1
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Spikol ED, Cheng J, Macurak M, Subedi A, Halpern ME. Genetically defined nucleus incertus neurons differ in connectivity and function. eLife 2024; 12:RP89516. [PMID: 38819436 PMCID: PMC11142643 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus incertus (NI), a conserved hindbrain structure implicated in the stress response, arousal, and memory, is a major site for production of the neuropeptide relaxin-3. On the basis of goosecoid homeobox 2 (gsc2) expression, we identified a neuronal cluster that lies adjacent to relaxin 3a (rln3a) neurons in the zebrafish analogue of the NI. To delineate the characteristics of the gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons, we used CRISPR/Cas9 targeted integration to drive gene expression specifically in each neuronal group, and found that they differ in their efferent and afferent connectivity, spontaneous activity, and functional properties. gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons have widely divergent projection patterns and innervate distinct subregions of the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Whereas gsc2 neurons are activated more robustly by electric shock, rln3a neurons exhibit spontaneous fluctuations in calcium signaling and regulate locomotor activity. Our findings define heterogeneous neurons in the NI and provide new tools to probe its diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Spikol
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Michelle Macurak
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Abhignya Subedi
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Marnie E Halpern
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
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2
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Powell GT, Faro A, Zhao Y, Stickney H, Novellasdemunt L, Henriques P, Gestri G, White ER, Ren J, Lu W, Young RM, Hawkins TA, Cavodeassi F, Schwarz Q, Dreosti E, Raible DW, Li VSW, Wright GJ, Jones EY, Wilson SW. Cachd1 interacts with Wnt receptors and regulates neuronal asymmetry in the zebrafish brain. Science 2024; 384:573-579. [PMID: 38696577 PMCID: PMC7615972 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurons on the left and right sides of the nervous system often show asymmetric properties, but how such differences arise is poorly understood. Genetic screening in zebrafish revealed that loss of function of the transmembrane protein Cachd1 resulted in right-sided habenula neurons adopting left-sided identity. Cachd1 is expressed in neuronal progenitors, functions downstream of asymmetric environmental signals, and influences timing of the normally asymmetric patterns of neurogenesis. Biochemical and structural analyses demonstrated that Cachd1 can bind simultaneously to Lrp6 and Frizzled family Wnt co-receptors. Consistent with this, lrp6 mutant zebrafish lose asymmetry in the habenulae, and epistasis experiments support a role for Cachd1 in modulating Wnt pathway activity in the brain. These studies identify Cachd1 as a conserved Wnt receptor-interacting protein that regulates lateralized neuronal identity in the zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Powell
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ana Faro
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford; Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Heather Stickney
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Departments of Otolaryngology-HNS and Biological Structure, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
- Ambry Genetics; Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - Laura Novellasdemunt
- The Francis Crick Institute; London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Henriques
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gaia Gestri
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford; Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Weixian Lu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford; Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rodrigo M. Young
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London; London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor; Camino La Piramide 5750, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas A. Hawkins
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- St. George’s, University of London; London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London; London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Elena Dreosti
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David W. Raible
- Departments of Otolaryngology-HNS and Biological Structure, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
| | | | - Gavin J. Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York; York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford; Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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3
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Messina A, Sovrano VA, Baratti G, Musa A, Gobbo A, Adiletta A, Sgadò P. Valproic acid exposure affects social visual lateralization and asymmetric gene expression in zebrafish larvae. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4474. [PMID: 38395997 PMCID: PMC10891151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral asymmetry is critical for typical brain function and development; at the same time, altered brain lateralization seems to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Zebrafish are increasingly emerging as model species to study brain lateralization, using asymmetric development of the habenula, a phylogenetically old brain structure associated with social and emotional processing, to investigate the relationship between brain asymmetry and social behavior. We exposed 5-h post-fertilization zebrafish embryos to valproic acid (VPA), a compound used to model the core signs of ASD in many vertebrate species, and assessed social interaction, visual lateralization and gene expression in the thalamus and the telencephalon. VPA-exposed zebrafish exhibit social deficits and a deconstruction of social visual laterality to the mirror. We also observe changes in the asymmetric expression of the epithalamic marker leftover and in the size of the dorsolateral part of the habenula in adult zebrafish. Our data indicate that VPA exposure neutralizes the animals' visual field bias, with a complete loss of the left-eye use bias in front of their own mirror image, and alters brain asymmetric gene expression and morphology, opening new perspectives to investigate brain lateralization and its link to atypical social cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Valeria Anna Sovrano
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Greta Baratti
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Alessia Musa
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gobbo
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Alice Adiletta
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Paola Sgadò
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
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4
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Piper JA, Musumeci G, Castorina A. The Neuroanatomy of the Habenular Complex and Its Role in the Regulation of Affective Behaviors. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:14. [PMID: 38249091 PMCID: PMC10801627 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The habenular complex is a diencephalic structure divided into the medial and lateral divisions that lie within the epithalamus of most vertebrates. This brain structure, whose activities are mainly regulated via inputs/outputs from and to the stria medullaris and the fasciculus retroflexus, plays a significant role in the modulation of anti-reward behaviors in both the rodent and human brain. Such anti-reward circuits are regulated by dopaminergic and serotonergic projections with several other subcortical and cortical regions; therefore, it is plausible that impairment to this key subcortical structure or its connections contributes to the pathogenesis of affective disorders. Current literature reveals the existence of structural changes in the habenula complex in individuals afflicted by such disorders; however, there is a need for more comprehensive investigations to elucidate the underlying neuroanatomical connections that underpin disease development. In this review article, we aim to provide a comprehensive view of the neuroanatomical differences between the rodent and human habenular complex, the main circuitries, and provide an update on the emerging roles of this understudied subcortical structure in the control of affective behaviors, with special emphasis to morbid conditions of the affective sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Allan Piper
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania (Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2040, Australia;
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical & Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology & Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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5
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Gabriel GC, Lo CW. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Defects in Situs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:719-738. [PMID: 38884745 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Left-right patterning is among the least well understood of the three axes defining the body plan, and yet it is no less important, with left-right patterning defects causing structural birth defects with high morbidity and mortality, such as complex congenital heart disease, biliary atresia, or intestinal malrotation. The cell signaling pathways governing left-right asymmetry are highly conserved and involve multiple components of the TGF-β superfamily of cell signaling molecules. Central to left-right patterning is the differential activation of Nodal on the left, and BMP signaling on the right. In addition, a plethora of other cell signaling pathways including Shh, FGF, and Notch also contribute to the regulation of left-right patterning. In vertebrate embryos such as the mouse, frog, or zebrafish, the specification of left-right identity requires the left-right organizer (LRO) containing cells with motile and primary cilia that mediate the left-sided propagation of Nodal signaling, followed by left-sided activation of Lefty and then Pitx2, a transcription factor that specifies visceral organ asymmetry. While this overall scheme is well conserved, there are striking species differences, including the finding that motile cilia do not play a role in left-right patterning in some vertebrates. Surprisingly, the direction of heart looping, one of the first signs of organ left-right asymmetry, was recently shown to be specified by intrinsic cell chirality, not Nodal signaling, possibly a reflection of the early origin of Nodal signaling in radially symmetric organisms. How this intrinsic chirality interacts with downstream molecular pathways regulating visceral organ asymmetry will need to be further investigated to elucidate how disturbance in left-right patterning may contribute to complex CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Korzh V. Development of the brain ventricular system from a comparative perspective. Clin Anat 2023; 36:320-334. [PMID: 36529666 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to scoliosis and neurodegenerative diseases, including hydrocephalus. This could be due to defects of CSF production by the choroid plexus or impaired CSF movement over the ependyma dependent on motile cilia. Most vertebrates have horizontal body posture. They retain additional evolutionary innovations assisting CSF flow, such as the Reissner fiber. The causes of hydrocephalus have been studied using animal models including rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) and zebrafish. However, the horizontal body posture reduces the effect of gravity on CSF flow, which limits the use of