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Bailey LS, Bagley JR, Dodd R, Olson A, Bolduc M, Philip VM, Reinholdt LG, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Tarantino L, Gagnon L, Chesler EJ, Jentsch JD. Heritable variation in locomotion, reward sensitivity and impulsive behaviors in a genetically diverse inbred mouse panel. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12773. [PMID: 34672075 PMCID: PMC9044817 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse, including alcohol and stimulants like cocaine, produce effects that are subject to individual variability, and genetic variation accounts for at least a portion of those differences. Notably, research in both animal models and human subjects point toward reward sensitivity and impulsivity as being trait characteristics that predict relatively greater positive subjective responses to stimulant drugs. Here we describe use of the eight collaborative cross (CC) founder strains and 38 (reversal learning) or 10 (all other tests) CC strains to examine the heritability of reward sensitivity and impulsivity traits, as well as genetic correlations between these measures and existing addiction-related phenotypes. Strains were all tested for activity in an open field and reward sensitivity (intake of chocolate BOOST®). Mice were then divided into two counterbalanced groups and underwent reversal learning (impulsive action and waiting impulsivity) or delay discounting (impulsive choice). CC and founder mice show significant heritability for impulsive action, impulsive choice, waiting impulsivity, locomotor activity, and reward sensitivity, with each impulsive phenotype determined to be non-correlating, independent traits. This research was conducted within the broader, inter-laboratory effort of the Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction (CSNA) to characterize CC and DO mice for multiple, cocaine abuse related traits. These data will facilitate the discovery of genetic correlations between predictive traits, which will then guide discovery of genes and genetic variants that contribute to addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Bailey
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jared R Bagley
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Rainy Dodd
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Tarantino
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - James David Jentsch
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
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Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Interaction between cocaine use and sleep behavior: A comprehensive review of cocaine's disrupting influence on sleep behavior and sleep disruptions influence on reward seeking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 206:173194. [PMID: 33940055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, orexin (hypocretin), and adenosine systems have dual roles in reward and sleep/arousal suggesting possible mechanisms whereby drugs of abuse may influence both reward and sleep/arousal. While considerable variability exists across studies, drugs of abuse such as cocaine induce an acute sleep loss followed by an immediate recovery pattern that is consistent with a normal response to loss of sleep. Under more chronic cocaine exposure conditions, an abnormal recovery pattern is expressed that includes a retention of sleep disturbance under withdrawal and into abstinence conditions. Conversely, experimentally induced sleep disturbance can increase cocaine seeking. Thus, complementary, sleep-related therapeutic approaches may deserve further consideration along with development of non-human models to better characterize sleep disturbance-reward seeking interactions across drug experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Bjorness
- Research Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75126, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
| | - Robert W Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
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Hinton DJ, Andres-Beck LG, Nett KE, Oliveros A, Choi S, Veldic M, Choi DS. Chronic caffeine exposure in adolescence promotes diurnal, biphasic mood-cycling and enhanced motivation for reward in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111943. [PMID: 31095992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent's consumption of caffeine and caffeinated beverage is increasing, yet little is known about the consequences of chronic caffeine exposure during the critical development period of adolescence. In the present study, we investigated the effect of beginning chronic caffeine consumption in adolescence on locomotor, mood, sensorimotor gating, and reward seeking behaviors through adolescence and in adulthood. During the light cycle, caffeine exposed mice exhibited hypoactivity in a novel open-field box and increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, while maintaining normal home cage locomotor activity. In contrast, during the dark cycle caffeine exposed mice displayed normal locomotor activity in a novel open-field box with hyperactive home cage activity. Interestingly, we found that caffeine exposed mice also showed enhanced prepulse inhibition during the light cycle whereas they displayed a deficit of prepulse inhibition during the dark cycle. Reward seeking for sucrose was higher in caffeine exposed than control mice during the light cycle. Additionally, when granted 24 -h access to ethanol as adults, caffeine exposed mice consumed more ethanol in the absence of acute caffeine use. Altogether, mice that consumed chronic caffeine beginning in adolescence had increased reward seeking and exhibited a circadian-dependent pattern of mood fluctuations in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hinton
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lindsey G Andres-Beck
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kelle E Nett
