DCs upon infection with HSV-1 or HSV-2. We found that the stimulation of HO-1 expression in HSV-inoculated DCs significantly recovered the viability of these cells and hampered viral egress. Furthermore, HSV-infected DCs stimulated to express HO-1 promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as PDL-1 and IL-10, and the activation of virus-specific CD4+ T cells with regulatory (Treg), Th17 and Treg/Th17 phenotypes. Moreover, HSV-infected DCs stimulated to express HO-1 and then transferred into mice, promoted the activation of virus-specific T cells and improved the outcome of HSV-1 skin infection. These findings suggest that stimulation of HO-1 expression in DCs limits the deleterious effects of HSVs over these cells and induces a favorable virus-specific immune response in the skin against HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Felipe A Cancino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Francisco J Ibáñez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370133, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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10
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Filiberti A, Gmyrek GB, Berube AN, Carr DJJ. Osteopontin contributes to virus resistance associated with type I IFN expression, activation of downstream ifn-inducible effector genes, and CCR2 +CD115 +CD206 + macrophage infiltration following ocular HSV-1 infection of mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1028341. [PMID: 36685562 PMCID: PMC9846535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular pathology is often associated with acute herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection of the cornea in mice. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of early T lymphocyte activation 1 protein or osteopontin (OPN) in corneal inflammation and host resistance to ocular HSV-1 infection. C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and osteopontin deficient (OPN KO) mice infected in the cornea with HSV-1 were evaluated for susceptibility to infection and cornea pathology. OPN KO mice were found to possess significantly more infectious virus in the cornea at day 3 and day 7 post infection compared to infected WT mice. Coupled with these findings, HSV-1-infected OPN KO mouse corneas were found to express less interferon (IFN)-α1, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, and RNase L compared to infected WT animals early post infection that likely contributed to decreased resistance. Notably, OPN KO mice displayed significantly less corneal opacity and neovascularization compared to WT mice that paralleled a decrease in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A within 12 hr post infection. The change in corneal pathology of the OPN KO mice aligned with a decrease in total leukocyte infiltration into the cornea and specifically, in neutrophils at day 3 post infection and in macrophage subpopulations including CCR2+CD115+CD206+ and CD115+CD183+CD206+ -expressing cells. The infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the cornea was unaltered comparing infected WT to OPN KO mice. Likewise, there was no difference in the total number of HSV-1-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cells found in the draining lymph node with both sets functionally competent in response to virus antigen comparing WT to OPN KO mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate OPN deficiency directly influences the host innate immune response to ocular HSV-1 infection reducing some aspects of inflammation but at a cost with an increase in local HSV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Filiberti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Grzegorz B. Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Amanda N. Berube
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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11
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Hilt ZT, Charles W, Cheng KE, Tabilas C, Steinhilber M, Wesnak SP, Smith NL, Schaffer CB, Rudd BD. Cutting Edge: CCR9 Promotes CD8+ T Cell Recruitment to the Brain during Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2281-2286. [PMID: 36469843 PMCID: PMC9886274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes infiltrate the brain during congenital CMV infection and promote viral clearance. However, the mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells are recruited to the brain remain unclear. Using a mouse model of congenital CMV, we found a gut-homing chemokine receptor (CCR9) was preferentially expressed in CD8+ T cells localized in the brain postinfection. In the absence of CCR9 or CCL25 (CCR9's ligand) expression, CD8+ T cells failed to migrate to key sites of infection in the brain and protect the host from severe forms of disease. Interestingly, we found that expression of CCR9 on CD8+ T cells was also responsible for spatial temporal positioning of T cells in the brain. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the CMV-infected brain uses a similar mechanism for CD8+ T cell homing as the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Hilt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Wisler Charles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Katarina E. Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cybelle Tabilas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Megan Steinhilber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samantha P. Wesnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Norah L. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris B. Schaffer
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian D. Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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Loi JK, Alexandre YO, Senthil K, Schienstock D, Sandford S, Devi S, Christo SN, Mackay LK, Chinnery HR, Osborne PB, Downie LE, Sloan EK, Mueller SN. Corneal tissue-resident memory T cells form a unique immune compartment at the ocular surface. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110852. [PMID: 35613584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is considered immune privileged such that immune responses are dampened to protect vision. As the most anterior compartment of the eye, the cornea is exposed to pathogens and can mount immune responses that recruit effector T cells. However, presence of immune memory in the cornea is not defined. Here, we use intravital 2-photon microscopy to examine T cell responses in the cornea in mice. We show that recruitment of CD8+ T cells in response to ocular virus infection results in the formation of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. Motile corneal TRM cells patrol the cornea and rapidly respond in situ to antigen rechallenge. CD103+ TRM cell generation requires antigen and transforming growth factor β. In vivo imaging in humans also reveals highly motile cells that patrol the healthy cornea. Our study finds that TRM cells form in the cornea where they can provide local protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Keit Loi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirthana Senthil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dominik Schienstock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Sandford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan N Christo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Holly R Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peregrine B Osborne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Chin SS, Guillen E, Chorro L, Achar S, Ng K, Oberle S, Alfei F, Zehn D, Altan-Bonnet G, Delahaye F, Lauvau G. T cell receptor and IL-2 signaling strength control memory CD8 + T cell functional fitness via chromatin remodeling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2240. [PMID: 35474218 PMCID: PMC9042912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognate antigen signal controls CD8+ T cell priming, expansion size and effector versus memory cell fates, but it is not known if and how it modulates the functional features of memory CD8+ T cells. Here we show that the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling controls the requirement for interleukin-2 (IL-2) signals to form a pool of memory CD8+ T cells that competitively re-expand upon secondary antigen encounter. Combining strong TCR and intact IL-2 signaling during priming synergistically induces genome-wide chromatin accessibility in regions targeting a wide breadth of biological processes, consistent with greater T cell functional fitness. Chromatin accessibility in promoters of genes encoding for stem cell, cell cycle and calcium-related proteins correlates with faster intracellular calcium accumulation, initiation of cell cycle and more robust expansion. High-dimensional flow-cytometry analysis of these T cells also highlights higher diversity of T cell subsets and phenotypes with T cells primed with stronger TCR and IL-2 stimulation than those primed with weaker strengths of TCR and/or IL-2 signals. These results formally show that epitope selection in vaccine design impacts memory CD8+ T cell epigenetic programming and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shien Chin
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Erik Guillen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sooraj Achar
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer & Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, ImmunoDynamics Group, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karina Ng
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Susanne Oberle
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer & Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, ImmunoDynamics Group, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1283/8199, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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14