mammalian models for scoliosis. In contrast, fish swim against the current and experience a forward-to-backward mechanical force akin to that caused by gravity in humans. This explains the increased popularity of the zebrafish model for studies of scoliosis. "Slit-ventricle" syndrome is another side of the spectrum of BVS anomalies. It develops because of insufficient inflation of the BVS. Recent advances in zebrafish functional genetics have revealed genes that could regulate the development of the BVS and CSF circulation. This review will describe the BVS of zebrafish, a typical teleost, and vertebrates in general, in comparative perspective. It will illustrate the usefulness of the zebrafish model for developmental studies of the choroid plexus (CP), CSF flow and the BVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Palma K, Signore IA, Meynard MM, Ibarra J, Armijo-Weingart L, Cayuleo M, Härtel S, Concha ML. Ontogenesis of the asymmetric parapineal organ in the zebrafish epithalamus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:999265. [PMID: 36568973 PMCID: PMC9780773 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.999265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The parapineal organ is a midline-derived epithalamic structure that in zebrafish adopts a left-sided position at embryonic stages to promote the development of left-right asymmetries in the habenular nuclei. Despite extensive knowledge about its embryonic and larval development, it is still unknown whether the parapineal organ and its profuse larval connectivity with the left habenula are present in the adult brain or whether, as assumed from historical conceptions, this organ degenerates during ontogeny. This paper addresses this question by performing an ontogenetic analysis using an integrative morphological, ultrastructural and neurochemical approach. We find that the parapineal organ is lost as a morphological entity during ontogeny, while parapineal cells are incorporated into the posterior wall of the adult left dorsal habenular nucleus as small clusters or as single cells. Despite this integration, parapineal cells retain their structural, neurochemical and connective features, establishing a reciprocal synaptic connection with the more dorsal habenular neuropil. Furthermore, we describe the ultrastructure of parapineal cells using transmission electron microscopy and report immunoreactivity in parapineal cells with antibodies against substance P, tachykinin, serotonin and the photoreceptor markers arrestin3a and rod opsin. Our findings suggest that parapineal cells form an integral part of a neural circuit associated with the left habenula, possibly acting as local modulators of the circuit. We argue that the incorporation of parapineal cells into the habenula may be part of an evolutionarily relevant developmental mechanism underlying the presence/absence of the parapineal organ in teleosts, and perhaps in a broader sense in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Palma
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iskra A. Signore
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita M. Meynard
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jazmin Ibarra
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Marcos Cayuleo
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile,National Center for Health Information Systems (CENS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L. Concha
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Miguel L. Concha,
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Michel L, Palma K, Cerda M, Lagadec R, Mayeur H, Fuentès M, Besseau L, Martin P, Magnanou E, Blader P, Concha ML, Mazan S. Diversification of habenular organization and asymmetries in teleosts: Insights from the Atlantic salmon and European eel. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1015074. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1015074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Habenulae asymmetries are widespread across vertebrates and analyses in zebrafish, the reference model organism for this process, have provided insight into their molecular nature, their mechanisms of formation and their important roles in the integration of environmental and internal cues with a variety of organismal adaptive responses. However, the generality of the characteristics identified in this species remains an open question, even on a relatively short evolutionary scale, in teleosts. To address this question, we have characterized the broad organization of habenulae in the Atlantic salmon and quantified the asymmetries in each of the identified subdomains. Our results show that a highly conserved partitioning into a dorsal and a ventral component is retained in the Atlantic salmon and that asymmetries are mainly observed in the former as in zebrafish. A remarkable difference is that a prominent left-restricted pax6 positive nucleus is observed in the Atlantic salmon, but undetectable in zebrafish. This nucleus is not observed outside teleosts, and harbors a complex presence/absence pattern in this group, retaining its location and cytoarchitectonic organization in an elopomorph, the European eel. These findings suggest an ancient origin and high evolvability of this trait in the taxon. Taken together, our data raise novel questions about the variability of asymmetries across teleosts and their biological significance depending on ecological contexts.
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Kajikawa E, Miki T, Takeda M, Kiyonari H, Hamada H. Left-right asymmetric expression of the Nodal-Lefty-Pitx2 module in developing turtle forebrain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:929808. [PMID: 36340044 PMCID: PMC9634164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.929808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithalamus of zebrafish shows morphological and molecular left-right (L-R) asymmetry, but such asymmetry is not apparent in tetrapods. To provide further insight into the evolutionary diversity of brain L-R asymmetry, we have now examined the developing brains of reptile embryos for expression of Nodal, Lefty, and Pitx2. Two turtle species, the Chinese softshell turtle and the red-eared slider turtle, showed left-sided expression of these three genes in the developing forebrain, with this expression occurring after Nodal expression at the lateral plate and the L-R organizer has disappeared. Nodal activity, as revealed by the detection of phosphorylated Smad2/3, was also apparent in the neural epithelium on the left side in both turtle species. In the Chinese softshell turtle, the habenula did not show apparent asymmetry in size and the parapineal organ was absent, but the expression of Kctd12 in the habenula showed a small yet reproducible asymmetry. In contrast to the turtles, L-R asymmetric expression of Nodal, Lefty, Pitx2, or Kctd12 was not detected in the developing brain of the Madagascar ground gecko. The transcriptional enhancer (ASE) responsible for the asymmetric expression of Nodal, Lefty, and Pitx2 was conserved among reptiles, including the Chinese softshell turtle and Madagascar ground gecko. Our findings suggest that Nodal, Lefty, and Pitx2 have the potential to be asymmetrically expressed in the developing brain of vertebrates, but that their expression varies even among reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan,*Correspondence: Eriko Kajikawa, ; Hiroshi Hamada,
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan,*Correspondence: Eriko Kajikawa, ; Hiroshi Hamada,
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Agostini C, Bühler A, Antico Calderone A, Aadepu N, Herder C, Loosli F, Carl M. Conserved and diverged asymmetric gene expression in the brain of teleosts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1005776. [PMID: 36211473 PMCID: PMC9532764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological left-right brain asymmetries are universal phenomena in animals. These features have been studied for decades, but the functional relevance is often unclear. Studies from the zebrafish dorsal diencephalon on the genetics underlying the establishment and function of brain asymmetries have uncovered genes associated with the development of functional brain asymmetries. To gain further insights, comparative studies help to investigate the emergence of asymmetries and underlying genetics in connection to functional adaptation. Evolutionarily distant isogenic medaka inbred lines, that show divergence of complex traits such as morphology, physiology and behavior, are a valuable resource to investigate intra-species variations in a given trait of interest. For a detailed study of asymmetry in the medaka diencephalon we generated molecular probes of ten medaka genes that are expressed asymmetrically in the zebrafish habenulae and pineal complex. We find expression of eight genes in the corresponding brain areas of medaka with differences in the extent of left-right asymmetry compared to zebrafish. Our marker gene analysis of the diverged medaka inbred strains revealed marked inter-strain size differences of the respective expression domains in the parapineal and the habenulae, which we hypothesize may result from strain-specific gene loss. Thus, our analysis reveals both inter-species differences but also intra-species plasticity of gene expression in the teleost dorsal diencephalon. These findings are a starting point showing the potential to identify the genetics underlying the emergence and modulations of asymmetries. They are also the prerequisite to examine whether variance in habenular gene expression may cause variation of behavioral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Agostini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anja Bühler
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Narendar Aadepu
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cathrin Herder
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Loosli
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- *Correspondence: Felix Loosli, ; Matthias Carl,
| | - Matthias Carl
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Felix Loosli, ; Matthias Carl,
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11
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Histological reinterpretation of paraphysis cerebri in Ambystoma mexicanum. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151915. [PMID: 35738026 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular and extraventricular choroid plexuses are neuroepithelial folds which arise from the roof of the diencephalon. We describe the circumventricular structure of the diencephalon roof (paraphysis cerebri) during the various development stages of Ambystoma mexicanum. The parasagittal sections of the larvae epithalamus exhibit the presence, in addition to the epiphysis, of two dorsal primordia in nearby areas, which appear to be extraventricular saccular evaginations of different origin that give rise to two structures we define as the anterior extraventricular choroid plexus (AEP) and posterior extraventricular choroid plexus (PEP). During larvae development, the primordia arise perpendicular to each other, grow and show luminal folds and invaginations. Later, the two extraventricular evaginations, which are separate units, become interrelated. As the PEP grows, it covers the AEP dorsally, but it is difficult to define the borders of these organs. AEP is formed by alveolar-acinar epithelial aggregates with evidence of secretion-like content. PEP structure is like a choroid plexus, but its position is extraventricular and dorsal to the AEP. The PEP is always between the AEP and the meninges and can be small or large in size. This means that in A. mexicanum, the paraphysis cerebri is made up of two adjacent organs, which arise almost simultaneously from two different primordia (the AEP and the PEP) and as the posterior one grows, it overlaps the anterior one and masks itself. In conclusion, we suggest that AEP and PEP are homologous to paraphysis cerebri and the dorsal sac, respectively.
