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Kim SJ, Ko WK, Han GH, Lee D, Cho MJ, Sheen SH, Sohn S. Axon guidance gene-targeted siRNA delivery system improves neural stem cell transplantation therapy after spinal cord injury. Biomater Res 2023; 27:101. [PMID: 37840145 PMCID: PMC10577901 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from the embryonic spinal cord are excellent candidates for the cellular regeneration of lost neural cells after spinal cord injury (SCI). Semaphorin 3 A (Sema3A) is well known as being implicated in the major axon guidance of the growth cone as a repulsive function during the development of the central nervous system, yet its function in NSC transplantation therapy for SCI has not been investigated. Here, we report for the first time that embryonic spinal cord-derived NSCs significantly express Sema3A in the SCI environment, potentially facilitating inhibition of cell proliferation after transplantation. METHODS siRNA-Sema3A was conjugated with poly-l-lysin-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through a charge interaction process. NSCs were isolated from embryonic spinal cords of rats. Then, the cells were embedded into a dual-degradable hydrogel with the siRNA- Sema3A loaded-AuNPs and transplanted after complete SCI in rats. RESULTS The knockdown of Sema3A by delivering siRNA nanoparticles via dual-degradable hydrogels led to a significant increase in cell survival and neuronal differentiation of the transplanted NSCs after SCI. Of note, the knockdown of Sema3A increased the synaptic connectivity of transplanted NSC in the injured spinal cord. Moreover, extracellular matrix molecule and functional recovery were significantly improved in Sema3A-inhibited rats compared to those in rats with only NSCs transplanted. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the important role of Sema3A in NSC transplantation therapy, which may be considered as a future cell transplantation therapy for SCI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang- gu, Seongnam-si, 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Ko
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang- gu, Seongnam-si, 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gong Ho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang- gu, Seongnam-si, 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Daye Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang- gu, Seongnam-si, 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jai Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University, 776, 1Sunhawn-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hun Sheen
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang- gu, Seongnam-si, 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seil Sohn
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang- gu, Seongnam-si, 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Li AM, Hill RA, Grutzendler J. Intravital Imaging of Neocortical Heterotopia Reveals Aberrant Axonal Pathfinding and Myelination around Ectopic Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4340-4356. [PMID: 33877363 PMCID: PMC8328209 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical heterotopia consist of ectopic neuronal clusters that are frequently found in individuals with cognitive disability and epilepsy. However, their pathogenesis remains poorly understood due in part to a lack of tractable animal models. We have developed an inducible model of focal cortical heterotopia that enables their precise spatiotemporal control and high-resolution optical imaging in live mice. Here, we report that heterotopia are associated with striking patterns of circumferentially projecting axons and increased myelination around neuronal clusters. Despite their aberrant axonal patterns, in vivo calcium imaging revealed that heterotopic neurons remain functionally connected to other brain regions, highlighting their potential to influence global neural networks. These aberrant patterns only form when heterotopia are induced during a critical embryonic temporal window, but not in early postnatal development. Our model provides a new way to investigate heterotopia formation in vivo and reveals features suggesting the existence of developmentally modulated, neuron-derived axon guidance and myelination factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Li
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Kostović I. The enigmatic fetal subplate compartment forms an early tangential cortical nexus and provides the framework for construction of cortical connectivity. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101883. [PMID: 32659318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent transient compartment of the primate fetal cortex is the deep, cell-sparse, synapse-containing subplate compartment (SPC). The developmental role of the SPC and its extraordinary size in humans remain enigmatic. This paper evaluates evidence on the development and connectivity of the SPC and discusses its role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. A synthesis of data shows that the subplate becomes a prominent compartment by its expansion from the deep cortical plate (CP), appearing well-delineated on MR scans and forming a tangential nexus across the hemisphere, consisting of an extracellular matrix, randomly distributed postmigratory neurons, multiple branches of thalamic and long corticocortical axons. The SPC generates early spontaneous non-synaptic and synaptic activity and mediates cortical response upon thalamic stimulation. The subplate nexus provides large-scale interareal connectivity possibly underlying fMR resting-state activity, before corticocortical pathways are established. In late fetal phase, when synapses appear within the CP, transient the SPC coexists with permanent circuitry. The histogenetic role of the SPC is to provide interactive milieu and capacity for guidance, sorting, "waiting" and target selection of thalamocortical and corticocortical pathways. The new evolutionary role of the SPC and its remnant white matter neurons is linked to the increasing number of associative pathways in the human neocortex. These roles attributed to the SPC are regulated using a spatiotemporal gene expression during critical periods, when pathogenic factors may disturb vulnerable circuitry of the SPC, causing neurodevelopmental cognitive circuitry disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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4
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Abstract
History A 1-year-old boy was referred for cochlear implant assessment after he received a diagnosis of bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss at neonatal hearing screening shortly after birth. The child was born at term via uneventful delivery, and there was no history of familial hearing loss or maternal illness. Tympanic membranes were normal, and hearing loss was confirmed with auditory brainstem testing, which showed no response from either ear. Hearing aids were provided from 3 months of age, but no behavioral responses were noted when these were worn. He was also noted to have some mild developmental delay throughout his 1st year of life and was slow to crawl, roll over, and stand up. Physical examination showed no syndromic features or physical abnormalities. Ophthalmology confirmed normal vision and visual movements but bilateral anesthetic corneas. He had corneal abrasions due to minor repeated corneal trauma, and left-sided tarsorraphy was performed at 6 months. Facial nerve function, swallow, and voice quality were normal. To assess suitability for a cochlear implant, the patient underwent MRI of the temporal lobe and brain and thin-section CT of the temporal bones. The patient subsequently underwent left cochlear implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Cadman
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.J.C., C.M.) and Otorhinolaryngology (L.F.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, Scotland
| | - Lyndsay Fraser
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.J.C., C.M.) and Otorhinolaryngology (L.F.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, Scotland
| | - Claire McArthur
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.J.C., C.M.) and Otorhinolaryngology (L.F.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, Scotland
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Smolders SMT, Kessels S, Vangansewinkel T, Rigo JM, Legendre P, Brône B. Microglia: Brain cells on the move. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101612. [PMID: 30954517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the biology of microglia - i.e. the fascinating immigrated resident immune cell population of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent literature reviews have largely dealt with the plentiful functions of microglia in CNS homeostasis, development and pathology, and the influences of sex and the microbiome. In this review, the intriguing aspect of their physical plasticity during CNS development will get specific attention. Microglia move around (mobility) and reshape their processes (motility). Microglial migration into and inside the CNS is most prominent throughout development and consequently most of the data described in this review concern mobility and motility in the changing environment of the developing brain. Here, we first define microglia based on their highly specialized age- and region-dependent gene expression signature and associated functional heterogeneity. Next, we describe their origin, the migration route of immature microglial cells towards the CNS, the mechanisms underlying their invasion of the CNS, and their spatiotemporal localization and surveying behaviour inside the developing CNS. These processes are dependent on microglial mobility and motility which are determined by the microenvironment of the CNS. Therefore, we further zoom in on the changing environment during CNS development. We elaborate on the extracellular matrix and the respective integrin receptors on microglia and we discuss the purinergic and molecular signalling in microglial mobility. In the last section, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of microglia in which mobility and motility are involved to stress the importance of microglial 'movement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie-Thérèse Smolders
- UHasselt, BIOMED, Diepenbeek, Belgium; INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Legendre
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
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6
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Solís-S JC, García-Solís P, Hernández-Chan NG, Zamorano-Martínez DA, Villagrán-Herrera ME, Hernández-Puga G, Vergara-Castañeda HA, Sánchez-Tusie AA, Varela-Echavarría A, Hernández-Montiel HL. Signals from the caudal diencephalon are required for the projection of the Interstitial Nuclei of Cajal. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 69:10-16. [PMID: 29908249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal projection is controlled by discrete regions localized at the neuroepithelium, guiding the neurite growth during embryonic development. These regions exert their effect through the expression of a family of chemotropic molecules, which actively participate in the formation of neuronal connections of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Previous studies describe prosomere 1 (P1) as a possible organizer of axonal growth of the rostral rhombencephalon, contributing to the caudal projection of reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons. This work studies the contribution of chemotropic signals from P1 or pretectal medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) neurons upon the caudal projection of the interstitial nuclei of Cajal (INC). By using in ovo surgeries, retrograde axonal labeling, and immunohistochemical techniques, we were able to determine that the absence of P1 generates a failure in the INC caudal projection, while drastically diminishing the reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons projections. The lack of INC projection significantly decreases the number of reticulospinal neurons projecting to the MLF. We found a 48.6% decrease in the projections to the MLF from the rostral and bulbar areas. Similarly, the observed decrease at prosomere 2 was 51.5%, with 61.8% and 32.4% for prosomeres 3 and 4, respectively; thus, constituting the most affected rostral regions. These results suggest the following possibilities: i, that the axons of the reticulospinal neurons employ the INC projection as a scaffold, fasciculating with this pioneer projection; and ii, that the P1 region, including pretectal MLF neurons, exerts a chemotropic effect upon the INC caudal projection. Nonetheless the identification of these chemotropic signals is still a pending task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Solís-S
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Pablo García-Solís
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Nancy G Hernández-Chan
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | | | | | - Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Haydé A Vergara-Castañeda
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Ana A Sánchez-Tusie
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | | | - Hebert L Hernández-Montiel
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico.
