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Haver HN, Scaglione KM. Dictyostelium discoideum as a Model for Investigating Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:759532. [PMID: 34776869 PMCID: PMC8578527 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.759532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a model organism that is used to investigate many cellular processes including chemotaxis, cell motility, cell differentiation, and human disease pathogenesis. While many single-cellular model systems lack homologs of human disease genes, Dictyostelium's genome encodes for many genes that are implicated in human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. Due to its short doubling time along with the powerful genetic tools that enable rapid genetic screening, and the ease of creating knockout cell lines, Dictyostelium is an attractive model organism for both interrogating the normal function of genes implicated in neurodegeneration and for determining pathogenic mechanisms that cause disease. Here we review the literature involving the use of Dictyostelium to interrogate genes implicated in neurodegeneration and highlight key questions that can be addressed using Dictyostelium as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N. Haver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - K. Matthew Scaglione
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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2
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Mole SE, Schulz A, Badoe E, Berkovic SF, de Los Reyes EC, Dulz S, Gissen P, Guelbert N, Lourenco CM, Mason HL, Mink JW, Murphy N, Nickel M, Olaya JE, Scarpa M, Scheffer IE, Simonati A, Specchio N, Von Löbbecke I, Wang RY, Williams RE. Guidelines on the diagnosis, clinical assessments, treatment and management for CLN2 disease patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:185. [PMID: 33882967 PMCID: PMC8059011 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CLN2 disease (Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Type 2) is an ultra-rare, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease, caused by an enzyme deficiency of tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1). Lack of disease awareness and the non-specificity of presenting symptoms often leads to delayed diagnosis. These guidelines provide robust evidence-based, expert-agreed recommendations on the risks/benefits of disease-modifying treatments and the medical interventions used to manage this condition. Methods An expert mapping tool process was developed ranking multidisciplinary professionals, with knowledge of CLN2 disease, diagnostic or management experience of CLN2 disease, or family support professionals. Individuals were sequentially approached to identify two chairs, ensuring that the process was transparent and unbiased. A systematic literature review of published evidence using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance was independently and simultaneously conducted to develop key statements based upon the strength of the publications. Clinical care statements formed the basis of an international modified Delphi consensus determination process using the virtual meeting (Within3) online platform which requested experts to agree or disagree with any changes. Statements reaching the consensus mark became the guiding statements within this manuscript, which were subsequently assessed against the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREEII) criteria. Results Twenty-one international experts from 7 different specialities, including a patient advocate, were identified. Fifty-three guideline statements were developed covering 13 domains: General Description and Statements, Diagnostics, Clinical Recommendations and Management, Assessments, Interventions and Treatment, Additional Care Considerations, Social Care Considerations, Pain Management, Epilepsy / Seizures, Nutritional Care Interventions, Respiratory Health, Sleep and Rest, and End of Life Care. Consensus was reached after a single round of voting, with one exception which was revised, and agreed by 100% of the SC and achieved 80% consensus in the second voting round. The overall AGREE II assessment score obtained for the development of the guidelines was 5.7 (where 1 represents the lowest quality, and 7 represents the highest quality). Conclusion This program provides robust evidence- and consensus-driven guidelines that can be used by all healthcare professionals involved in the management of patients with CLN2 disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. This addresses the clinical need to complement other information available. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01813-5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Schulz
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eben Badoe
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Austin Health Victoria, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Simon Dulz
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Gissen
- University College London, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Charles M Lourenco
- Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Riberirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Jonathan W Mink
- Golisano Childrens' Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Noreen Murphy
- Batten Disease Support and Research Association (BDSRA), Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Miriam Nickel
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joffre E Olaya
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange County, CA, USA
| | - Maurizio Scarpa
- Regional Coordinating Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Austin Health Victoria, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Raymond Y Wang
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange County, CA, USA
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Pesaola F, Guelbert G, Venier AC, Cismondi IA, Becerra A, Vazquez JCG, Fernandez E, De Paul AL, Guelbert N, Noher I. “Atypical” Phenotypes of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis: The Argentine Experience in the Genomic Era. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Favio Pesaola
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Guelbert
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Hospital de Niños de la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Venier
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Argentina
| | - Inés Adriana Cismondi
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Becerra
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Hospital de Niños de la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ana Lucia De Paul
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Norberto Guelbert
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Argentina
| | - Inés Noher
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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Chakrabarti S, Chandra S, Roy A, Dasarathi S, Kundu M, Pahan K. Upregulation of tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 by 3-hydroxy-(2,2)-dimethyl butyrate, a brain endogenous ligand of PPARα: Implications for late-infantile Batten disease therapy. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:362-373. [PMID: 30928643 PMCID: PMC6588492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The late-infantile Batten disease or late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the Cln2 gene leading to deficiency of lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1). At present, available options for this fatal disorder are enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy, which are extensively invasive and expensive. Our study demonstrates that 3-hydroxy-(2,2)-dimethyl butyrate (HDMB), a brain endogenous molecule, is capable of stimulating TPP1 expression and activity in mouse primary astrocytes and a neuronal cell line. HDMB activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), which, by forming heterodimer with Retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα), transcriptionally upregulated the Cln2 gene. Moreover, by using primary astrocytes from wild type, PPARα-/- and PPARβ-/- mice, we demonstrated that HDMB specifically required PPARα for inducing TPP1 expression. Finally, oral administration of HDMB to Cln2 heterozygous (Cln2+/-) mice led to a marked upregulation of TPP1 expression in the motor cortex and striatum in a PPARα-dependent fashion. Our study suggests that HDMB, a brain endogenous ligand of PPARα, might have therapeutic importance for LINCL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakrabarti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sujyoti Chandra
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Madhuchhanda Kundu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA; Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.