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12
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Cerebral Polymorphisms for Lateralisation: Modelling the Genetic and Phenotypic Architectures of Multiple Functional Modules. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent fMRI and fTCD studies have found that functional modules for aspects of language, praxis, and visuo-spatial functioning, while typically left, left and right hemispheric respectively, frequently show atypical lateralisation. Studies with increasing numbers of modules and participants are finding increasing numbers of module combinations, which here are termed cerebral polymorphisms—qualitatively different lateral organisations of cognitive functions. Polymorphisms are more frequent in left-handers than right-handers, but it is far from the case that right-handers all show the lateral organisation of modules described in introductory textbooks. In computational terms, this paper extends the original, monogenic McManus DC (dextral-chance) model of handedness and language dominance to multiple functional modules, and to a polygenic DC model compatible with the molecular genetics of handedness, and with the biology of visceral asymmetries found in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Distributions of cerebral polymorphisms are calculated for families and twins, and consequences and implications of cerebral polymorphisms are explored for explaining aphasia due to cerebral damage, as well as possible talents and deficits arising from atypical inter- and intra-hemispheric modular connections. The model is set in the broader context of the testing of psychological theories, of issues of laterality measurement, of mutation-selection balance, and the evolution of brain and visceral asymmetries.
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13
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Örği E, Oğuz AR. Anatomical and histological investigation of the pineal gland in the lake van fish (Alburnus tarichi (Güldenstädt, 1814)). Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:427-434. [PMID: 35285548 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland and melatonin secreted from the gland regulate the biological clock and adaptation to seasonal changes, glucose balance, nutrition and locomotor activities. In this study, the pineal gland of the Lake Van fish was examined anatomically and histologically. The melatonin level secreted from the pineal gland was determined in fish plasma sampled from both lakes and streams during reproduction migration. The pineal gland in the Lake Van fish, as in other teleost fish, is located in the head, under the translucent pineal window, which does not contain many pigment cells. The gland consists of pineal vesicle and pineal stalk parts on the dorsal sac in the Lake Van fish. It was determined that the pineal gland showed good vascularity. The presence of pinealocytes and different types of cells in the pineal organ was determined histologically. Pinealocytes were intensely localized in the lumen of the pineal vesicle. The plasma melatonin level increased in fish passing from lake to stream for reproductive migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Örği
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Regaib Oğuz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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14
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Le Ray D, Guayasamin M. How Does the Central Nervous System for Posture and Locomotion Cope With Damage-Induced Neural Asymmetry? Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:828532. [PMID: 35308565 PMCID: PMC8927091 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.828532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In most vertebrates, posture and locomotion are achieved by a biomechanical apparatus whose effectors are symmetrically positioned around the main body axis. Logically, motor commands to these effectors are intrinsically adapted to such anatomical symmetry, and the underlying sensory-motor neural networks are correspondingly arranged during central nervous system (CNS) development. However, many developmental and/or life accidents may alter such neural organization and acutely generate asymmetries in motor operation that are often at least partially compensated for over time. First, we briefly present the basic sensory-motor organization of posturo-locomotor networks in vertebrates. Next, we review some aspects of neural plasticity that is implemented in response to unilateral central injury or asymmetrical sensory deprivation in order to substantially restore symmetry in the control of posturo-locomotor functions. Data are finally discussed in the context of CNS structure-function relationship.
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15
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Ogawa S, Parhar IS. Role of Habenula in Social and Reproductive Behaviors in Fish: Comparison With Mammals. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:818782. [PMID: 35221943 PMCID: PMC8867168 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.818782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social behaviors such as mating, parenting, fighting, and avoiding are essential functions as a communication tool in social animals, and are critical for the survival of individuals and species. Social behaviors are controlled by a complex circuitry that comprises several key social brain regions, which is called the social behavior network (SBN). The SBN further integrates social information with external and internal factors to select appropriate behavioral responses to social circumstances, called social decision-making. The social decision-making network (SDMN) and SBN are structurally, neurochemically and functionally conserved in vertebrates. The social decision-making process is also closely influenced by emotional assessment. The habenula has recently been recognized as a crucial center for emotion-associated adaptation behaviors. Here we review the potential role of the habenula in social function with a special emphasis on fish studies. Further, based on evolutional, molecular, morphological, and behavioral perspectives, we discuss the crucial role of the habenula in the vertebrate SDMN.
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16
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Zhang GM, Wu HY, Cui WQ, Peng W. Multi-level variations of lateral habenula in depression: A comprehensive review of current evidence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1043846. [PMID: 36386995 PMCID: PMC9649931 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1043846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research in recent decades, knowledge of the pathophysiology of depression in neural circuits remains limited. Recently, the lateral habenula (LHb) has been extensively reported to undergo a series of adaptive changes at multiple levels during the depression state. As a crucial relay in brain networks associated with emotion regulation, LHb receives excitatory or inhibitory projections from upstream brain regions related to stress and cognition and interacts with brain regions involved in emotion regulation. A series of pathological alterations induced by aberrant inputs cause abnormal function of the LHb, resulting in dysregulation of mood and motivation, which present with depressive-like phenotypes in rodents. Herein, we systematically combed advances from rodents, summarized changes in the LHb and related neural circuits in depression, and attempted to analyze the intrinsic logical relationship among these pathological alterations. We expect that this summary will greatly enhance our understanding of the pathological processes of depression. This is advantageous for fostering the understanding and screening of potential antidepressant targets against LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Yun Wu
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Cui
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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17
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Jung JY, Cho SE, Kim N, Kang CK, Kang SG. Decreased resting-state functional connectivity of the habenula-cerebellar in a major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:925823. [PMID: 36147982 PMCID: PMC9485485 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.925823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal experiments, the habenula and septal nuclei are known as the key brain areas of depression. However, there are few magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on the functional connectivity between these areas and the subcortical areas in humans with major depression. We aimed to investigate the difference in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) among the major regions of interest (ROI) in the subcortical areas, including both the habenula and septal nuclei. METHODS We performed the seed-to-voxel analysis to investigate the RSFC between both the habenula and septal nucleus, as well as other subcortical regions. Furthermore, ROI-to-ROI analysis was performed among the combinations of ROI pairs in the subcortical areas. RESULTS The seed-to-voxel analysis showed a lower RSFC between the left habenula and the cerebellum in major depressive disorder (MDD) than in healthy controls (HCs). As a result of ROI-to-ROI analysis in subcortical areas, a total of 31 pairs of FCs in the MDD group showed a lower RSFC than in the HCs group. CONCLUSION This study revealed a lower RSFC between the left habenula and cerebellum in patients with MDD and reduced RSFC among numerous subcortical areas. These new findings on the neural circuitry of MDD might contribute to an in-depth understanding of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Jung
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seo-Eun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nambeom Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Kang
- Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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18
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Modulation of Auditory Perception Laterality under Anxiety and Depression Conditions. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work is to confirm the asymmetry in non-linguistic auditory perception, as well as the influence of anxiety-depressive disorders on it. Eighty-six people were recruited in the emotional well-being group, fifty-six in the anxiety group, fourteen in the depression group, and seventy-seven in the mixed group. In each group, audiograms were obtained from both ears and the differences were statistically analyzed. Differences in hearing sensitivity were found between both ears in the general population, such differences increased in people with anxiety-depressive disorders. When faced with anxiety-depressive disorders, the right ear suffered greater hearing loss than the left, showing peaks of hyper-hearing at the frequency of 4000 Hz in the anxiety subgroup, and hearing loss in the depression subgroup. In relation to anxiety, the appearance of the 4:8 pattern was observed in the right ear when the person had suffered acute stress in the 2 days prior to the audiometry, and in both ears if they had suffered stress in the 3–30 days before said stress. In conclusion, the advantage of the left ear in auditory perception was increased with these disorders, showing a hyperaudition peak in anxiety and a hearing loss in depression.
