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Ejaz A, Waliat S, Afzaal M, Saeed F, Ahmad A, Din A, Ateeq H, Asghar A, Shah YA, Rafi A, Khan MR. Biological activities, therapeutic potential, and pharmacological aspects of blackcurrants ( Ribes nigrum L): A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5799-5817. [PMID: 37823094 PMCID: PMC10563683 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Blackcurrant possesses various health-endorsing attributes owing to its polyphenol profile. Recent studies have demonstrated its therapeutic potential against various health disorders. Various bioactives present in blackcurrants have different functional and pharmacological aspects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The most dominant and important bioactive include anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food formats derived from blackcurrants comprise pomace, juice, powder, and extracts. All these food formats have industrial, prebiotic, and pharmacological benefits. In the current article, the nutritional composition, industrial applications, and therapeutic potential are discussed in the recent literature. Moreover, novel extraction techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds present in blackcurrants and their safety concerns have been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Ejaz
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Sadaf Waliat
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ahmad Din
- National Institute of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Asma Asghar
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ahmad Rafi
- National Institute of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Mahbubur Rahman Khan
- Department of Food Processing and PreservationHajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
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Tilahun M, Gedefie A, Belayhun C, Sahle Z, Abera A. Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:21-34. [PMID: 35023934 PMCID: PMC8747529 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s346705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a well-known human-specific stomach pathogen that infects more than half of the world’s population. The infection with this bacterium can cause a variety of gastrointestinal problems, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and even cancer. H. pylori is a highly infectious bacterium. H. pylori causes an increase in gastric mucosa pH or gastric mucosa intestinal metaplasia. These modifications in the stomach environment are necessary for G. lamblia colonization to occur. Giardia lamblia is a flagellate protozoan parasite that can cause giardiasis in humans and other mammals. It dwells in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Globally, over 280 million cases of human giardiasis are predicted to occur each year. Simultaneous human colonization by G. lamblia and H. pylori is a typical occurrence since the viruses’ predisposing factors are similar in both groups. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects both children and adults worldwide. Infection with Giardia is more common in underdeveloped countries. Globally, more than 200 million cases of giardiasis are detected each year. In contrast, the presence of G. lamblia in the host body triggers an immunological response comparable to that of H. pylori, with lymphocytes strongly polarized towards Th1. As a result, their combined presence exacerbates host tissue damage. The major goal of this seminar is to describe the pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of G. lamblia and H. pylori coinfection using a comprehensive search of PubMed, Lancet, and Google Scholar sources. Upper gastrointestinal problems such as upper abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain/burning, and belching are all caused by both organisms. Differentiation by physical examination is impossible in people infected with both bacteria. For this coinfection distinction, a laboratory diagnosis is required. G. lamblia and H. pylori, when present together, have a synergistic effect on the host and can cause serious damage. As a result, researchers should delve deeper into the mechanics underlying this potential microbial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihret Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Gedefie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Chernet Belayhun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Mehal Meda Hospital, North Showa, Ethiopia
| | - Zenawork Sahle
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Birhan Health Science College, North Showa, Ethiopia
| | - Admasu Abera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Birhan Health Science College, North Showa, Ethiopia
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Novel Insights of Lymphomagenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Dependent Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040547. [PMID: 30999581 PMCID: PMC6520890 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is the most common subtype of gastric lymphoma. Most gastric MALT lymphomas are characterized by their association with the Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and are cured by first-line HP eradication therapy (HPE). Several studies have been conducted to investigate why most gastric MALT lymphomas remain localized, are dependent on HP infection, and show HP-specific intratumoral T-cells (e.g., CD40-mediated signaling, T-helper-2 (Th2)-type cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory molecules, and FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells) and their communication with B-cells. Furthermore, the reason why the antigen stimuli of these intratumoral T-cells with tonic B-cell receptor signaling promote lymphomagenesis of gastric MALT lymphoma has also been investigated. In addition to the aforementioned mechanisms, it has been demonstrated that the translocated HP cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) can promote B-cell proliferation through the activation of Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP-2) phosphorylation-dependent signaling, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, and Bcl-xL. Furthermore, the expression of CagA and these CagA-signaling molecules is closely associated with the HP-dependence of gastric MALT lymphomas (completely respond to first-line HPE). In this article, we summarize evidence of the classical theory of HP-reactive T-cells and the new paradigm of direct interaction between HP and B-cells that contributes to the HP-dependent lymphomagenesis of gastric MALT lymphomas. Although the role of first-line HPE in the treatment of HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma remains uncertain, several case series suggest that a proportion of HP-negative gastric MALT lymphomas remains antibiotic-responsive and is cured by HPE. Considering the complicated interaction between microbiomes and the genome/epigenome, further studies on the precise mechanisms of HP- and other bacteria-directed lymphomagenesis in antibiotic-responsive gastric MALT lymphomas are warranted.
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Anamika A, Singh R, Manar KK, Yadav CL, Kumar A, Singh RK, Drew MGB, Singh N. Impact of substituents on the crystal structures and anti-leishmanial activity of new homoleptic Bi(iii) dithiocarbamates. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-leishmanial activity of six structurally characterised new functionalised homoleptic Bi(iii) dithiocarbamate complexes having monomeric, dimeric and rare polymeric structures has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Anamika
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Krishna K. Manar
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Chote Lal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | | | - Nanhai Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
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Chen Y, Liu J, Wang W, Xiang L, Wang J, Liu S, Zhou H, Guo Z. High expression of hnRNPA1 promotes cell invasion by inducing EMT in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:1693-1701. [PMID: 29484423 PMCID: PMC5868405 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced gastric cancer (GC) has a poor prognosis and its treatment strategies are not very efficient. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) has emerged as a plausible GC marker, however the role and molecular mechanism of hnRNPA1 in cell invasion and migration remains unknown. In the present study, the gene expression across normal and tumor tissue (GENT) database was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of hnRNPA1 in various types of cancer. Western blot analysis (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to detect the protein expression of hnRNPA1 in GC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. The expression of multiple oncogenes was detected by western blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR in hnRNPA1 overexpressing GC cells. Soft agar colony formation, EdU incorporation, wound healing and invasion assays were applied to verify the role of hnRNPA1 in anchorage-independent cell growth, migration and invasion in GC cells. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were detected by immunofluorescence, western blot analysis and IHC in vitro. A nude mice model of metastasis carcinoma was established to confirm the role of hnRNPA1 during EMT in vivo. Our results revealed that hnRNPA1 was significantly upregulated in GC tissue. HnRNPA1 overexpression significantly induced cell growth, migration and invasion ability in GC cells. In addition, hnRNPA1 promoted EMT of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicated that hnRNPA1 is highly expressed in GC and promoted invasion by inducing EMT transition in GC cells. Thus, hnRNPA1 may be a potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Jide Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Side Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Xinxiang City, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