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Tognarelli EI, Retamal-Díaz A, Farías MA, Duarte LF, Palomino TF, Ibañez FJ, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, González PA. Pharmacological Inhibition of IRE-1 Alpha Activity in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2-Infected Dendritic Cells Enhances T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:764861. [PMID: 35069537 PMCID: PMC8766714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections are life-long and highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses persist in the host, eliciting either symptomatic or asymptomatic infections that may occur sporadically or in a recurrent manner through viral reactivations. Clinical manifestations due to symptomatic infection may be mild such as orofacial lesions, but may also translate into more severe diseases, such as ocular infections that may lead to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis. A key feature of herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) is that they have evolved molecular determinants that hamper numerous components of the host’s antiviral innate and adaptive immune system. Importantly, HSVs infect and negatively modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs), by inhibiting their T cell-activating capacity and eliciting their apoptosis after infection. Previously, we reported that HSV-2 activates the splicing of the mRNA of XBP1, which is related to the activity of the unfolded protein response (UPR) factor Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 alpha (IRE-1α). Here, we sought to evaluate if the activation of the IRE-1α pathway in DCs upon HSV infection may be related to impaired DC function after infection with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of the endonuclease activity of IRE-1α in HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected DCs significantly reduced apoptosis in these cells and enhanced their capacity to migrate to lymph nodes and activate virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that the activation of the IRE-1α-dependent UPR pathway in HSV-infected DCs may play a significant role in the negative effects that these viruses exert over these cells and that the modulation of this signaling pathway may be relevant for enhancing the function of DCs upon infection with HSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás F Palomino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Ibañez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Noncognate Signals Drive Enhanced Effector CD8 + T Cell Responses through an IFNAR1-Dependent Pathway after Infection with the Prototypic Vaccine, 0ΔNLS, against Herpes Simplex Virus 1. J Virol 2022; 96:e0172421. [PMID: 35045268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01724-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies by our group identified a highly efficacious vaccine 0ΔNLS (deficient in the nuclear localization signal of infected cell protein 0) against HSV-1 in an experimental ocular mouse model. However, details regarding fundamental differences in the initial innate and adaptive host immune response were not explored. Here, we present a side-by-side analysis of the primary infection characterizing differences of the host immune response in mice infected with 0ΔNLS versus the parental, GFP105. The results show that local viral infection and replication are controlled more efficiently in mice exposed to 0ΔNLS versus GFP105 but clearance of infectious virus is equivalent comparing the two groups. Moreover, the 0ΔNLS-infected mice displayed enhanced effector CD8+ but not CD4+ T cell responses from the draining lymph nodes at day 7 post infection measured by IFN-γ and TNF-α production along with changes in cell metabolism. The increased effector function of CD8+ T cells from 0ΔNLS-infected mice was not driven by changes in antigen presentation but lost in the absence of a functional type I IFN pathway. These results are further supported by enhanced local expression of type I IFN and IFN-inducible genes along with increased IL-12 production by CD8α+DCs in the draining lymph nodes of 0ΔNLS-infected mice compared to the GFP105-infected animals. It was also noted the recall to HSV-1 antigen by CD8+ T cells was elevated in mice infected with HSV-1 0ΔNLS compared to GFP105. Collectively, the results underscore the favorable qualities of HSV-1 0ΔNLS as a candidate vaccine against HSV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in the clearance for many viral pathogens including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Here, we compared the cellular innate and adaptive immune response in mice infected with an attenuated HSV-1 (0ΔNLS) found to be a highly successful experimental prophylactic vaccine to parental HSV-1 virus. We found that CD8+ T cell effector function is elevated in 0ΔNLS-infected mice through noncognate signals including IL-12 and type I interferon (IFN) pathways along with changes in CD8+ T cell metabolism whereas other factors including cell proliferation, co-stimulatory molecule expression and antigen presentation were dispensable. Thus, an increase in CTL activity established by exposure to HSV-1 0ΔNLS in comparison to parental HSV-1 likely contributes to the efficacy of the vaccine and underscores the nature of the attenuated virus as a vaccine candidate for HSV-1 infection.
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16
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Barrett LW, Fear VS, Foley B, Audsley K, Barnes S, Newnes H, McDonnell A, Wood FM, Fear MW, Waithman J. Non-severe burn injury increases cancer incidence in mice and has long-term impacts on the activation and function of T cells. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac016. [PMID: 35505970 PMCID: PMC9054911 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent evidence suggests that burn patients are at increased risk of hospital admission for infection, mental health conditions, cardiovascular disease and cancer for many years after discharge for the burn injury itself. Burn injury has also been shown to induce sustained immune system dysfunction. This change to immune function may contribute to the increased risk of chronic disease observed. However, the mechanisms that disrupt long-term immune function in response to burn trauma, and their link to long-term morbidity, remain unknown. In this study we investigated changes to immune function after burn injury using a murine model of non-severe injury. Methods An established mouse model of non-severe burn injury (full thickness burn equivalent to 8% total body surface area) was used in combination with an orthotopic model of B16 melanoma to investigate the link between burns and cancer. Considering that CD8+ T cells are important drivers of effective tumour suppression in this model, we also investigated potential dysregulation of this immune population using mouse models of burn injury in combination with herpes simplex virus infection. Flow cytometry was used to detect and quantify cell populations of interest and changes in immune function. Results We demonstrate that 4 weeks after a non-severe burn injury, mice were significantly more susceptible to tumour development than controls using an orthotopic model of B16 melanoma. In addition, our results reveal that CD8+ T cell expansion, differentiation and memory potential is significantly impaired at 1 month post-burn. Conclusions Our data suggests that CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity may be dysfunctional for a sustained period after even non-severe burn injury. Further studies in patients to validate these findings may support clinical intervention to restore or protect immunity in patients after burn injury and reduce the increased risk of secondary morbidities observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy W Barrett
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, MNH (B), Main Hospital, CD 15, Level 4, Burns Unit, 102-118 Murdoch Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Vanessa S Fear
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Katherine Audsley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Samantha Barnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hannah Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alison McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, MNH (B), Main Hospital, CD 15, Level 4, Burns Unit, 102-118 Murdoch Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Burns Service of Western Australia, WA Department of Health, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, MNH (B), Main Hospital, CD 15, Level 4, Burns Unit, 102-118 Murdoch Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Burns Service of Western Australia, WA Department of Health, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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17
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Wylie B, Ong F, Belhoul-Fakir H, Priebatsch K, Bogdawa H, Stirnweiss A, Watt P, Cunningham P, Stone SR, Waithman J. Targeting Cross-Presentation as a Route to Improve the Efficiency of Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6189. [PMID: 34944809 PMCID: PMC8699136 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presenting dendritic cells (DC) offer an attractive target for vaccination due to their unique ability to process exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules. Recent reports have established that these DC express unique surface receptors and play a critical role in the initiation of anti-tumor immunity, opening the way for the development of vaccination strategies specifically targeting these cells. This study investigated whether targeting cross-presenting DC by two complementary mechanisms could improve vaccine effectiveness, in both a viral setting and in a murine melanoma model. Our novel vaccine construct contained the XCL1 ligand, to target uptake to XCR1+ cross-presenting DC, and a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) with endosomal escape properties, to enhance antigen delivery into the cross-presentation pathway. Using a prime-boost regimen, we demonstrated robust expansion of antigen-specific T cells following vaccination with our CPP-linked peptide vaccine and protective immunity against HSV-1 skin infection, where vaccine epitopes were natively expressed by the virus. Additionally, our novel vaccination strategy slowed tumor outgrowth in a B16 murine melanoma model, compared to adjuvant only controls, suggesting antigen-specific anti-tumor immunity was generated following vaccination. These findings suggest that novel strategies to target the antigen cross-presentation pathway in DC may be beneficial for the generation of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wylie
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Ferrer Ong
- PYC Therapeutics, Harry Perkins Institute, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (F.O.); (A.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Hanane Belhoul-Fakir
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia;
| | | | | | - Anja Stirnweiss
- PYC Therapeutics, Harry Perkins Institute, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (F.O.); (A.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Watt
- Avicena, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia;
| | - Paula Cunningham
- PYC Therapeutics, Harry Perkins Institute, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (F.O.); (A.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Shane R. Stone
- School of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
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18
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Yee Mon KJ, Zhu H, Daly CWP, Vu LT, Smith NL, Patel R, Topham DJ, Scheible K, Jambo K, Le MTN, Rudd BD, Grimson A. MicroRNA-29 specifies age-related differences in the CD8+ T cell immune response. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109969. [PMID: 34758312 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of cell fate in the CD8+ T cell response to infection. Although there are several examples of miRNAs acting on effector CD8+ T cells after infection, it is unclear whether differential expression of one or more miRNAs in the naive state is consequential in altering their long-term trajectory. To answer this question, we examine the role of miR-29 in neonatal and adult CD8+ T cells, which express different amounts of miR-29 only prior to infection and adopt profoundly different fates after immune challenge. We find that manipulation of miR-29 expression in the naive state is sufficient for age-adjusting the phenotype and function of CD8+ T cells, including their regulatory landscapes and long-term differentiation trajectories after infection. Thus, miR-29 acts as a developmental switch by controlling the balance between a rapid effector response in neonates and the generation of long-lived memory in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel J Yee Mon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongya Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ciarán W P Daly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Luyen T Vu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Norah L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kristin Scheible
