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Urzì O, Bergqvist M, Lässer C, Moschetti M, Johansson J, D´Arrigo D, Olofsson Bagge R, Crescitelli R. Heat inactivation of foetal bovine serum performed after EV-depletion influences the proteome of cell-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12408. [PMID: 38263378 PMCID: PMC10805629 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cell cultures as well as their molecular cargo can be influenced by cell culture conditions such as the presence of foetal bovine serum (FBS). Although several studies have evaluated the effect of removing FBS-derived EVs by ultracentrifugation (UC), less is known about the influence of FBS heat inactivation (HI) on the cell-derived EVs. To assess this, three protocols based on different combinations of EV depletion by UC and HI were evaluated, including FBS ultracentrifuged but not heat inactivated (no-HI FBS), FBS heat inactivated before EV depletion (HI-before EV-depl FBS), and FBS heat inactivated after EV depletion (HI-after EV-depl FBS). We isolated large (L-EVs) and small EVs (S-EVs) from FBS treated in the three different ways, and we found that the S-EV pellet from HI-after EV-depl FBS was larger than the S-EV pellet from no-HI FBS and HI-before EV-depl FBS. Transmission electron microscopy, protein quantification, and particle number evaluation showed that HI-after EV-depl significantly increased the protein amount of S-EVs but had no significant effect on L-EVs. Consequently, the protein quantity of S-EVs isolated from three cell lines cultured in media supplemented with HI-after EV-depl FBS was significantly increased. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of FBS-derived S-EVs showed that the EV protein content was different when FBS was HI after EV depletion compared to EVs isolated from no-HI FBS and HI-before EV-depl FBS. Moreover, we show that several quantified proteins could be ascribed to human origin, thus demonstrating that FBS bovine proteins can mistakenly be attributed to human cell-derived EVs. We conclude that HI of FBS performed after EV depletion results in changes in the proteome, with molecules that co-isolate with EVs and can contaminate EVs when used in subsequent cell cultures. Our recommendation is, therefore, to always perform HI of FBS prior to EV depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Markus Bergqvist
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Marta Moschetti
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Junko Johansson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University HospitalRegion Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Daniele D´Arrigo
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies LaboratoryEnte Ospedaliero CantonaleBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University HospitalRegion Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Urzì O, Olofsson Bagge R, Crescitelli R. The dark side of foetal bovine serum in extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12271. [PMID: 36214482 PMCID: PMC9549727 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1912] [Revised: 12/12/1912] [Accepted: 12/12/1912] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be involved in cell-cell communication and to take part in both physiological and pathological processes. Thanks to their exclusive cargo, which includes proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from the originating cells, they are gaining interest as potential biomarkers of disease. In recent years, their appealing features have been fascinating researchers from all over the world, thus increasing the number of in vitro studies focused on EV release, content, and biological activities. Cultured cell lines are the most-used source of EVs; however, the EVs released in cell cultures are influenced by the cell culture conditions, such as the use of foetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is the most common supplement for cell culture media, but it is also a source of contaminants, such as exogenous bovine EVs, RNA, and protein aggregates, that can contaminate the cell-derived EVs and influence their cargo composition. The presence of FBS contaminants in cell-derived EV samples is a well-known issue that limits the clinical applications of EVs, thus increasing the need for standardization. In this review, we will discuss the pros and cons of using FBS in cell cultures as a source of EVs, as well as the protocols used to remove contaminants from FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of BiomedicineNeurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of SurgerySahlgrenska University HospitalRegion Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Gasterstädt I, Schröder M, Cronin L, Kusch J, Rennau LM, Mücher B, Herlitze S, Jack A, Wahle P. Chemogenetic Silencing of Differentiating Cortical Neurons Impairs Dendritic and Axonal Growth. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:941620. [PMID: 35910251 PMCID: PMC9336219 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.941620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity is considered a key driver for the neurochemical and morphological maturation of neurons and the formation of neuronal networks. Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are tools for controlling neuronal activity at the single cell level by triggering specific G protein signaling. Our objective was to investigate if prolonged silencing of differentiating cortical neurons can influence dendritic and axonal maturation. The DREADD hM4Di couples to Gi/o signaling and evokes hyperpolarization via GIRK channels. HM4Di was biolistically transfected into neurons in organotypic slice cultures of rat visual cortex, and activated by clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) dissolved in H2O; controls expressed hM4Di, but were mock-stimulated with H2O. Neurons were analyzed after treatment for two postnatal time periods, DIV 5-10 and 10-20. We found that CNO treatment delays the maturation of apical dendrites of L2/3 pyramidal cells. Further, the number of collaterals arising from the main axon was significantly lower, as was the number of bouton terminaux along pyramidal cell and basket cell axons. The dendritic maturation of L5/6 pyramidal cells and of multipolar interneurons (basket cells and bitufted cells) was not altered by CNO treatment. Returning CNO-treated cultures to CNO-free medium for 7 days was sufficient to recover dendritic and axonal complexity. Our findings add to the view that activity is a key driver in particular of postnatal L2/3 pyramidal cell maturation. Our results further suggest that inhibitory G protein signaling may represent a factor balancing the strong driving force of neurotrophic factors, electrical activity and calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Gasterstädt