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Sheth J, Mistri M, Bhavsar R, Pancholi D, Kamate M, Gupta N, Kabra M, Mehta S, Nampoothiri S, Thakker A, Jain V, Shah R, Sheth F. Batten disease: biochemical and molecular characterization revealing novel PPT1 and TPP1 gene mutations in Indian patients. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:203. [PMID: 30541466 PMCID: PMC6292089 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses type I and type II (NCL1 and NCL2) also known as Batten disease are the commonly observed neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the PPT1 and TPP1 genes respectively. Till date, nearly 76 mutations in PPT1 and approximately 140 mutations, including large deletion/duplications, in TPP1 genes have been reported in the literature. The present study includes 34 unrelated Indian patients (12 females and 22 males) having epilepsy, visual impairment, cerebral atrophy, and cerebellar atrophy. Methods The biochemical investigation involved measuring the palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 and tripeptidy peptidase l enzyme activity from the leukocytes. Based on the biochemical analysis all patients were screened for variations in either PPT1 gene or TPP1 gene using bidirectional Sanger sequencing. In cases where Sanger sequencing results was uninformative Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification technique was employed. The online tools performed the protein homology modeling and orthologous conservation of the novel variants. Results Out of 34 patients analyzed, the biochemical assay confirmed 12 patients with NCL1 and 22 patients with NCL2. Molecular analysis of PPT1 gene in NCL1 patients revealed three known mutations (p.Val181Met, p.Asn110Ser, and p.Trp186Ter) and four novel variants (p.Glu178Asnfs*13, p.Pro238Leu, p.Cys45Arg, and p.Val236Gly). In the case of NCL2 patients, the TPP1 gene analysis identified seven known mutations and eight novel variants. Overall these 15 variants comprised seven missense variants (p.Met345Leu, p.Arg339Trp, p.Arg339Gln, p.Arg206Cys, p.Asn286Ser, p.Arg152Ser, p.Tyr459Ser), four frameshift variants (p.Ser62Argfs*19, p.Ser153Profs*19, p.Phe230Serfs*28, p.Ile484Aspfs*7), three nonsense variants (p.Phe516*, p.Arg208*, p.Tyr157*) and one intronic variant (g.2023_2024insT). No large deletion/duplication was identified in three NCL1 patients where Sanger sequencing study was normal. Conclusion The given study reports 34 patients with Batten disease. In addition, the study contributes four novel variants to the spectrum of PPT1 gene mutations and eight novel variants to the TPP1 gene mutation data. The novel pathogenic variant p.Pro238Leu occurred most commonly in the NCL1 cohort while the occurrence of a known pathogenic mutation p.Arg206Cys dominated in the NCL2 cohort. This study provides an insight into the molecular pathology of NCL1 and NCL2 disease for Indian origin patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12883-018-1206-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sheth
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380015, India.
| | - Mehul Mistri
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380015, India
| | - Riddhi Bhavsar
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380015, India
| | - Dhairya Pancholi
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380015, India
| | - Mahesh Kamate
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, KLES Prabhakar Kore Hospital, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Division of Genetics (Pediatrics), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Division of Genetics (Pediatrics), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sanjiv Mehta
- Usha-Deep Children Neurology and Epilepsy clinic, Ahmedabad, 380014, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Arpita Thakker
- Department of Neurology, Lokmanya Tilak Medical College, Sion Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400022, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Neurology, Santokba Durlabhji Hospital, Jaipur, 302015, Rajasthan, India
| | - Raju Shah
- Ankur Neonatal Nursery, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Frenny Sheth
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380015, India
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Ghosh A, Rangasamy SB, Modi KK, Pahan K. Gemfibrozil, food and drug administration-approved lipid-lowering drug, increases longevity in mouse model of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Neurochem 2017; 141:423-435. [PMID: 28199020 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the Cln2 gene that leads to deficiency or loss of function of the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) enzyme. TPP1 deficiency is known to cause the accumulation of autofluoroscent lipid-protein pigments in brain. Similar to other neurodegenerative disorders, LINCL is also associated with neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Despite investigations, no effective therapy is currently available for LINCL. Therefore, we administered gemfibrozil (gem), an food and drug administration (FDA)-approved lipid-lowering drug, which has been shown to stimulate lysosomal biogenesis and induce anti-inflammation, orally, at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body wt/day to Cln2(-/-) mice. We observed that gem-fed Cln2(-/-) mice lived longer by more than 10 weeks and had better motor activity compared to vehicle (0.1% Methyl cellulose) treatment. Gem treatment lowered the burden of storage materials, increased anti-inflammatory factors like SOCS3 and IL-1Ra, up-regulated anti-apoptotic molecule like phospho-Bad, and reduced neuronal apoptosis in the brain of Cln2(-/-) mice. Collectively, this study reinforces a neuroprotective role of gem that may be of therapeutic interest in improving the quality of life in LINCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Ghosh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Suresh Babu Rangasamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Khushbu K Modi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Katz ML, Tecedor L, Chen Y, Williamson BG, Lysenko E, Wininger FA, Young WM, Johnson GC, Whiting REH, Coates JR, Davidson BL. AAV gene transfer delays disease onset in a TPP1-deficient canine model of the late infantile form of Batten disease. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:313ra180. [PMID: 26560358 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac6191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of the childhood neurodegenerative disease late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (also called Batten disease) is caused by deficiency of the soluble lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) resulting from mutations in the TPP1 gene. We tested whether TPP1 gene transfer to the ependyma, the epithelial lining of the brain ventricular system, in TPP1-deficient dogs would be therapeutically beneficial. A one-time administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) expressing canine TPP1 (rAAV.caTPP1) resulted in high expression of TPP1 predominantly in ependymal cells and secretion of the enzyme into the cerebrospinal fluid leading to clinical benefit. Diseased dogs treated with rAAV.caTPP1 showed delays in onset of clinical signs and disease progression, protection from cognitive decline, and extension of life span. By immunostaining and enzyme assay, recombinant protein was evident throughout the brain and spinal cord, with correction of the neuropathology characteristic of the disease. This study in a naturally occurring canine model of TPP1 deficiency highlights the utility of AAV transduction of ventricular lining cells to accomplish stable secretion of recombinant protein for broad distribution in the central nervous system and therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Katz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Luis Tecedor
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yonghong Chen
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Baye G Williamson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Elena Lysenko
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fred A Wininger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Whitney M Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Gayle C Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Rebecca E H Whiting