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7
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Neural electrical activity and neural network growth. Neural Netw 2018; 101:15-24. [PMID: 29475142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of central and peripheral neural system depends in part on the emergence of the correct functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Now it is generally accepted that molecular factors guide neurons to establish a primary scaffold that undergoes activity-dependent refinement for building a fully functional circuit. However, a number of experimental results obtained recently shows that the neuronal electrical activity plays an important role in the establishing of initial interneuronal connections. Nevertheless, these processes are rather difficult to study experimentally, due to the absence of theoretical description and quantitative parameters for estimation of the neuronal activity influence on growth in neural networks. In this work we propose a general framework for a theoretical description of the activity-dependent neural network growth. The theoretical description incorporates a closed-loop growth model in which the neural activity can affect neurite outgrowth, which in turn can affect neural activity. We carried out the detailed quantitative analysis of spatiotemporal activity patterns and studied the relationship between individual cells and the network as a whole to explore the relationship between developing connectivity and activity patterns. The model, developed in this work will allow us to develop new experimental techniques for studying and quantifying the influence of the neuronal activity on growth processes in neural networks and may lead to a novel techniques for constructing large-scale neural networks by self-organization.
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8
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Peng SX, Yao L, Cui C, Zhao HD, Liu CJ, Li YH, Wang LF, Huang SB, Shen YQ. Semaphorin4D promotes axon regrowth and swimming ability during recovery following zebrafish spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2017; 351:36-46. [PMID: 28347780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins comprise a family of proteins involved in axon guidance during development. Semaphorin4D (Sema4D) has both neuroregenerative and neurorepressive functions, being able to stimulate both axonal outgrowth and growth cone collapse during development, and therefore could play an important role in neurological recovery from traumatic injury. Here, we used a zebrafish spinal cord transection model to study the role of Sema4D in a system capable of neuroregeneration. Real-time qPCR and in situ hybridization showed upregulated Sema4D expression in the acute response phase (within 3days post SCI), and downregulated levels in the chronic response phase (11-21days after SCI). Double-immunostaining for Sema4D and either Islet-1 (motoneuron marker) or Iba-1 (microglial marker) showed that microglia surrounded Sema4D-positive motoneurons along the central canal at 4h post injury (hpi) and 12hpi. Following administration of Sema4D morpholino (MO) to transected zebrafish, double-immunostaining showed that Sema4D-positive motoneurons surrounded by microglia decreased at 7days and 11days compared with standard control MO. Anterograde and retrograde tracing indicate that Sema4D participates in axon regeneration in the spinal cord following spinal cord injury (SCI) in the zebrafish. Swim tracking shows that MO-mediated inhibition of Sema4D retarded the recovery of swimming function when compared to standard control MO. The combined results indicate that Sema4D expression in motoneurons enhances locomotor recovery and axon regeneration, possibly by regulating microglia function, after SCI in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xiao Peng
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Li Yao
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Chun Cui
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hou-de Zhao
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Chun-Jie Liu
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Lin-Fang Wang
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Shu-Bing Huang
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yan-Qin Shen
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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9
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Lindholm T, Risling M, Carlstedt T, Hammarberg H, Wallquist W, Cullheim S, Sköld MK. Expression of Semaphorins, Neuropilins, VEGF, and Tenascins in Rat and Human Primary Sensory Neurons after a Dorsal Root Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:49. [PMID: 28270793 PMCID: PMC5318460 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root injury is a situation not expected to be followed by a strong regenerative growth, or growth of the injured axon into the central nervous system of the spinal cord, if the central axon of the dorsal root is injured but of strong regeneration if subjected to injury to the peripherally projecting axons. The clinical consequence of axonal injury is loss of sensation and may also lead to neuropathic pain. In this study, we have used in situ hybridization to examine the distribution of mRNAs for the neural guidance molecules semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), and semaphorin 4F (SEMA4F), their receptors neuropilin 1 (NP1) and neuropilin 2 (NP2) but also for the neuropilin ligand vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Tenascin J1, an extracellular matrix molecule involved in axonal guidance, in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after a unilateral dorsal rhizotomy (DRT) or sciatic nerve transcetion (SNT). The studied survival times were 1–365 days. The different forms of mRNAs were unevenly distributed between the different size classes of sensory nerve cells. The results show that mRNA for SEMA3A was diminished after trauma to the sensory nerve roots in rats. The SEMA3A receptor NP1, and SEMA3F receptor NP2, was significantly upregulated in the DRG neurons after DRT and SNT. SEMA4F was upregulated after a SNT. The expression of mRNA for VEGF in DRG neurons after DRT showed a significant upregulation that was high even a year after the injuries. These data suggest a role for the semaphorins, neuropilins, VEGF, and J1 in the reactions after dorsal root lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lindholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Helsa Företagshälsovård Östermalm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Carlstedt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hammersmith Hospital, University College London and Imperial College, London, UK; Department of Hand Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hammarberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Hand Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wilhelm Wallquist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Västerås General Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Staffan Cullheim
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mattias K Sköld
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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RNA sequencing reveals region-specific molecular mechanisms associated with epileptogenesis in a model of classical hippocampal sclerosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22416. [PMID: 26935982 PMCID: PMC4776103 DOI: 10.1038/srep22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the first complete transcriptome analysis of the dorsal (dDG) and ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) of a rat epilepsy model presenting a hippocampal lesion with a strict resemblance to classical hippocampal sclerosis (HS). We collected the dDG and vDG by laser microdissection 15 days after electrical stimulation and performed high-throughput RNA-sequencing. There were many differentially regulated genes, some of which were specific to either of the two sub-regions in stimulated animals. Gene ontology analysis indicated an enrichment of inflammation-related processes in both sub-regions and of axonal guidance and calcium signaling processes exclusively in the vDG. There was also a differential regulation of genes encoding molecules involved in synaptic function, neural electrical activity and neuropeptides in stimulated rats. The data presented here suggests, in the time point analyzed, a remarkable interaction among several molecular components which takes place in the damaged hippocampi. Furthermore, even though similar mechanisms may function in different regions of the DG, the molecular components involved seem to be region specific.