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Max Schröder
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Cronin
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Kusch
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Rennau
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Brix Mücher
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Petra Wahle,
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Pellerin FA, Caneparo C, Pellerin È, Chabaud S, Pelletier M, Bolduc S. Heat-Inactivation of Fetal and Newborn Sera Did Not Impair the Expansion and Scaffold Engineering Potentials of Fibroblasts. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8110184. [PMID: 34821750 PMCID: PMC8615100 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat inactivation of bovine sera is routinely performed in cell culture laboratories. Nevertheless, it remains debatable whether it is still necessary due to the improvement of the production process of bovine sera. Do the benefits balance the loss of many proteins, such as hormones and growth factors, that are very useful for cell culture? This is even truer in the case of tissue engineering, the processes of which is often very demanding. This balance is examined here, from nine populations of fibroblasts originating from three different organs, by comparing the capacity of adhesion and proliferation of cells, their metabolism, and the capacity to produce the stroma; their histological appearance, thickness, and mechanical properties were also evaluated. Overall, serum inactivation does not appear to provide a significant benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix-Antoine Pellerin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculté de Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Christophe Caneparo
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Ève Pellerin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Disease Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-990-8255
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5
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Thomas MG, Marwood RM, Parsons AE, Parsons RB. The effect of foetal bovine serum supplementation upon the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay: Important considerations for in vitro toxicity analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:300-8. [PMID: 26498060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay is a commonly-used tool for assessing toxicity in vitro. However, anecdotal reports suggest that foetal bovine serum (FBS) may contain LDH at concentrations significant enough to interfere with the assay and thus reduce its sensitivity. A series of experiments were performed to determine whether addition of FBS to culture medium significantly elevated culture media LDH content, and whether replacement of FBS with heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (HI-FBS) reduced LDH content and interfered with cell response to cytotoxic challenge. The addition of FBS at 5, 10 and 15% final concentrations increased culture medium LDH content in a dose-dependent manner. The substitution of HI-FBS for FBS reduced culture medium LDH content and increased the dynamic range of the assay. Cell viability of the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma and N27 rat mesencephalic neurone cell lines were significantly reduced as measured using the MTT reduction assay, whilst HI-FBS only affected toxicity response in a cell- and toxin-specific manner, although these effects were small. Hence, for cell lines with a high FBS requirement, the use of HI-FBS or alternative toxicity assays can be considered, or the use of alternative formulations, such as chemically-defined serum-free media, be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Thomas
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Roxanne M Marwood
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E Parsons
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Parsons
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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6
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Bolton MM, Heaney CF, Murtishaw AS, Sabbagh JJ, Magcalas CM, Kinney JW. Postnatal alterations in GABA
B
receptor tone produce sensorimotor gating deficits and protein level differences in adulthood. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 41:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Bolton
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Chelcie F. Heaney
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Andrew S. Murtishaw
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Jonathan J. Sabbagh
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Christy M. Magcalas
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
| | - Jefferson W. Kinney
- Behavioral Neuroscience LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of NevadaLas VegasUnited States
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7