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Joan R Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Fietz M, AlSayed M, Burke D, Cohen-Pfeffer J, Cooper JD, Dvořáková L, Giugliani R, Izzo E, Jahnová H, Lukacs Z, Mole SE, Noher de Halac I, Pearce DA, Poupetova H, Schulz A, Specchio N, Xin W, Miller N. Diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2 disease): Expert recommendations for early detection and laboratory diagnosis. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:160-7. [PMID: 27553878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a heterogeneous group of lysosomal storage disorders. NCLs include the rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2) disease, caused by mutations in the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1)/CLN2 gene and the resulting TPP1 enzyme deficiency. CLN2 disease most commonly presents with seizures and/or ataxia in the late-infantile period (ages 2-4), often in combination with a history of language delay, followed by progressive childhood dementia, motor and visual deterioration, and early death. Atypical phenotypes are characterized by later onset and, in some instances, longer life expectancies. Early diagnosis is important to optimize clinical care and improve outcomes; however, currently, delays in diagnosis are common due to low disease awareness, nonspecific clinical presentation, and limited access to diagnostic testing in some regions. In May 2015, international experts met to recommend best laboratory practices for early diagnosis of CLN2 disease. When clinical signs suggest an NCL, TPP1 enzyme activity should be among the first tests performed (together with the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase enzyme activity assay to rule out CLN1 disease). However, reaching an initial suspicion of an NCL or CLN2 disease can be challenging; thus, use of an epilepsy gene panel for investigation of unexplained seizures in the late-infantile/childhood ages is encouraged. To confirm clinical suspicion of CLN2 disease, the recommended gold standard for laboratory diagnosis is demonstration of deficient TPP1 enzyme activity (in leukocytes, fibroblasts, or dried blood spots) and the identification of causative mutations in each allele of the TPP1/CLN2 gene. When it is not possible to perform both analyses, either demonstration of a) deficient TPP1 enzyme activity in leukocytes or fibroblasts, or b) detection of two pathogenic mutations in trans is diagnostic for CLN2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fietz
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Moeenaldeen AlSayed
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alfaisal University, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Derek Burke
- Chemical Pathology, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lenka Dvořáková
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Department of Genetics, UFRGS, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Helena Jahnová
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltan Lukacs
- Newborn Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics Unit, Hamburg University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ines Noher de Halac
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and National Research Council-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - David A Pearce
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Helena Poupetova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Schulz
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Winnie Xin
- Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Geraets RD, Koh SY, Hastings ML, Kielian T, Pearce DA, Weimer JM. Moving towards effective therapeutic strategies for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:40. [PMID: 27083890 PMCID: PMC4833901 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders that annually affect 1:100,000 live births worldwide. This family of diseases results from mutations in one of 14 different genes that share common clinical and pathological etiologies. Clinically, the diseases are subcategorized into infantile, late-infantile, juvenile and adult forms based on their age of onset. Though the disease phenotypes may vary in their age and order of presentation, all typically include progressive visual deterioration and blindness, cognitive impairment, motor deficits and seizures. Pathological hallmarks of NCLs include the accumulation of storage material or ceroid in the lysosome, progressive neuronal degeneration and massive glial activation. Advances have been made in genetic diagnosis and counseling for families. However, comprehensive treatment programs that delay or halt disease progression have been elusive. Current disease management is primarily targeted at controlling the symptoms rather than "curing" the disease. Recognizing the growing need for transparency and synergistic efforts to move the field forward, this review will provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches currently being pursued in preclinical and clinical trials to treat different forms of NCL as well as provide insight to novel therapeutic approaches in development for the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Geraets
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Seung yon Koh
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Michelle L. Hastings
- />Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- />Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - David A. Pearce
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
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10
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Cooper JD, Tarczyluk MA, Nelvagal HR. Towards a new understanding of NCL pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2256-61. [PMID: 26026924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, Batten disease) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that have been traditionally grouped together on the basis of certain shared clinical and pathological features. However, as the number of genes that appear to cause new forms of NCL continues to grow, it is timely to reassess our understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders and what groups them together. The various NCL subtypes do indeed share features of a build-up of autofluorescent storage material, progressive neuron loss and activation of the innate immune system. The characterisation of animal models has highlighted the selective nature of neuron loss and its intimate relationship with glial activation, rather than the generalised build-up of storage material. More recent data provide evidence for the pathway-dependent nature of pathology, the contribution of glial dysfunction, and the involvement of new brain regions previously thought to be unaffected, and it is becoming apparent that pathology extends beyond the brain. These data have important implications, not just for therapy, but also for our understanding of these disorders. However, looking beneath these broadly similar pathological themes evidence emerges for marked differences in the nature and extent of these events in different forms of NCL. Indeed, given the widely different nature of the mutated gene products it is perhaps more surprising that these disorders resemble each other as much as they do. Such data raise the question whether we should rethink the collective grouping of these gene deficiencies together, or whether it would be better to consider them as separate entities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Marta A Tarczyluk
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hemanth R Nelvagal
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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11
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Kohan R, Pesaola F, Guelbert N, Pons P, Oller-Ramírez AM, Rautenberg G, Becerra A, Sims K, Xin W, Cismondi IA, Noher de Halac I. The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses program: A translational research experience in Argentina. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2301-11. [PMID: 25976102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Argentinean program was initiated more than a decade ago as the first experience of systematic translational research focused on NCL in Latin America. The aim was to overcome misdiagnoses and underdiagnoses in the region. SUBJECTS 216 NCL suspected individuals from 8 different countries and their direct family members. METHODS Clinical assessment, enzyme testing, electron microscopy, and DNA screening. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1) The study confirmed NCL disease in 122 subjects. Phenotypic studies comprised epileptic seizures and movement disorders, ophthalmology, neurophysiology, image analysis, rating scales, enzyme testing, and electron microscopy, carried out under a consensus algorithm; 2) DNA screening and validation of mutations in genes PPT1 (CLN1), TPP1 (CLN2), CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, MFSD8 (CLN7), and CLN8: characterization of variant types, novel/known mutations and polymorphisms; 3) Progress of the epidemiological picture in Latin America; and 4) NCL-like pathology studies in progress. The Translational Research Program was highly efficient in addressing the misdiagnosis/underdiagnosis in the NCL disorders. The study of "orphan diseases" in a public administrated hospital should be adopted by the health systems, as it positively impacts upon the family's quality of life, the collection of epidemiological data, and triggers research advances. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kohan
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Favio Pesaola
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ CABA, Argentina.