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11
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Ko JA, Hirata J, Yamane K, Sonoda KH, Kiuchi Y. Up-regulation of semaphorin 4A expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by PACAP released from cocultured neural cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 33:29-36. [PMID: 25515530 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms require interactions between neighbouring cells. We recently established an in vitro model of cell-cell interaction based on a collagen vitrigel membrane. We have now examined the role of neural cells in retinal homeostasis by coculture of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and neural cells on opposite sides of such a membrane. The neural cells (differentiated PC12 cells) induced up-regulation of semaphorin 4A (Sema4A), a member of the semaphorin family of neural guidance proteins, in RPE (ARPE19) cells. This effect of the neural cells was mimicked by the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and was abolished by the PACAP antagonist PACAP(6-38). Coculture with neural cells or stimulation with PACAP also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase in ARPE19 cells, and this effect of the neural cells was inhibited by PACAP(6-38). Finally, among various cytokines examined, only the amount of interleukin-6 released by cocultures of ARPE19 and neural cells differed from that released by ARPE19 cells cultured alone. Interleukin-6 was not detected in culture supernatants of neural cells, and the reduction in the amount of interleukin-6 released by the cocultures compared with that released by ARPE19 cells alone was prevented by PACAP(6-38). Our findings suggest that PACAP released from retinal neural cells (photoreceptors or optic nerve cells) may regulate Sema4A expression in RPE cells and thereby contribute to the maintenance of retinal structure and function. Development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms require interactions between neighbouring cells. With the use of a coculture system based on a collagen vitrigel membrane, we have now shown that neural cells induce up-regulation of the neural guidance protein Sema4A in RPE cells. This effect of neural cells appears to be mediated by the neuropeptide PACAP. PACAP released from retinal neural cells (photoreceptors or optic nerve cells) may thus regulate Sema4A expression in RPE cells and thereby contribute to the maintenance of retinal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Purohit A, Sadanandam A, Myneni P, Singh RK. Semaphorin 5A mediated cellular navigation: connecting nervous system and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:485-93. [PMID: 25263940 PMCID: PMC4261006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ultraprecise wiring of neurons banks on the instructions provided by guidance cue proteins that steer them to their appropriate target tissue during neuronal development. Semaphorins are one such family of proteins. Semaphorins are known to play major physiological roles during the development of various organs including the nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Their role in different pathologies including cancer remains an intense area of investigation. This review focuses on a novel member of this family of proteins, semaphorin 5A, which is much less explored in comparison to its other affiliates. Recent reports suggest that semaphorins play important roles in the pathology of cancer by affecting angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. We will firstly give a general overview of the semaphorin family and its receptors. Next, we discuss their roles in cellular movements and how that makes them a connecting link between the nervous system and cancer. Finally, we focus our discussion on semaphorin 5A to summarize the prevailing knowledge for this molecule in developmental biology and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Purohit
- Department of Pathology Microbiology, 985950, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, London, UK
| | - Pavan Myneni
- Department of Pathology Microbiology, 985950, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology Microbiology, 985950, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA.
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13
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Won C, Lin Z, Kumar T P, Li S, Ding L, Elkhal A, Szabó G, Vasudevan A. Autonomous vascular networks synchronize GABA neuron migration in the embryonic forebrain. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2149. [PMID: 23857367 PMCID: PMC3763945 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA neurons, born in remote germinative zones in the ventral forebrain (telencephalon), migrate tangentially in two spatially distinct streams to adopt their specific positions in the developing cortex. The cell types and molecular cues that regulate this divided migratory route remains to be elucidated. Here we show that embryonic vascular networks are strategically positioned to fulfill the task of providing support as well as critical guidance cues that regulate the divided migratory routes of GABA neurons in the telencephalon. Interestingly, endothelial cells of the telencephalon are not homogeneous in their gene expression profiles. Endothelial cells of the periventricular vascular network have molecular identities distinct from those of the pial network. Our data suggest that periventricular endothelial cells have intrinsic programs that can significantly mold neuronal development and uncovers new insights into concepts and mechanisms of CNS angiogenesis from both developmental and disease perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungkil Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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14
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Leyva-Díaz E, López-Bendito G. In and out from the cortex: development of major forebrain connections. Neuroscience 2013; 254:26-44. [PMID: 24042037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the development of forebrain projections attending to their origin, fate determination, and axon guidance. Major forebrain connections include callosal, corticospinal, corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections. Although distinct transcriptional programs specify these subpopulations of projecting neurons, the mechanisms involved in their axonal development are similar. Guidance by short- and long-range molecular cues, interaction with intermediate target populations and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to their development. Moreover, some of these connections interact with each other showing that the development of these axonal tracts is a well-orchestrated event. Finally, we will recapitulate recent discoveries that challenge the field of neural wiring that show that these forebrain connections can be changed once formed. The field of reprogramming has arrived to postmitotic cortical neurons and has showed us that forebrain connectivity is not immutable and might be changed by manipulations in the transcriptional program of matured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leyva-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC & Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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15
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Amaniti EM, Fu C, Lewis S, Saisana M, Magnani D, Mason JO, Theil T. Expansion of the piriform cortex contributes to corticothalamic pathfinding defects in Gli3 conditional mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:460-71. [PMID: 24014668 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The corticothalamic and thalamocortical tracts play essential roles in the communication between the cortex and thalamus. During development, axons forming these tracts have to follow a complex path to reach their target areas. While much attention has been paid to the mechanisms regulating their passage through the ventral telencephalon, very little is known about how the developing cortex contributes to corticothalamic/thalamocortical tract formation. Gli3 encodes a zinc finger transcription factor widely expressed in telencephalic progenitors which has important roles in corticothalamic and thalamocortical pathfinding. Here, we conditionally inactivated Gli3 in dorsal telencephalic progenitors to determine its role in corticothalamic tract formation. In Emx1Cre;Gli3(fl/fl) mutants, only a few corticothalamic axons enter the striatum in a restricted dorsal domain. This restricted entry correlates with a medial expansion of the piriform cortex. Transplantation experiments showed that the expanded piriform cortex repels corticofugal axons. Moreover, expression of Sema5B, a chemorepellent for corticofugal axons produced by the piriform cortex, is similarly expanded. Finally, time course analysis revealed an expansion of the ventral pallial progenitor domain which gives rise to the piriform cortex. Hence, control of lateral cortical development by Gli3 at the progenitor level is crucial for corticothalamic pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Maria Amaniti
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Chaoying Fu
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sean Lewis
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Marina Saisana
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Dario Magnani
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - John O Mason
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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16
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Abstract
Semaphorins are key players in the control of neural circuit development. Recent studies have uncovered several exciting and novel aspects of neuronal semaphorin signalling in various cellular processes--including neuronal polarization, topographical mapping and axon sorting--that are crucial for the assembly of functional neuronal connections. This progress is important for further understanding the many neuronal and non-neuronal functions of semaphorins and for gaining insight into their emerging roles in the perturbed neural connectivity that is observed in some diseases. This Review discusses recent advances in semaphorin research, focusing on novel aspects of neuronal semaphorin receptor regulation and previously unexplored cellular functions of semaphorins in the nervous system.