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kondwani Jambo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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19
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Ghonime MG, Saini U, Kelly MC, Roth JC, Wang PY, Chen CY, Miller K, Hernandez-Aguirre I, Kim Y, Mo X, Stanek JR, Cripe T, Mardis E, Cassady KA. Eliciting an immune-mediated antitumor response through oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based shared antigen expression in tumors resistant to viroimmunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002939. [PMID: 34599026 PMCID: PMC8488720 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is an immunotherapy that incorporates viral cancer cell lysis with engagement of the recruited immune response against cancer cells. Pediatric solid tumors are challenging targets because they contain both an inert immune environment and a quiet antigenic landscape, making them more resistant to conventional OV approaches. Further complicating this, herpes simplex virus suppresses host gene expression during virotherapy infection. Methods We therefore developed a multimodal oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) that expresses ephrin A2 (EphA2), a shared tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed by many tumors to improve immune-mediated antitumor activity. We verified the virus genotypically and phenotypically and then tested it in an oHSV-resistant orthotopic model (including immunophenotypic analysis), in flank and in T cell-deficient mouse models. We then assessed the antigen-expressing virus in an unrelated peripheral tumor model that also expresses the shared tumor antigen and evaluated functional T-cell response from the treated mice. Results Virus-based EphA2 expression induces a robust acquired antitumor immune responses in both an oHSV-resistant murine brain and peripheral tumor model. Our new multimodal oncolytic virus (1) improves survival in viroimmunotherapy resistant tumors, (2) alters both the infiltrating and peripheral T-cell populations capable of suppressing tumor growth on rechallenge, and (3) produces EphA2-specific CD8 effector-like populations. Conclusions Our results suggest that this flexible viral-based platform enables immune recognition of the shared TAA and improves the immune-therapeutic response, thus making it well suited for low-mutational load tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed G Ghonime
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Uksha Saini
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Justin C Roth
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yeaseul Kim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph R Stanek
- Biostatistics Resource, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tim Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Mardis
- Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA .,Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Audsley KM, Wagner T, Ta C, Newnes HV, Buzzai AC, Barnes SA, Wylie B, Armitage J, Kaisho T, Bosco A, McDonnell A, Cruickshank M, Fear VS, Foley B, Waithman J. IFNβ Is a Potent Adjuvant for Cancer Vaccination Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735133. [PMID: 34552594 PMCID: PMC8450325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccination drives the generation of anti-tumor T cell immunity and can be enhanced by the inclusion of effective immune adjuvants such as type I interferons (IFNs). Whilst type I IFNs have been shown to promote cross-priming of T cells, the role of individual subtypes remains unclear. Here we systematically compared the capacity of distinct type I IFN subtypes to enhance T cell responses to a whole-cell vaccination strategy in a pre-clinical murine model. We show that vaccination in combination with IFNβ induces significantly greater expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells than the other type I IFN subtypes tested. Optimal expansion was dependent on the presence of XCR1+ dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD40/CD40L signaling. Therapeutically, vaccination with IFNβ delayed tumor progression when compared to vaccination without IFN. When vaccinated in combination with anti-PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy (CPB), the inclusion of IFNβ associated with more mice experiencing complete regression and a trend in increased overall survival. This work demonstrates the potent adjuvant activity of IFNβ, highlighting its potential to enhance cancer vaccination strategies alone and in combination with CPB.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Female
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Interferon-beta/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- Vaccination
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Audsley
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Teagan Wagner
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clara Ta
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah V. Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Buzzai
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Experimental Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samantha A. Barnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ben Wylie
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jesse Armitage
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alison McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Cruickshank
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Vanessa S. Fear
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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21
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Boutet M, Benet Z, Guillen E, Koch C, M’Homa Soudja S, Delahaye F, Fooksman D, Lauvau G. Memory CD8 + T cells mediate early pathogen-specific protection via localized delivery of chemokines and IFNγ to clusters of monocytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf9975. [PMID: 34516896 PMCID: PMC8442869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf9975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While cognate antigen drives clonal expansion of memory CD8+ T (CD8+ TM) cells to achieve sterilizing immunity in immunized hosts, not much is known on how cognate antigen contributes to early protection before clonal expansion occurs. Here, using distinct models of immunization, we establish that cognate antigen recognition by CD8+ TM cells on dendritic cells initiates their rapid and coordinated production of a burst of CCL3, CCL4, and XCL1 chemokines under the transcriptional control of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 4. Using intravital microscopy imaging, we reveal that CD8+ TM cells undergo antigen-dependent arrest in splenic red pulp clusters of CCR2+Ly6C+ monocytes to which they deliver IFNγ and chemokines. IFNγ enables chemokine-induced microbicidal activities in monocytes for protection. Thus, rapid and effective CD8+ TM cell responses require spatially and temporally coordinated events that quickly restrict microbial pathogen growth through the local delivery of activating chemokines to CCR2+Ly6C+ monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boutet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zachary Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erik Guillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Caroline Koch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Saidi M’Homa Soudja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1283/8199, 59000 Lille, France
| | - David Fooksman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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22
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Devi S, Alexandre YO, Loi JK, Gillis R, Ghazanfari N, Creed SJ, Holz LE, Shackleford D, Mackay LK, Heath WR, Sloan EK, Mueller SN. Adrenergic regulation of the vasculature impairs leukocyte interstitial migration and suppresses immune responses. Immunity 2021; 54:1219-1230.e7. [PMID: 33915109 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) controls various physiological functions via the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. Activation of the SNS in response to psychological or physical stress is frequently associated with weakened immunity. Here, we investigated how adrenoceptor signaling influences leukocyte behavior. Intravital two-photon imaging after injection of noradrenaline revealed transient inhibition of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell locomotion in tissues. Expression of β-adrenergic receptor in hematopoietic cells was not required for NA-mediated inhibition of motility. Rather, chemogenetic activation of the SNS or treatment with adrenergic receptor agonists induced vasoconstriction and decreased local blood flow, resulting in abrupt hypoxia that triggered rapid calcium signaling in leukocytes and halted cell motility. Oxygen supplementation reversed these effects. Treatment with adrenergic receptor agonists impaired T cell responses induced in response to viral and parasitic infections, as well as anti-tumor responses. Thus, stimulation of the SNS impairs leukocyte mobility, providing a mechanistic understanding of the link between adrenergic receptors and compromised immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Joon Keit Loi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Ryan Gillis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052 Australia
| | - Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Sarah J Creed
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052 Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - David Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052 Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052 Australia; Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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23
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TCR Transgenic Mice: A Valuable Tool for Studying Viral Immunopathogenesis Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249690. [PMID: 33353154 PMCID: PMC7765986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases are a significant burden on public health and the global economy, and new viral threats emerge continuously. Since CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are essential to eliminating viruses, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of anti-viral T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis during viral infections. Remarkable progress in transgenic (Tg) techniques has enabled scientists to more readily understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. T cell receptor (TCR) Tg mice are extremely useful in studying T cell-mediated immune responses because the majority of T cells in these mice express specific TCRs for partner antigens. In this review, we discuss the important studies utilizing TCR Tg mice to unveil underlying mechanisms of T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis during viral infections.