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Günes-Bayir A, Kocyigit A, Güler EM, Bilgin MG, Ergün İS, Dadak A. Effects of carvacrol on human fibroblast (WS-1) and gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro and on Wistar rats in vivo. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 448:237-249. [PMID: 29442269 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a natural phenolic compound found in essential oils of Lamiaceae species. In the present study, an attempt has been made to elucidate the mechanism behind the anti-cancer potential of carvacrol on human gastric adenocarcinomas (AGS) by comparing its effects on cancer cells AGS to those on normal human fibroblast (WS-1) cells, in vitro. Cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, glutathione (GSH) levels, genotoxicity, and apoptotic effects of carvacrol (0-600 µM) were studied in both cell lines. Additionally, the effect of high dose carvacrol (100 mg/kg BW) on the oxidative status was investigated in vivo. For this purpose, carvacrol was administered orally to male Wistar rats over a period of 60 days. Rats were weighed regularly. At the end of the experiment, rats were euthanized. Blood and stomach tissues were collected for biochemical and pathological examinations. The in vitro results showed significant differences in cell viability of AGS compared to WS-1 cells exposed to carvacrol. Also the extent of ROS generation, GSH reduction and DNA damage differed significantly between the cell lines studied (P ≤ 0.001). The differences observed were statistically significant at all concentrations applied (P ≤ 0.001). The results found in AGS cells were mirrored in the pathohistological findings obtained from animals of the in vivo experimental group. Changes in body weight, and oxidative stress index for plasma and stomach tissues of animals in this group were found to differ statistically significant from those found in the control group of Wistar rats (P ≤ 0.001). The data obtained from our present study uncovered that carvacrol has the potential to cause toxic effects in both, AGS and WS-1 cells but more effectively in cancer cells than in normal cells. The carvacrol-mediated responses observed in the in vitro and in vivo experiments presented suggest a double-edged pro-oxidative effect. Via this mechanism carvacrol induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner in both cancer and normal cells and these activities were higher in cancer cells than those of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Günes-Bayir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Silahtarağa Caddesi No: 189, Eyüp, 34065, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Güler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gültekin Bilgin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Silahtarağa Caddesi No: 189, Eyüp, 34065, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlyas Samet Ergün
- Department of Pathology Laboratory, Vocational School for Health Services, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Agnes Dadak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Effects of natural phenolic compound carvacrol on the human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:522-530. [PMID: 28244942 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality because of cancer. Medicinal plants containing polyphenolic compounds have gained importance in anticancer treatment. In this context, carvacrol is a main component of many plants in the family Lamiaceae that are frequently used in folk medicine and a good candidate to investigate for GC treatment. The present study aimed to explore the cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating effects of carvacrol on gastric adenocarcinoma in vitro. For these purposes, human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells were used and analyzed after 24 h of exposure to carvacrol with different concentrations. The cytotoxicity, ROS generation, glutathione (GSH) level, and genotoxicity were investigated by the ATP cell viability assay, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate assay, GSH/GSSG-Glo assay, and comet assay, respectively. Apoptosis induction was detected by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and western blotting at below the half-maximal growth inhibitory concentration value. Carvacrol showed cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic, ROS generating, and GSH-reducing effects on AGS cells in a dose-dependent manner. There was a close negative relationship between cell viability and ROS level. Carvacrol inhibited the proliferation of AGS cells, suggesting that it could be a novel and strong anticancer agent against the human gastric adenocarcinoma. These results support the interest of natural diet components in the development of therapeutic products for diseases.
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Li C, Jiang J, Li X, Xiao S, Wei D, Jiang C, Xie J, Peng M, Gu H, Li Q. Synthesis and bioactivity of a novel bismuthoxide Schiff-base complex derived from Salen-like ligand and bismuth(III) nitrate. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Liao F, Hsu YC, Kuo SH, Yang YC, Chen JP, Hsu PN, Lin CW, Chen LT, Cheng AL, Fann CSJ, Lin JT, Wu MS. Genetic polymorphisms and tissue expression of interleukin-22 associated with risk and therapeutic response of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:eXX. [PMID: 25303370 PMCID: PMC4220648 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Helicobacter pylori-stimulated immune reactions determine the pathogenesis of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. We aimed to explore the genetic predisposition to this lymphoma and its clinical implication. A total of 68 patients and 140 unrelated controls were genotyped for 84 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and related receptors that play important roles in T cell-mediated gastrointestinal immunity. Five genotypes in IL-22, namely CC at rs1179246, CC at rs2227485, AA at rs4913428, AA at rs1026788 and TT at rs7314777, were associated with disease susceptibility. The former four genotypes resided in the same linkage disequilibrium block (r(2)=0.99) that conferred an approximately threefold higher risk. In vitro experiments demonstrated that co-culturing peripheral mononuclear cells or CD4(+) T cells with H. pylori stimulated the secretion of interleukin-22 (IL-22), and that IL-22 induced the expression of antimicrobial proteins, RegIIIα and lipocalin-2, in gastric epithelial cells. Furthermore, patients with gastric tissue expressing IL-22 were more likely to respond to H. pylori eradication (14/22 vs 4/19, P<0.006). We conclude that susceptibility of gastric MALT lymphoma is influenced by genetic polymorphisms in IL-22, the product of which is involved in mucosal immunity against H. pylori and associated with tumor response to H. pylori eradication.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Helicobacter Infections/genetics
- Helicobacter Infections/metabolism
- Helicobacter Infections/therapy
- Helicobacter pylori
- Humans
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/therapy
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/therapy
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Database Research, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - S-H Kuo
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J-P Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P-N Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-W Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L-T Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institute, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - A-L Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C S J Fann