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alfredo Oliveros
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sun Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Caffeine, a common active adulterant of cocaine, enhances the reinforcing effect of cocaine and its motivational value. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2879-89. [PMID: 27270948 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine is one of the psychoactive substances most widely used as an adulterant in illicit drugs, such as cocaine. Animal studies have demonstrated that caffeine is able to potentiate several cocaine actions, although the enhancement of the cocaine reinforcing property by caffeine is less reported, and the results depend on the paradigms and experimental protocols used. OBJECTIVES We examined the ability of caffeine to enhance the motivational and rewarding properties of cocaine using an intravenous self-administration paradigm in rats. Additionally, the role of caffeine as a primer cue during extinction was evaluated. METHODS In naïve rats, we assessed (1) the ability of the cocaine (0.250-0.125 mg/kg/infusion) and caffeine (0.125-0.0625 mg/kg/infusion) combination to maintain self-administration in fixed ratio (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement compared with cocaine or caffeine alone and (2) the effect of caffeine (0.0625 mg/kg/infusion) in the maintenance of responding in the animals exposed to the combination of the drugs during cocaine extinction. RESULTS Cocaine combined with caffeine and cocaine alone was self-administered on FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Interestingly, the breaking point determined for the cocaine + caffeine group was significantly higher than the cocaine group. Moreover, caffeine, that by itself did not maintain self-administration behavior in naïve rats, maintained drug-seeking behavior of rats previously exposed to combinations of cocaine + caffeine. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine enhances the reinforcing effects of cocaine and its motivational value. Our results highlight the role of active adulterants commonly used in cocaine-based illicit street drugs.
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Muñiz JA, Gomez G, González B, Rivero-Echeto MC, Cadet JL, García-Rill E, Urbano FJ, Bisagno V. Combined Effects of Simultaneous Exposure to Caffeine and Cocaine in the Mouse Striatum. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:525-38. [PMID: 26858178 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the world's most popular psychoactive drug and is also an active adulterant found in many drugs of abuse, including seized cocaine samples. Despite several studies which examine the effects of caffeine or cocaine administered as single agents, little data are available for these agents when given in combination. The purpose of the present study was to determine if combined intake of both psychostimulants can lead to maladaptive changes in striatal function. Mice were injected with a binge regimen (intermittent treatment for 13 days) of caffeine (3 × 5 mg/kg), cocaine (3 × 10 mg/kg), or combined administration. We found that chronic caffeine potentiated locomotion induced by cocaine and that both caffeine-treated groups showed sensitization. Striatal tissue was obtained 24 h and 7 days after last injection (withdrawal) for immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression. Our results show that combined intake of both psychostimulants can increase GFAP immunoreactivity in the striatum at both times post treatment. Gene expression analysis, targeted at dopamine, adenosine, and glutamate receptor subunit genes, revealed significant transcript down-regulation in the dorsal striatum of AMPA, NMDA, D1 and D2 receptor subunit mRNA expression in the group that received combined treatment, but not after individual administration. At withdrawal, we found increased D1 receptor mRNA expression along with increased A1, AMPA, NMDA, and metabotropic subunit expression. A2A mRNA showed decreased expression after both times in all experimental groups. Our study provides evidence that there are striatal alterations mediated by combined caffeine and cocaine administration, and highlights negative outcomes of chronic intake of both psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Muñiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Gomez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Betina González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Rivero-Echeto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Hector Maldonado" (DFBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edgar García-Rill
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Francisco J Urbano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Hector Maldonado" (DFBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Cho JH, Cho YH, Kim HY, Cha SH, Ryu H, Jang W, Shin KH. Increase in cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in specific areas of the mouse brain by acute caffeine administration. Neuropeptides 2015; 50:1-7. [PMID: 25820086 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine produces a variety of behavioral effects including increased alertness, reduced food intake, anxiogenic effects, and dependence upon repeated exposure. Although many of the effects of caffeine are mediated by its ability to block adenosine receptors, it is possible that other neural substrates, such as cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), may be involved in the effects of caffeine. Indeed, a recent study demonstrated that repeated caffeine administration increases CART in the mouse striatum. However, it is not clear whether acute caffeine administration alters CART in other areas of the brain. To explore this possibility, we investigated the dose- and time-dependent changes in CART immunoreactivity (CART-IR) after a single dose of caffeine in mice. We found that a high dose of caffeine (100 mg/kg) significantly increased CART-IR 2 h after administration in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (Arc), and locus coeruleus (LC), and returned to control levels after 8 h. But this increase was not observed in other brain areas. In addition, caffeine administration at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg appears to produce dose-dependent increases in CART-IR in these brain areas; however, the magnitude of increase in CART-IR observed at a dose of 50 mg/kg was similar or greater than that observed at a dose of 100 mg/kg. This result suggests that CART-IR in AcbSh, dBNST, CeA, PVN, Arc, and LC is selectively affected by caffeine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ha Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Cha