| | - Norberto Guelbert
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Pons
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Enrique Barros, 1º piso, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Ana María Oller-Ramírez
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Gisela Rautenberg
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Becerra
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Katherine Sims
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurology Department, Center for Genetic Research [CHGR], Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Winnie Xin
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurology Department, Center for Genetic Research [CHGR], Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Inés Adriana Cismondi
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Inés Noher de Halac
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, 5014 Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ CABA, Argentina.
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Phillips JE, Gomer RH. Partial genetic suppression of a loss-of-function mutant of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-associated protease TPP1 in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dis Model Mech 2014; 8:147-56. [PMID: 25540127 PMCID: PMC4314780 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the most common childhood-onset neurodegenerative disease. NCL is inevitably fatal, and there is currently no treatment available. Children with NCL show a progressive decline in movement, vision and mental abilities, and an accumulation of autofluorescent deposits in neurons and other cell types. Late-infantile NCL is caused by mutations in the lysosomal protease tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1). TPP1 cleaves tripeptides from the N-terminus of proteins in vitro, but little is known about the physiological function of TPP1. TPP1 shows wide conservation in vertebrates but it is not found in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we characterize ddTpp1, a TPP1 ortholog present in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Lysates from cells lacking ddTpp1 show a reduced but not abolished ability to cleave a TPP1 substrate, suggesting that other Dictyostelium enzymes can perform this cleavage. ddTpp1 and human TPP1 localize to the lysosome in Dictyostelium, indicating conserved function and trafficking. Cells that lack ddTpp1 show precocious multicellular development and a reduced ability to form spores during development. When cultured in autophagy-stimulating conditions, cells lacking ddTpp1 rapidly decrease in size and are less viable than wild-type cells, suggesting that one function of ddTpp1 could be to limit autophagy. Cells that lack ddTpp1 exhibit strongly impaired development in the presence of the lysosome-perturbing drug chloroquine, and this phenotype can be suppressed through a secondary mutation in the gene that we name suppressor of tpp1− A (stpA), which encodes a protein with some similarity to mammalian oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBPs). Taken together, these results suggest that targeting specific proteins could be a viable way to suppress the effects of loss of TPP1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Phillips
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA.
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13
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Whiting RE, Narfström K, Yao G, Pearce JW, Coates JR, Castaner LJ, Jensen CA, Dougherty BN, Vuillemenot BR, Kennedy D, O'Neill CA, Katz ML. Enzyme replacement therapy delays pupillary light reflex deficits in a canine model of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Vuillemenot BR, Kennedy D, Reed RP, Boyd RB, Butt MT, Musson DG, Keve S, Cahayag R, Tsuruda LS, O'Neill CA. Recombinant human tripeptidyl peptidase-1 infusion to the monkey CNS: Safety, pharmacokinetics, and distribution. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Bennett MJ, Rakheja D. The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 17:254-9. [PMID: 23798013 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL's, Batten disease) represent a group of severe neurodegenerative diseases, which mostly present in childhood. The phenotypes are similar and include visual loss, seizures, loss of motor and cognitive function, and early death. At autopsy, there is massive neuronal loss with characteristic storage in remaining neurons. Neurons appear to die because of increased rates of apoptosis and altered autophagy. Ten genes have been identified so far that result in an NCL (CLN1-10). The most common forms are CLN1, CLN2, and CLN3, which were previously known as Infantile, Late-Infantile, and Juvenile NCL's, respectively. CLN1 and CLN2 result from mutations in soluble lysosomal enzymes palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT) and tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), which can be measured in white blood cells for clinical diagnosis. Molecular diagnostic testing is routinely available for CLN1, CLN2, and CLN3. Sequencing of other NCL genes may be required to establish a diagnosis when the common forms are ruled out. The pathogenesis of NCL neuronal loss resulting from loss of function of any of the NCL gene products remains unknown and no treatment options are presently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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16
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Miller JN, Chan CH, Pearce DA. The role of nonsense-mediated decay in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2723-34. [PMID: 23539563 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), commonly referred to as Batten disease, is a group of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative diseases of childhood characterized by seizures, blindness, motor and cognitive decline and premature death. Currently, there are over 400 known mutations in 14 different genes, leading to five overlapping clinical variants of NCL. A large portion of these mutations lead to premature stop codons (PTCs) and are predicted to predispose mRNA transcripts to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Nonsense-mediated decay is associated with a number of other genetic diseases and is an important regulator of disease pathogenesis. We contend that NMD targets PTCs in NCL gene transcripts for degradation. A number of PTC mutations in CLN1, CLN2 and CLN3 lead to a significant decrease in mRNA transcripts and a corresponding decrease in protein levels and function in patient-derived lymphoblast cell lines. Inhibiting NMD leads to an increased transcript level, and where protein function is known, increased activity. Treatment with read-through drugs also leads to increased protein function. Thus, NMD provides a promising therapeutic target that would allow read-through of transcripts to enhance protein function and possibly ameliorate Batten disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake N Miller
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
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17