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J-T Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-S Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kuo CH, Weng BC, Wu CC, Yang SF, Wu DC, Wang YC. Apigenin has anti-atrophic gastritis and anti-gastric cancer progression effects in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:1031-1039. [PMID: 24374236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Apigenin, one of the most common flavonoids, is abundant in celery, parsley, chamomile, passionflower, and other vegetables and fruits. Celery is recognized as a medicinal vegetable in Oriental countries to traditionally treat inflammation, swelling, blood pressure, serum lipid, and toothache. In this study, we investigated apigenin treatment effects on Helicobacter pylori-induced atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer progression in Mongolian gerbils. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five to eight-week-old Mongolian gerbils were inoculated with Helicobacter pylori for four weeks without (atrophic gastritis group) or with N'-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) (gastric cancer group) in drinking water, and were then rested for two weeks. During the 7th-32th (atrophic gastritis group) or the 7th-52th (gastric cancer group) weeks, they were given various doses (0-60 mg/kgbw/day) of apigenin. At the end of the 32th (atrophic gastritis group) or the 52th (atrophic gastritis group) week, all Mongolian gerbils were sacrificed using the CO2 asphyxia method. The histological changes of Helicobacter pylori colonization, neutrophil and monocyte infiltrations, and atrophic gastritis in both atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer Mongolian gerbils were examined using immunohistochemistry stain and Sydney System scoring. RESULTS Apigenin treatments (30-60 mg/kgbw/day) effectively decreased atrophic gastritis (atrophic gastritis group) and dysplasia/gastric cancer (gastric cancer group) rates in Mongolian gerbils. Apigenin treatment (60 mg/kgbw/day) significantly decreased Helicobacter pylori colonization and Helicobacter pylori-induced histological changes of neutrophil and monocyte infiltrations and atrophic gastritis in both atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer Mongolian gerbils. CONCLUSIONS Apigenin has the remarkable ability to inhibit Helicobacter pylori-induced atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer progression as well as possessing potent anti-gastric cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bi-Chuang Weng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheau-Fang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deng-Chang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yuan-Chuen Wang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Devi S, Ansari SA, Vadivelu J, Mégraud F, Tenguria S, Ahmed N. Helicobacter pylori antigen HP0986 (TieA) interacts with cultured gastric epithelial cells and induces IL8 secretion via NF-κB mediated pathway. Helicobacter 2014; 19:26-36. [PMID: 24205801 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The envisaged roles and partly understood functional properties of Helicobacter pylori protein HP0986 are significant in the context of proinflammatory and or proapoptotic activities, the two important facilitators of pathogen survival and persistence. In addition, sequence analysis of this gene predicts a restriction endonuclease function which remained unknown thus far. To evaluate the role of HP0986 in gastric inflammation, we studied its expression profile using a large number of clinical isolates but a limited number of biopsies and patient sera. Also, we studied antigenic role of HP0986 in altering cytokine responses of human gastric epithelial (AGS) cells including its interaction with and localization within the AGS cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS For in vitro expression study of HP0986, 110 H. pylori clinical isolates were cultured from patients with functional dyspepsia. For expression analysis by qRT PCR of HP0986, 10 gastric biopsy specimens were studied. HP0986 was also used to detect antibodies in patient sera. AGS cells were incubated with recombinant HP0986 to determine cytokine response and NF-κB activation. Transient transfection with HP0986 cloned in pEGFPN1 was used to study its subcellular localization or homing in AGS cells. RESULTS Out of 110 cultured H. pylori strains, 34 (31%) were positive for HP0986 and this observation was correlated with in vitro expression profiles. HP0986 mRNA was detected in 7 of the 10 biopsy specimens. Further, HP0986 induced IL-8 secretion in gastric epithelial cells in a dose and time-dependent manner via NF-κB pathway. Serum antibodies against HP0986 were positively associated with H. pylori positive patients. Transient transfection of AGS cells revealed both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of HP0986. CONCLUSION HP0986 was moderately prevalent in clinical isolates and its expression profile in cultures and gastric biopsies points to its being naturally expressed. Collective observations including the induction of IL-8 via TNFR1 and NF-κB, subcellular localization, and seropositivity data point to a significant role of HP0986 in gastroduodenal inflammation. We propose to name the HP0986 gene/protein as 'TNFR1 interacting endonuclease A (TieA or tieA)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Devi
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Andrews PC, Blair VL, Ferrero RL, Junk PC, Kedzierski L, Peiris RM. Bismuth(III) β-thioxoketonates as antibiotics against Helicobacter pylori and as anti-leishmanial agents. Dalton Trans 2013; 43:1279-91. [PMID: 24190067 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52544a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nine different β-thioxoketones of general formula R(1)C(=O)CH2C(=S)R(2) (R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = C6H5L1; R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = p-CF3C6H4L2; R(1) = p-MeOC6H4, R(2) = C6H5L3; R(1) = p-MeOC6H4, R(2) = p-CF3C6H4L4; R(1) = C5H4N, R(2) = C6H5L5; R(1) = p-IC6H4, R(2) = C6H5L6; R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = p-IC6H4L7; R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = C10H7L8 and R(1) = CH3, R(2) = C6H5L9) and their tris-substituted bismuth(III) complexes having the general formula [Bi{R(1)C(=O)CHC(=S)R(2)}3] were synthesised and fully characterised. The solid state structure of [Bi{C5H4NC(=O)CHC(=S)C6H5}3] B5 was determined by crystallography and revealed that the three β-thioxoketonato ligands are bound to bismuth(III) centre in a bidentate fashion through O and S atoms. The bismuth(III) complexes and the corresponding thioxoketones were assessed for their activity against H. pylori. All of the bismuth(III) complexes were highly active against H. pylori having a MIC of greater than or equal to 3.125 μg mL(-1), while the free acids were essentially not toxic to the bacteria. The anti-leishmanial activity of all the bismuth(III) β-thioxoketonates and the corresponding free acids were assessed against L. major promastigotes. The toxicity towards human fibroblast cells was also assessed. All of the free β-thioxoketones were selectively toxic to the L. major promastigotes displaying some potential as anti-leishmanial agents. Among these [C6H5C(=O)CH2C(=S)C6H5] L1 and [C5H4NC(=O)CH2C(=S)C6H5] L5 showed comparable activity to that of Amphotericin B, killing about 80% of the L. major promastigotes at a concentration of 25 μM (6.0 μg mL(-1)). The bismuth(III) β-thioxoketonate complexes were toxic to both the L. major promastigotes and fibroblast cells at high concentrations, but gave no improvement in anti-leishmanial activity over the free β-thioxoketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Potential Therapeutic Role of Hispidulin in Gastric Cancer through Induction of Apoptosis via NAG-1 Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:518301. [PMID: 24159347 PMCID: PMC3789485 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers due to poor prognoses and high mortality rates worldwide. However, an effective chemotherapeutic drug without side effects remains lacking. Saussurea involucrata (SI) Kar. et Kir., also known as snow lotus, grows in mountainous rocky habitats at 2600 m elevation in the Tian Shan and A'er Tai regions of China. The ethyl acetate extract of SI had been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in various tumor cells. In this study, we demonstrated that Hispidulin, active ingredients in SI, inhibits the growth of AGS gastric cancer cells. After Hispidulin treatment, NAG-1 remained highly expressed, whereas COX-2 expression was downregulated. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that Hispidulin induces G1/S phase arrest and apoptosis in time- and concentration-dependent manners. G1/S arrest correlated with upregulated p21/WAF1 and p16 and downregulated cyclin D1 and cyclin E, independent of p53 pathway. In addition, Hispidulin can elevate Egr-1 expression and ERK1/2 activity, whereas ERK1/2 inhibitor markedly attenuated NAG-1 mediated apoptosis. Taken together, Hispidulin can efficiently activate ERK1/2 signaling followed by NAG-1 constitutive expression and trigger cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis in cancer cell. It can be a potential compound for combination therapy of gastric cancer in the future.