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Gaiarsa JL, Porcher C. Emerging neurotrophic role of GABAB receptors in neuronal circuit development. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:206. [PMID: 24282395 PMCID: PMC3824957 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper development of highly organized structures in the central nervous system is a complex process during which key events – neurogenesis, migration, growth, differentiation, and synaptogenesis – have to take place in an appropriate manner to create functional neuronal networks. It is now well established that GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, plays more than a classical inhibitory role and can function as an important developmental signal early in life. GABA binds to chloride-permeable ionotropic GABAA receptors and to G-protein-coupled GABAB receptors (GABAB-Rs). Although most of the trophic actions of GABA have been attributed to the activation of GABAA receptors, recent advances show that GABAB-Rs also regulate fundamental steps of network development. This review summarizes some of the recent progress about the neurotrophic role of GABAB-Rs to neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Gaiarsa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-901 Marseille, France ; Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901 Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée Marseille, France
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Abstract
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1; officially designated NR5a1) is a member of a nuclear receptor superfamily with important roles in the development of endocrine systems. Studies with global and tissue-specific (i.e. central nervous system) knockout mice have revealed several roles of SF-1 in brain. These include morphological effects on the development of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and functional effects on body weight regulation through modulation of physical activity, anxiety-like behaviours and female sexual behaviours. Although such defects are almost certainly a result of the absence of SF-1 acting as a transcription factor in the hypothalamus, global SF-1 knockout mice also represent a model for studying the sex differences in the brain that develop in the absence of exposure to foetal sex steroid hormones as a result of the absence of gonads. In the present review, current knowledge of the roles of SF-1 protein in the central nervous system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Büdefeld
- Centre for Animal Genomics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Contribution of metabotropic GABA(B) receptors to neuronal network construction. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:170-9. [PMID: 21718720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, Bowery and colleagues discovered the presence of a novel, bicuculline-resistant and baclofen-sensitive type of GABA receptor on peripheral nerve terminals, the GABA(B) receptor. Since this pioneering work, GABA(B) receptors have been identified in the Central Nervous System (CNS), where they provide an important inhibitory control of postsynaptic excitability and presynaptic transmitter release. GABA(B) receptors have been implicated in a number of important processes in the adult brain such as the regulation of synaptic plasticity and modulation of rhythmic activity. As a result of these studies, several potential therapeutic applications of GABA(B) receptor ligands have been identified. Recent advances have further shown that GABA(B) receptors play more than a classical inhibitory role in adult neurotransmission, and can in fact function as an important developmental signal early in life. Here we summarize current knowledge on the contribution of GABA(B) receptors to the construction and function of developing neuronal networks.
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Sernagor E, Chabrol F, Bony G, Cancedda L. GABAergic control of neurite outgrowth and remodeling during development and adult neurogenesis: general rules and differences in diverse systems. Front Cell Neurosci 2010; 4:11. [PMID: 20428495 PMCID: PMC2859806 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2010.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, Gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons mature at early stages, long before excitatory neurons. Conversely, GABA reuptake transporters become operative later than glutamate transporters. GABA is therefore not removed efficiently from the extracellular domain and it can exert significant paracrine effects. Hence, GABA-mediated activity is a prominent source of overall neural activity in developing CNS networks, while neurons extend dendrites and axons, and establish synaptic connections. One of the unique features of GABAergic functional plasticity is that in early development, activation of GABAA receptors results in depolarizing (mainly excitatory) responses and Ca2+ influx. Although there is strong evidence from several areas of the CNS that GABA plays a significant role in neurite growth not only during development but also during adult neurogenesis, surprisingly little effort has been made into putting all these observations into a common framework in an attempt to understand the general rules that regulate these basic and evolutionary well-conserved processes. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge in this important field. In order to decipher common, universal features and highlight differences between systems throughout development, we compare findings about dendritic proliferation and remodeling in different areas of the nervous system and species, and we also review recent evidence for a role in axonal elongation. In addition to early developmental aspects, we also consider the GABAergic role in dendritic growth during adult neurogenesis, extending our discussion to the roles played by GABA during dendritic proliferation in early developing networks versus adult, well established networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Sernagor
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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11