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Getty AL, Rothberg PG, Pearce DA. Diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: mutation detection strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:351-62. [PMID: 23489355 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of rare genetically inherited neurodegenerative disorders in children. These diseases are classified by age of onset (congenital, infantile, late-infantile, juvenile and adult-onset) and by the gene bearing mutations (CLN10/CTSD, CLN1/PPT1, CLN2/TPP1, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN7/MFSD8 and CLN8). Enzyme activity assays are helpful in identifying several of these disorders; however confirmation of the mutation in the gene causing these diseases is vital for definitive diagnosis. There exists considerable heterogeneity in the NCLs as a whole and within each type of NCL both in phenotype (disease manifestation and progression) and genotype (type of mutation), which complicates NCL diagnosis. In order to streamline the diagnostic process, the age of symptom onset, geography and/or ethnicity, and enzyme activity may be considered together. However, these ultimately serve to guide targeting the correct route to genetic confirmation of an NCL through mutational analysis. Herein, an effective protocol to diagnose NCLs using these criteria is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Getty
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Neural Development and Disease, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Box 645, Rochester, New York 14642, USA +1 585 506 1972 ;
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18
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Kohan R, Noelia Carabelos M, Xin W, Sims K, Guelbert N, Adriana Cismondi I, Pons P, Alonso GI, Troncoso M, Witting S, Pearce DA, de Kremer RD, Oller-Ramírez AM, de Halac IN. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type CLN2: a new rationale for the construction of phenotypic subgroups based on a survey of 25 cases in South America. Gene 2013; 516:114-21. [PMID: 23266810 PMCID: PMC3855401 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 (TPP1) null or residual activity occurs in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) with underlying TPP1/CLN2 mutations. A survey of 25 South American CLN2 affected individuals enabled the differentiation of two phenotypes: classical late-infantile and variant juvenile, each in approximately 50% of patients, with residual TPP1 activity occurring in approximately 32%. Each individual was assigned to one of three subgroups: (I) n=11, null TPP1 activity in leukocytes; (II) n=8, residual TPP1 activity of 0.60-15.85 nmol/h/mg (nr 110-476); (III) n=6, activity not measured in leukocytes. Curvilinear bodies (CB) appeared in almost all studied CLN2 subjects; the only exceptions occurred in cases of subgroup II: two individuals had combined CBs/fingerprints (FPs), and one case had pure FPs. There were 15 mutations (4 first published in this paper, 3 previously observed in South America by our group, and 8 previously observed by others). In subgroup I, mutations were either missense or nonsense; in subgroups II and III, mutations prevailed at the non-conserved intronic site, c.887-10A>G (intron 7), and to a lesser extent at c.89+5G>C (intron 2), in heterozygous combinations. Grouping phenotypically and genetically known individuals on the basis of TPP1 activity supported the concept that residual enzyme activity underlies a protracted disease course. The prevalence of intronic mutations at non-conserved sites in subgroup II individuals indicates that some alternative splicing might allow some residual TPP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kohan
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Haya de la Torre s/n, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
- Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología (SECyT), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Juan Filloy s/n, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Noelia Carabelos
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Winnie Xin
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Simches Research Building, 5 300, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachussets 02114, USA
| | - Katherine Sims
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Simches Research Building, 5 300, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachussets 02114, USA
| | - Norberto Guelbert
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Inés Adriana Cismondi
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
- Massachussets General Hospital, Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Simches Research Building, 5 300, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachussets 02114, USA
| | - Patricia Pons
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Enrique Barros, 1° piso, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela Irene Alonso
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mónica Troncoso
- Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil. Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, Santiago, Chile
| | - Scarlet Witting
- Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil. Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Avenida Santa Rosa 1234, Santiago, Chile
| | - David A. Pearce
- Sanford Childrens Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Raquel Dodelson de Kremer
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana María Oller-Ramírez
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Inés Noher de Halac
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ferroviarios 1250, (5014) Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ CABA, Argentina
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Different molecular mechanisms involved in spontaneous and oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in tripeptidyl peptidase-1 (TPP-1)-deficient fibroblasts. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:e00023. [PMID: 23249249 PMCID: PMC3566540 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NCLs (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses) form a group of eight inherited autosomal recessive diseases characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent pigments, called ceroids. Recent data suggest that the pathogenesis of NCL is associated with the appearance of fragmented mitochondria with altered functions. However, even if an impairement in the autophagic pathway has often been evoked, the molecular mechanisms leading to mitochondrial fragmentation in response to a lysosomal dysfunction are still poorly understood. In this study, we show that fibroblasts that are deficient for the TPP-1 (tripeptidyl peptidase-1), a lysosomal hydrolase encoded by the gene mutated in the LINCL (late infantile NCL, CLN2 form) also exhibit a fragmented mitochondrial network. This morphological alteration is accompanied by an increase in the expression of the protein BNIP3 (Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3) as well as a decrease in the abundance of mitofusins 1 and 2, two proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion. Using RNAi (RNA interference) and quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial morphology, we show that the inhibition of BNIP3 expression does not result in an increase in the reticulation of the mitochondrial population in LINCL cells. However, this protein seems to play a key role in cell response to mitochondrial oxidative stress as it sensitizes mitochondria to antimycin A-induced fragmentation. To our knowledge, our results bring the first evidence of a mechanism that links TPP-1 deficiency and oxidative stress-induced changes in mitochondrial morphology.