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Nagappan A, Park HS, Park KI, Hong GE, Yumnam S, Lee HJ, Kim MK, Kim EH, Lee WS, Lee WJ, Cho MJ, Lee WK, Won CK, Cho JH, Kim GS. Helicobacter pylori infection combined with DENA revealed altered expression of p53 and 14-3-3 isoforms in Gulo-/- mice. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:143-52. [PMID: 24035909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most other mammals, human bodies do not have the ability to synthesize vitamin C inside of their own bodies. Therefore, humans must obtain vitamin C through daily diet. Gulo(-/-) mice strain is known with deficiency, in which vitamin C intake can be controlled by diet like human, and would be valuable for investigating the molecular mechanism of various diseases. In the present study, we established Gulo(-/-) mice model and investigated the differentially expressed proteins in stomach tissue of Gulo(-)(/-) mice after Helicobacter pylori-infected, and followed by DENA, using immunohistochemistry and proteomic approach. The results of immunohistochemistry analysis of stomach tissue showed that the tumor suppressor, p53 protein, expression was significantly decreased (p<0.05) but not messenger RNA (mRNA) transcriptional level, and 14-3-3 ε, 14-3-3 δ, Ki-67 and cleaved caspase 3 expressions were significantly increased (p<0.05) by H. Pylori infection, and followed by DENA treatment in Gulo(-/-) mice. Moreover, knockdown of 14-3-3 isoforms (14-3-3 ε, 14-3-3 σ, 14-3-3 ζ and 14-3-3 η) were significantly increased sub-G1 phase (characteristics of apoptosis) in AGS cells and, phenotypic changes like cell shrinkage, density and cleaved nuclei were also observed. Proteome analyses showed that 14-3-3 σ, 14-3-3 η, and tropomyosin alpha-1 chain were down-regulated, and Hspd1 protein and HSC70 were up-regulated after H. Pylori-infection, and followed by DENA. The combined results of immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis suggest that H. pylori altered the p53 and 14-3-3 isoforms expression and DENA further enhanced the H. pylori effect, which might be involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer on Gulo(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arulkumar Nagappan
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwadong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, Republic of Korea
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15
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Andrews PC, Blair VL, Ferrero RL, Junk PC, Kumar I. Making bispirin: synthesis, structure and activity against Helicobacter pylori of bismuth(III) acetylsalicylate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2870-2. [PMID: 23450139 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of Bi(O(t)Bu)3 with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid = aspH) in dry toluene results in the bismuth(III) complex, [Bi(O2C(C6H4)OAc)3]∞ 1 (O2C(C6H4)OAc = asp), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Helicobacter pylori ≥ 6.25 μg mL(-1), while the inclusion of a stoichiometric equivalent of KO(t)Bu leads to crystals of the bismuthate salt [KBi(O2C(C6H4)OAc)4]∞ 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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16
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Jia N, Xiong YL, Kong B, Liu Q, Xia X. Radical scavenging activity of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract and its inhibitory effect on gastric cancer cell proliferation via induction of apoptosis. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Andrews PC, Ferrero RL, Forsyth CM, Junk PC, Maclellan JG, Peiris RM. Bismuth(III) Saccharinate and Thiosaccharinate Complexes and the Effect of Ligand Substitution on Their Activity against Helicobacter pylori. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om2008869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria
3800, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Centre
for Innate Immunity and
Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Craig M. Forsyth
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria
3800, Australia
| | - Peter C. Junk
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria
3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan G. Maclellan
- Emerald Secondary College, 425 Belgrave-Gembrook Road, Emerald, Victoria
3782, Australia
| | - Roshani M Peiris
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria
3800, Australia
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Debb SM, Arnold B, Perez B, Cella D. Validation of the FACT-Gastric cancer quality of life questionnaire for use in Spanish-speaking countries. Psychooncology 2011; 20:19-27. [PMID: 20217836 DOI: 10.1002/pon.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to validate a universal Spanish translation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Gastric Cancer (FACT-Ga; Version 4) questionnaire for use in Spanish-speaking countries. METHODS Translation of the FACT-Ga from English to Spanish was accomplished by employing the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation methodology, which utilizes a multinational team of translation experts. A single (universal) Spanish version of the questionnaire was developed for use with gastric cancer patients recruited from Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Pretesting of the questionnaire was conducted using 75 cancer patients (15 from each country), who were also cognitively debriefed. RESULTS Statistical analysis yielded marginal results for the Peru and Spain samples, although when analyzing pooled data from all five countries, statistics were within expected ranges. Qualitative analysis indicated that there were negligible linguistic concerns that impacted a very small proportion of the items. CONCLUSION The universal Spanish FACT-Ga demonstrates content and linguistic validity, and is conceptually equivalent to its English source. It is a promising tool for use in evaluating the health-related quality of life for Spanish-speaking patients with gastrointestinal-related cancers, given more research regarding universally derived reliability and validity statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Debb
- FACIT.org Translations, 381 S. Cottage Hill Avenue, Elmhurst, IL 60126, USA.
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Perri F, Terracciano F, Gentile M, Merla A, Scimeca D, Zullo A. Role of interleukin polymorphisms in gastric cancer: "Pros and cons". World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:265-71. [PMID: 21160639 PMCID: PMC2999189 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i6.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the leading cause of gastric cancer worldwide. Infection with this bacterium causes a chronic active immune response that persists for the life of the host. The combination of bacterial factors, environmental insults, and the host immune response drives the initiation and progression of mucosal atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia toward GC. Among the host factors, IL-1 gene cluster polymorphisms (IL-1B encoding IL-1β and IL-1RN encoding IL-1ra, its naturally occurring receptor antagonist) play a decisive role in modulating the risk of developing hypochlorhydria, gastric atrophy and GC in the presence of H. pylori infection. In particular, one single nucleotide polymorphism in the IL-1B promoter (IL-1B-511C⁄T), and the short allele of a 86-bp variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the IL-1RN second intron (IL-1RN*2) are associated with an increased risk for GC. However this hypothesis is still to be fully confirmed. This review focuses on the divergent results obtained by several epidemiological and functional in vitro and in vivo studies and show that IL-1 genotyping has still no role in the clinical management of patients with H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perri
- Francesco Perri, Fulvia Terracciano, Marco Gentile, Antonio Merla, Daniela Scimeca, Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, IRCCS, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
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Dias-Neto M, Pintalhao M, Ferreira M, Lunet N. Salt intake and risk of gastric intestinal metaplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:133-47. [PMID: 20099187 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903305391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the association between salt intake and precancerous lesions may contribute to clarify the causal relation with gastric cancer. We systematically reviewed 17 articles addressing the association between dietary salt exposure and gastric intestinal metaplasia and conducted meta-analyses for quantitative synthesis (random effects model). Salt exposure was estimated assessing salted/salty food consumption, preference for salted/salty foods, use of table salt, or sodium urinary excretion. Heterogeneity was also large regarding food items evaluated, consumption categories, and data analysis. The combined odds ratio (OR) was 1.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.98-2.90; I(2) = 55.4%) for the association between salted/salty meat and intestinal metaplasia (4 studies) and the OR was 1.53 (95% CI = 0.72-3.24; I(2) = 76.8%) for salt preference. There was a positive, nonstatistically significant association between intestinal metaplasia and urinary sodium excretion. The heterogeneity of methodological options and results preclude quantitative synthesis or its proper interpretation, even if the available evidence may suggest a positive association between salt and intestinal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dias-Neto
- Porto University Medical School and Institute of Public Health-University of Porto (ISPUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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21
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Copps J, Murphy RF, Lovas S. The production and role of gastrin-17 and gastrin-17-gly in gastrointestinal cancers. Protein Pept Lett 2010; 16:1504-18. [PMID: 20001914 DOI: 10.2174/092986609789839269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide hormone gastrin is responsible for initiating the release of gastric acid in the stomach in response to the presence of food and/or humoral factors such as gastrin releasing peptide. However, it has a role in the growth and maintenance of the gastric epithelium, and has been implicated in the formation and growth of gastric cancers. Hypergastrinemia resulting from atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia leads to hyperplasia and carcinoid formation in rats, and contributes to tumor formation in humans. Additionally, gastrin has been suspected to play a role in the formation and growth of cancers of the colon, but recent studies have instead implicated gastrin processing intermediates, such as gastrin-17-Gly, acting upon a putative, non-cholecystokinin receptor. This review summarizes the production and chemical structures of gastrin and of the processing intermediate gastrin-17-Gly, as well as their activities in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the promotion of colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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22
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Andrews PC, Ferrero RL, Junk PC, Kumar I, Luu Q, Nguyen K, Taylor JW. Bismuth(III) complexes derived from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their activity against Helicobacter pylori. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2861-8. [PMID: 20200713 DOI: 10.1039/c000164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The formation of bismuth(III) complexes of carboxylates and benzoates derived from the 1 : 3 reaction of BiPh(3) with the common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, diflunisal, 5-chlorosalicylic acid, fenbufen, sulindac, tolfenamic acid and flufenamic acid, has been achieved using both solvent-free and solvent-mediated methods. The thermochemical profiles of the solvent-free reactions were studied using DSC-TGA. All reactions produced the tris-substituted complexes of general formula [BiL(3)](n), with the complexes derived from ketoprofen and sulindac having an additional single bismuth bound H(2)O molecule in the inner coordination sphere. The complexes are stable in air over a period of six months, do not undergo significant decomposition when suspended overnight in water, but decompose in 1 M HCl solution to release the free acid form of the NSAID. All ten complexes show excellent in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori with MIC values of > or = 6.25 microg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Clayton, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia.