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Tomita K, Gotoh H, Tomita K, Yamauchi N, Sanbo M. Multiple patterns of spatiotemporal changes in layer-specific gene expression in the developing visual cortex of higher mammals. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:207-17. [PMID: 22575756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex, which is stratified into six layers, has functional domains that vertically span the six layers, thereby requiring tight interlaminar connectivity within a domain. The synaptic connections in individual layers are first broadly formed under predetermined programs and later reinforced between neurons which reside in the same functional domain via experience-dependent reorganization during the critical period. However, the molecular mechanisms that control these two processes within each layer are still unclear. Therefore, we performed a differential screen for candidates and found seven genes with layer-specific expression during postnatal development of cat visual cortex. APLP1, a transmembrane protein mediating synaptogenesis, started dual-layer expression in layers 2/3 and 5 before the critical period, suggesting that it might execute coarse synapse formation of these layers. STMN2 (SCG10), which promotes microtubule turnover, was unique, as it dramatically shifted its dual-layer distribution from layers 2/3 and 5 to the deeper layers 4 and 6 at the onset of the critical period; it lost this new expression pattern in the adult. Surprisingly, brief dark rearing disturbed the shift in its dual-layer distribution around the onset of the critical period. Thus, by accelerating structural remodeling, STMN2 (SCG10) might launch experience-dependent reorganization of particular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tomita
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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Grant E, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Development of the corticothalamic projections. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:53. [PMID: 22586359 PMCID: PMC3343305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of corticothalamic axon guidance; patterning of the early telencephalon, the sequence and choreography of the development of projections from subplate, layers 5 and 6. These cortical subpopulations display different axonal outgrowth kinetics and innervate distinct thalamic nuclei in a temporal pattern determined by cortical layer identity and subclass specificity. Guidance by molecular cues, structural cues, and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to this development. There is a substantial rearrangement of the corticofugal connectivity outside the thalamus at the border of and within the reticular thalamic nucleus, a region that shares some of the characteristics of the cortical subplate during development. The early transient circuits are not well understood, nor the extent to which this developmental pattern may be driven by peripheral sensory activity. We hypothesize that transient circuits during embryonic and early postnatal development are critical in the matching of the cortical and thalamic representations and forming the cortical circuits in the mature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Grant
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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Ruediger T, Zimmer G, Barchmann S, Castellani V, Bagnard D, Bolz J. Integration of opposing semaphorin guidance cues in cortical axons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:604-14. [PMID: 22368082 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that members of the semaphorin family, Sema3A and Sema3C, act as repulsive and attractive guidance signals, respectively, for cortical axons. During the development of corticofugal projections, these semaphorins are expressed in adjacent cortical zones, but there is a considerable overlap between Sema3A and Sema3C expression in the subventricular zone. We used different in vitro assays to examine the response of cortical axons exposed to defined mixtures of these opposing guidance cues. Results showed that even at very low concentrations, Sema3A overrides the effects of Sema3C. Moreover, experiments with function-blocking antibodies directed against neuropilin provided insights into how cortical axons integrate disparate guidance signals at the receptor level. These in vitro data suggest that the pathway of corticofugal axons is defined by an attractive cue in the intermediate zone, where Sema3C is expressed alone. To directly test this hypothesis in vivo, we performed axon-tracing experiments in Sema3C-deficient mice. Compared with wild-type animals, corticofugal axons take a more superficial route in Sema3C(-/-) mice, and the corticofugal pathway is more compacted. This phenotype is expected when an attractive cue for cortical axons, Sema3C, is eliminated and a repulsive cue, Sema3A, becomes predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ruediger
- Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Tierphysiologie, Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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20
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Expression of Semaphorin 4F in neurons and brain oligodendrocytes and the regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor migration in the optic nerve. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:54-67. [PMID: 21945643 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are secreted or membrane-anchored proteins that play critical roles in neural development and adult brain plasticity. Sema4F is a transmembrane semaphorin found on glutamatergic synapses, in which it is attached to the PSD-95-scaffolding protein. Here we further examined the expression of Sema4F by raising specific antibodies. We show that Sema4F protein is widely expressed by neurons during neural development and in the adult brain. We also demonstrate a preferential localization of this protein in postsynaptic dendrites. Moreover, Sema4F is expressed not only by neurons but also by oligodendrocyte precursors in the optic nerve and along the migratory pathways of oligodendroglial cells, and also by subsets of postnatal oligodendroglial cells in the brain. Finally, in vitro experiments demonstrate that endogenous Sema4F expressed by brain cells of oligodendroglial lineage regulates the outgrowth migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and promotes their differentiation. The present data extend our knowledge about the expression of Sema4F and uncover a novel function in the control of oligodendrocyte precursor migration in the developing brain.
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21
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Flotillin-mediated endocytic events dictate cell type-specific responses to semaphorin 3A. J Neurosci 2010; 30:15317-29. [PMID: 21068336 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1821-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical efferents growing in the same environment diverge early in development. The expression of particular transcription factors dictates the trajectories taken, presumably by regulating responsiveness to guidance cues via cellular mechanisms that are not yet known. Here, we show that cortical neurons that are dissociated and grown in culture maintain their cell type-specific identities defined by the expression of transcription factors. Using this model system, we sought to identify and characterize mechanisms that are recruited to produce cell type-specific responses to Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a guidance cue that would be presented similarly to cortical axons in vivo. Axons from presumptive corticofugal neurons lacking the transcription factor Satb2 and expressing Ctip2 or Tbr1 respond far more robustly to Sema3A than those from presumptive callosal neurons expressing Satb2. Both populations of axons express similar levels of Sema3A receptors (neuropilin-1, cell adhesion molecule L1, and plexinA4), but significantly, axons from neurons lacking Satb2 internalize more Sema3A, and they do so via a raft-mediated endocytic pathway. We used an in silico approach to identify the endocytosis effector flotillin-1 as a Sema3A signaling candidate. We tested the contributions of flotillin-1 to Sema3A endocytosis and signaling, and show that raft-mediated Sema3A endocytosis is defined by and depends on the recruitment of flotillin-1, which mediates LIM domain kinase activation and regulates axon responsiveness to Sema3A in presumptive corticofugal axons.
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22
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Kostović I, Judaš M, Sedmak G. Developmental history of the subplate zone, subplate neurons and interstitial white matter neurons: relevance for schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 29:193-205. [PMID: 20883772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subplate zone is a transient cytoarchitectonic compartment of the fetal telencephalic wall and contains a population of subplate neurons which are the main neurons of the fetal neocortex and play a key role in normal development of cerebral cortical structure and connectivity. While the subplate zone disappears during the perinatal and early postnatal period, numerous subplate neurons survive and remain embedded in the superficial (gyral) white matter of adolescent and adult brain as so-called interstitial neurons. In both fetal and adult brain, subplate/interstitial neurons belong to two major classes of cortical cells: (a) projection (glutamatergic) neurons and (b) local circuit (GABAergic) interneurons. As interstitial neurons remain strategically positioned at the cortical/white matter interface through which various cortical afferent systems enter the deep cortical layers, they probably serve as auxiliary interneurons involved in differential "gating" of cortical input systems. It is widely accepted that prenatal lesions which alter the number of surviving subplate neurons (i.e., the number of interstitial neurons) and/or the nature of their involvement in cortical circuitry represent an important causal factor in pathogenesis of at least some types of schizophrenia--e.g., in the subgroup of patients with cognitive impairment and deficits of frontal lobe functions. The abnormal functioning of cortical circuitry in schizophrenia becomes manifest during the adolescence, when there is an increased demand for proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex. In this review, we describe developmental history of subplate zone, subplate neurons and surviving interstitial neurons, as well as presumed consequences of the increased number of GABAergic interstitial neurons in the prefrontal cortex. We propose that the increased number of GABAergic interstitial neurons leads to the increased inhibition of prefrontal cortical neurons. This inhibitory action of GABAergic interstitial neurons is facilitated by their strategic position at the cortical/white matter interface where limbic and modulatory afferent pathways enter the prefrontal cortex. Thus, enlarged population of inhibitory interstitial neurons (even if they represent a minor fraction of total neuron number, as in the cerebral cortex itself) may alter the differential "gating" of limbic and modulatory inputs (as well as other cortical and subcortical inputs) and cause a functional disconnectivity between the prefrontal and limbic cortex in the adolescent brain. In conclusion, fetal subplate neurons and surviving postnatal interstitial neurons are important modulators of cortical functions in both normal and schizophrenic cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Section of Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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Chacón MR, Fernández G, Rico B. Focal adhesion kinase functions downstream of Sema3A signaling during axonal remodeling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke alters gene expression in the developing murine hippocampus. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 29:164-75. [PMID: 19969065 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effects of passive smoke exposures on the developing brain. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to identify changes in gene expression in the murine hippocampus as a consequence of in utero exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke (an experimental equivalent of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)) at exposure levels that do not result in fetal growth inhibition. METHODS A whole body smoke inhalation exposure system was utilized to deliver ETS to pregnant C57BL/6J mice for 6 h/day from gestational days 6-17 (gd 6-17) [for microarray] or gd 6-18.5 [for fetal phenotyping]. RESULTS There were no significant effects of ETS exposure on fetal phenotype. However, 61 "expressed" genes in the gd 18.5 fetal hippocampus were differentially regulated (up- or down-regulated by 1.5-fold or greater) by maternal exposure to ETS. Of these 61 genes, 25 genes were upregulated while 36 genes were down-regulated. A systems biology approach, including computational methodologies, identified cellular response pathways, and biological themes, underlying altered fetal programming of the embryonic hippocampus by in utero cigarette smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS Results from the present study suggest that even in the absence of effects on fetal growth, prenatal smoke exposure can alter gene expression during the "early" period of hippocampal growth and may result in abnormal hippocampal morphology, connectivity, and function.