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24
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Gmyrek GB, Filiberti A, Montgomery M, Chitrakar A, Royer DJ, Carr DJJ. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) 0ΔNLS Live-Attenuated Vaccine Protects against Ocular HSV-1 Infection in the Absence of Neutralizing Antibody in HSV-1 gB T Cell Receptor-Specific Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:e01000-20. [PMID: 32999018 PMCID: PMC7925190 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01000-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of T cell and antibody responses following vaccination in resistance to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection continues to be rigorously investigated. In the present article, we explore the contribution of CD8+ T cells specific for the major antigenic epitope for HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB498-505, gB) in C57BL/6 mice using a transgenic mouse (gBT-I.1) model vaccinated with HSV-1 0ΔNLS. gBT-I.1-vaccinated mice did not generate a robust neutralization antibody titer in comparison to the HSV-1 0ΔNLS-vaccinated wild-type C57BL/6 counterpart. Nevertheless, the vaccinated gBT-I.1 mice were resistant to ocular challenge with HSV-1 compared to vehicle-vaccinated animals based on survival and reduced corneal neovascularization but displayed similar levels of corneal opacity. Whereas there was no difference in the virus titer recovered from the cornea comparing vaccinated mice, HSV-1 0ΔNLS-vaccinated animals possessed significantly less infectious virus during acute infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and brain stem compared to the control-vaccinated group. These results correlated with a significant increase in gB-elicited interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granzyme B, and CD107a and a reduction in lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) expressed by TG infiltrating gB-specific CD8+ T cells from the HSV-1 0ΔNLS-vaccinated group. Antibody depletion of CD8+ T cells in HSV-1 0ΔNLS-vaccinated mice rendered animals highly susceptible to virus-mediated mortality similar to control-vaccinated mice. Collectively, the HSV-1 0ΔNLS vaccine is effective against ocular HSV-1 challenge, reducing ocular neovascularization and suppressing peripheral nerve virus replication in the near absence of neutralizing antibody in this unique mouse model.IMPORTANCE The role of CD8+ T cells in antiviral efficacy using a live-attenuated virus as the vaccine is complicated by the humoral immune response. In the case of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) 0ΔNLS vaccine, the correlate of protection has been defined to be primarily antibody driven. The current study shows that in the near absence of anti-HSV-1 antibody, vaccinated mice are protected from subsequent challenge with wild-type HSV-1 as measured by survival. The efficacy is lost following depletion of CD8+ T cells. Whereas increased survival and reduction in virus replication were observed in vaccinated mice challenged with HSV-1, cornea pathology was mixed with a reduction in neovascularization but no change in opacity. Collectively, the study suggests CD8+ T cells significantly contribute to the host adaptive immune response to HSV-1 challenge following vaccination with an attenuated virus, but multiple factors are involved in cornea pathology in response to ocular virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz B Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adrian Filiberti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Micaela Montgomery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Alisha Chitrakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Derek J Royer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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25
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Buzzai AC, Wagner T, Audsley KM, Newnes HV, Barrett LW, Barnes S, Wylie BC, Stone S, McDonnell A, Fear VS, Foley B, Waithman J. Diverse Anti-Tumor Immune Potential Driven by Individual IFNα Subtypes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:542. [PMID: 32308653 PMCID: PMC7145903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies harnessing T cell immunity have shown remarkable clinical success for the management of cancer. However, only a proportion of patients benefit from these treatments. The presence of type I interferon (IFN) within the tumor microenvironment is critical for driving effective tumor-specific T cell immunity. Individuals can produce 12 distinct subtypes of IFNα, which all signal through a common receptor. Despite reported differences in anti-viral potencies, the concept that distinct IFNα subtypes can improve anti-cancer treatments remains unclear. We tested whether expression of unique IFNα subtypes confined to the tumor microenvironment enhances tumor control. This was systematically evaluated by transplantation of B16 murine melanoma cells secreting five unique IFNα subtypes (B16_IFNα2; B16_IFNα4; B16_IFNα5; B16_IFNα6; B16_IFNα9) into a pre-clinical murine model. We show that IFNα2 and IFNα9 are the only subtypes capable of completely controlling tumor outgrowth, with this protection dependent on the presence of an adaptive immune response. We next determined whether these differences extended to other model systems and found that the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells engineered to secrete IFNα9 delays tumor growth significantly and improves survival, whereas no enhanced survival was observed using T cells secreting IFNα4. Overall, our data shows that the expression of distinct IFNα subtypes within the tumor microenvironment results in different anti-tumor activities, and differentially affects the efficacy of a cancer therapy targeting established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Buzzai
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Teagan Wagner
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Katherine M Audsley
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah V Newnes
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Lucy W Barrett
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Samantha Barnes
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ben C Wylie
- PYC Therapeutics, QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Shane Stone
- PYC Therapeutics, QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alison McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Vanessa S Fear
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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26
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Lee AG, Scott JM, Fabbrizi MR, Jiang X, Sojka DK, Miller MJ, Baldridge MT, Yokoyama WM, Shin H. T cell response kinetics determines neuroinfection outcomes during murine HSV infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134258. [PMID: 32161194 PMCID: PMC7141405 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and HSV-1 both can cause genital herpes, a chronic infection that establishes a latent reservoir in the nervous system. Clinically, the recurrence frequency of HSV-1 genital herpes is considerably less than HSV-2 genital herpes, which correlates with reduced neuronal infection. The factors dictating the disparate outcomes of HSV-1 and HSV-2 genital herpes are unclear. In this study, we show that vaginal infection of mice with HSV-1 leads to the rapid appearance of mature DCs in the draining lymph node, which is dependent on an early burst of NK cell-mediated IFN-γ production in the vagina that occurs after HSV-1 infection but not HSV-2 infection. Rapid DC maturation after HSV-1 infection, but not HSV-2 infection, correlates with the accelerated generation of a neuroprotective T cell response and early accumulation of IFN-γ-producing T cells at the site of infection. Depletion of T cells or loss of IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) expression in sensory neurons both lead to a marked loss of neuroprotection only during HSV-1, recapitulating a prominent feature of HSV-2 infection. Our experiments reveal key differences in host control of neuronal HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection after genital exposure of mice, and they define parameters of a successful immune response against genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dorothy K. Sojka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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27
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Gopinath S, Lu P, Iwasaki A. Cutting Edge: The Use of Topical Aminoglycosides as an Effective Pull in "Prime and Pull" Vaccine Strategy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1703-1707. [PMID: 32122994 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tissue-resident memory T cells at barrier tissues is critical for long-lasting protective immune responses. Previous work has shown that tissue-resident memory T cells can be established by "pulling" virus-specific effector T cells from circulation to the genital mucosa via topical vaginal application of chemokines in mice. Once established, these cells protect hosts against genital herpes infection. We recently showed that vaginal application of aminoglycoside antibiotics induces robust activation of the IFN signaling pathway, including upregulation of chemokine expression within the tissue in mice. In this study, we show that a single topical application of neomycin, an inexpensive and vaginally nontoxic antibiotic, is sufficient to pull CD8 T cells to the vaginal mucosa and provide protection against genital herpes infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Gopinath
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
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28
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Specific CD8 + T Cell Priming and Latent Ganglionic Retention Are Shaped by Viral Epitope Promoter Kinetics. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01193-19. [PMID: 31826989 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01193-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) from neurons in sensory ganglia such as the trigeminal ganglia (TG) is influenced by virus-specific CD8+ T cells that infiltrate the ganglia at the onset of latency and contract to a stable activated tissue-resident memory population. In C57BL/6 mice, half of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells (gB-CD8s) recognize one dominant epitope (residues 498 to 505) on glycoprotein B (gB498-505), while the remainder (non-gB-CD8s) recognize 19 subdominant epitopes from 12 viral proteins. To address how expression by HSV-1 influences the formation and ganglionic retention of CD8+ T cell populations, we developed recombinant HSV-1 with the native immunodominant gB epitope disrupted but then expressed ectopically from different viral promoters. In mice, the epitope expressed from the gB promoter restored full gB-CD8 immunodominance to 50%. Intriguingly, earlier expression from constitutive, immediate-early, and early promoters did not significantly increase immunodominance, indicating that these promoters cannot elicit more than half of the CD8 compartment. Epitope expressed from candidate viral promoters of "true late" HSV-1 genes either delayed or reduced the priming efficiency of gB-CD8s and their levels in the TG at early times. HSV expressing the epitope from the full latency-associated transcript promoter did not efficiently prime gB-CD8s; however, gB-CD8s primed by a concurrent wild-type flank infection infiltrated the TG and were retained long term, suggesting that latent epitope expression is sufficient to retain gB-CD8s. Taken together, the data indicate that viral promoters shape latent HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cell populations and should be an important consideration in future vaccine design.IMPORTANCE Latency of HSV-1 in host neurons enables long-term persistence from which reactivation may occur to cause recurrent diseases, such as blinding herpetic stromal keratitis. Latency is not antigenically silent, and viral proteins are sporadically expressed at low levels without full virion production. This protein expression is recognized by ganglion-resident HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells that maintain a protective resident population. Since these T cells can influence lytic/latent decisions in reactivating neurons, we argue that improving their ganglionic retention and function may offer a strategy in vaccine design to reduce reactivation and recurrent disease. To understand factors driving the infiltration and retention of ganglionic CD8s, we examined several HSV recombinants that have different viral promoters driving expression of the immunodominant gB epitope. We show that the selection of epitope promoter influences CD8+ T cell population hierarchies and their function.