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23
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Blinder V, Fisher SG. The Role of Environmental Factors in the Etiology of Lymphoma. Cancer Invest 2009; 26:306-16. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900701805686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Walduck AK, Weber M, Wunder C, Juettner S, Stolte M, Vieth M, Wiedenmann B, Meyer TF, Naumann M, Hoecker M. Identification of novel cyclooxygenase-2-dependent genes in Helicobacter pylori infection in vivo. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:22. [PMID: 19317916 PMCID: PMC2667483 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a crucial determining factor in the pathogenesis of benign and neoplastic gastric diseases. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is the inducible key enzyme of arachidonic acid metabolism and is a central mediator in inflammation and cancer. Expression of the Cox-2 gene is up-regulated in the gastric mucosa during H. pylori infection but the pathobiological consequences of this enhanced Cox-2 expression are not yet characterized. The aim of this study was to identify novel genes down-stream of Cox-2 in an in vivo model, thereby identifying potential targets for the study of the role of Cox- 2 in H. pylori pathogenesis and the initiation of pre- cancerous changes. RESULTS Gene expression profiles in the gastric mucosa of mice treated with a specific Cox-2 inhibitor (NS398) or vehicle were analysed at different time points (6, 13 and 19 wk) after H. pylori infection. H. pylori infection affected the expression of 385 genes over the experimental period, including regulators of gastric physiology, proliferation, apoptosis and mucosal defence. Under conditions of Cox-2 inhibition, 160 target genes were regulated as a result of H. pylori infection. The Cox-2 dependent subset included those influencing gastric physiology (Gastrin, Galr1), epithelial barrier function (Tjp1, connexin45, Aqp5), inflammation (Icam1), apoptosis (Clu) and proliferation (Gdf3, Igf2). Treatment with NS398 alone caused differential expression of 140 genes, 97 of which were unique, indicating that these genes are regulated under conditions of basal Cox-2 expression. CONCLUSION This study has identified a panel of novel Cox-2 dependent genes influenced under both normal and the inflammatory conditions induced by H. pylori infection. These data provide important new links between Cox-2 and inflammatory processes, epithelial repair and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Walduck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Mahajan R, El-Omar EM, Lissowska J, Grillo P, Rabkin CS, Baccarelli A, Yeager M, Sobin LH, Zatonski W, Channock SJ, Chow WH, Hou L. Genetic variants in T helper cell type 1, 2 and 3 pathways and gastric cancer risk in a Polish population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008; 38:626-33. [PMID: 18687755 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyn075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses are known determinants of gastric cancer susceptibility. We previously reported an increased gastric cancer risk associated with common variants of several T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine genes in a population-based case-control study in Warsaw, Poland. In the present study, we augmented our investigation to include additional Th1 genes as well as key genes in the Th2 and Th3 pathways. Analysis of 378 cases and 435 age- and sex-matched controls revealed associations for polymorphisms in the Th1 IL7R gene and one polymorphism in the Th2 IL5 gene. The odd ratios (ORs) for IL7R rs1494555 were 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-1.9] for A/G and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.0-2.4) for G/G carriers relative to A/A carriers (P = 0.04). The ORs for IL5 rs2069812 were 0.9 (95% CI, 0.7-1.3) for C/T and 0.6 (95% CI, 0.3-1.0) T/T carriers compared with C/C carriers (P = 0.03). These results suggest that IL5 rs2069812 and IL7R rs1389832, rs1494556 and rs1494555 polymorphisms may contribute to gastric cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mahajan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Sánchez-Fayos Calabuig P, Martín Relloso MJ, Porres Cubero JC. [Genetic abnormalities of digestive tract adenocarcinomas and correlation with the histologic sequence of their development]. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 131:221-9. [PMID: 18674502 DOI: 10.1157/13124613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over 90% of digestive tract malignancies are adenocarcinomas (ADC) and almost 95% of them have gastric (G), colorectal (CR) or pancreatic (P) localizations. The objectives of this work are to review the genetic abnormalities of ADC in these locations and their potential coincidences, along with the histogenetic correlation of their emergence. Genetic abnormalities affecting over 50% of cases include: in G-ADC, inactivation of suppressor genes of p53, APC and DCC tumor in its intestinal variant, hypoexpression of of caderine E in the diffuse variant and hyperexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclyn D in the intestinal form; in in CR-ADC, inactivation of of genes p53, APC and DCC together with mutational activation of k-ras oncogen, and in P-ADC, the inactivation of suppressor genes p53, p16 and DPC4 along with mutational activation of k-ras oncogen. P-ADC is the one showing a more characteristic and exclusive genetic mark, followed by CR-ADC. Finally, the histogenetic correlation in the tumorigenic sequence is more evident in CR-ADC, followed by P-ADC. The complex biologic reality of G-ADC makes it more difficult to draw its genetic profile and its histogenetic correlation. In order to understand better the arguments of this work, the authors comment on the genetic-molecular basis governing the life and death of normal somatic cells and the biologic profile of the groups of genes mainly involved in tumorigenesis.