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Peyvandi Karizbodagh M, Sadr-Nabavi A, Hami J, Mohammadipour A, Khoshdel-Sarkarizi H, Kheradmand H, Fallahnezhad S, Mahmoudi M, Haghir H. Developmental regulation and lateralization of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the rat hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102183. [PMID: 34333368 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are expressed abundantly in the brain and play a crucial role in the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) development, learning, and memory. During early neuronal development, NMDARs modulate neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation and migration, and synaptogenesis. The present study aimed to examine the developmental expression of NMDARs subunits, NR1 and NR2B, in the developing hippocampus of neonatal rats during the first two postnatal weeks. Fifty-four male offspring were randomly divided into three age groups, postnatal days (P) 0, 7, and 14. Real-time-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were employed to examine and compare the hippocampal expression of the NMDA receptor subunits. The highest mRNA expression of NR1 and NR2B subunits was observed at P7, regardless of its laterality. The mRNA expression of both subunits in the right hippocampus was significantly higher than that of the left one at P0 and P7. Similarly, the highest protein level expression of NR1 and NR2B subunits was also observed at P7 in both sides hippocampi. Although the protein expression of NR1 was significantly higher on the right side in all studied days, the NR2B was significantly higher in the right hippocampus only at P7. The analysis of optical density (OD) has shown a marked increase in the distribution pattern of the NR1 and NR2B subunits at P7 in all hippocampal subregions. In conclusion, there is a marked right-left asymmetry in the expression of NR1 and NR2B subunits in the developing rat hippocampus, which might be considered as a probable mechanism for the lateral differences in the structure and function of the hippocampus in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Peyvandi Karizbodagh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ariane Sadr-Nabavi
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Hami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitäsmedizin Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Khoshdel-Sarkarizi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Kheradmand
- Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Fallahnezhad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Lubben N, Ensink E, Coetzee GA, Labrie V. The enigma and implications of brain hemispheric asymmetry in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab211. [PMID: 34557668 PMCID: PMC8454206 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateralization of the human brain may provide clues into the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Though differing in their presentation and underlying pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases are all devastating and share an intriguing theme of asymmetrical pathology and clinical symptoms. Parkinson’s disease, with its distinctive onset of motor symptoms on one side of the body, stands out in this regard, but a review of the literature reveals asymmetries in several other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the lateralization of the structure and function of the healthy human brain and the common genetic and epigenetic patterns contributing to the development of asymmetry in health and disease. We specifically examine the role of asymmetry in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, and interrogate whether these imbalances may reveal meaningful clues about the origins of these diseases. We also propose several hypotheses for how lateralization may contribute to the distinctive and enigmatic features of asymmetry in neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a role for asymmetry in the choroid plexus, neurochemistry, protein distribution, brain connectivity and the vagus nerve. Finally, we suggest how future studies may reveal novel insights into these diseases through the lens of asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Lubben
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ensink
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Viviane Labrie
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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21
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Oonuma K, Kusakabe TG. The complete cell lineage and MAPK- and Otx-dependent specification of the dopaminergic cells in the Ciona brain. Development 2021; 148:269114. [PMID: 34121117 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ciona larva has served as a unique model for understanding the development of dopaminergic cells at single-cell resolution owing to the exceptionally small number of neurons in its brain and its fixed cell lineage during embryogenesis. A recent study suggested that the transcription factors Fer2 and Meis directly regulate the dopamine synthesis genes in Ciona, but the dopaminergic cell lineage and the gene regulatory networks that control the development of dopaminergic cells have not been fully elucidated. Here, we reveal that the dopaminergic cells in Ciona are derived from a bilateral pair of cells called a9.37 cells at the center of the neural plate. The a9.37 cells divide along the anterior-posterior axis, and all of the descendants of the posterior daughter cells differentiate into the dopaminergic cells. We show that the MAPK pathway and the transcription factor Otx are required for the expression of Fer2 in the dopaminergic cell lineage. Our findings establish the cellular and molecular framework for fully understanding the commitment to dopaminergic cells in the simple chordate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Oonuma
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiro G Kusakabe
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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22
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Chowdhury MAU, Raslan AA, Lee E, Eum J, Hwang BJ, Kwon SH, Kee Y. Histopathological assessment of laterality defects in zebrafish development. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:136-145. [PMID: 34262656 PMCID: PMC8253201 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1931443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Laterality defects during embryonic development underlie the aetiology of various clinical symptoms of neuropathological and cardiovascular disorders; however, experimental approaches to understand the underlying mechanisms are limited due to the complex organ systems of vertebrate models. Zebrafish have the ability to survive even when the heart stops beating for a while during early embryonic development and those adults with cardiac abnormalities. Therefore, we induced laterality defects and investigated the occurrence of situs solitus, situs inversus, and situs ambiguus in zebrafish development. Histopathological analysis revealed heterotaxy in both embryos and juvenile fish. Additionally, randomization of left-right asymmetry of the brain and heart in individual zebrafish embryos under artificial experimental pressure further demonstrated the advantage of transparent zebrafish embryos as an experimental tool to select or reduce the embryos with laterality defects during early embryonic development for long-term studies, including behavioural and cognitive neuroscience investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashraf Uddin Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed A Raslan
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneyong Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joon Hwang
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hae Kwon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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23
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Abstract
The alignment of visceral and brain asymmetry observed in some vertebrate species raises the question of whether this association also exists in humans. While the visceral and brain systems may have developed asymmetry for different reasons, basic visceral left–right differentiation mechanisms could have been duplicated to establish brain asymmetry. We describe the main phenotypical anomalies and the general mechanism of left–right differentiation of vertebrate visceral and brain laterality. Next, we systematically review the available human studies that explored the prevalence of atypical behavioral and brain asymmetry in visceral situs anomalies, which almost exclusively involved participants with the mirrored visceral organization (situs inversus). The data show no direct link between human visceral and brain functional laterality as most participants with situs inversus show the typical population bias for handedness and brain functional asymmetry, although an increased prevalence of functional crowding may be present. At the same time, several independent studies present evidence for a possible relation between situs inversus and the gross morphological asymmetry of the brain torque with potential differences between subtypes of situs inversus with ciliary and non-ciliary etiologies.