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25
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Kolk SM, Gunput RAF, Tran TS, van den Heuvel DMA, Prasad AA, Hellemons AJCGM, Adolfs Y, Ginty DD, Kolodkin AL, Burbach JPH, Smidt MP, Pasterkamp RJ. Semaphorin 3F is a bifunctional guidance cue for dopaminergic axons and controls their fasciculation, channeling, rostral growth, and intracortical targeting. J Neurosci 2009; 29:12542-57. [PMID: 19812329 PMCID: PMC3097132 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2521-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the mesodiencephalon (mdDA neurons) make precise synaptic connections with targets in the forebrain via the mesostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesoprefrontal pathways. Because of the functional importance of these remarkably complex ascending axon pathways and their implication in human disease, the mechanisms underlying the development of these connections are of considerable interest. Despite extensive in vitro studies, the molecular determinants that ensure the perfect formation of these pathways in vivo remain mostly unknown. Here, we determine the embryonic origin and ontogeny of the mouse mesoprefrontal pathway and use these data to reveal an unexpected requirement for semaphorin 3F (Sema3F) and its receptor neuropilin-2 (Npn-2) during mdDA pathway development using tissue culture approaches and analysis of sema3F(-/-), npn-2(-/-), and npn-2(-/-);TH-Cre mice. We show that Sema3F is a bifunctional guidance cue for mdDA axons, some of which have the remarkable ability to regulate their responsiveness to Sema3F as they develop. During early developmental stages, Sema3F chemorepulsion controls previously uncharacterized aspects of mdDA pathway development through both Npn-2-dependent (axon fasciculation and channeling) and Npn-2-independent (rostral growth) mechanisms. Later on, chemoattraction mediated by Sema3F and Npn-2 is required to orient mdDA axon projections in the cortical plate of the medial prefrontal cortex. This latter finding demonstrates that regulation of axon orientation in the target field occurs by chemoattractive mechanisms, and this is likely to also apply to other neural systems. In all, this study provides a framework for additional dissection of the molecular basis of mdDA pathway development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Kolk
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Rou-Afza F. Gunput
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Tracy S. Tran
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Dianne M. A. van den Heuvel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Asheeta A. Prasad
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Anita J. C. G. M. Hellemons
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - David D. Ginty
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alex L. Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - J. Peter H. Burbach
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Marten P. Smidt
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
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Schlomann U, Schwamborn JC, Müller M, Fässler R, Püschel AW. The stimulation of dendrite growth by Sema3A requires integrin engagement and focal adhesion kinase. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2034-42. [PMID: 19454481 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.038232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate and direction of axon and dendrite growth depend on multiple guidance signals and growth factors. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) acts as a repellent for axons and attractant for dendrites. Here, we show that the requirement for integrin engagement distinguishes the response of axons and dendrites to Sema3A in hippocampal neurons. Sema3A promotes the extension of hippocampal dendrites by a pathway that requires focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The stimulation of dendrite growth and FAK phosphorylation by Sema3A depend on integrin engagement. Unlike their function as a target of Sema3A during the collapse of axonal growth cones, integrins facilitate the stimulation of dendrite extension. Conditional inactivation of the genes encoding beta1 integrin or FAK blocks the growth-promoting effect of Sema3A but not the collapse of axonal growth cones. Our results demonstrate that different pathways mediate the stimulation of dendrite growth and the collapse of axonal growth cones by Sema3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schlomann
- Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Sema4C Expression in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells and in Adult Neurogenesis Induced by Cerebral Ischemia. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 39:27-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Axon guidance and synaptic maintenance: preclinical markers for neurodegenerative disease and therapeutics. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:142-9. [PMID: 19162339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Axon-guidance-pathway molecules are involved in connectivity and repair throughout life (beyond guiding brain wiring during fetal development). One study found that variations (single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in axon-guidance-pathway genes were predictive of three Parkinson's disease (PD) outcomes (susceptibility, survival free of PD and age at onset of PD) in genome-wide association (GWA) datasets. The axon-guidance-pathway genes DCC, EPHB1, NTNG1, SEMA5A and SLIT3 were represented by SNPs predicting PD outcomes. Beyond GWA analyses, we also present relevant neurobiological roles of these axon-guidance-pathway molecules and consider mechanisms by which abnormal axon-guidance-molecule signaling can cause loss of connectivity and, ultimately, PD. Novel drugs and treatments could emerge from this new understanding.
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Abstract
The thalamocortical (TC) projection in the mammalian brain involves fundamental aspects in branch formation during development. TC axons are known to form branches not only in a genetically defined but also in an activity-dependent fashion. Recent evidence indicates that TC axon branching is generated by positive and negative regulators that are expressed with laminar specificity in the developing cortex. Moreover, in vitro studies using organotypic cocultures demonstrate that neural activity, including firing and synaptic activity, controls lamina-specific TC axon branching by altering its remodeling process with addition and elimination. Taken together, activity-dependent mechanisms can contribute to branch formation, affecting expression of branch-promoting and inhibiting factors and/or their receptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Hayano
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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30
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Lett RLM, Wang W, O'Connor TP. Semaphorin 5B Is a Novel Inhibitory Cue for Corticofugal Axons. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:1408-21. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Meléndez-Herrera E, Colín-Castelán D, Varela-Echavarría A, Gutiérrez-Ospina G. Semaphorin-3A and its receptor neuropilin-1 are predominantly expressed in endothelial cells along the rostral migratory stream of young and adult mice. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 333:175-84. [PMID: 18574596 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, neuroblasts originating in the subventricular zone migrate through the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb. While migrating, neuroblasts undergo progressive differentiation until reaching their final locations and fates. Because molecules involved in migration may also exert differentiating effects on young neurons, the identification of factors that support migration could also shed light on the processes of adult neuroblast differentiation. This is the case for members of the family of semaphorins and of its cognate receptors, the neuropilins. Here, we have evaluated the presence of semaphorin-3A and of its receptor neuropilin-1 along the rostral migratory stream in young and adult mice by using immunocytochemical, histochemical, and in situ hybridization techniques. Our morphological studies show that semaphorin-3A and neuropilin-1 are both mainly expressed on endothelial cells along the rostral migratory stream during postnatal development. Our results suggest that endothelial cells constitute the primary source and target of semaphorin-3A along the rostral migratory stream. Moreover, the present work outlines the potential role of blood vessels on neuroblast migration in the postnatal rostral migratory stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, D.F., México
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Maruyama T, Matsuura M, Suzuki K, Yamamoto N. Cooperative activity of multiple upper layer proteins for thalamocortical axon growth. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:317-31. [PMID: 18044734 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During development, sensory thalamocortical (TC) axons grow into the neocortex and terminate primarily in layer 4. To study the molecular mechanism that underlies lamina-specific TC axon termination, we investigated the responsiveness of TC axons to ephrin-A5, semaphorin-7A (Sema7A) and kit ligand (KL), which are expressed in the upper layers of the developing cortex. Dissociated cells of the dorsal thalamus from embryonic rat brain were cultured on dishes that were coated with preclustered Fc-tagged extracellular domains of these molecules. Each protein was found to promote TC axon growth in a dose-dependent fashion of a bell-shaped curve. Any combination of the three proteins showed a cooperative effect in lower concentrations but not in higher concentrations, suggesting that their growth-promoting activities act in a common pathway. The effect of spatial distributions of these proteins was further tested on a filter membrane, in which these proteins were printed at a size that recapitulates the scale of laminar thickness in vivo, using a novel protein-printing technique, Simple-To-mAke Micropore Protein-Printing (STAMP2) method. The results demonstrated that TC axons grew massively on the laminin-coated region but were prevented from invading the adjacent ephrin-A5-printed region, suggesting that TC axons detect relative differences in the growth effect between these regions. Moreover, the inhibitory action of ephrin-A5 was enhanced by copresence with KL and Sema7A. Together, these results suggest that the lamina-specific TC axon targeting mechanism involves growth-inhibitory activity by multiple molecules in the upper layers and detection in the molecular environments between the upper and deep layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Maruyama
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Close homolog of L1 and neuropilin 1 mediate guidance of thalamocortical axons at the ventral telencephalon. J Neurosci 2008; 27:13667-79. [PMID: 18077678 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2888-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a cooperation between the neural adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) and the semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) receptor, neuropilin 1 (Npn1), important for establishment of area-specific thalamocortical projections. CHL1 deletion in mice selectively disrupted the projection of somatosensory thalamic axons from the ventrobasal (VB) nuclei, causing them to shift caudally and target the visual cortex. At the ventral telencephalon, an intermediate target with graded Sema3A expression, VB axons were caudally shifted in CHL1- embryos and in Npn1(Sema-/-) mutants, in which axons are nonresponsive to Sema3A. CHL1 colocalized with Npn1 on thalamic axons, and associated with Npn1 through a sequence in the CHL1 Ig1 domain that was required for Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse. These results identify a novel function for CHL1 in thalamic axon responsiveness to ventral telencephalic cues, and demonstrate a role for CHL1 and Npn1 in establishment of proper targeting of specific thalamocortical projections.