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Lee CW, Wang XD, Chien KL, Ge Z, Rickman BH, Rogers AB, Varro A, Whary MT, Wang TC, Fox JG. Vitamin C supplementation does not protect L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase-deficient mice from Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis and gastric premalignancy. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1068-76. [PMID: 17990318 PMCID: PMC2766771 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In human studies, low vitamin C intake has been associated with more severe Helicobacter pylori gastritis and a higher incidence of gastric cancer. However, vitamin C supplementation has not been definitively shown to protect against gastric cancer. Using vitamin C-deficient B6.129P2-Gulo(tm1Umc/mmcd) (gulo(-/-)) mice lacking L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, we compared gastric lesions and Th1 immune responses in H. pylori-infected gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with low (33 mg/L) or high (3,300 mg/L) vitamin C in drinking water for 16 or 32 weeks. Vitamin C levels in plasma and gastric tissue correlated with the vitamin C supplementation levels in gulo(-/-) mice. H. pylori infection resulted in comparable gastritis and premalignant lesions in wildtype C57BL/6 and gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with high vitamin C, but lesions were less severe in gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with low vitamin C at 32 weeks post infection. The reduced gastric lesions in infected gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with low vitamin C correlated with reduced Th1-associated IgG2c, gastric IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA and higher H. pylori colonization levels. These results in the H. pylori-infected gulo(-/-) mouse model suggest that although supplementation with a high level of vitamin C achieved physiologically normal vitamin C levels in plasma and gastric tissue, this dose of vitamin C did not protect gulo(-/-) mice from H. pylori-induced premalignant gastric lesions. In addition, less severe gastric lesions in H.pylori infected gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with low vitamin C correlated with an attenuated Th1 inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Lee
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Barry H. Rickman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Arlin B. Rogers
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrea Varro
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T. Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Petrocca F, Visone R, Onelli MR, Shah MH, Nicoloso MS, de Martino I, Iliopoulos D, Pilozzi E, Liu CG, Negrini M, Cavazzini L, Volinia S, Alder H, Ruco LP, Baldassarre G, Croce CM, Vecchione A. E2F1-regulated microRNAs impair TGFbeta-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:272-86. [PMID: 18328430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of E2F1 activity and resistance to TGFbeta are hallmarks of gastric cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs frequently misregulated in human malignancies. Here we provide evidence that the miR-106b-25 cluster, upregulated in a subset of human gastric tumors, is activated by E2F1 in parallel with its host gene, Mcm7. In turn, miR-106b and miR-93 regulate E2F1 expression, establishing a miRNA-directed negative feedback loop. Furthermore, upregulation of these miRNAs impairs the TGFbeta tumor suppressor pathway, interfering with the expression of CDKN1A (p21(Waf1/Cip1)) and BCL2L11 (Bim). Together, these results suggest that the miR-106b-25 cluster is involved in E2F1 posttranscriptional regulation and may play a key role in the development of TGFbeta resistance in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Petrocca
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
We have previously reported that a synergistic interaction between hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter felis (H. felis) infection accelerates gastric carcinogenesis in mice, but the precise mechanism for this interaction has not been clarified. Consequently, we undertook an oligonucleotide cDNA microarray study to investigate changes in gene expression in this model system. Male hypergastrinemic transgenic (INS-GAS) mice with 6-months H. felis infection were compared with three different age, strain and gender-matched control groups: (i) INS-GAS mice without H. felis infection; (ii) non-transgenic FVB/N mice with H. felis infection; and (iii) non-transgenic FVB/N mice without H. felis infection. Complementary RNA derived from whole stomach were hybridized to the Affymetrix GeneChip murine U74Av2 array. Among 12 000 cDNA spotted on each chip, 35 cDNA were upregulated and 41 cDNA were downregulated more than twofold in H. felis-infected INS-GAS mice compared with all three control groups. Expression changes were validated in 12 selected genes by northern hybridization and/or quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Confirmed upregulated genes included Reg I, amphiregulin, MMP-10, MMP-13, claudin-7 and chitinase 3-like 1, while confirmed downregulated genes included H/K-ATPase alpha and beta subunits, intrinsic factor, somatostatin, galectin-2 and apolipoprotein A-I. Immunohistochemical analysis of MMP-10, amphiregulin, H/K-ATPase beta subunit and galectin-2 confirmed these expression changes at the protein level, and MMP-10 was mainly detected in stromal cells of submucosal region, while the other three genes were expressed in gastric epithelial cells. Taken together, gene expression profiling of this mouse model may provide novel insights into Helicobacter-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takaishi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Sánchez-Fayos P, Martín Relloso MJ, González Guirado A, Porres Cubero JC. [Gastric adenocarcinoma: approach to a complex biological reality]. Med Clin (Barc) 2007; 128:21-30. [PMID: 17266889 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(07)72468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The authors review the complex biological reality of gastric adenocarcinoma from several viewpoints. It is a neoplasm histologically expressed as a dual process (intestinal and diffuse types) with a broad cytological diversity. From an epidemiological point of view, it behaves as an entity with a deep geographical asymmetry and a changing incidence, currently decreasing. There is a multifactorial etiology with a combination of genetic, infectious (H. pylori), nutritional and environmental factors. It might have a multiphasic gestation from precancerous lesions, though not always following a lineal sequence. We only know fragmentary portions of its pathogenesis whose common denominator is a potentially mutagenic mitogenic activation of the epithelial cells implicated. A good knowledge of this complex biological reality will allow the identification of better markers for an early diagnosis as well as vulnerable etiopathogenetic points for a useful prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Sánchez-Fayos
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Andrews PC, Deacon GB, Forsyth CM, Junk PC, Kumar I, Maguire M. Towards a Structural Understanding of the Anti-Ulcer and Anti-Gastritis Drug Bismuth Subsalicylate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5638-42. [PMID: 16865763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Andrews PC, Deacon GB, Forsyth CM, Junk PC, Kumar I, Maguire M. Towards a Structural Understanding of the Anti-Ulcer and Anti-Gastritis Drug Bismuth Subsalicylate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cheng TY, Lin JT, Chen LT, Shun CT, Wang HP, Lin MT, Wang TE, Cheng AL, Wu MS. Association of T-cell regulatory gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:3483-9. [PMID: 16849765 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.05.5434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Helicobacter pylori infection and host susceptibility interact to develop gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and activation of specific T cells might play a crucial role in this process. Recent investigations show that the CTLA4, CD28, and ICOS genes are located on chromosome 2q33 and their polymorphisms confer susceptibility to infectious and immune diseases through deregulation of T-cell stimulation. We aimed to determine the role of CTLA4, CD28, and ICOS polymorphisms in gastric MALT lymphoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Genotyping for CTLA4 (49 A/G, -318 C/T, and CT60 A/G), CD28 (IVS3+ 17T/C), and ICOS (c.602 A/C and c.1624C/T) was performed for 62 patients with gastric MALT lymphoma and compared with 250 unrelated healthy controls. RESULTS H pylori infection was significantly higher in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma (90.3%) compared with controls (66.4%; P < .001). The CTLA4 -318 C/T genotype was associated with a lower risk of developing gastric MALT lymphoma (odds ratio [OR] = 0.3; P = .022), whereas CTLA4 49 G/G genotype was linked to a higher risk (OR = 4.1; P = .044). In patients with H pylori infection, CTLA4 49 G/G genotype was associated with an even higher risk (OR = 6.4; P = .047). Carriage of the tightly linked -318C -49G haplotype conferred a four-fold higher susceptibility to MALT lymphoma (OR = 4.2; P = .042). Complete remission after H pylori eradication was related to tumor stage but not to genotypes or haplotypes. CONCLUSION These results indicate a genetic link of CTLA4 gene polymorphisms to development of gastric MALT lymphoma and indirectly support the crucial role of host activated T cells in the MALT lymphomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Case-Control Studies
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genotype
- Haplotypes
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Helicobacter pylori
- Humans
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Odds Ratio
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Yao Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Portal-Celhay C, Perez-Perez GI. Immune responses to Helicobacter pylori colonization: mechanisms and clinical outcomes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 110:305-14. [PMID: 16464172 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomachs of half of the world's population and usually persists in the gastric mucosa of human hosts for decades or life. Although most H. pylori-positive people are asymptomatic, the presence of H. pylori is associated with increased risk for the development of peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric lymphoma. The development of a sustained gastric inflammatory and immune response to infection appears to be pivotal for the development of disease. During its long co-existence with humans, H. pylori has evolved complex strategies to maintain a mild inflammation of the gastric epithelium while limiting the extent of immune effector activity. In this review, the nature of the host immune response to H. pylori infection and the mechanism employed by the bacterium to evade them is considered. Understanding the mechanisms of colonization, persistence and virulence factors of the bacterium as well as the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host are critically important for the development of new strategies to prevent the development of H. pylori-induced gastroduodenal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Portal-Celhay