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24
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Okamoto H, Cherng BW, Nakajo H, Chou MY, Kinoshita M. Habenula as the experience-dependent controlling switchboard of behavior and attention in social conflict and learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 68:36-43. [PMID: 33421772 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is among the evolutionarily most conserved parts of the brain and has been known for its role in the control of behavior to cope with aversive stimuli. Recent studies in zebrafish have revealed the novel roles of the two parallel neural pathways from the dorsal habenula to its target, the interpeduncular nucleus, in the control of behavioral choice whether to behave dominantly or submissively in the social conflict. They are modifiable depending on the internal state of the fish such as hunger and play another important role in orientation of attention whether to direct it internally to oneself or externally to others. These studies, therefore, are revealing a novel role for the habenula as the integrated switchboard for concertedly controlling behavior either as a winner with self-centered (idiothetic) attention or a loser with others-oriented (allothetic) attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198 Japan; RIKEN CBS-Kao Collaboration Center, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Bor-Wei Cherng
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Haruna Nakajo
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Masae Kinoshita
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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25
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Miletto Petrazzini ME, Gambaretto L, Dadda M, Brennan C, Agrillo C. Are cerebral and behavioural lateralization related to anxiety-like traits in the animal model zebrafish ( Danio rerio)? Laterality 2020; 26:144-162. [PMID: 33334244 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2020.1854280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain lateralization refers to hemispheric asymmetries in functions and/or neuroanatomical structures. Functional specialization in non-human animals has been mainly inferred through observation of lateralized motor responses and sensory perception. Only in a few cases has the influence of brain asymmetries on behaviour been described. Zebrafish has rapidly become a valuable model to investigate this issue as it displays epithalamic asymmetries that have been correlated to some lateralized behaviours. Here we investigated the relation between neuroanatomical or behavioural lateralization and anxiety using a light-dark preference test in adult zebrafish. In Experiment 1, we observed how scototaxis response varied as a function of behavioural lateralization measured in the detour task as turning preference in front of a dummy predator. In Experiment 2, foxD3:GFP transgenic adult zebrafish with left or right parapineal position, were tested in the same light-dark test as fish in Experiment 1. No correlation was found between the behaviour observed in the detour test and in the scototaxis test nor between the left- and right-parapineal fish and the scototaxis response. The consistency of results obtained in both experiments indicates that neither behavioural nor neuroanatomical asymmetries are related to anxiety-related behaviours measured in the light-dark test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Linda Gambaretto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Dadda
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Caroline Brennan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christian Agrillo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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26
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Messina A, Boiti A, Vallortigara G. Asymmetric distribution of pallial‐expressed genes in zebrafish (
Danio rerio
). Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:362-375. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences University of Trento Rovereto Italy
| | - Alessandra Boiti
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences University of Trento Rovereto Italy
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27
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Unmasking the relevance of hemispheric asymmetries—Break on through (to the other side). Prog Neurobiol 2020; 192:101823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Kanemoto M, Nakamura T, Sasahara M, Ichijo H. Stress-Related Neuronal Clusters in Sublenticular Extended Amygdala of Basal Forebrain Show Individual Differences of Positions. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32547372 PMCID: PMC7270356 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand functional neuronal circuits for emotion in the basal forebrain, patterns of neuronal activation were examined in mice by immunohistochemistry of immediate-early gene products (Zif268/Egr1 and c-Fos). In all mice examined, clusters of 30–50 neurons expressing Zif268 were found on both sides in the area between the extended amygdala (EA) and globus pallidus (GP), generally designated as sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA). The clusters consisted of 79.9 ± 3.0% of GABAergic neurons in GAD65-mCherry mice. The expression of the cholinergic marker choline acetyltransferase and the GP markers parvalbumin, proenkephalin, and FoxP2 indicated that these neurons were different from known types of neurons in the EA and GP; therefore, we named them the sublenticular extended amygdalar Zif268/Egr1-expressing neuronal cluster (SLEA-zNC). Sublenticular extended amygdalar Zif268/Egr1-expressing neuronal clusters participated in stress processing because increasing numbers of cells were observed in SLEA-zNCs after exposure to restraint stress (RS), the induction of which was suppressed by diazepam treatment. Mapping SLEA-zNCs showed that their positions and arrangement varied individually; SLEA-zNCs were distributed asymmetrically and tended to be situated mainly in the middle region between the anterior commissure (AC) and posterior end of the GP. However, the total cell number in SLEA-zNCs was compatible between the right and left hemispheres after activation by RS. Therefore, SLEA-zNCs were distributed asymmetrically but were not lateralized. Because time courses of activation differed between the Zif268 and c-Fos, the sequential dual treatment of RSs enabled us to differentiate SLEA-zNCs activated by the first and second RS. The results supported that the same SLEA-zNCs responded to both the first and second RS, and this also applied for all SLEA-zNCs. Thus, we concluded that the cluster positions were invariable under RS in each mouse but were distributed differently between individual mice. We name these newly identified neuronal clusters as stress-related neuronal clusters, SLEA-zNCs, which are considered to be novel functional units of “islands of activation.” Moreover, SLEA-zNCs were situated at different positions in all mice examined, showing individual differences in their positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kanemoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichijo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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29
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Roman E, Weininger J, Lim B, Roman M, Barry D, Tierney P, O'Hanlon E, Levins K, O'Keane V, Roddy D. Untangling the dorsal diencephalic conduction system: a review of structure and function of the stria medullaris, habenula and fasciculus retroflexus. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1437-1458. [PMID: 32367265 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The often-overlooked dorsal diencephalic conduction system (DDCS) is a highly conserved pathway linking the basal forebrain and the monoaminergic brainstem. It consists of three key structures; the stria medullaris, the habenula and the fasciculus retroflexus. The first component of the DDCS, the stria medullaris, is a discrete bilateral tract composed of fibers from the basal forebrain that terminate in the triangular eminence of the stalk of the pineal gland, known as the habenula. The habenula acts as a relay hub where incoming signals from the stria medullaris are processed and subsequently relayed to the midbrain and hindbrain monoaminergic nuclei through the fasciculus retroflexus. As a result of its wide-ranging connections, the DDCS has recently been implicated in a wide range of behaviors related to reward processing, aversion and motivation. As such, an understanding of the structure and connections of the DDCS may help illuminate the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, addiction and pain. This is the first review of all three components of the DDCS, the stria medullaris, the habenula and the fasciculus retroflexus, with particular focus on their anatomy, function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Roman
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Education and Research Centre , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joshua Weininger
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Basil Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Game Design, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marin Roman
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Denis Barry
- Anatomy Department, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul Tierney
- Anatomy Department, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Erik O'Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Education and Research Centre , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Kirk Levins
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darren Roddy
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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30
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Cui WQ, Zhang WW, Chen T, Li Q, Xu F, Mao-Ying QL, Mi WL, Wang YQ, Chu YX. Tacr3 in the lateral habenula differentially regulates orofacial allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors in a mouse model of trigeminal neuralgia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:44. [PMID: 32264959 PMCID: PMC7137530 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is debilitating and is usually accompanied by mood disorders. The lateral habenula (LHb) is considered to be involved in the modulation of pain and mood disorders, and the present study aimed to determine if and how the LHb participates in the development of pain and anxiety in TN. To address this issue, a mouse model of partial transection of the infraorbital nerve (pT-ION) was established. pT-ION induced stable and long-lasting primary and secondary orofacial allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors that correlated with the increased excitability of LHb neurons. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of hM4D(Gi) in glutamatergic neurons of the unilateral LHb followed by clozapine-N-oxide application relieved pT-ION-induced anxiety-like behaviors but not allodynia. Immunofluorescence validated the successful infection of AAV in the LHb, and microarray analysis showed changes in gene expression in the LHb of mice showing allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors after pT-ION. Among these differentially expressed genes was Tacr3, the downregulation of which was validated by RT-qPCR. Rescuing the downregulation of Tacr3 by AAV-mediated Tacr3 overexpression in the unilateral LHb significantly reversed pT-ION-induced anxiety-like behaviors but not allodynia. Whole-cell patch clamp recording showed that Tacr3 overexpression suppressed nerve injury-induced hyperexcitation of LHb neurons, and western blotting showed that the pT-ION-induced upregulation of p-CaMKII was reversed by AAV-mediated Tacr3 overexpression or chemicogenetic inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in the LHb. Moreover, not only anxiety-like behaviors, but also allodynia after pT-ION were significantly alleviated by chemicogenetic inhibition of bilateral LHb neurons or by bilateral Tacr3 overexpression in the LHb. In conclusion, Tacr3 in the LHb plays a protective role in treating trigeminal nerve injury-induced allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors by suppressing the hyperexcitability of LHb neurons. These findings provide a rationale for suppressing unilateral or bilateral LHb activity by targeting Tacr3 in treating the anxiety and pain associated with TN.