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Malave LB, Broderick PA. Caffeine's Attenuation of Cocaine-Induced Dopamine Release by Inhibition of Adenosine. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014; 4:35-40. [PMID: 25054079 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: It is well known that the reinforcing properties of cocaine addiction are caused by the sharp increase of dopamine (DA) in the reward areas of the brain. However, other mechanisms have been speculated to contribute to the increase. Adenosine is one system that is associated with the sleep-wake cycle and is most important in regulating neuronal activity. Thus, more and more evidence is pointing to its involvement in regulating DA release. The current study set out to examine the role of adenosine in cocaine-induced DA release. Methods: Increasing doses of cocaine, caffeine, and their combination, as well as, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT), an adenosine A1 antagonist (alone and in combination with cocaine) were used to denote a response curve. A novel biosensor, the BRODERICK PROBE® was implanted in the nucleus accumbens to image the drug-induced surge of DA release in vivo, in the freely moving animal in real time. Results: Combinations of cocaine and caffeine were observed to block the increased release of DA moderately after administration of the low dose (2.5 mg/kg cocaine and 12.5 mg/kg caffeine) and dramatically after administration of the high dose (10 mg/kg cocaine and 50 mg/kg caffeine), suggesting neuroprotection. Similarly, CPT and cocaine showed a decreased DA surge when administered in combination. Thus, the low and high dose of a nonselective adenosine antagonist, caffeine, and a moderate dose of a selective adenosine antagonist, CPT, protected against the cocaine-induced DA release. Conclusions: These results show a significant interaction between adenosine and DA release and suggest therapeutic options for cocaine addiction and disorders associated with DA dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Malave
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Sophie Davis School, The City College of New York , New York, New York. ; Department of Biology, CUNY Graduate Center , New York, New York. ; Center for Advanced Technology (CAT) CUNY , New York, New York
| | - Patricia A Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Sophie Davis School, The City College of New York , New York, New York. ; Department of Biology, CUNY Graduate Center , New York, New York. ; Center for Advanced Technology (CAT) CUNY , New York, New York. ; Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center , New York, New York
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Sheppard AB, Gross SC, Pavelka SA, Hall MJ, Palmatier MI. Caffeine increases the motivation to obtain non-drug reinforcers in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:216-22. [PMID: 22336397 PMCID: PMC3383337 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine is widely considered to be a reinforcer in humans, but this effect is difficult to measure in non-human animals. We hypothesized that caffeine may have dual reinforcing effects comparable to nicotine--limited primary reinforcing effects, but potent reinforcement enhancing effects. The present studies tested this hypothesis by investigating the effect of caffeine on responding for non-drug rewards. METHODS In two experiments, rats were shaped to respond on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule for sucrose solution (20%, w/v; experiment 1) or a fixed ratio 2 (FR2) schedule for a moderately reinforcing visual stimulus (VS; experiment 2). Pretreatment with various doses of caffeine (0-50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) were administered prior to tests over successive week days (M-F). In experiment 1, acute administration of low-moderate caffeine doses (6.25-25 mg/kg) increased responding for sucrose under the PR schedule. This effect of caffeine declined over the initial 15 test days. In experiment 2, only acute pretreatment with 12.5mg/kg caffeine increased responding for the visual stimulus and complete tolerance to this effect of caffeine was observed over the 15 days of testing. In follow up tests we found that abstinence periods of 4 and 8 days resulted in incomplete recovery of the enhancing effects of caffeine. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that caffeine enhances the reinforcing effects of non-drug stimuli, but that the pharmacological profile of these effects may differ from other psychomotor stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthew I. Palmatier
- Corresponding Author: Matthew I. Palmatier, 469 Bluemont Hall, 1100 Mid Campus Drive, Manhattan, KS 66506,