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Ruediger T, Bolz J. Neurotransmitters and the development of neuronal circuits. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 621:104-15. [PMID: 18269214 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76715-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the mature brain, neurotransmitters are used for synaptic communication between neurons. But during nervous system development, neurons often express and release transmitters before their axons establish contacts with their target cells. While much is known about the synaptic effects of neurotransmitters, their extrasynaptic effects are less understood. There is increasing evidence that neurotransmitters in the immature nervous system can act as trophic factors that influence different developmental events such as cell proliferation and differentiation. However, more recent work demonstrates that neurotransmitters can also influence the targeting of migrating neurons and growing axons during the formation of neuronal circuits. This chapter will focus on such guidance effects of neurotransmitters during the development of the nervous system. Elucidating extrasynaptic functions during the nervous system development might also provide insights in their potential roles for plasticity and regeneration in the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ruediger
- Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Tierphysiologie, Universitat Jena, Germany
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Nikolaidis N, Chalkia D, Watkins DN, Barrow RK, Snyder SH, van Rossum DB, Patterson RL. Ancient origin of the new developmental superfamily DANGER. PLoS One 2007; 2:e204. [PMID: 17301879 PMCID: PMC1784063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental proteins play a pivotal role in the origin of animal complexity and diversity. We report here the identification of a highly divergent developmental protein superfamily (DANGER), which originated before the emergence of animals (∼850 million years ago) and experienced major expansion-contraction events during metazoan evolution. Sequence analysis demonstrates that DANGER proteins diverged via multiple mechanisms, including amino acid substitution, intron gain and/or loss, and recombination. Divergence for DANGER proteins is substantially greater than for the prototypic member of the superfamily (Mab-21 family) and other developmental protein families (e.g., WNT proteins). DANGER proteins are widely expressed and display species-dependent tissue expression patterns, with many members having roles in development. DANGER1A, which regulates the inositol trisphosphate receptor, promotes the differentiation and outgrowth of neuronal processes. Regulation of development may be a universal function of DANGER family members. This family provides a model system to investigate how rapid protein divergence contributes to morphological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Nikolaidis
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (RP); (NN)
| | - Dimitra Chalkia
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - D. Neil Watkins
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roxanne K. Barrow
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Damian B. van Rossum
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Randen L. Patterson
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (RP); (NN)
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Gascon E, Dayer AG, Sauvain MO, Potter G, Jenny B, De Roo M, Zgraggen E, Demaurex N, Muller D, Kiss JZ. GABA regulates dendritic growth by stabilizing lamellipodia in newly generated interneurons of the olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 2007; 26:12956-66. [PMID: 17167085 PMCID: PMC6674946 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4508-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial formation and growth of dendrites is a critical step leading to the integration of newly generated neurons into postnatal functional networks. However, the cellular mechanisms and extracellular signals regulating this process remain mostly unknown. By directly observing newborn neurons derived from the subventricular zone in culture as well as in olfactory bulb slices, we show that ambient GABA acting through GABA(A) receptors is essential for the temporal stability of lamellipodial protrusions in dendritic growth cones but did not interfere with filopodia dynamics. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that ambient GABA is required for the proper initiation and elongation of dendrites by promoting the rapid stabilization of new dendritic segments after their extension. The effects of GABA on the initial formation of dendrites depend on depolarization and Ca2+ influx and are associated with a higher stability of microtubules. Together, our results indicate that ambient GABA is a key regulator of dendritic initiation in postnatally generated olfactory interneurons and offer a mechanism by which this neurotransmitter drives early dendritic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc-Olivier Sauvain
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, and
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Aguayo LG, van Zundert B, Tapia JC, Carrasco MA, Alvarez FJ. Changes on the properties of glycine receptors during neuronal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 47:33-45. [PMID: 15572161 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) play a major role in the excitability of spinal cord and brain stem neurons. During development, several properties of these receptors undergo significant changes resulting in major modifications of their physiological functions. For example, the receptor structure switches from a monomeric alpha or heteromeric alpha 2 beta in immature neurons to an alpha 1 beta receptor type in mature neurons. Together with these changes in receptor subunits, the postsynaptic cluster size increases with development. Parallel to these modifications, the apparent receptor affinity to glycine and strychnine, as well as that of Zn(2+) and ethanol increases with time. The mature receptor is characterized by a slow desensitizing current and high sensitivity to modulation by protein kinase C. Also, the high level of glycinergic transmission in immature spinal neurons modulates neuronal excitability causing membrane depolarization and changes in intracellular calcium. Due to these properties, chronic inhibition of glycinergic transmission affects neurite outgrowth and produces changes in the level of synaptic transmission induced by GABA(A) and AMPA receptors. Finally, the high level of plasticity found in immature GlyRs is likely associated to changes in cytoskeleton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of Concepcion, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepcíon, Chile.