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31
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Miletto Petrazzini ME, Sovrano VA, Vallortigara G, Messina A. Brain and Behavioral Asymmetry: A Lesson From Fish. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:11. [PMID: 32273841 PMCID: PMC7113390 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the left and right hemispheres of human brains display both anatomical and functional asymmetries. For more than a century, brain and behavioral lateralization have been considered a uniquely human feature linked to language and handedness. However, over the past decades this idea has been challenged by an increasing number of studies describing structural asymmetries and lateralized behaviors in non-human species extending from primates to fish. Evidence suggesting that a similar pattern of brain lateralization occurs in all vertebrates, humans included, has allowed the emergence of different model systems to investigate the development of brain asymmetries and their impact on behavior. Among animal models, fish have contributed much to the research on lateralization as several fish species exhibit lateralized behaviors. For instance, behavioral studies have shown that the advantages of having an asymmetric brain, such as the ability of simultaneously processing different information and perform parallel tasks compensate the potential costs associated with poor integration of information between the two hemispheres thus helping to better understand the possible evolutionary significance of lateralization. However, these studies inferred how the two sides of the brains are differentially specialized by measuring the differences in the behavioral responses but did not allow to directly investigate the relation between anatomical and functional asymmetries. With respect to this issue, in recent years zebrafish has become a powerful model to address lateralization at different level of complexity, from genes to neural circuitry and behavior. The possibility of combining genetic manipulation of brain asymmetries with cutting-edge in vivo imaging technique and behavioral tests makes the zebrafish a valuable model to investigate the phylogeny and ontogeny of brain lateralization and its relevance for normal brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Anna Sovrano
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Messina
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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32
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Morona R, Bandín S, López JM, Moreno N, González A. Amphibian thalamic nuclear organization during larval development and in the adult frog Xenopus laevis: Genoarchitecture and hodological analysis. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2361-2403. [PMID: 32162311 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The early patterning of the thalamus during embryonic development defines rostral and caudal progenitor domains, which are conserved from fishes to mammals. However, the subsequent developmental mechanisms that lead to the adult thalamic configuration have only been investigated for mammals and other amniotes. In this study, we have analyzed in the anuran amphibian Xenopus laevis (an anamniote vertebrate), through larval and postmetamorphic development, the progressive regional expression of specific markers for the rostral (GABA, GAD67, Lhx1, and Nkx2.2) and caudal (Gbx2, VGlut2, Lhx2, Lhx9, and Sox2) domains. In addition, the regional distributions at different developmental stages of other markers such as calcium binding proteins and neuropeptides, helped the identification of thalamic nuclei. It was observed that the two embryonic domains were progressively specified and compartmentalized during premetamorphosis, and cell subpopulations characterized by particular gene expression combinations were located in periventricular, intermediate and superficial strata. During prometamorphosis, three dorsoventral tiers formed from the caudal domain and most pronuclei were defined, which were modified into the definitive nuclear configuration through the metamorphic climax. Mixed cell populations originated from the rostral and caudal domains constitute most of the final nuclei and allowed us to propose additional subdivisions in the adult thalamus, whose main afferent and efferent connections were assessed by tracing techniques under in vitro conditions. This study corroborates shared features of early gene expression patterns in the thalamus between Xenopus and mouse, however, the dynamic changes in gene expression observed at later stages in the amphibian support mechanisms different from those of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Bandín
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Guglielmi L, Bühler A, Moro E, Argenton F, Poggi L, Carl M. Temporal control of Wnt signaling is required for habenular neuron diversity and brain asymmetry. Development 2020; 147:147/6/dev182865. [PMID: 32179574 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Precise temporal coordination of signaling processes is pivotal for cellular differentiation during embryonic development. A vast number of secreted molecules are produced and released by cells and tissues, and travel in the extracellular space. Whether they induce a signaling pathway and instruct cell fate, however, depends on a complex network of regulatory mechanisms, which are often not well understood. The conserved bilateral left-right asymmetrically formed habenulae of the zebrafish are an excellent model for investigating how signaling control facilitates the generation of defined neuronal populations. Wnt signaling is required for habenular neuron type specification, asymmetry and axonal connectivity. The temporal regulation of this pathway and the players involved have, however, have remained unclear. We find that tightly regulated temporal restriction of Wnt signaling activity in habenular precursor cells is crucial for the diversity and asymmetry of habenular neuron populations. We suggest a feedback mechanism whereby the tumor suppressor Wnt inhibitory factor Wif1 controls the Wnt dynamics in the environment of habenular precursor cells. This mechanism might be common to other cell types, including tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guglielmi
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Anja Bühler
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Enrico Moro
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Poggi
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Matthias Carl
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. ,University of Trento, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), 38123 Trento, Italy.
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34
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Wallace ML, Huang KW, Hochbaum D, Hyun M, Radeljic G, Sabatini BL. Anatomical and single-cell transcriptional profiling of the murine habenular complex. eLife 2020; 9:e51271. [PMID: 32043968 PMCID: PMC7012610 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain structure critical for processing and adapting to negative action outcomes. However, despite the importance of LHb to behavior and the clear anatomical and molecular diversity of LHb neurons, the neuron types of the habenula remain unknown. Here, we use high-throughput single-cell transcriptional profiling, monosynaptic retrograde tracing, and multiplexed FISH to characterize the cells of the mouse habenula. We find five subtypes of neurons in the medial habenula (MHb) that are organized into anatomical subregions. In the LHb, we describe four neuronal subtypes and show that they differentially target dopaminergic and GABAergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These data provide a valuable resource for future study of habenular function and dysfunction and demonstrate neuronal subtype specificity in the LHb-VTA circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wallace
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kee Wui Huang
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Daniel Hochbaum
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Minsuk Hyun
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Gianna Radeljic
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Department of NeurobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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35
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Yang E, Kim JY, Yang SH, Lee E, Sun W, Lee HW, Kim H. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Mouse Habenula Subnuclei Reveals Reduced Volume and Gene Expression in the Lipopolysaccharide-mediated Depression Model. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:709-719. [PMID: 31902158 PMCID: PMC6946114 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.6.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The habenula (Hb) is small but important brain structure, anatomically and functionally links the forebrain with the midbrain to modulate various neuropsychiatric functions associated with drug addiction and emotion-associated dysfunctions. Several reports suggested that the dysfunction of Hb-related functions affected the Hb structurally and functionally. However, the technical limitation has awaited the solid conclusion of whether Hb change due to depression is likely to occur in certain subnuclei of the Hb. To probe this possibility, we developed 3-dimensional reconstruction methods for the high-resolution volumetric analysis of Hb and the mRNA levels at the given volume in normal or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated mouse model of depression. Notably, we discovered that the volume reduction was prominent in medial Hb but not in lateral Hb after LPS treatments. On the other hand, the RNA expression levels of known Hb regional markers such as Tac1 (dorsal part of medial Hb), ChAT (ventral part of medial Hb), and Tacr1 (medial and lateral Hb) were all decreased in all Hb subnuclei in LPS-injected mice. Accordingly, accurate volumetry with marker labeling was not feasible. Collectively, these established 3D analyses of mouse Hb successfully and precisely determine the volume-based changes of small brain structure, which should be applicable in a wider range of mouse models or pathological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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36
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Korzh V, Kondrychyn I. Origin and development of circumventricular organs in living vertebrate. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:13-20. [PMID: 31706729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) function by mediating chemical communication between blood and brain across the blood-brain barrier. Their origin and developmental mechanisms involved are not understood in enough detail due to a lack of molecular markers common for CVOs. These rather small and inconspicuous organs are found in close vicinity to the third and fourth brain ventricles suggestive of ancient evolutionary origin. Recently, an integrated approach based on analysis of CVOs development in the enhancer-trap transgenic zebrafish led to an idea that almost all of CVOs could be highlighted by GFP expression in this transgenic line. This in turn suggested that an enhancer along with a set of genes it regulates may illustrate the first common element of developmental regulation of CVOs. It seems to be related to a mechanism of suppression of the canonical Wnt/ β-catenin signaling that functions in development of fenestrated capillaries typical for CVOs. Based on that observation the common molecular elements of the putative developmental mechanism of CVOs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland.