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Ghosh A, Corbett GT, Gonzalez FJ, Pahan K. Gemfibrozil and fenofibrate, Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid-lowering drugs, up-regulate tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 in brain cells via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α: implications for late infantile Batten disease therapy. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38922-35. [PMID: 22989886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.365148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCLs) is an autosomal recessive disease, where the defective gene is Cln2, encoding tripeptidyl-peptidase I (TPP1). At the molecular level, LINCL is caused by accumulation of autofluorescent storage materials in neurons and other cell types. Currently, there is no established treatment for this fatal disease. This study reveals a novel use of gemfibrozil and fenofibrate, Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid-lowering drugs, in up-regulating TPP1 in brain cells. Both gemfibrozil and fenofibrate up-regulated mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity of TPP1 in primary mouse neurons and astrocytes as well as human astrocytes and neuronal cells. Because gemfibrozil and fenofibrate are known to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), the role of PPARα in gemfibrozil- and fenofibrate-mediated up-regulation of TPP1 was investigated revealing that both drugs up-regulated TPP1 mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity both in vitro and in vivo in wild type (WT) and PPARβ(-/-), but not PPARα(-/-), mice. In an attempt to delineate the mechanism of TPP1 up-regulation, it was found that the effects of the fibrate drugs were abrogated in the absence of retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα), a molecule known to form a heterodimer with PPARα. Accordingly, all-trans-retinoic acid, alone or together with gemfibrozil, up-regulated TPP1. Co-immunoprecipitation and ChIP studies revealed the formation of a PPARα/RXRα heterodimer and binding of the heterodimer to an RXR-binding site on the Cln2 promoter. Together, this study demonstrates a unique mechanism for the up-regulation of TPP1 by fibrate drugs via PPARα/RXRα pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Ghosh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Tripeptidil peptidasa 1 en pacientes con ceroidolipofuscinosis neuronal infantil tardía. An Pediatr (Barc) 2012; 76:148-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kousi M, Lehesjoki AE, Mole SE. Update of the mutation spectrum and clinical correlations of over 360 mutations in eight genes that underlie the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:42-63. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yasir M, Pachikara ND, Bao X, Pan Z, Fan H. Regulation of chlamydial infection by host autophagy and vacuolar ATPase-bearing organelles. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4019-28. [PMID: 21807906 PMCID: PMC3187247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05308-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As arguably the most successful parasite, Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterium replicating inside a vacuole of eukaryotic host cells. The chlamydial vacuole does not fuse with the defense cell organelle lysosome. We previously showed that chlamydial infection increases markers of autophagy, an innate antimicrobial activity requiring lysosomal function. However, the work presented here demonstrates that p62, an autophagy protein that is degraded in lysosomes, either remained unchanged or increased in chlamydia-infected human epithelial, mouse fibroblast, and mouse macrophage cell lines. In addition, the activities of three lysosomal enzymes analyzed were diminished in chlamydia-infected macrophages. Bafilomycin A1 (BafA), a specific inhibitor of vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) required for lysosomal function, increased the growth of the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (L2) in wild-type murine fibroblasts and macrophages but inhibited growth in the autophagy-deficient ATG5(-/-) fibroblasts. BafA exhibited only slight inhibition or no effect on L2 growth in multiple human genital epithelial cell lines. In contrast to L2, the mouse pathogen Chlamydia muridarum (MoPn) was consistently inhibited by BafA in all cell lines examined, regardless of species origin and autophagy status. Finally, L2 but not MoPn grew more efficiently in the ATG5(-/-) cells than in wild-type cells. These results suggest that there are two types of vATPase-bearing organelles that regulate chlamydial infection: one supports chlamydial infection, while the other plays a defensive role through autophagy when cells are artificially infected with certain chlamydiae that have not been adapted to the host species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zui Pan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Huizhou Fan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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Della Valle MC, Sleat DE, Zheng H, Moore DF, Jadot M, Lobel P. Classification of subcellular location by comparative proteomic analysis of native and density-shifted lysosomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.006403. [PMID: 21252268 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.006403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to the functional characterization of the lysosome lies in the use of proteomic methods to identify proteins in subcellular fractions enriched for this organelle. However, distinguishing between true lysosomal residents and proteins from other cofractionating organelles is challenging. To this end, we implemented a quantitative mass spectrometry approach based on the selective decrease in the buoyant density of liver lysosomes that occurs when animals are treated with Triton-WR1339. Liver lysosome-enriched preparations from control and treated rats were fractionated by isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Tryptic peptides derived from gradient fractions were reacted with isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation eight-plex labeling reagents and analyzed by two-dimensional liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS. Reporter ion intensities were used to generate relative protein distribution profiles across both types of gradients. A distribution index was calculated for each identified protein and used to determine a probability of lysosomal residence by quadratic discriminant analysis. This analysis suggests that several proteins assigned to the lysosome in other proteomics studies are not true lysosomal residents. Conversely, results support lysosomal residency for other proteins that are either not or only tentatively assigned to this location. The density shift for two proteins, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (MDR/TAP) member 6, was corroborated by quantitative Western blotting. Additional balance sheet analyses on differential centrifugation fractions revealed that Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase is predominantly cytosolic with a secondary lysosomal localization whereas ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (MDR/TAP) member 6 is predominantly lysosomal. These results establish a quantitative mass spectrometric/subcellular fractionation approach for identification of lysosomal proteins and underscore the necessity of balance sheet analysis for localization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Della Valle