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, 423 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
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Ouburg S, Bart A Crusius J, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Mulder CJJ, Salvador Peña A, Morré SA. A candidate gene approach of immune mediators effecting the susceptibility to and severity of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases in relation to Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infections. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:1213-24. [PMID: 16215434 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200511000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on immunogenetic aspects of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract in which infectious agents may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis, such as Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and HIV. Gastric adenocarcinoma is a common cancer all around the world, with declining incidences in Europe and high incidences in Asia and central and south America. Together with gastric atrophy and peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma belongs to the commonest upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. These diseases are multifactorial and factors such as smoking and dietary habits contribute to the pathogenesis. More recently, scientists have turned their eyes on the host. Functional polymorphisms in the genes regulating the host immune system may contribute to the susceptibility to and progression of disease. In multifactorial and polygenetic diseases, candidate gene studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detect small to moderate relative risks. Unfortunately, only a few functional SNPs have been identified. The candidate gene approach can be seen as a useful first step in exploring causal pathways between genetic determinants and complex diseases such as those mentioned above. To date, little is known about the immunogenetics of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. We review the literature on H. pylori, EBV and gene polymorphisms that affect key immune mediators influencing the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response, such as the genes that code for the IL-1 family, TNF-alpha, lymphotoxin alpha, and IL-10. IL-1, IL-10, lymphotoxin alpha and TNF-alpha polymorphisms increase the risk of upper gastrointestinal pathogenesis in H. pylori-infected patients, whereas IL-1 and TNF-alpha polymorphisms confer risk in EBV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Ouburg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Immunogenetics VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shih PH, Yeh CT, Yen GC. Effects of anthocyanidin on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1557-66. [PMID: 15964118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring reddish pigments that abundant in fruits and vegetables. To investigate the mechanistic basis for the anti-tumor properties of anthocyanins, five aglycone (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin) and four glycosylated (cyanidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside) anthocyanins were used to examine their effects on cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. The data from cell viability assay showed that malvidin exhibited the most potent anti-proliferation effect on AGS cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). This event is accompanied the arrest of AGS cells at the G0/G1 phase by malvidin at the tested concentrations of 0-200 microM. Cellular uptake of anthocyanin and anthocyanidin was confirmed by HPLC analysis and the intracellular accumulation of malvidin (24.9+/-1.1 microM/mg protein) was observed when treatment of AGS cells with malvidin for 12 h. In addition, an accumulation of AGS cells in sub-G1 phase (20% and 30% increase for 100 and 200 microM of malvidin, respectively) was observed as well as by the appearance of a fraction of cells with an aneudiploid DNA content. The occurrence of apoptosis induced by malvidin was confirmed by morphological and biochemical features, including apoptotic bodies formation, caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential of apoptotic cells after treatment with malvidin was significantly lost and resulted in the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio for 1.6-fold against control for 100 microM treatment. In addition, the malvidin treatment significantly increased the p38 kinase expression and inhibited the ERK activity, and the effects of malvidin on caspase-3 activation were blocked, respectively, by the ERK and p38 inhibitors. These findings suggest that growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of AGS cells by malvidin is involved in the induction of apoptosis rather than necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsiao Shih
- Department of Food Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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37
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Whary MT, Sundina N, Bravo LE, Correa P, Quinones F, Caro F, Fox JG. Intestinal helminthiasis in Colombian children promotes a Th2 response to Helicobacter pylori: possible implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1464-9. [PMID: 15941957 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colombians living in coastal Tumaco have a lower incidence of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer compared with residents of Pasto in the high Andes. Considering the risk for H. pylori disease seems affected by features of bacterial virulence and host polymorphisms, other poorly understood influences, such as concurrent helminthiasis, may also be important. METHODS Fecal samples from 211 children were tested for parasites and sera from another cohort of 159 children and 92 adults were tested for IgE and H. pylori-specific IgG. RESULTS Most individuals (95%) from both areas were H. pylori seropositive, with a predominant response of IgG1 followed by IgG2 and low IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies. Compared with Pasto children, Tumaco children were more commonly infected with helminths (P = 0.000), had higher serum IgE levels (P < 0.03), and had higher Th2-associated IgG1 responses to H. pylori (P < 0.0002). Other IgG isotype responses all increased with age but were not significantly different between children and adults from either area. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intestinal helminthiasis in children promotes Th2-polarizing responses to H. pylori and may decrease gastric cancer risk in these individuals later in life. Concurrent helminthiasis may alter inflammatory responses to H. pylori and thus affect the progression of gastritis to gastric atrophy, dysplasia, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 16-825A, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Takaishi S, Cui G, Frederick DM, Carlson JE, Houghton J, Varro A, Dockray GJ, Ge Z, Whary MT, Rogers AB, Fox JG, Wang TC. Synergistic inhibitory effects of gastrin and histamine receptor antagonists on Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1965-83. [PMID: 15940630 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Apart from its importance as an acid secretogogue, the role of histamine as a downstream target of gastrin has not been fully explored. Previous studies have shown that the combination of hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection resulted in accelerated gastric cancer in mice. We used this model to examine the role of cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2)/gastrin receptor and histamine H2-receptor signaling in the development of gastric atrophy and cancer. METHODS Male hypergastrinemic mice (INS-GAS mice) were infected with Helicobacter felis and given the CCK2/gastrin receptor antagonist YF476 and/or the histamine H2-receptor antagonist loxtidine for 3 or 6 months. In addition, mice were treated with omeprazole alone or in combination with either YF476 or loxtidine for 3 months. RESULTS Mice treated with YF476 or loxtidine alone showed partial suppression of both gastric acid secretion and progression to neoplasia. The combination of YF476 plus loxtidine treatment resulted in nearly complete inhibition of both parameters. YF476 and/or loxtidine treatment did not alter the overall level of H. felis colonization but did result in significant down-regulation of the growth factors regenerating gene I and amphiregulin. Loxtidine treatment, with or without YF476, induced a mild shift in T-helper cell polarization. In contrast, omeprazole treatment resulted in mild progression of gastric hyperplasia/dysplasia, which was ameliorated by the addition of YF476 or loxtidine. CONCLUSIONS The combination of CCK2/gastrin- and histamine H2-receptor antagonists has synergistic inhibitory effects on development of gastric atrophy and cancer in H. felis/INS-GAS mice, while the proton pump inhibitor showed no such effects. These results support an important role for the gastrin-histamine axis in Helicobacter-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takaishi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Mandell L, Moran AP, Cocchiarella A, Houghton J, Taylor N, Fox JG, Wang TC, Kurt-Jones EA. Intact gram-negative Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter hepaticus bacteria activate innate immunity via toll-like receptor 2 but not toll-like receptor 4. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6446-54. [PMID: 15501775 PMCID: PMC523003 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.11.6446-6454.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and genetic studies have demonstrated that members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are critical innate immune receptors. TLRs are recognition receptors for a diverse group of microbial ligands including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This study demonstrates that distinct TLRs are responsible for the recognition of Helicobacter lipopolysaccharide (LPS) versus intact Helicobacter bacteria. We show that the cytokine-inducing activity of Helicobacter LPS was mediated by TLR4; i.e., TLR4-deficient macrophages were unresponsive to Helicobacter pylori LPS. Surprisingly, the cytokine response to whole Helicobacter bacteria (H. pylori, H. hepaticus, and H. felis) was mediated not by TLR4 but rather by TLR2. Studies of HEK293 transfectants revealed that expression of human TLR2 was sufficient to confer responsiveness to intact Helicobacter bacteria, but TLR4 transfection was not sufficient. Our studies further suggest that cag pathogenicity island genes may modulate the TLR2 agonist activity of H. pylori as cagA+ bacteria were more active on a per-cell basis compared to cagA mutant bacteria for interleukin-8 (IL-8) cytokine secretion. Consistent with the transfection studies, analysis of knockout mice demonstrated that TLR2 was required for the cytokine response to intact Helicobacter bacteria. Macrophages from both wild-type and TLR4-deficient mice produced a robust cytokine secretion response (IL-6 and MCP-1) when stimulated with intact Helicobacter bacteria. In contrast, macrophages from TLR2-deficient mice were profoundly unresponsive to intact Helicobacter stimulation, failing to secrete cytokines even at high (100:1) bacterium-to-macrophage ratios. Our studies suggest that TLR2 may be the dominant innate immune receptor for recognition of gastrointestinal Helicobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisa Mandell