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37
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Mathis V, Kenny PJ. From controlled to compulsive drug-taking: The role of the habenula in addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:102-111. [PMID: 29936111 PMCID: PMC9871871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is now recognized as a neurobiological and cognitive brain disorder and is generally viewed as a switch from recreational or voluntary to compulsive substance use despite aversive consequences. The habenula, composed of medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) domains, has been implicated in regulating behavioral flexibility and anxiety-related behaviors and is considered a core component of the brain "anti-reward" system. These functions position the habenula to influence voluntary behaviors. Consistent with this view, emerging evidence points to alterations in habenula activity as important factors to contributing the loss of control over the use of drugs of abuse and the emergence of compulsive drug seeking behaviors. In this review, we will discuss the general functions of the MHb and LHb and describe how these functional properties allow this brain region to promote or suppress volitional behaviors. Then, we highlight mechanisms by which drugs of abuse may alter habenular activity, precipitating the emergence of addiction-relevant behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mathis
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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38
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Lekk I, Duboc V, Faro A, Nicolaou S, Blader P, Wilson SW. Sox1a mediates the ability of the parapineal to impart habenular left-right asymmetry. eLife 2019; 8:47376. [PMID: 31373552 PMCID: PMC6677535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-right asymmetries in the zebrafish habenular nuclei are dependent upon the formation of the parapineal, a unilateral group of neurons that arise from the medially positioned pineal complex. In this study, we show that both the left and right habenula are competent to adopt left-type molecular character and efferent connectivity upon the presence of only a few parapineal cells. This ability to impart left-sided character is lost in parapineal cells lacking Sox1a function, despite the normal specification of the parapineal itself. Precisely timed laser ablation experiments demonstrate that the parapineal influences neurogenesis in the left habenula at early developmental stages as well as neurotransmitter phenotype and efferent connectivity during subsequent stages of habenular differentiation. These results reveal a tight coordination between the formation of the unilateral parapineal nucleus and emergence of asymmetric habenulae, ensuring that appropriate lateralised character is propagated within left and right-sided circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lekk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Véronique Duboc
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (FR 3743), Centre de Biologie du Développement (UMR5547), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | - Ana Faro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanos Nicolaou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Blader
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (FR 3743), Centre de Biologie du Développement (UMR5547), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephen W Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Campinho MA. Teleost Metamorphosis: The Role of Thyroid Hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:383. [PMID: 31258515 PMCID: PMC6587363 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In most teleosts, metamorphosis encompasses a dramatic post-natal developmental process where the free-swimming larvae undergo a series of morphological, cellular and physiological changes that enable the larvae to become a fully formed, albeit sexually immature, juvenile fish. In all teleosts studied to date thyroid hormones (TH) drive metamorphosis, being the necessary and sufficient factors behind this developmental transition. During metamorphosis, negative regulation of thyrotropin by thyroxine (T4) is relaxed allowing higher whole-body levels of T4 that enable specific responses at the tissue/cellular level. Higher local thyroid cellular signaling leads to cell-specific responses that bring about localized developmental events. TH orchestrate in a spatial-temporal manner all local developmental changes so that in the end a fully functional organism arises. In bilateral teleost species, the most evident metamorphic morphological change underlies a transition to a more streamlined body. In the pleuronectiform lineage (flatfishes), these metamorphic morphological changes are more dramatic. The most evident is the migration of one eye to the opposite side of the head and the symmetric pelagic larva development into an asymmetric benthic juvenile. This transition encompasses a dramatic loss of the embryonic derived dorsal-ventral and left-right axis. The embryonic dorsal-ventral axis becomes the left-right axis, whereas the embryonic left-right axis becomes, irrespectively, the dorsal-ventral axis of the juvenile animal. This event is an unparalleled morphological change in vertebrate development and a remarkable display of the capacity of TH-signaling in shaping adaptation and evolution in teleosts. Notwithstanding all this knowledge, there are still fundamental questions in teleost metamorphosis left unanswered: how the central regulation of metamorphosis is achieved and the neuroendocrine network involved is unclear; the detailed cellular and molecular events that give rise to the developmental processes occurring during teleost metamorphosis are still mostly unknown. Also in flatfish, comparatively little is still known about the developmental processes behind asymmetric development. This review summarizes the current knowledge on teleost metamorphosis and explores the gaps that still need to be challenged.
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40
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Berretz G, Arning L, Gerding WM, Friedrich P, Fraenz C, Schlüter C, Epplen JT, Güntürkün O, Beste C, Genç E, Ocklenburg S. Structural Asymmetry in the Frontal and Temporal Lobes Is Associated with PCSK6 VNTR Polymorphism. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7765-7773. [PMID: 31115778 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nodal cascade influences the development of bodily asymmetries in humans and other vertebrates. The gene PCSK6 has shown a regulatory function during left-right axis formation and is therefore thought to influence bodily left-right asymmetries. However, it is not clear if variation in this gene is also associated with structural asymmetries in the brain. We genotyped an intronic 33bp PCSK6 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism that has been associated with handedness in a cohort of healthy adults. We acquired T1-weighted structural MRI images of 320 participants and defined cortical surface and thickness for each HCP region. The results demonstrate a significant association between PCSK6 VNTR genotypes and gray matter asymmetry in the superior temporal sulcus, which is involved in voice perception. Heterozygous individuals who carry a short (≤ 6 repeats) and a long (≥ 9 repeats) PCSK6 VNTR allele show stronger rightward asymmetry. Further associations were evident in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Here, individuals homozygous for short alleles show a more pronounced asymmetry. This shows that PCSK6, a gene that has been implicated in the ontogenesis of bodily asymmetries by regulating the nodal cascade, is also relevant for structural asymmetries in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Berretz
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wanda M Gerding
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Friedrich
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraenz
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline Schlüter
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg T Epplen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Faculty of Health, ZBAF, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erhan Genç
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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Luan SX, Zhang L, Wang R, Zhao H, Liu C. A resting-state study of volumetric and functional connectivity of the habenular nucleus in treatment-resistant depression patients. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01229. [PMID: 30806014 PMCID: PMC6456806 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the volumetric and functional connectivity of the habenular nucleus in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients using the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) approach. METHODS A total of 15 TRD patients, who visited the Mental Health Institute of the First Hospital Affiliated with Jilin University between August 2014 and March 2015, along with 15 normal subjects, were enrolled into this study for structural and functional imaging. Functional connectivity analysis was performed using bilateral habenular nuclei as the region of interest in contrast to whole-brain voxels. RESULTS No significant difference of absolute volume was found in bilateral habenular nuclei between TRD patients and healthy controls, or after controlling for individual total intracranial volume. However, functional connectivity analysis showed increased connectivity between the right habenular nucleus with the medial superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex and medial orbitofrontal gyrus, and decreased connectivity with the corpus callosum in the TRD group. For the left habenular nucleus seed, the brain region with increased functional connectivity in the inferior temporal gyrus and decreased functional connectivity in the insular was found in the TRD patients. CONCLUSION Abnormal functional connectivity was present between the habenular nucleus and the default mode network in TRD patients. Dysfunction in habenular nucleus-related circuitry for processing negative emotion might form the pathological basis for TRD. Significant asymmetric functional connectivity was also found between bilateral habenular nuclei in TRD patients. Such asymmetry suggests potentially divergent strategy for intervention on bilateral habenular nucleus regions in the future management of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xin Luan
- Department of Mental Health, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Mental Health, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Mental Health, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Chiral Neuronal Motility: The Missing Link between Molecular Chirality and Brain Asymmetry. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Left–right brain asymmetry is a fundamental property observed across phyla from invertebrates to humans, but the mechanisms underlying its formation are still largely unknown. Rapid progress in our knowledge of the formation of body asymmetry suggests that brain asymmetry might be controlled by the same mechanisms. However, most of the functional brain laterality, including language processing and handedness, does not share common mechanisms with visceral asymmetry. Accumulating evidence indicates that asymmetry is manifested as chirality at the single cellular level. In neurons, the growth cone filopodia at the tips of neurites exhibit a myosin V-dependent, left-helical, and right-screw rotation, which drives the clockwise circular growth of neurites on adhesive substrates. Here, I propose an alternative model for the formation of brain asymmetry that is based on chiral neuronal motility. According to this chiral neuron model, the molecular chirality of actin filaments and myosin motors is converted into chiral neuronal motility, which is in turn transformed into the left–right asymmetry of neural circuits and lateralized brain functions. I also introduce automated, numerical, and quantitative methods to analyze the chirality and the left–right asymmetry that would enable the efficient testing of the model and to accelerate future investigations in this field.