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Priest CA, Puche AC. GABAB receptor expression and function in olfactory receptor neuron axon growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 60:154-65. [PMID: 15266647 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters have been implicated in regulating growth cone motility and guidance in the developing nervous system. Anatomical and electrophysiological studies show the presence of functional GABAB receptors on adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) nerve terminals. Using antisera against the GABAB R1a/b receptor isoforms we show that developing mouse olfactory receptor neurons express GABAB receptors from embryonic day 14 through to adulthood. GABAB receptors are present on axon growth cones from both dissociated ORNs and olfactory epithelial explants. Neurons in the olfactory bulb begin to express glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, from E16 through to adulthood. When dissociated ORNs were cultured in the presence of the GABAB receptor agonists, baclofen or SKF97541, neurite outgrowth was significantly reduced. Concurrent treatment of the neurons with baclofen and the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP54626 prevented the inhibitory effects of baclofen on ORN neurite outgrowth. These results show that growing ORN axons express GABAB receptors and are sensitive to the effects of GABAB receptor activation. Thus, ORNs in vivo may detect GABA release from juxtaglomerular cells as they enter the glomerular layer and use this as a signal to limit their outgrowth and find synaptic targets in regeneration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Priest
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Room 222, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have analysed pharmacologically induced perturbation of functional and structural neurogenesis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. METHOD Juvenile gerbils received a single dose of methamphetamine (METH, 50 mg/kg, i.p.). In adults the following parameters were quantitatively investigated: prefrontal dopaminergic and GABAergic innervation densities (immunocytochemistry), morphogenesis of pyramidal cells (Golgi), dentate granule cell proliferation (BrdU-labelling), working memory and behavioural inhibition (delayed response, open-field). RESULT A single challenge of METH continuously suppresses granule cell proliferation in adult gerbils and initiates rewiring of neuronal networks in the PFC which run concurrently with the development of severe deficits in PFC-related behaviours. CONCLUSION It appears that a continuous remodelling of neuronal circuits is an inherent property of the brain, the biological significance of which seems to be to ascertain adaptive interaction between brain and environment. Learning more about drug-induced neuronal reorganization might be basic for understanding the genesis of psychotic conditions in the brain. This presentation is based both on own research and on a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Dawirs
- University of Bielefeld, Faculty of Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Germany
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Dkhissi O, Julien JF, Wasowicz M, Dalil-Thiney N, Nguyen-Legros J, Versaux-Botteri C. Differential expression of GAD(65) and GAD(67) during the development of the rat retina. Brain Res 2001; 919:242-9. [PMID: 11701136 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of synthetic enzymes in the GABAergic system (GAD(67) and GAD(65)) of the rat retina was analyzed from birth to the 4th postnatal week by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by immunohistochemistry. As previously observed for GABA, immunoreactive GAD(67) profiles are seen clearly in the inner retinal layers at birth. At the end of the 1st week of postnatal life, immunolabeling is detected in amacrine and/or ganglion cells and in horizontal cells. GAD(67) immunoreactivity is transiently expressed in horizontal cells and disappears during the 3rd postnatal week. GAD(65) however does not develop until the 5th postnatal day. Immunolabeling is detected in the processes layering the inner plexiform layer (IPL) before being detected in the amacrine and/or ganglion cell bodies. The appearance of transcripts for GAD coincided with the appearance of the proteins. A transient form of mRNA transcripts of the GAD(67) gene containing an extra exon (ES-exon) is also observed which disappears progressively from birth to the 4th postnatal week. This form synthesizes a truncated, enzymatically inactive protein, which could participate in the regulation of GABA synthesis from glutamate present at high levels during retinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dkhissi
- Laboratoire Cerveau et Vision, INSERM U371, Lyon, France