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Chauvet S, Cohen S, Yoshida Y, Fekrane L, Livet J, Gayet O, Segu L, Buhot MC, Jessell TM, Henderson CE, Mann F. Gating of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling by neuropilin-1 switches axonal repulsion to attraction during brain development. Neuron 2007; 56:807-22. [PMID: 18054858 PMCID: PMC2700040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of functional neural circuits requires the guidance of axons in response to the actions of secreted and cell-surface molecules such as the semaphorins. Semaphorin 3E and its receptor PlexinD1 are expressed in the brain, but their functions are unknown. Here, we show that Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling plays an important role in initial development of descending axon tracts in the forebrain. Early errors in axonal projections are reflected in behavioral deficits in Sema3E null mutant mice. Two distinct signaling mechanisms can be distinguished downstream of Sema3E. On corticofugal and striatonigral neurons expressing PlexinD1 but not Neuropilin-1, Sema3E acts as a repellent. In contrast, on subiculo-mammillary neurons coexpressing PlexinD1 and Neuropilin-1, Sema3E acts as an attractant. The extracellular domain of Neuropilin-1 is sufficient to convert repulsive signaling by PlexinD1 to attraction. Our data therefore reveal a "gating" function of neuropilins in semaphorin-plexin signaling during the assembly of forebrain neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Chauvet
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Samia Cohen
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lylia Fekrane
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Jean Livet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Odile Gayet
- INSERM U624, Case 915, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Louis Segu
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Buhot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Thomas M. Jessell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher E. Henderson
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fanny Mann
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
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Currie DA, de Vente J, Moody WJ. Developmental appearance of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production and nitric oxide responsiveness in embryonic mouse cortex and striatum. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:1668-77. [PMID: 16518821 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) regulates multiple aspects of both structural development and physiological function in the developing nervous system. Recent in vitro experiments have shown that cGMP also modulates the response of developing vertebrate neurons to guidance molecules. This has led to the proposal that in vivo cGMP plays a critical role in directing the outgrowth of the apical dendrites of developing neurons in the cerebral cortex. Despite this proposed role, the onset, localization, and dynamics of cGMP production in the embryonic cortex are unknown. To investigate the potential contribution of cGMP in the embryo, we have used a pharmacological and immunohistochemical approach to test whether the endogenous production of cGMP, and the capacity to produce cGMP in response to nitric oxide (NO), in the cerebral cortex is compatible with the proposed developmental roles for cGMP. We find that cortical cGMP production and NO sensitivity are regionally and developmentally regulated. Cortical cGMP production begins at E15, later than in the ganglionic eminences, becomes high in the cortical plate but not the ventricular zone, and is dependent on nitric oxide synthase activity. Furthermore, although radially migrating neurons were not NO responsive until they reached the cortical plate, NO exposure revealed an additional population of tangentially migrating presumptive interneurons from the ganglionic eminences with the capacity to produce cGMP. These results provide a new level of understanding of the stage and cell type specific regulation of the NO/cGMP pathway during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Currie
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Pasterkamp RJ, Kolk SM, Hellemons AJCGM, Kolodkin AL. Expression patterns of semaphorin7A and plexinC1 during rat neural development suggest roles in axon guidance and neuronal migration. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:98. [PMID: 17727705 PMCID: PMC2008261 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Although originally identified as embryonic axon guidance cues, semaphorins are now known to regulate multiple, distinct, processes crucial for neuronal network formation including axon growth and branching, dendritic morphology, and neuronal migration. Semaphorin7A (Sema7A), the only glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored semaphorin, promotes axon growth in vitro and is required for the proper growth of the mouse lateral olfactory tract in vivo. Sema7A has been postulated to signal through two unrelated receptors, an RGD-dependent α1β1-integrin and a member of the plexin family, plexinC1. β1-integrins underlie Sema7A-mediated axon growth and Sema7A function in the immune system. Sema7A-plexinC1 interactions have also been implicated in immune system function, but the neuronal role of this ligand-receptor pair remains to be explored. To gain further insight into the function(s) of Sema7A and plexinC1 during neural development, we present here a detailed analysis of Sema7A and plexinC1 expression in the developing rat nervous system. Results In situ hybridization revealed select expression of Sema7A and plexinC1 in multiple neuronal systems including: the olfactory system, the hypothalamo-hypophysial system, the hippocampus, the meso-diencephalic dopamine system, and the spinal cord. Within these systems, Sema7A and plexinC1 are often expressed in specific neuronal subsets. In general, Sema7A transcript levels increase significantly towards adulthood, whereas plexinC1 expression decreases as development proceeds. PlexinC1, but not Sema7A, is strongly expressed by distinct populations of migrating neurons. In addition to neuronal expression, Sema7A and plexinC1 transcripts were detected in oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, respectively. Conclusion Sema7A and plexinC1 expression patterns are consistent with these proteins serving both cooperative and separate functions during neural development. The prominent expression of plexinC1 in several distinct populations of migrating neurons suggests a novel role for this plexin family member in neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1001 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon M Kolk
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita JCGM Hellemons
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1001 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Pasterkamp RJ, Verhaagen J. Semaphorins in axon regeneration: developmental guidance molecules gone wrong? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 361:1499-511. [PMID: 16939971 PMCID: PMC1664670 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are developmental axon guidance cues that continue to be expressed during adulthood and are regulated by neural injury. During the formation of the nervous system, repulsive semaphorins guide axons to their targets by restricting and channelling their growth. They affect the growth cone cytoskeleton through interactions with receptor complexes that are linked to a complicated intracellular signal transduction network. Following injury, regenerating axons stop growing when they reach the border of the glial-fibrotic scar, in part because they encounter a potent molecular barrier that inhibits growth cone extension. A number of secreted semaphorins are expressed in the glial-fibrotic scar and at least one transmembrane semaphorin is upregulated in oligodendrocytes surrounding the lesion site. Semaphorin receptors, and many of the signal transduction components required for semaphorin signalling, are present in injured central nervous system neurons. Here, we review evidence that supports a critical role for semaphorin signalling in axon regeneration, and highlight a number of challenges that lie ahead with respect to advancing our understanding of semaphorin function in the normal and injured adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Authors for correspondence () ()
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceMeibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Authors for correspondence () ()
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38
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Yamashita N, Uchida Y, Ohshima T, Hirai SI, Nakamura F, Taniguchi M, Mikoshiba K, Honnorat J, Kolattukudy P, Thomasset N, Takei K, Takahashi T, Goshima Y. Collapsin response mediator protein 1 mediates reelin signaling in cortical neuronal migration. J Neurosci 2007; 26:13357-62. [PMID: 17182786 PMCID: PMC6674993 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4276-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator protein 1 (CRMP1) is one of the CRMP family members that mediates signal transduction of axon guidance molecules. Here, we show evidence that CRMP1 is involved in Reelin (Reln) signaling to regulate neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex. In crmp1-/- mice, radial migration of cortical neurons was retarded. This phenotype was not observed in the sema3A-/- and crmp1+/-;sema3A+/- cortices. However, CRMP1 was colocalized with disabled-1 (Dab1), an adaptor protein in Reln signaling. In the Reln(rl/rl) cortex, CRMP1 and Dab1 were expressed at a higher level, yet tyrosine phosphorylated at a lower level. Loss of crmp1 in a dab1 heterozygous background led to the disruption of hippocampal lamination, a Reeler-like phenotype. In addition to axon guidance, CRMP1 regulates neuronal migration by mediating Reln signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 433, Institut Federatif des Neurosciences de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Pappachan Kolattukudy
- Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Orlando, Florida 32816, and
| | - Nicole Thomasset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 433, Institut Federatif des Neurosciences de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- Physiology and Neuroendocrinology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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Maynard KR, McCarthy SS, Sheldon E, Horch HW. Developmental and adult expression of semaphorin 2a in the cricketGryllus bimaculatus. J Comp Neurol 2007; 503:169-81. [PMID: 17480023 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental guidance cues act to direct growth cones to their correct targets in the nervous system. Recent experiments also demonstrate that developmental cues are expressed in the adult mammalian nervous system, although their function in the brain is not yet clear. The semaphorin gene family has been implicated in the growth of dendrites and axons in a number of different species. While the expression of semaphorin and its influence on tibial pioneer neurons in the developing limb bud have been well characterized in the grasshopper, the expression of semaphorin 2a (sema2a) has not been explored in the adult insect. In this study we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate and gene-specific primers to clone part of the secreted form of sema2a from Gryllus bimaculatus. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that sema2a mRNA and protein expression patterns in the embryonic cricket were similar to that seen in the grasshopper. We also showed that tibial neuron development in crickets was comparable to that described in grasshopper. An examination of both developing and adult cricket brains showed that sema2a mRNA and protein were expressed in the Kenyon cells in mushroom bodies, an area involved in learning and memory. Sema2a expression was most obvious near the apex of the mushroom body in a region surrounding the neurogenic tip, which produces neurons throughout the life of the cricket. We discuss the role of neurogenesis in learning and memory and the potential involvement of semaphorin in this process.