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Kuizon S, DiMaiuta K, Walus M, Jenkins EC, Kuizon M, Kida E, Golabek AA, Espinoza DO, Pullarkat RK, Junaid MA. A critical tryptophan and Ca2+ in activation and catalysis of TPPI, the enzyme deficient in classic late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11929. [PMID: 20689811 PMCID: PMC2914745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tripeptidyl aminopeptidase I (TPPI) is a crucial lysosomal enzyme that is deficient in the fatal neurodegenerative disorder called classic late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL). It is involved in the catabolism of proteins in the lysosomes. Recent X-ray crystallographic studies have provided insights into the structural/functional aspects of TPPI catalysis, and indicated presence of an octahedrally coordinated Ca2+. Methodology Purified precursor and mature TPPI were used to study inhibition by NBS and EDTA using biochemical and immunological approaches. Site-directed mutagenesis with confocal imaging technique identified a critical W residue in TPPI activity, and the processing of precursor into mature enzyme. Principal Findings NBS is a potent inhibitor of the purified TPPI. In mammalian TPPI, W542 is critical for tripeptidyl peptidase activity as well as autocatalysis. Transfection studies have indicated that mutants of the TPPI that harbor residues other than W at position 542 have delayed processing, and are retained in the ER rather than transported to lysosomes. EDTA inhibits the autocatalytic processing of the precursor TPPI. Conclusions/Significance We propose that W542 and Ca2+ are critical for maintaining the proper tertiary structure of the precursor proprotein as well as the mature TPPI. Additionally, Ca2+ is necessary for the autocatalytic processing of the precursor protein into the mature TPPI. We have identified NBS as a potent TPPI inhibitor, which led in delineating a critical role for W542 residue. Studies with such compounds will prove valuable in identifying the critical residues in the TPPI catalysis and its structure-function analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Kuizon
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen DiMaiuta
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Marius Walus
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Edmund C. Jenkins
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Marisol Kuizon
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kida
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam A. Golabek
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Espinoza
- Department of Molecular Biology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Raju K. Pullarkat
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammed A. Junaid
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kohan R, Cismondi IA, Dodelson Kremer R, Muller VJ, Guelbert N, Tapia Anzolini V, Fietz MJ, Oller Ramírez AM, Noher Halac I. An integrated strategy for the diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis types 1 (CLN1) and 2 (CLN2) in eleven Latin American patients. Clin Genet 2009; 76:372-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Autefage H, Albinet V, Garcia V, Berges H, Nicolau ML, Therville N, Altié MF, Caillaud C, Levade T, Andrieu-Abadie N. Lysosomal serine protease CLN2 regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis in a Bid-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11507-16. [PMID: 19246452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly organized, energy-dependent program by which multicellular organisms eliminate damaged, superfluous, and potentially harmful cells. Although caspases are the most prominent group of proteases involved in the apoptotic process, the role of lysosomes has only recently been unmasked. This study investigated the role of the lysosomal serine protease CLN2 in apoptosis. We report that cells isolated from patients affected with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) having a deficient activity of CLN2 are resistant to the toxic effect of death ligands such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CD95 ligand, or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but not to receptor-independent stress agents. CLN2-deficient cells exhibited a defect in TNF-induced Bid cleavage, release of cytochrome c, and caspase-9 and -3 activation. Moreover, extracts from CLN2-overexpressing cells or a CLN2 recombinant protein were able to catalyze the in vitro cleavage of Bid. Noteworthy, correction of the lysosomal enzyme defect of LINCL fibroblasts using a medium enriched in CLN2 protein enabled restoration of TNF-induced Bid and caspase-3 processing and toxicity. Conversely, transfection of CLN2-corrected cells with small interfering RNA targeting Bid abrogated TNF-induced cell death. Altogether, our study demonstrates that genetic deletion of the lysosomal serine protease CLN2 and the subsequent loss of its catalytic function confer resistance to TNF in non-neuronal somatic cells, indicating that CLN2 plays a yet unsuspected role in TNF-induced cell death.
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Takano K, Shimono M, Shiota N, Kato A, Tomioka S, Oka A, Ohno K, Sathou H. Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: the first reported case in Japan diagnosed by palmitoyl-protein thioesterase enzyme activity deficiency. Brain Dev 2008; 30:370-3. [PMID: 17980993 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on a Japanese boy with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL). He was born of incest to a girl and her maternal uncle. His development was normal at 12 months, and began to display regression at 14 months. He lost his social smile and tracking eye movement at 16 months, and could not stand and developed severe hypotonic tetraplegia at 19 months. Myoclonic movement was observed in his trunk, eye and extremities. His height, body weight and head circumstance had been normal. Both MRI and CT scans of his head showed severe cerebral, cerebellar and brainstem atrophy. The electroretinogram showed a decrease in amplitude. Enzyme studies revealed a deficiency of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase activity in his lymphocytes at 0.98 nmol/h/mg protein (control: 90.99+/-34.23). This is the first case of INCL in Japan diagnosed by enzyme activity deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Takano
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka 1-1, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, MC 9073, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Hobert JA, Dawson G. A novel role of the Batten disease gene CLN3: association with BMP synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:111-6. [PMID: 17482562 PMCID: PMC2720048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL) results from a deficiency of CLN3, a protein recently identified within detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). To study the function of CLN3 within these domains we isolated DRMs from control and JNCL-brain and noted that JNCL-derived DRMs are less buoyant than control. Analysis of DRM phospholipids derived from JNCL-brain revealed a reduction of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate. Metabolic labeling of JNCL-fibroblasts demonstrated a reduction in the synthesis of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate which was restored following complementation with wild-type-CLN3, substantiating our initial observation in brain. Metabolic labeling of cell lines overexpressing wild-type-CLN3 resulted in increased bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate synthesis, while overexpression of mutant CLN3-L170P decreased bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate synthesis. These data illustrate a new finding, a strong correlation between CLN3 protein expression and synthesis of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Hobert
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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31