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29
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Yee Mon KJ, Goldsmith E, Watson NB, Wang J, Smith NL, Rudd BD. Differential Sensitivity to IL-12 Drives Sex-Specific Differences in the CD8+ T Cell Response to Infection. Immunohorizons 2020; 3:121-132. [PMID: 31317126 PMCID: PMC6636834 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that males and females respond differently to intracellular pathogens. Females mount a more robust immune response than males, which decreases their susceptibility to infection but comes at the cost of increasing immunopathology. However, the underlying basis for sex-specific differences in the CD8+ T cell response to infection remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that female CD8+ T cells have an intrinsic propensity to become short-lived effectors, whereas male CD8+ T cells give rise to more memory precursor effector cells after murine infection with either a virus (vaccinia virus) or bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes). Interestingly, we found that the propensity of female CD8+ T cells to form short-lived effectors is not because they respond to lower amounts of cognate Ag but rather because they have an enhanced capacity to respond to IL-12, which facilitates more effector cell differentiation at each round of cell division. Our findings provide key insights into the sex-based immunological differences that underlie variations in the susceptibility to infection in males and females. ImmunoHorizons, 2019, 3: 121–132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Joy Yee Mon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Elizabeth Goldsmith
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Neva B Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Norah L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
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30
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Chee J, Wilson C, Buzzai A, Wylie B, Forbes CA, Booth M, Principe N, Foley B, Cruickshank MN, Waithman J. Impaired T cell proliferation by ex vivo BET-inhibition impedes adoptive immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. Epigenetics 2020; 15:134-144. [PMID: 31423932 PMCID: PMC6961692 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1656156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of naïve CD8+ T cells stimulates proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Adoptive T Cell Therapy (ACT) involves multiple rounds of ex vivo activation to generate enough CTLs for reinfusion into patients, but this drives differentiation into terminal effector T cells. Less differentiated CTL populations, such as stem cell memory T cells, are more ideal candidates for ACT because of increased self-renewal and persistent properties. Ex vivo targeting of T cell differentiation with epigenetic modifiers is a potential strategy to improve cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) generation for ACT. We established a pipeline to assess the effects of epigenetic modifiers on CD8+ T cell proliferation, differentiation, and efficacy in a preclinical melanoma model. Single treatment with epigenetic modifiers inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro, producing CD44hiCD62Lhi effector-like T cells rather than a stem cell memory T cell phenotype. Most epigenetic modifying agents had no significant effect on ACT efficacy with the notable exception of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET)-inhibitor JQ1 which was associated with a decrease in efficacy compared to unmodified T cells. These findings reveal the complexity of epigenetic targeting of T cell differentiation, highlighting the need to precisely define the epigenetic targeting strategies to improve CTL generation for ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chee
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Chelsea Wilson
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Buzzai
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ben Wylie
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Catherine A Forbes
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mitchell Booth
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicola Principe
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark N Cruickshank
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
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31
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Tabilas C, Wang J, Liu X, Locasale JW, Smith NL, Rudd BD. Cutting Edge: Elevated Glycolytic Metabolism Limits the Formation of Memory CD8 + T Cells in Early Life. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2571-2576. [PMID: 31597706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neonates often develop poor immunity against intracellular pathogens. Because CD8+ T cells are essential for eliminating infectious agents, it is crucial to understand why they behave differently in early life. Previous studies in mice have demonstrated that neonatal CD8+ T cells fail to form memory because of an intrinsic propensity to differentiate into short-lived effectors. However, the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. We now show that neonatal CD8+ T cells exhibit higher glycolytic activity than adult CD8+ T cells postinfection, which may be due to age-related differences in Lin28b expression. Importantly, when glycolysis is pharmacologically inhibited, the impaired formation of neonatal memory CD8+ T cells can be restored. Collectively, these data suggest that neonatal CD8+ T cells are inherently biased toward undergoing glycolytic metabolism postinfection, which compromises their ability to develop into memory CD8+ T cells in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybelle Tabilas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; and
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Norah L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
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32
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Bachem A, Makhlouf C, Binger KJ, de Souza DP, Tull D, Hochheiser K, Whitney PG, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Dähling S, Kastenmüller W, Jönsson J, Gressier E, Lew AM, Perdomo C, Kupz A, Figgett W, Mackay F, Oleshansky M, Russ BE, Parish IA, Kallies A, McConville MJ, Turner SJ, Gebhardt T, Bedoui S. Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Promote the Memory Potential of Antigen-Activated CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2019; 51:285-297.e5. [PMID: 31272808 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interactions with the microbiota influence many aspects of immunity, including immune cell development, differentiation, and function. Here, we examined the impact of the microbiota on CD8+ T cell memory. Antigen-activated CD8+ T cells transferred into germ-free mice failed to transition into long-lived memory cells and had transcriptional impairments in core genes associated with oxidative metabolism. The microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate promoted cellular metabolism, enhanced memory potential of activated CD8+ T cells, and SCFAs were required for optimal recall responses upon antigen re-encounter. Mechanistic experiments revealed that butyrate uncoupled the tricarboxylic acid cycle from glycolytic input in CD8+ T cells, which allowed preferential fueling of oxidative phosphorylation through sustained glutamine utilization and fatty acid catabolism. Our findings reveal a role for the microbiota in promoting CD8+ T cell long-term survival as memory cells and suggest that microbial metabolites guide the metabolic rewiring of activated CD8+ T cells to enable this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Bachem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Christina Makhlouf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Katrina J Binger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David P de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Deidra Tull
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Katharina Hochheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sabrina Dähling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Johanna Jönsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elise Gressier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Carolina Perdomo
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - William Figgett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Moshe Oleshansky
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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33
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Intravital imaging of skin infections. Cell Immunol 2019; 350:103913. [PMID: 30992120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging of cutaneous immune responses has revealed intricate links between the skin's structural properties, the immune cells that reside therein, and the carefully orchestrated migratory dynamics that enable rapid sensing and subsequent elimination of skin pathogens. In particular, the development of 2-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM), which enables the excitation of fluorescent molecules within deep tissue with minimal light scattering and tissue damage, has proven an invaluable tool in the characterization of different cell subset's roles in skin infection. The ability to visualize cells, tissue structures, pathogens and track migratory dynamics at designated times following infection, or during inflammatory responses has been crucial in defining how immune responses in the skin are coordinated, either locally or in concert with circulating immune cells. Skin pathogens affect millions of people worldwide, and skin infections leading to cutaneous pathology have a considerable impact on the quality of life and longevity of people affected. In contrast, pathogens that infect the skin to later cause systemic illness, such as malaria parasites and a variety of arthropod-borne viruses, or infection in distant anatomical sites are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here, we review recent advances and seminal studies that employed intravital imaging to characterize key immune response mechanisms in the context of viral, bacterial and parasitic skin infections, and provide insights on skin pathogens of global significance that would benefit from such investigative approaches.