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40
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Melin M, Carlsson B, Anckarsäter H, Rastam M, Betancur C, Isaksson A, Gillberg C, Dahl N. Constitutional downregulation of SEMA5A expression in autism. Neuropsychobiology 2006; 54:64-9. [PMID: 17028446 PMCID: PMC2553518 DOI: 10.1159/000096040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for the importance of genetic factors in idiopathic autism. The results from independent twin and family studies suggest that the disorder is caused by the action of several genes, possibly acting epistatically. We have used cDNA microarray technology for the identification of constitutional changes in the gene expression profile associated with idiopathic autism. Samples were obtained and analyzed from 6 affected subjects belonging to multiplex autism families and from 6 healthy controls. We assessed the expression levels for approximately 7,700 genes by cDNA microarrays using mRNA derived from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes. The microarray data were analyzed in order to identify up- or downregulation of specific genes. A common pattern with nine downregulated genes was identified among samples derived from individuals with autism when compared to controls. Four of these nine genes encode proteins involved in biological processes associated with brain function or the immune system, and are consequently considered as candidates for genes associated with autism. Quantitative real-time PCR confirms the downregulation of the gene encoding SEMA5A, a protein involved in axonal guidance. Epstein-Barr virus should be considered as a possible source for altered expression, but our consistent results make us suggest SEMA5A as a candidate gene in the etiology of idiopathic autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Melin
- Department of Genetics and Pathology
Uppsala UniversityRudbeck LaboratorySE
| | - Birgit Carlsson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology
Uppsala UniversityRudbeck LaboratorySE
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Goteborg UniversityGoteborg,SE
| | - Maria Rastam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Goteborg UniversityGoteborg,SE
| | - Catalina Betancur
- Neurobiologie et Psychiatrie
INSERM : U513Université Paris XII Val de MarneFaculte de Medecine PARIS XII
8, Rue du General Sarrail
94010 CRETEIL CEDEX,FR
| | - Anders Isaksson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology
Uppsala UniversityRudbeck LaboratorySE
| | | | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Genetics and Pathology
Uppsala UniversityRudbeck LaboratorySE
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Niclou SP, Ehlert EME, Verhaagen J. Chemorepellent axon guidance molecules in spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:409-21. [PMID: 16629626 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating axons stop growing when they reach the border of the glial-fibrotic scar, presumably because they encounter a potent molecular barrier inhibiting growth cone advance. Chemorepulsive axon guidance molecules provide a non-permissive environment restricting and channeling axon growth in the developing nervous system. These molecules could also act as growth-inhibitory molecules in the regenerating nervous system. The receptors for repulsive guidance cues are expressed in the mature nervous system, suggesting that adult neurons are sensitive to the activity of developmentally active repulsive proteins. In this review, we summarize recent observations on semaphorins, ephrins, and slits in the injured brain and spinal cord, providing evidence that these proteins are major players in inhibiting axonal regeneration and establishing the glial-fibrotic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Niclou
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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de Wit J, Toonen RF, Verhaagen J, Verhage M. Vesicular trafficking of semaphorin 3A is activity-dependent and differs between axons and dendrites. Traffic 2006; 7:1060-77. [PMID: 16734664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Secreted semaphorins act as guidance cues in the developing nervous system and may have additional functions in mature neurons. How semaphorins are transported and secreted by neurons is poorly understood. We find that endogenous semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) displays a punctate distribution in axons and dendrites of cultured cortical neurons. GFP-Sema3A shows a similar distribution and co-localizes with secretory vesicle cargo proteins. Live-cell imaging reveals highly dynamic trafficking of GFP-Sema3A vesicles with distinct properties in axons and dendrites regarding directionality, velocity, mobility and pausing time. In axons, most GFP-Sema3A vesicles move fast without interruption, almost exclusively in the anterograde direction, while in dendrites many GFP-Sema3A vesicles are stationary and move equally frequent in both directions. Disruption of microtubules, but not of actin filaments, significantly impairs GFP-Sema3A transport. Interestingly, depolarization induces a reversible arrest of axonal transport of GFP-Sema3A vesicles but has little effect on dendritic transport. Conversely, action potential blockade using tetrodotoxin (TTX) accelerates axonal transport, but not dendritic transport. These data indicate that axons and dendrites regulate trafficking of Sema3A and probably other secretory vesicles in distinct ways, with axons specializing in fast, uninterrupted, anterograde transport. Furthermore, neuronal activity regulates secretory vesicle trafficking in axons by a depolarization-evoked trafficking arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris de Wit
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) and VU Medical Center (VUmc), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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43
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Schmitz C, van Kooten IAJ, Hof PR, van Engeland H, Patterson PH, Steinbusch HWM. Autism: neuropathology, alterations of the GABAergic system, and animal models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2006; 71:1-26. [PMID: 16512344 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Cellular Neuroscience Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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44
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Torii M, Levitt P. Dissociation of corticothalamic and thalamocortical axon targeting by an EphA7-mediated mechanism. Neuron 2006; 48:563-75. [PMID: 16301174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms generating the topographic organization of corticothalamic (CT) circuits, which comprise more than three-quarters of the synaptic inputs onto sensory relay neurons, and their interdependence with thalamocortical (TC) axon development are unknown. Using in utero electroporation-mediated gene transfer, we show that EphA7-mediated signaling on neocortical axons controls the within-nucleus topography of CT projections in the thalamus. Notably, CT axons that mis-express EphA7 do not shift the relative positioning of their pathway within the subcortical telencephalon (ST), indicating that they do not depend upon EphA7/ephrin-A signaling in the ST for establishing this topography. Moreover, mis-expression of cortical EphA7 results in disrupted topography of CT projections, but unchanged inter- and intra-areal topography of TC projections. Our results support a model in which EphA/ephrin-A signaling controls independently the precision with which CT and TC projections develop, yet is essential for establishing their topographic reciprocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Torii
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
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Pineda D, García B, Olmos JL, Dávila JC, Real MA, Guirado S. Semaphorin5A expression in the developing chick telencephalon. Brain Res Bull 2005; 66:436-40. [PMID: 16144627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the expression of Semaphorin5A (Sema5A), a gene implicated in axon guidance and many other processes of neuronal development, in the developing chick telencephalon. By using a heterologous mouse probe and in situ hybridization techniques, we showed distinct patterns of Sema5A expression within the chick telencephalon. In early development, Sema5A was present in pallial regions, mainly in the neuroepithelium and in the deep mantle of ventral and lateral pallia, and in the subpallium. As development proceeds, some ventral pallial derivatives maintained a moderate to strong Sema5A expression, whereas other lateral or dorsal pallial derivatives showed low to moderate expression of Sema5A. The overall expression of Sema5A during development in the chick telencephalon was similar to that reported in mouse. Moreover, the expression of Sema5A in mesencephalic, diencephalic, and telencephalic centers related to the tectofugal system suggests an important role of this gene in the development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pineda