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01605, USA
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Helicobacter pylori is a ubiquitous bacterial pathogen that has evolved to chronically infect the gastric mucosal surface, evade host immune clearance, and cause peptic ulcer disease or gastric neoplasia in a significant minority of infected individuals. Understanding the colonization, persistence, and virulence determinants of the bacterium as well as the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host are critically important if we are to develop novel treatment strategies for eradication of infection and prevention of H. pylori-induced gastroduodenal disease. RECENT FINDINGS Substantial progress has been made in understanding the role of CagA in altering gastric epithelial cell signaling pathways. Intracellular CagA has been shown to activate the Ras/MEK/ERK mitogen activated protein kinase cascade and to associate with epithelial tight-junction scaffolding protein ZO-1. CagA was shown to regulate cellular responses and possibly contribute to gastritis by phosphorylation-dependent pathways. A phosphorylation-independent mechanism for CagA intracellular effects has also been proposed. The potential for CagA to disrupt the apical junctional barrier and for the outer membrane protein oipA to promote IL-8 secretion and gastric inflammation have also been explored. A number of different mechanisms by which H. pylori escapes and evades host immune attack to cause chronic indolent inflammation have been uncovered. Meanwhile, the examination and development of new adjuvants and vaccine delivery mechanisms to induce mucosal immune responses against key bacterial antigens has been a continuing focus of investigation in both animal and human studies. SUMMARY H. pylori induces gastritis through production of a variety of antigens, virulence factors, and soluble mediators. The bacterium also dysregulates, disarms, and evades host immune responses to maintain chronic colonization of the gastric mucosa. Understanding the mechanisms of its growth and survival in the human stomach are essential for the development of an effective vaccine and other novel eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Tummala
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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41
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Huff JL, Hansen LM, Solnick JV. Gastric transcription profile of Helicobacter pylori infection in the rhesus macaque. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5216-26. [PMID: 15322016 PMCID: PMC517414 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5216-5226.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is usually asymptomatic but sometimes progresses to peptic ulcer disease or gastric adenocarcinoma. The development of disease involves both host and bacterial factors. In order to better understand host factors in pathogenesis, we studied the gastric transcription profile of H. pylori infection in the rhesus macaque by using DNA microarrays. Significant changes were found in the expression of genes important for innate immunity, chemokines and cytokines, cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, structural proteins, and signal transduction and transcription factors. This broad transcription profile demonstrated expected up-regulation of cell structural elements and the host inflammatory and immune response, as well as the novel finding of down-regulation of heat shock proteins. These results provide a unique view of acute H. pylori infection in a relevant animal model system and will direct future studies regarding the host response to H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Huff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Aly A, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Gastrins, cholecystokinins and gastrointestinal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1704:1-10. [PMID: 15238241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are well known for their ability to stimulate gastric acid secretion and pancreatic enzyme secretion, respectively. The suggestion that gastrin and CCK might also promote the development of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract has been controversial, but an increasing body of evidence now supports the view that the amidated and non-amidated forms of gastrin act as growth factors via different receptors in different regions of the gut. For example, animal experiments indicate that amidated gastrins are involved in cellular differentiation and repair in the gastric mucosa, and synergize with Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of gastric carcinoma. In contrast, non-amidated gastrins stimulate colonic mucosal growth, accelerate the early steps in colorectal carcinoma formation, and are elevated in the tumour and circulation of patients with colorectal cancer. Although human pancreatic carcinomas express CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors, the role of gastrins and CCK in pancreatic carcinogenesis is yet to be established. Further investigation of the possible role of the CCK-2 receptor in gastric and pancreatic neoplasia, and of the hypothesis that gastrin precursors act as autocrine growth factors in colorectal carcinoma, is warranted. However, therapies aimed at the gastrins must be targeted to the relevant gastrin/gastrin receptor combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aly
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Campus, A and RMC, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality world-wide. In most cases, it develops via the pre-malignant stages of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, following Helicobacter pylori infection of susceptible individuals. A number of rodent models have recently provided valuable insights into the host, bacterial and environmental factors involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Wild-type rodents do not develop gastric adenocarcinoma, but early studies showed that the disease could be induced in several rodent species by chemical carcinogens. More recently, it has been demonstrated that gastric adenocarcinoma can be induced in Mongolian gerbils by H. pylori infection and in C57BL/6 mice by long-term H. felis infection. These models have allowed the importance of Helicobacter virulence genes, host factors, such as gender, strain and immune response, and environmental factors, such as dietary salt, to be explored. A number of transgenic mice with alterations in various pathways, including the immune response, gastrin biosynthesis, parietal cell development, growth factors and tumour suppressors, have also provided models of various stages of gastric carcinogenesis. One model that has proved to be particularly valuable is the hypergastrinaemic INS-GAS mouse, in which gastric carcinoma develops spontaneously in old animals, but the process is greatly accelerated by Helicobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Pritchard
- Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Strowski MZ, Cramer T, Schäfer G, Jüttner S, Walduck A, Schipani E, Kemmner W, Wessler S, Wunder C, Weber M, Meyer TF, Wiedenmann B, Jöns T, Naumann M, Höcker M. Helicobacter pylori stimulates host vascular endothelial growth factor-A (vegf-A) gene expression via MEK/ERK-dependent activation of Sp1 and Sp3. FASEB J 2003; 18:218-20. [PMID: 14597566 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0055fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
VEGF-A is a key regulator of inflammatory and tumor-associated angiogenesis. H. pylori plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant gastric diseases. It has been suggested that H. pylori infection is associated with activation of host angiogenesis, however, underlying mechanisms as well as angiogenic growth factors activated by the bacterium have not yet been identified. Therefore, we investigated the influence of the bacterium on VEGF-A as a candidate host target gene in vivo and in vitro. We show that H. pylori potently up-regulates production and release of VEGF-A protein as well as vegf-A mRNA levels, and we provide strong evidence that enhanced recruitment of Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors to two proximal GC-rich vegf-A promoter elements mediates H. pylori-triggered vegf-A gene expression. In addition, H. pylori infection increased the transactivating capacity of both Sp1 and Sp3, which suggests additional mechanism(s) of vegf-A gene regulation by the bacterium. Signaling studies identified the MEK>ERK1/-2 kinase cascade as principal host signaling pathway mediating H. pylori-stimulated vegf-A transcription. By identifying H. pylori as potent activator of vegf-A gene expression and characterization of underlying molecular mechanisms, our results provide novel insights into pathways linking the bacterium to host angiogenesis and may help to develop strategies to influence vegf-A gene expression in the setting of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Z Strowski
- Medizinische Klinik, mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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