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34
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Comparative analysis reveals a role for TGF-β in shaping the residency-related transcriptional signature in tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210495. [PMID: 30742629 PMCID: PMC6370189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident CD8+ memory T (TRM) cells are immune cells that permanently reside at tissue sites where they play an important role in providing rapid protection against reinfection. They are not only phenotypically and functionally distinct from their circulating memory counterparts, but also exhibit a unique transcriptional profile. To date, the local tissue signals required for their development and long-term residency are not well understood. So far, the best-characterised tissue-derived signal is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which has been shown to promote the development of these cells within tissues. In this study, we aimed to determine to what extent the transcriptional signatures of TRM cells from multiple tissues reflects TGF-β imprinting. We activated murine CD8+ T cells, stimulated them in vitro by TGF-β, and profiled their transcriptomes using RNA-seq. Upon comparison, we identified a TGF-β-induced signature of differentially expressed genes between TGF-β-stimulated and -unstimulated cells. Next, we linked this in vitro TGF-β-induced signature to a previously identified in vivo TRM-specific gene set and found considerable (>50%) overlap between the two gene sets, thus showing that a substantial part of the TRM signature can be attributed to TGF-β signalling. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis further revealed that the altered gene signature following TGF-β exposure reflected transcriptional signatures found in TRM cells from both epithelial and non-epithelial tissues. In summary, these findings show that TGF-β has a broad footprint in establishing the residency-specific transcriptional profile of TRM cells, which is detectable in TRM cells from diverse tissues. They further suggest that constitutive TGF-β signaling might be involved for their long-term persistence at tissue sites.
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35
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Park SL, Buzzai A, Rautela J, Hor JL, Hochheiser K, Effern M, McBain N, Wagner T, Edwards J, McConville R, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA, Tüting T, Palendira U, Gyorki D, Mueller SN, Huntington ND, Bedoui S, Hölzel M, Mackay LK, Waithman J, Gebhardt T. Tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells promote melanoma-immune equilibrium in skin. Nature 2018; 565:366-371. [PMID: 30598548 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system can suppress tumour development both by eliminating malignant cells and by preventing the outgrowth and spread of cancer cells that resist eradication1. Clinical and experimental data suggest that the latter mode of control-termed cancer-immune equilibrium1-can be maintained for prolonged periods of time, possibly up to several decades2-4. Although cancers most frequently originate in epithelial layers, the nature and spatiotemporal dynamics of immune responses that maintain cancer-immune equilibrium in these tissue compartments remain unclear. Here, using a mouse model of transplantable cutaneous melanoma5, we show that tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM cells) promote a durable melanoma-immune equilibrium that is confined to the epidermal layer of the skin. A proportion of mice (~40%) transplanted with melanoma cells remained free of macroscopic skin lesions long after epicutaneous inoculation, and generation of tumour-specific epidermal CD69+ CD103+ TRM cells correlated with this spontaneous disease control. By contrast, mice deficient in TRM formation were more susceptible to tumour development. Despite being tumour-free at the macroscopic level, mice frequently harboured melanoma cells in the epidermal layer of the skin long after inoculation, and intravital imaging revealed that these cells were dynamically surveyed by TRM cells. Consistent with their role in melanoma surveillance, tumour-specific TRM cells that were generated before melanoma inoculation conferred profound protection from tumour development independently of recirculating T cells. Finally, depletion of TRM cells triggered tumour outgrowth in a proportion (~20%) of mice with occult melanomas, demonstrating that TRM cells can actively suppress cancer progression. Our results show that TRM cells have a fundamental role in the surveillance of subclinical melanomas in the skin by maintaining cancer-immune equilibrium. As such, they provide strong impetus for exploring these cells as targets of future anticancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Buzzai
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katharina Hochheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maike Effern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nathan McBain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teagan Wagner
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jarem Edwards
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn McConville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Gyorki
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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CD8+ T Cell Activation Leads to Constitutive Formation of Liver Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells that Seed a Large and Flexible Niche in the Liver. Cell Rep 2018; 25:68-79.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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37
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Smith NL, Patel RK, Reynaldi A, Grenier JK, Wang J, Watson NB, Nzingha K, Yee Mon KJ, Peng SA, Grimson A, Davenport MP, Rudd BD. Developmental Origin Governs CD8 + T Cell Fate Decisions during Infection. Cell 2018; 174:117-130.e14. [PMID: 29909981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates. Following infection, naive T cells differentiate into various subsets of effector and memory T cells, which help to eliminate pathogens and maintain long-term immunity. The current model suggests there is a single lineage of naive T cells that give rise to different populations of effector and memory T cells depending on the type and amounts of stimulation they encounter during infection. Here, we have discovered that multiple sub-populations of cells exist in the naive CD8+ T cell pool that are distinguished by their developmental origin, unique transcriptional profiles, distinct chromatin landscapes, and different kinetics and phenotypes after microbial challenge. These data demonstrate that the naive CD8+ T cell pool is not as homogeneous as previously thought and offers a new framework for explaining the remarkable heterogeneity in the effector and memory T cell subsets that arise after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ravi K Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- RNA Sequencing Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Neva B Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kristel J Yee Mon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Seth A Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Local proliferation maintains a stable pool of tissue-resident memory T cells after antiviral recall responses. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:183-191. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Treat BR, Bidula SM, Ramachandran S, St Leger AJ, Hendricks RL, Kinchington PR. Influence of an immunodominant herpes simplex virus type 1 CD8+ T cell epitope on the target hierarchy and function of subdominant CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006732. [PMID: 29206240 PMCID: PMC5736228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency in sensory ganglia such as trigeminal ganglia (TG) is associated with a persistent immune infiltrate that includes effector memory CD8+ T cells that can influence HSV-1 reactivation. In C57BL/6 mice, HSV-1 induces a highly skewed CD8+ T cell repertoire, in which half of CD8+ T cells (gB-CD8s) recognize a single epitope on glycoprotein B (gB498-505), while the remainder (non-gB-CD8s) recognize, in varying proportions, 19 subdominant epitopes on 12 viral proteins. The gB-CD8s remain functional in TG throughout latency, while non-gB-CD8s exhibit varying degrees of functional compromise. To understand how dominance hierarchies relate to CD8+ T cell function during latency, we characterized the TG-associated CD8+ T cells following corneal infection with a recombinant HSV-1 lacking the immunodominant gB498-505 epitope (S1L). S1L induced a numerically equivalent CD8+ T cell infiltrate in the TG that was HSV-specific, but lacked specificity for gB498-505. Instead, there was a general increase of non-gB-CD8s with specific subdominant epitopes arising to codominance. In a latent S1L infection, non-gB-CD8s in the TG showed a hierarchy targeting different epitopes at latency compared to at acute times, and these cells retained an increased functionality at latency. In a latent S1L infection, these non-gB-CD8s also display an equivalent ability to block HSV reactivation in ex vivo ganglionic cultures compared to TG infected with wild type HSV-1. These data indicate that loss of the immunodominant gB498-505 epitope alters the dominance hierarchy and reduces functional compromise of CD8+ T cells specific for subdominant HSV-1 epitopes during viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Treat
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Bidula
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Srividya Ramachandran
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. St Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Hendricks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gregory JL, Walter A, Alexandre YO, Hor JL, Liu R, Ma JZ, Devi S, Tokuda N, Owada Y, Mackay LK, Smyth GK, Heath WR, Mueller SN. Infection Programs Sustained Lymphoid Stromal Cell Responses and Shapes Lymph Node Remodeling upon Secondary Challenge. Cell Rep 2017; 18:406-418. [PMID: 28076785 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are constructed of intricate networks of endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells. How these lymphoid stromal cells (LSCs) regulate lymphoid tissue remodeling and contribute to immune responses remains poorly understood. We performed a comprehensive functional and transcriptional analysis of LSC responses to skin viral infection and found that LSC subsets responded robustly, with different kinetics for distinct pathogens. Recruitment of cells to inflamed LNs induced LSC expansion, while B cells sustained stromal responses in an antigen-independent manner. Infection induced rapid transcriptional responses in LSCs. This transcriptional program was transient, returning to homeostasis within 1 month of infection, yet expanded fibroblastic reticular cell networks persisted for more than 3 months after infection, and this altered LN composition reduced the magnitude of LSC responses to subsequent heterologous infection. Our results reveal the complexity of LSC responses during infection and suggest that amplified networks of LN stromal cells support successive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Gregory