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, Spain
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De Wit J, De Winter F, Klooster J, Verhaagen J. Semaphorin 3A displays a punctate distribution on the surface of neuronal cells and interacts with proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 29:40-55. [PMID: 15866045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted semaphorins are essential for neural development and continue to be expressed in subpopulations of adult neurons, where they subserve as yet unknown functions. We employed functional myc- and GFP-tagged Sema3A proteins to obtain insight in the localization of Sema3A in neuronal cells. Sema3A localized to both axons and dendrites of cortical neurons. GFP-Sema3A exhibited a characteristic punctate distribution on the surface of Neuro-2a cells, localized to migratory pathways of cultured cells, and co-localized with and induced clustering of its receptor component neuropilin-1. Treatment with excess glycosaminoglycans and chondroitinase ABC resulted in the removal of cell surface Sema3A. Heparin enhanced Sema3A's binding to neuropilin-1-expressing cells and potentiated its growth cone collapsing activity. Together, these results indicate that association with proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of neuronal cells plays an important role in the localization of the chemorepulsive guidance cue Sema3A, and that this interaction may enhance its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris De Wit
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pascual M, Pozas E, Soriano E. Role of class 3 semaphorins in the development and maturation of the septohippocampal pathway. Hippocampus 2005; 15:184-202. [PMID: 15386596 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In examining the role of Class 3 secreted semaphorins in the prenatal and postnatal development of the septohippocampal pathway, we found that embryonic (E14-E16) septal axons were repelled by the cingulate cortex and the striatum. We also found that the hippocampus exerts chemorepulsion on dorsolateral septal fibers, but not on fibers arising in the medial septum/diagonal band complex, which is the source of septohippocampal axons. These data indicate that endogenous chemorepellents prevent the growth of septal axons in nonappropriate brain areas and direct septohippocampal fibers to the target hippocampus. The embryonic septum expressed np-1 and np-2 mRNAs, and the striatum and cerebral cortex expressed sema 3A and sema 3F. Experiments with recombinant semaphorins showed that Sema 3A and 3F, but not Sema 3C or 3E, induce chemorepulsion of septal axons. Sema 3A and 3F also induce growth cone collapse of septal axons. This indicates that these factors are endogenous cues for the early guidance of septohippocampal fibers, including cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic axons, during the embryonic stages. During postnatal stages, when target cell selection and synaptogenesis take place, np-1 and np-2 were expressed by septohippocampal neurons at all ages tested. In the target hippocampus, pyramidal and granule cells expressed sema 3E and sema 3A, whereas most interneurons expressed sema 3C, but few expressed sema 3E or 3A. Combined tracing and expression studies showed that GABAergic septohippocampal fibers terminated preferentially onto sema 3C-positive interneurons. In contrast, cholinergic septohippocampal fibers terminated onto sema 3E and sema 3A-expressing pyramidal and granule cells. The data suggest that Class 3 secreted semaphorins are involved in postnatal development. Moreover, because GABAergic and cholinergic axons terminate onto neurons expressing distinct, but overlapping, patterns of semaphorin expression, semaphorin functions may be regulated by different signaling mechanisms at postnatal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pascual
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona/Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
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Bahi A, Dreyer JL. Cocaine-induced expression changes of axon guidance molecules in the adult rat brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:275-91. [PMID: 15691709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of drugs of abuse induces strong molecular adaptations and plasticity within the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, a pathway essential for reward-seeking behavior. Little is known about the specific targets involved in this neuroadaptation process, but there are indications that cocaine and other drugs of abuse share the ability to alter the morphology of neuronal dendrites and spines, the primary site of excitatory synapses in the brain. Axon guidance molecules, the very molecular cues that regulate the formation of axon-target connections during development, may mediate these alterations. To test this hypothesis, we investigated mRNA expression changes of 39 axon guidance molecules, including 17 Semaphorins, 12 Ephs, 8 Ephrins, and 2 neuropilins in the mesolimbic dopamine system of cocaine-treated animals under different paradigms by mean of DNA-Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR. In all cases, strong changes in gene expression are observed, yielding to up or downregulation of these axon guidance molecules. Our data suggest that cocaine treatment induces activation of a complex program of synaptic rearrangements, which may partly recapitulate the plastic changes occurring during development, and may underlie the important neuroplastic adaptations that occur in the reward- and memory-related brain centers following drug action. We conclude that in some brain regions, exposure to psychomotor-stimulant drugs produce expression changes in axon guidance molecules, which may contribute to cognitive deficits associated with drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Yang J, Houk B, Shah J, Hauser KF, Luo Y, Smith G, Schauwecker E, Barnes GN. Genetic background regulates semaphorin gene expression and epileptogenesis in mouse brain after kainic acid status epilepticus. Neuroscience 2005; 131:853-69. [PMID: 15749340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The host response to neural injury, which can include axonal sprouting and synaptic reorganization is likely to be under tight genetic regulatory control at the level of the genome and may be implicated in epileptogenesis. Despite its importance, however, the molecular basis of synaptic reorganization is unclear. We have studied the development of synaptic reorganization, semaphorin gene expression, and epileptogenesis in hippocampus of epileptogenic sensitive (FVB/NJ) and epileptogenic resistant (C57BL/6J) mice (i.e. distinct genetic backgrounds) after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Our results support the hypothesis that disruption of transcriptional regulation of axon guidance genes leads to a differential loss of tonic neuropilin-2 dependent activation of semaphorin 3F receptors on hippocampal neurons on distinct genetic backgrounds. This results in rearranged synaptic circuitry and thus promotes epileptogenesis. These findings may define biologic principles underlying the role of semaphorin signaling which may broadly apply to other systems undergoing neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Kantor DB, Chivatakarn O, Peer KL, Oster SF, Inatani M, Hansen MJ, Flanagan JG, Yamaguchi Y, Sretavan DW, Giger RJ, Kolodkin AL. Semaphorin 5A Is a Bifunctional Axon Guidance Cue Regulated by Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans. Neuron 2004; 44:961-75. [PMID: 15603739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The response of neuronal growth cones to axon guidance cues depends on the developmental context in which these cues are encountered. We show here that the transmembrane protein semaphorin 5A (Sema5A) is a bifunctional guidance cue exerting both attractive and inhibitory effects on developing axons of the fasciculus retroflexus, a diencephalon fiber tract associated with limbic function. The thrombospondin repeats of Sema5A physically interact with the glycosaminoglycan portion of both chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). CSPGs function as precisely localized extrinsic cues that convert Sema5A from an attractive to an inhibitory guidance cue. Therefore, glycosaminoglycan bound guidance cues provide a molecular mechanism for CSPG-mediated inhibition of axonal extension. Further, axonal HSPGs are required for Sema5A-mediated attraction, suggesting that HSPGs are components of functional Sema5A receptors. Thus, neuronal responses to Sema5A are proteoglycan dependent and interpreted according to the biological context in which this membrane bound guidance cue is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Kantor
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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