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Keith CH, Wilson MT. Factors controlling axonal and dendritic arbors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2001; 205:77-147. [PMID: 11336394 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)05003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sculpting and maintenance of axonal and dendritic arbors is largely under the control of molecules external to the cell. These factors include both substratum-associated and soluble factors that can enhance or inhibit the outgrowth of axons and dendrites. A large number of factors that modulate axonal outgrowth have been identified, and the first stages of the intracellular signaling pathways by which they modify process outgrowth have been characterized. Relatively fewer factors and pathways that affect dendritic outgrowth have been described. The factors that affect axonal arbors form an incompletely overlapping set with those that affect dendritic arbors, allowing selective control of the development and maintenance of these critical aspects of neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Keith
- Department of Cellular Biology. University of Georgia, Athens, 30605, USA
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GABA expression dominates neuronal lineage progression in the embryonic rat neocortex and facilitates neurite outgrowth via GABA(A) autoreceptor/Cl- channels. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11264309 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-07-02343.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA emerges as a trophic signal during rat neocortical development in which it modulates proliferation of neuronal progenitors in the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) and mediates radial migration of neurons from the VZ/SVZ to the cortical plate/subplate (CP/SP) region. In this study we investigated the role of GABA in the earliest phases of neuronal differentiation in the CP/SP. GABAergic-signaling components emerging during neuronal lineage progression were comprehensively characterized using flow cytometry and immunophenotyping together with physiological indicator dyes. During migration from the VZ/SVZ to the CP/SP, differentiating cortical neurons became predominantly GABAergic, and their dominant GABA(A) receptor subunit expression pattern changed from alpha4beta1gamma1 to alpha3beta3gamma2gamma3 coincident with an increasing potency of GABA on GABA(A) receptor-mediated depolarization. GABA(A) autoreceptor/Cl(-) channel activity in cultured CP/SP neurons dominated their baseline potential and indirectly their cytosolic Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)c) levels via Ca(2+) entry through L-type Ca(2+) channels. Block of this autocrine circuit at the level of GABA synthesis, GABA(A) receptor activation, intracellular Cl(-) ion homeostasis, or L-type Ca(2+) channels attenuated neurite outgrowth in most GABAergic CP/SP neurons. In the absence of autocrine GABAergic signaling, neuritogenesis could be preserved by depolarizing cells and elevating Ca(2+)c. These results reveal a morphogenic role for GABA during embryonic neocortical neuron development that involves GABA(A) autoreceptors and L-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Maric D, Liu QY, Maric I, Chaudry S, Chang YH, Smith SV, Sieghart W, Fritschy JM, Barker JL. GABA expression dominates neuronal lineage progression in the embryonic rat neocortex and facilitates neurite outgrowth via GABA(A) autoreceptor/Cl- channels. J Neurosci 2001; 21:2343-60. [PMID: 11264309 PMCID: PMC6762405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA emerges as a trophic signal during rat neocortical development in which it modulates proliferation of neuronal progenitors in the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) and mediates radial migration of neurons from the VZ/SVZ to the cortical plate/subplate (CP/SP) region. In this study we investigated the role of GABA in the earliest phases of neuronal differentiation in the CP/SP. GABAergic-signaling components emerging during neuronal lineage progression were comprehensively characterized using flow cytometry and immunophenotyping together with physiological indicator dyes. During migration from the VZ/SVZ to the CP/SP, differentiating cortical neurons became predominantly GABAergic, and their dominant GABA(A) receptor subunit expression pattern changed from alpha4beta1gamma1 to alpha3beta3gamma2gamma3 coincident with an increasing potency of GABA on GABA(A) receptor-mediated depolarization. GABA(A) autoreceptor/Cl(-) channel activity in cultured CP/SP neurons dominated their baseline potential and indirectly their cytosolic Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)c) levels via Ca(2+) entry through L-type Ca(2+) channels. Block of this autocrine circuit at the level of GABA synthesis, GABA(A) receptor activation, intracellular Cl(-) ion homeostasis, or L-type Ca(2+) channels attenuated neurite outgrowth in most GABAergic CP/SP neurons. In the absence of autocrine GABAergic signaling, neuritogenesis could be preserved by depolarizing cells and elevating Ca(2+)c. These results reveal a morphogenic role for GABA during embryonic neocortical neuron development that involves GABA(A) autoreceptors and L-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maric
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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