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anne Walter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joel Z Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Nobuko Tokuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Retamal-Díaz A, Weiss KA, Tognarelli EI, Freire M, Bueno SM, Herold BC, Jacobs WR, González PA. US6 Gene Deletion in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Enhances Dendritic Cell Function and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1523. [PMID: 29176979 PMCID: PMC5686121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) produce lifelong infections that are associated with frequent asymptomatic or clinically apparent reactivation. Importantly, HSV express multiple virulence factors that negatively modulate innate and adaptive immune components. Notably, HSV interfere with dendritic cell (DC) viability and function, likely hindering the capacity of the host to mount effective immunity against these viruses. Recently, an HSV-2 virus that was deleted in glycoprotein D was engineered (designated ΔgD-2). The virus is propagated on a complementing cell line that expresses HSV-1 gD, which permits a single round of viral replication. ΔgD-2 is safe, immunogenic, and provided complete protection against vaginal or skin challenges with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in murine models. Here, we sought to assess the interaction of ΔgD-2 with DCs and found that, in contrast to wild-type (WT) virus which induces DC apoptosis, ΔgD-2 promoted their migration and capacity to activate naïve CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, DCs exposed to the WT and ΔgD-2 virus experienced different unfolded protein responses. Mice primed with DCs infected with ΔgD-2 in vitro displayed significantly reduced infection and pathology after genital challenge with virulent HSV-2 compared to non-primed mice, suggesting that DCs play a role in the immune response to the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kayla A Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Freire
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Budida R, Stankov MV, Döhner K, Buch A, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Tappe KA, Pohlmann A, Sodeik B, Behrens GMN. Herpes simplex virus 1 interferes with autophagy of murine dendritic cells and impairs their ability to stimulate CD8 + T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1819-1834. [PMID: 28771693 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I presentation is responsible for the presentation of viral proteins to CD8+ T lymphocytes and mainly depends on the classical antigen processing pathway. Recently, a second pathway involving autophagy has been implicated in this process. Here, we show an increase in the capacity of murine dendritic cells (DCs) to present viral antigens on MHC class I after infection with a mutant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1-Δ34.5), lacking infected cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5), when compared to its parental HSV-1 strain. The ICP34.5 protein counteracts host cell translational arrest and suppresses macroautophagy, and the lack of this protein resulted in a low viral protein abundance, which was processed and presented in an efficient way. Our study demonstrates an important role of autophagy in processing endogenous viral proteins in HSV-1-infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandramouli Budida
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Kim A Tappe
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
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43
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Retamal-Díaz AR, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, González PA. A Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Deleted for Glycoprotein D Enables Dendritic Cells to Activate CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:904. [PMID: 28848543 PMCID: PMC5553038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is highly prevalent in the human population producing significant morbidity, mainly because of the generation of genital ulcers and neonatal encephalitis. Additionally, HSV-2 infection significantly increases the susceptibility of the host to acquire HIV and promotes the shedding of the latter in the coinfected. Despite numerous efforts to create a vaccine against HSV-2, no licensed vaccines are currently available. A long-standing strategy, based on few viral glycoproteins combined with adjuvants, recently displayed poor results in a Phase III clinical study fueling exploration on the development of mutant HSV viruses that are attenuated in vivo and elicit protective adaptive immune components, such as antiviral antibodies and T cells. Importantly, such specialized antiviral immune components are likely induced and modulated by dendritic cells, professional antigen presenting cells that process viral antigens and present them to T cells. However, HSV interferes with several functions of DCs and ultimately induces their death. Here, we propose that for an attenuated mutant virus to confer protective immunity against HSV in vivo based on adaptive immune components, such virus should also be attenuated in dendritic cells to promote a robust and effective antiviral response. We provide a background framework for this idea, considerations, as well as the means to assess this hypothesis. Addressing this hypothesis may provide valuable insights for the development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against herpes simplex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angello R Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Villadangos JA. Antigen-specific impairment of adoptive T-cell therapy against cancer: players, mechanisms, solutions and a hypothesis. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:169-82. [PMID: 27319350 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) destroys tumors with infused cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although successful in some settings, ACT is compromised due to impaired survival or functional inactivation of the CTL. To better understand the mechanisms involved, we have exploited a mouse model of leukemia expressing ovalbumin as a tumor neoantigen to address these questions: (i) Is CTL impairment during ACT antigen specific? (ii) If yes, which are the antigen-presenting cells responsible? (iii) Can this information assist the development of complementary therapies to improve ACT? Our results indicate that the target (tumor) cells, not cross-presenting cells, are the main culprits of antigen-specific CTL inactivation. We find that the affinity/avidity of the CTL-tumor cell interaction has little influence on ACT outcomes, while tumor density is a major determinant. Reduction of tumor burden with mild non-lymphoablative and non-inflammatory chemotherapy can dramatically improve the efficacy of ACT and may minimize side-effects. We propose a general mechanism for the inactivation of anti-self CTL in the same tissues where the activity of anti-foreign CTL is preserved, based on the density of target cells. This mechanism, which we tentatively call stunning, may have evolved to protect infected sites from self-destruction and is exploited by tumors to inactivate CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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45
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Menendez CM, Carr DJJ. Herpes simplex virus-1 infects the olfactory bulb shortly following ocular infection and exhibits a long-term inflammatory profile in the form of effector and HSV-1-specific T cells. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:124. [PMID: 28645309 PMCID: PMC5481928 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection can result in a life-threatening condition known as herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Trafficking patterns by which the virus reaches the central nervous system (CNS) following ocular infection are unresolved. We evaluated early viral dissemination pathways following ocular infection that involve trafficking to the olfactory bulb (OB). Additionally, we have characterized the capacity of HSV-1 to establish latency within OB tissue and profiled the local T lymphocyte response over the course of the acute infection into latency. METHODS Scarified corneas of C57BL/6 or reporter-inducible Rosa mice (RosaTd/Tm) were inoculated with HSV-1 and assessed for viral dissemination into the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and CNS by RT-PCR and confocal microscopy. T cells and the resident microglia activation signatures were analyzed by flow cytometry. T cell effector function in the form of IFN-γ secretion was measured by T cells isolated from OB in comparison to T cells from other nervous system sites known to harbor HSV-1-specific memory T cells. RESULTS Following ocular infection, HSV-1 viral titers from nasal secretions were detected as early as 48 h through 8 days post infection (8 DPI). HSV-1 gene expression was expressed as early as 2 days following ocular infection in the OB and was consistent with an enhanced expression in the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve ganglia (TG). Rosa fluorescence protein expression (RFP+) representing HSV-1-infected cells from RosaTd/Tm mice was detected in the OB before other areas of the CNS (2 DPI). Additionally, during acute infection, most infected cells appeared to be anatomically distributed within the OB rather than other regions of the CNS. During latency (i.e., 30 DPI and beyond) despite no detectable infectious virus or lytic gene expression and low levels of latency associated transcripts, total effector (CD44+ CD62-) CD4+ T, CD8+ T, HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells, and MHC class II positive resident microglia numbers continued to increase. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations isolated from the OB during latency were capable of responding to PMA/ionomycin in the production of IFN-γ similar to T cells from other tissue that possess latent virus including the TG and brain stem. CONCLUSIONS It is currently understood that HSV-1 traffics to the TG following ocular infection. We have identified a second conduit by which HSV-1 can directly access the CNS bypassing the brain stem. We have also recognized that the OB is unique in that during HSV-1 latency, latency-associated transcripts levels were marginally above uninfected controls. Despite these findings, the local immune response mimicked the phenotype of an active infection during latency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, DMEI #415A, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