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Developmental Requirement of Homeoprotein Otx2 for Specific Habenulo-Interpeduncular Subcircuits. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1005-1019. [PMID: 30593496 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1818-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The habenulo-interpeduncular system (HIPS) is now recognized as a critical circuit modulating aversion, reward, and social behavior. There is evidence that dysfunction of this circuit leads to psychiatric disorders. Because psychiatric diseases may originate in developmental abnormalities, it is crucial to investigate the developmental mechanisms controlling the formation of the HIPS. Thus far, this issue has been the focus of limited studies. Here, we explored the developmental processes underlying the formation of the medial habenula (MHb) and its unique output, the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), in mice independently of their gender. We report that the Otx2 homeobox gene is essential for the proper development of both structures. We show that MHb and IPN neurons require Otx2 at different developmental stages and, in both cases, Otx2 deletion leads to disruption of HIPS subcircuits. Finally, we show that Otx2+ neurons tend to be preferentially interconnected. This study reveals that synaptically connected components of the HIPS, despite radically different developmental strategies, share high sensitivity to Otx2 expression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brain reward circuits are highly complex and still poorly understood. In particular, it is important to understand how these circuits form as many psychiatric diseases may arise from their abnormal development. This work shows that Otx2, a critical evolutionary conserved gene implicated in brain development and a predisposing factor for psychiatric diseases, is required for the formation of the habenulo-interpeduncular system (HIPS), an important component of the reward circuit. Otx2 deletion affects multiple processes such as proliferation and migration of HIPS neurons. Furthermore, neurons expressing Otx2 are preferentially interconnected. Therefore, Otx2 expression may represent a code that specifies the connectivity of functional subunits of the HIPS. Importantly, the Otx2 conditional knock-out animals used in this study might represent a new genetic model of psychiatric diseases.
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Lateralized expression of left-right axis formation genes is shared by adult brains of lefty and righty scale-eating cichlids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 28:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lee C, Lee S, Woo C, Kang SJ, Kim Kwon Y, Shin KS. Differential regulation of neuronal excitability by nicotine and substance P in subdivisions of the medial habenula. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:165-171. [PMID: 30460094 PMCID: PMC6138320 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1456485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial habenula (MHb) plays an important role in nicotine-related behaviors, such as aversion and withdrawal. The MHb is composed of distinct subregions with unique neurotransmitter expression and neuronal connectivity. Here, we showed that nicotine and substance P (SP) differentially regulate neuronal excitability in subdivisions of the MHb (ventrolateral division, MHbVL; dorsal division; MHbD and superior division: MHbS). Nicotine remarkably increased spontaneous neuronal firing in the MHbVL and MHbD, but not in the MHbS, which was consistent with different magnitudes of whole-cell inward currents evoked by nicotine in each subdivision. Meanwhile, SP enhanced neuronal excitability in the MHbVL and MHbS. Although the MHbD is composed of SP-expressing neurons, they did not respond to SP. Neurons in the MHbVL increased their firing in response to bath-applied nicotine, which was attenuated by neurokinin receptor antagonists. Furthermore, nicotine addiction and withdrawal attenuated and augmented excitatory SP effects in the MHbVL, respectively. On the whole, we suggest that MHb-involving nicotine-related behaviors might be associated with SP signaling in MHb subdivisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwoo Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonje Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsu Woo
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Jung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Kim Kwon
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soon Shin
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Salaberry NL, Hamm H, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP, Mendoza J. A suprachiasmatic-independent circadian clock(s) in the habenula is affected by Per gene mutations and housing light conditions in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:19-31. [PMID: 30242505 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For many years, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was considered as the unique circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Currently, it is known that other brain areas are able to oscillate in a circadian manner. However, many of them are dependent on, or synchronized by, the SCN. The Habenula (Hb), localized in the epithalamus, is a key nucleus for the regulation of monoamine activity (dopamine, serotonin) and presents circadian features; nonetheless, the clock properties of the Hb are not fully described. Here, we report, first, circadian expression of clock genes in the lateral habenula (LHb) under constant darkness (DD) condition in wild-type mice which is disturbed in double Per1-/--Per2Brdm1 clock-mutant mice. Second, using Per2::luciferase transgenic mice, we observed a self-sustained oscillatory ability (PER2::LUCIFERASE bioluminescence rhythmicity) in the rostral and caudal part of the Hb of arrhythmic SCN-ablated animals. Finally, in Per2::luciferase mice exposed to different lighting conditions (light-dark, constant darkness or constant light), the period or amplitude of PER2 oscillations, in both the rostral and caudal Hb, were similar. However, under DD condition or from SCN-lesioned mice, these two Hb regions were out of phase, suggesting an uncoupling of two putative Hb oscillators. Altogether, these results suggest that an autonomous clock in the rostral and caudal part of the Hb requires integrity of circadian genes to tick, and light information or SCN innervation to keep synchrony. The relevance of the Hb timing might reside in the regulation of circadian functions linked to motivational (reward) and emotional (mood) processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Salaberry
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR-3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Hamm
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR-3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR-3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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48
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Morona R, López JM, Northcutt RG, González A. Regional chemoarchitecture of the brain of lungfishes based on calbindin D-28K and calretinin immunohistochemistry. J Comp Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29520817 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lungfishes are the closest living relatives of land vertebrates, and their neuroanatomical organization is particularly relevant for deducing the neural traits that have been conserved, modified, or lost with the transition from fishes to land vertebrates. The immunohistochemical localization of calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR) provides a powerful method for discerning segregated neuronal populations, fiber tracts, and neuropils and is here applied to the brains of Neoceratodus and Protopterus, representing the two extant orders of lungfishes. The results showed abundant cells containing these proteins in pallial and subpallial telencephalic regions, with particular distinct distribution in the basal ganglia, amygdaloid complex, and septum. Similarly, the distribution of CB and CR containing cells supports the division of the hypothalamus of lungfishes into neuromeric regions, as in tetrapods. The dense concentrations of CB and CR positive cells and fibers highlight the extent of the thalamus. As in other vertebrates, the optic tectum is characterized by numerous CB positive cells and fibers and smaller numbers of CR cells. The so-called cerebellar nucleus contains abundant CB and CR cells with long ascending axons, which raises the possibility that it could be homologized to the secondary gustatory nucleus of other vertebrates. The corpus of the cerebellum is devoid of CB and CR and cells positive for both proteins are found in the cerebellar auricles and the octavolateralis nuclei. Comparison with other vertebrates reveals that lungfishes share most of their features of calcium binding protein distribution with amphibians, particularly with salamanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | - R Glenn Northcutt
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, , University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
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Fakhoury M. The dorsal diencephalic conduction system in reward processing: Spotlight on the anatomy and functions of the habenular complex. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:115-126. [PMID: 29684476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal diencephalic conduction system (DDC) is a highly conserved pathway in vertebrates that provides a route for the neural information to flow from forebrain to midbrain structures. It contains the bilaterally paired habenular nuclei along with two fiber tracts, the stria medullaris and the fasciculus retroflexus. The habenula is the principal player in mediating the dialogue between forebrain and midbrain regions, and functional abnormalities in this structure have often been attributed to pathologies like mood disorders and substance use disorder. Following Matsumoto and Hikosaka seminal work on the lateral habenula as a source of negative reward signals, the last decade has witnessed a great surge of interest in the role of the DDC in reward-related processes. However, despite significant progress in research, much work remains to unfold the behavioral functions of this intriguing, yet complex, pathway. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the DDC with respect to its anatomy, connectivity, and functions in reward and aversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fakhoury
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C3J7, Canada.
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50
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Neurogenetic asymmetries in the catshark developing habenulae: mechanistic and evolutionary implications. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4616. [PMID: 29545638 PMCID: PMC5854604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the establishment of epithalamic asymmetry in two non-conventional model organisms, a cartilaginous fish and a lamprey, has suggested that an essential role of Nodal signalling, likely to be ancestral in vertebrates, may have been largely lost in zebrafish. In order to decipher the cellular mechanisms underlying this divergence, we have characterised neurogenetic asymmetries during habenular development in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula and addressed the mechanism involved in this process. As in zebrafish, neuronal differentiation starts earlier on the left side in the catshark habenulae, suggesting the conservation of a temporal regulation of neurogenesis. At later stages, marked, Alk4/5/7 dependent, size asymmetries having no clear counterparts in zebrafish also develop in neural progenitor territories, with a larger size of the proliferative, pseudostratified neuroepithelium, in the right habenula relative to the left one, but a higher cell number on the left of a more lateral, later formed population of neural progenitors. These data show that mechanisms resulting in an asymmetric, preferential maintenance of neural progenitors act both in the left and the right habenulae, on different cell populations. Such mechanisms may provide a substrate for quantitative variations accounting for the variability in size and laterality of habenular asymmetries across vertebrates.
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