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Morelli M, Simola N. Methylxanthines and drug dependence: a focus on interactions with substances of abuse. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:483-507. [PMID: 20859810 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter examines the psychostimulant actions of methylxanthines, with a focus on the consequences of their excessive use. Consumption of methylxanthines is pervasive and their use is often associated with that of substances known to produce dependence and to have abuse potential. Therefore, the consequences of this combined use are taken into consideration in order to evaluate whether, and to what extent, methylxanthines could influence dependence on or abuse of other centrally active substances, leading to either amplification or attenuation of their effects. Since the methylxanthine that mostly influences mental processes and readily induces psychostimulation is caffeine, this review mainly focuses on caffeine as a prototype of methylxanthine-produced dependence, examining, at the same time, the risks related to caffeine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morelli
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Xu K, Xu YH, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA. Neuroprotection by caffeine: time course and role of its metabolites in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2010; 167:475-81. [PMID: 20167258 PMCID: PMC2849921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have raised the possibility of caffeine serving as a neuroprotective agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). This possibility has gained support from findings that dopaminergic neuron toxicity induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or other neurotoxins is attenuated by co-administration of caffeine in mice. Here we examined the time window of caffeine's neuroprotection as well as the effects of caffeine's metabolites (theophylline and paraxanthine) in the MPTP mouse model of PD. In the first experiment, caffeine pre-treatment (30 mg/kg ip) significantly attenuated MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion when it was given 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, or 2 h but not 6 h before MPTP (40 mg/kg ip) treatment. Meanwhile, caffeine post-treatment also significantly attenuated striatal dopamine loss when it was given 10 min, 30 min, 1 h or 2 h but not 4 h, 8 h or 24 h after MPTP injection. In the second experiment, both theophylline (10 or 20 mg/kg) and paraxanthine (10 or 30 mg/kg) administration (10 min before MPTP) significantly attenuated MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice, as did caffeine (10 mg/kg) treatment. Thus the metabolites of caffeine also provide neuroprotective effects in this mouse model of PD. The data suggest that if caffeine protects against putative toxin-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in humans, then precise temporal pairing between caffeine and toxin exposures may not be critical because the duration of neuroprotection by caffeine may be extended by protective effects of its major metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Yue-Hang Xu
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Neurology, 715 Albany Street, C314, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Michael A. Schwarzschild
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
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Yang JN, Björklund O, Lindström-Törnqvist K, Lindgren E, Eriksson TM, Kahlström J, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Tobler I, Fredholm BB. Mice heterozygous for both A1 and A(2A) adenosine receptor genes show similarities to mice given long-term caffeine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 106:631-9. [PMID: 19036889 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90971.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is believed to exert its stimulant effects by blocking A(2A) and A(1) adenosine receptors (A(2A)R and A(1)R). Although a genetic knockout of A(2A)R eliminates effects of caffeine, the phenotype of the knockout animal does not resemble that of caffeine treatment. In this study we explored the possibility that a mere reduction of the number of A(1)Rs and A(2A)Rs, achieved by deleting one of the two copies of the A(1)R and A(2A)R genes, would mimic some aspects of long-term caffeine ingestion. The A(1)R and A(2A)R double heterozygous (A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz) mice indeed had approximately one-half the number of A(1)R and A(2A)R, and there were little compensatory changes in A(2B) or A(3) adenosine receptor (A(2B)R or A(3)R) expression. The ability of a stable adenosine analog to activate receptors was shifted to the right by caffeine and in A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz tissue. Caffeine (0.3 g/l in drinking water for 7-10 days) and A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz genotype increased locomotor activity (LA) and decreased heart rate without significantly influencing body temperature. The acute stimulatory effect of a single injection of caffeine was reduced in A(1)R-A(2A)R dHz mice and in mice treated long term with oral caffeine. Thus at least some aspects of long-term caffeine use can be mimicked by genetic manipulation of the A(1)R and A(2A)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ning Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ryzhov S, McCaleb JL, Goldstein AE, Biaggioni I, Feoktistov I. Role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of angiogenic factors and neovascularization in hypoxia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:565-72. [PMID: 17132813 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Because hypoxia increases extracellular adenosine levels and stimulates angiogenesis, we evaluated the relative roles of reduced oxygen concentrations and adenosine receptor activation in the production of angiogenic factors. In vitro, we analyzed the effects of hypoxia and adenosine on the secretion of angiogenic factors from human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). To study the effects of hypoxia alone, we scavenged adenosine from the hypoxic medium with adenosine deaminase, and we used the stable adenosine analog 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) to study the effects of stimulation of adenosine receptors. In the absence of adenosine, hypoxia stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) but not interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion from HMEC-1. In contrast, NECA stimulated both VEGF and IL-8 secretion. VEGF secretion was increased 1.9 +/- 0.04-fold with NECA (10 microM) and 1.7 +/- 0.1-fold with hypoxia (5% O(2)) but 3.8 +/- 0.1-fold when these two stimuli were combined. Thus, adenosine receptors act in a cooperative fashion with hypoxia to stimulate VEGF and induce IL-8 secretion not stimulated by hypoxia alone. In vivo, antagonism of adenosine receptors with caffeine abrogated VEGF up-regulation induced by local injection of NECA into the mouse hind limb and produced a 46% reduction of neovascularization in a mouse ischemic hind limb model. Our study suggests that adenosine actions are not redundant but rather are complementary to the direct effects of hypoxia. Stimulation of adenosine receptors not only contributes to the overall effect of hypoxia but also has additional actions in the regulation of angiogenic factors. Thus, adenosine receptors represent a potential therapeutic target for regulation of neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ryzhov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
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Guarraci FA, Benson A. "Coffee, tea and me": moderate doses of caffeine affect sexual behavior in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:522-30. [PMID: 16309737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of acute caffeine administration on paced mating behavior and partner preference in ovariectomized rats primed with estrogen and progesterone. In Experiment 1, female rats were tested for paced mating behavior following acute administration of caffeine (15 mg/kg). Caffeine shortened the latency to return to a male following an ejaculation. Although this dose of caffeine did not alter the likelihood of leaving a male after receiving sexual stimulation, locomotor activity did increase significantly. Experiment 2 evaluated the dose response characteristics of caffeine (7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg) administration on paced mating behavior. Replicating Experiment 1, caffeine at the lower doses shortened the latency to return to a male following an ejaculation. Finally, to determine whether the effects of caffeine (15 mg/kg) on contact-return latency reflect a change in sexual motivation or merely an inability to inhibit locomotion, rats were tested for partner preference (intact male vs. estrous female) following caffeine administration (Experiment 3). Although caffeine did not disrupt preference for a sexual partner, caffeine selectively increased visits to the male when physical contact was possible. Collectively, these results suggest that the effects of caffeine on female mating behavior may reflect an increase in both sexual motivation and locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay A Guarraci
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA.
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Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant substance, being self-administered throughout a wide range of conditions and present in numerous dietary products. Due to its widespread use and low abuse potential, caffeine is considered an atypical drug of abuse. The main mechanism of action of caffeine occurs via the blockade of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. Adenosine is a modulator of CNS neurotransmission and its modulation of dopamine transmission through A2A receptors has been implicated in the effects of caffeine. This review provides an updated summary of the results reported in the literature concerning the behavioural pharmacology of caffeine and the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the psychostimulant effects elicited by caffeine. The review focuses on the effects of caffeine mediated by adenosine A2A receptors and on the influence that pre-exposure to caffeine may exert on the effects of classical drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cauli
- Department of Toxicology and Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Palmatier MI, Bevins RA. Chronic caffeine exposure in rats blocks a subsequent nicotine-conditioned taste avoidance in a one-bottle, but not a two-bottle test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 70:279-89. [PMID: 11701199 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in order to investigate nicotine-conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) following chronic preexposure to caffeine. Rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of caffeine anhydrous (0, 10, or 30 mg/kg) for 10 or 30 days. Training of the nicotine-CTA began after the last day of caffeine preexposure. On five separate occasions access to a saccharin solution was followed immediately by an injection of 1.2 mg/kg nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt or saline. Nicotine-CTA readily developed in saline-preexposed controls. That is, paired rats drank less saccharin solution than unpaired rats after repeated saccharin-nicotine pairings. A similar pattern of nicotine-CTA was found for rats preexposed to 30 mg/kg caffeine for 10 days. Following 10 days of preexposure to 10 mg/kg caffeine, however, CTA did not develop under standard testing conditions. Thirty days of caffeine preexposure did not affect the development of a nicotine-CTA even though the anorexic effects of caffeine were evident after exposure to 30 mg/kg for this duration. Thus, caffeine exposure appears to weaken acquisition or expression of the conditioned avoidance properties of nicotine. This effect is sensitive to the dose of caffeine and duration of preexposure. Importantly, the pattern of nicotine-CTA does not appear to be due to nonspecific effects of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Palmatier
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
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