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46
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Dekhtiarenko I, Ratts RB, Blatnik R, Lee LN, Fischer S, Borkner L, Oduro JD, Marandu TF, Hoppe S, Ruzsics Z, Sonnemann JK, Mansouri M, Meyer C, Lemmermann NAW, Holtappels R, Arens R, Klenerman P, Früh K, Reddehase MJ, Riemer AB, Cicin-Sain L. Peptide Processing Is Critical for T-Cell Memory Inflation and May Be Optimized to Improve Immune Protection by CMV-Based Vaccine Vectors. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006072. [PMID: 27977791 PMCID: PMC5158087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) elicits long-term T-cell immunity of unparalleled strength, which has allowed the development of highly protective CMV-based vaccine vectors. Counterintuitively, experimental vaccines encoding a single MHC-I restricted epitope offered better immune protection than those expressing entire proteins, including the same epitope. To clarify this conundrum, we generated recombinant murine CMVs (MCMVs) encoding well-characterized MHC-I epitopes at different positions within viral genes and observed strong immune responses and protection against viruses and tumor growth when the epitopes were expressed at the protein C-terminus. We used the M45-encoded conventional epitope HGIRNASFI to dissect this phenomenon at the molecular level. A recombinant MCMV expressing HGIRNASFI on the C-terminus of M45, in contrast to wild-type MCMV, enabled peptide processing by the constitutive proteasome, direct antigen presentation, and an inflation of antigen-specific effector memory cells. Consequently, our results indicate that constitutive proteasome processing of antigenic epitopes in latently infected cells is required for robust inflationary responses. This insight allows utilizing the epitope positioning in the design of CMV-based vectors as a novel strategy for enhancing their efficacy. Experimental cytomegalovirus (CMV) based vaccine vectors have provided highly encouraging results as innovative vaccine formulations against deadly virus infections, such as Ebola or AIDS. Nevertheless, it has remained incompletely understood why CMV is so efficient at stimulating T-lymphocytes, the immune cells that recognize pathogens within infected cells. We have generated an array of CMV mutants expressing the same antigen in different genes or in different parts of the same gene. This allowed us to identify that the immediate environment of the antigen, rather than properties of the antigen itself, crucially determine the immune protection conferred by CMV-based vaccines, implying that optimal immunity depends on the ability of host cells to degrade CMV proteins into peptides, short units that are recognized by T-cells. Detailed analysis revealed that strong and sustained T-cell immunity occurs only when their antigenic targets are processed by a primitive cellular machinery that is present in all cells of the body, rather than by its newly-evolved counterpart, which is present only in specialized antigen-presenting cells. Most importantly, our results provide a simple strategy to develop improved CMV vaccines by positioning the antigenic peptides at the right spot in CMV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Dekhtiarenko
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Renata Blatnik
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lian N. Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Fischer
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Borkner
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Marandu
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephanie Hoppe
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia K. Sonnemann
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Früh
- TomegaVax Inc., Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelika B. Riemer
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Fetal and adult progenitors give rise to unique populations of CD8+ T cells. Blood 2016; 128:3073-3082. [PMID: 28034872 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-725366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the ontogeny of the mammalian immune system, distinct lineages of cells arise from fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during specific stages of development. However, in some cases, the same immune cell type is produced by both HSC populations, resulting in the generation of phenotypically similar cells with distinct origins and divergent functional properties. In this report, we demonstrate that neonatal CD8+ T cells preferentially become short-lived effectors and adult CD8+ T cells selectively form long-lived memory cells after infection because they are derived from distinct progenitor cells. Notably, we find that naïve neonatal CD8+ T cells originate from a progenitor cell that is distinguished by expression of Lin28b. Remarkably, ectopic expression of Lin28b enables adult progenitors to give rise to CD8+ T cells that are phenotypically and functionally analogous to those found in neonates. These findings suggest that neonatal and adult CD8+ T cells belong to separate lineages of CD8+ T cells, and potentially explain why it is challenging to elicit memory CD8+ T cells in early life.
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48
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Shin H, Kumamoto Y, Gopinath S, Iwasaki A. CD301b+ dendritic cells stimulate tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells to protect against genital HSV-2. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13346. [PMID: 27827367 PMCID: PMC5105190 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (CD8 TRM) cells are an essential component of protective immune responses at barrier tissues, including the female genital tract. However, the mechanisms that lead to the initiation of CD8 TRM-mediated protective immunity after viral infection are unclear. Here we report that CD8 TRM cells established by ‘prime and pull' method confer protection against genital HSV-2 infection, and that IFN-γ produced by CD8 TRM cells is required for this protection. Furthermore, we find that CD8 TRM-cell restimulation depends on a population of CD301b+ antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the lamina propria. Elimination of MHC class I on CD301b+ dendritic cells abrogates protective immunity, suggesting the requirement for cognate antigen presentation to CD8 TRM cells by CD301b+ dendritic cells. These results define the requirements for CD8 TRM cells in protection against genital HSV-2 infection and identify the population of APC that are responsible for activating these cells. Tissue-resident memory T cells are needed for optimal antiviral immunity at mucosal surfaces. Here the authors provide a mechanism for this protection, showing that vaginal CD301b+ DC-dependent IFN-γ production by CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells, not circulating T cells, is central to HSV-2 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Smita Gopinath
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
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49
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Gurung HR, Carr MM, Carr DJJ. Cornea lymphatics drive the CD8 + T-cell response to herpes simplex virus-1. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:87-98. [PMID: 27577867 PMCID: PMC5209249 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the cornea induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A-dependent lymphangiogenesis. However, the extent to which HSV-1-induced corneal lymphangiogenesis impacts the adaptive immune response has not been characterized. Here, we used floxed VEGF-A mice to study the importance of newly created corneal lymphatic vessels in the host adaptive immune response to infection. Whereas the mice infected with the parental virus (strain SC16) exhibited robust corneal lymphangiogenesis, mice that received the recombinant virus (SC16 ICP0-Cre) that expresses Cre recombinase under the control of infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), an HSV-1 immediate early gene, showed a significant reduction in lymphangiogenesis. There was no difference in virus recovered from the cornea of mice infected with SC16 vs SC16 ICP0-Cre. However, viral loads were significantly elevated in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of mice with reduced corneal lymphangiogenesis. The increase in viral titer correlated with a significant loss of HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells that traffic to the TG of mice infected with the recombinant virus. Intrastromal delivery of size exclusion dye (FITC-dextran) revealed a time-dependent defect in the ability of the lymphatic vessels in SC16 ICP0-Cre infected mice to transport soluble antigen from the cornea to the draining lymph nodes. We interpret these results to suggest that the newly created lymphatic vessels in the cornea driven by HSV-1 infection are critical in the delivery of soluble viral antigen to the draining lymph node and subsequent development of the CD8+ T cell response to HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem R Gurung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Meghan M Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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50
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Royer DJ, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Herpesvirus-Associated Lymphadenitis Distorts Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Microarchitecture and Attenuates CD8 T Cell Responses to Neurotropic Infection in Mice Lacking the STING-IFNα/β Defense Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2338-52. [PMID: 27511736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-α/β)-driven immune responses to acute viral infection are critical to counter replication and prevent dissemination. However, the mechanisms underlying host resistance to HSV type 1 (HSV-1) are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that mice with deficiencies in IFN-α/β signaling or stimulator of IFN genes (STING) exhibit exacerbated neurovirulence and atypical lymphotropic dissemination of HSV-1 following ocular infection. Synergy between IFN-α/β signaling and efficacy of early adaptive immune responses to HSV-1 were dissected using bone marrow chimeras and adoptive cell transfer approaches to profile clonal expansion, effector function, and recruitment of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Lymphotropic viral dissemination was commensurate with abrogated CD8(+) T cell responses and pathological alterations of fibroblastic reticular cell networks in the draining lymph nodes. Our results show that resistance to HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia during acute infection is conferred in part by STING and IFN-α/β signaling in both bone marrow-derived and -resident cells, which coalesce to support a robust HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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