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Schröder B, Elsässer HP, Schmidt B, Hasilik A. Characterisation of lipofuscin-like lysosomal inclusion bodies from human placenta. FEBS Lett 2006; 581:102-8. [PMID: 17174955 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A structural hallmark of lysosomes is heterogeneity of their contents. We describe a method for isolation of particulate materials from human placental lysosomes. After a methionine methyl ester-induced disruption of lysosomes and two density gradient centrifugations we obtained a homogeneous membrane fraction and another one enriched in particulate inclusions. The latter exhibited a yellow-brown coloration and contained bodies lacking a delimiting membrane, which were characterised by a granular pattern and high electron density. The lipofuscin-like inclusion materials were rich in tripeptidyl peptidase I, beta-glucuronidase, acid ceramidase and apolipoprotein D and contained proteins originating from diverse subcellular localisations. Here we show that human term placenta contains lipofuscin-like lysosomal inclusions, a phenomenon usually associated with senescence in postmitotic cells. These findings imply that a simple pelleting of a lysosomal lysate is not appropriate for the isolation of lysosomal membranes, as the inclusions tend to be sedimented with the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schröder
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Awano T, Katz ML, O'Brien DP, Sohar I, Lobel P, Coates JR, Khan S, Johnson GC, Giger U, Johnson GS. A frame shift mutation in canine TPP1 (the ortholog of human CLN2) in a juvenile Dachshund with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 89:254-60. [PMID: 16621647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are inherited lysosomal storage diseases characterized by progressive neuropathy and the accumulation of autofluorescent cytoplasmic granules. Clinical signs of a new canine NCL began in a 9-month-old male Dachshund with vomiting, mental dullness, and loss of previously learned commands and rapidly progressed to include disorientation, ataxia, visual deficits, generalized myoclonic seizures, and death at 12 months of age. Neurons throughout the CNS contained autofluorescent storage granules that stained with periodic acid-Schiff and Luxol fast blue stains. Electron microscopy revealed that the storage granule contents consisted of curvilinear-appearing material characteristic of human late infantile NCL caused by CLN2 mutations. Nucleotide sequence analysis of canine TPP1, the ortholog of human CLN2, revealed a single nucleotide deletion in exon 4 which predicted a frame shift with a premature stop codon. Brain tissue from the affected dog lacked detectable activity of the tripeptidyl-peptidase enzyme encoded by TPP1, whereas the specific activities of 15 other lysosomal enzymes were higher than those in the brains of three control dogs. The affected Dachshund was homozygous for the mutant c.325delC allele, his sire and dam were heterozygotes, and 181 unrelated dogs, including 77 Dachshunds, were all homozygous for the wild-type allele. A DNA assay that detects the mutant allele will help Dachshund breeders avoid producing affected puppies in future generations. Furthermore, this Dachshund NCL may prove to be a useful model for studying the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in human late infantile NCL and for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Awano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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Kyttälä A, Lahtinen U, Braulke T, Hofmann SL. Functional biology of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1762:920-33. [PMID: 16839750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofucinoses (NCLs) are a group of severe neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigment in patients' cells. The different forms of NCL share many similar pathological features but result from mutations in different genes. The genes affected in NCLs encode both soluble and transmembrane proteins and are localized to ER or to the endosomes/lysosomes. Due to selective vulnerability of the central nervous system in the NCL disorders, the corresponding proteins are proposed to have important, tissue specific roles in the brain. The pathological similarities of the different NCLs have led not only to the grouping of these disorders but also to suggestion that the NCL proteins function in the same biological pathway. Despite extensive research, including the development of several model organisms for NCLs and establishment of high-throughput techniques, the precise biological function of many of the NCL proteins has remained elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the functions, or proposed functions, of the different NCL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Kyttälä
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Reichard U, Léchenne B, Asif AR, Streit F, Grouzmann E, Jousson O, Monod M. Sedolisins, a new class of secreted proteases from Aspergillus fumigatus with endoprotease or tripeptidyl-peptidase activity at acidic pHs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1739-48. [PMID: 16517617 PMCID: PMC1393174 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.3.1739-1748.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted proteolytic activity of Aspergillus fumigatus is of potential importance as a virulence factor and in the industrial hydrolysis of protein sources. The A. fumigatus genome contains sequences that could encode a five-member gene family that produces proteases in the sedolisin family (MEROPS S53). Four putative secreted sedolisins with a predicted 17- to 20-amino-acid signal sequence were identified and termed SedA to SedD. SedA produced heterologously in Pichia pastoris was an acidic endoprotease. Heterologously produced SedB, SedC, and SedD were tripeptidyl-peptidases (TPP) with a common specificity for tripeptide-p-nitroanilide substrates at acidic pHs. Purified SedB hydrolyzed the peptide Ala-Pro-Gly-Asp-Arg-Ile-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe to Arg-Pro-Gly, Asp-Arg-Ile, and Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe, thereby confirming TPP activity of the enzyme. SedB, SedC, and SedD were detected by Western blotting in culture supernatants of A. fumigatus grown in a medium containing hemoglobin as the sole nitrogen source. A degradation product of SedA also was observed. A search for genes encoding sedolisin homologues in other fungal genomes indicates that sedolisin gene families are widespread among filamentous ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utz Reichard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Tian Y, Sohar I, Taylor JW, Lobel P. Determination of the Substrate Specificity of Tripeptidyl-peptidase I Using Combinatorial Peptide Libraries and Development of Improved Fluorogenic Substrates. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6559-72. [PMID: 16339154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507336200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in CLN2, the gene encoding the lysosomal protease tripeptidyl-peptidase I (TPP I). The natural substrates for TPP I and the pathophysiological processes associated with lysosomal storage and disease progression are not well understood. Detailed characterization of TPP I substrate specificity should provide insights into these issues and also aid in the development of improved clinical and biochemical assays. To this end, we constructed fluorogenic and standard combinatorial peptide libraries and analyzed them using fluorescence and mass spectrometry-based activity assays. The fluorogenic group 7-amino-4-carbamoylmethylcoumarin was incorporated into a series of 7-amino-4-carbamoylmethylcoumarin tripeptide libraries using a design strategy that allowed systematic evaluation of the P1, P2, and P3 positions. TPP I digestion of these substrates liberates the fluorescence group and results in a large increase in fluorescence that can be used to calculate kinetic parameters and to derive the substrate specificity constant kcat/KM. In addition, we implemented a mass spectrometry-based assay to measure the hydrolysis of individual peptides in peptide pools and thus expand the scope of the analysis. Nonfluorogenic tetrapeptide and pentapeptide libraries were synthesized and analyzed to evaluate P1' and P2' residues. Together, this analysis allowed us to predict the relative specificity of TPP I toward a wide range of potential biological substrates. In addition, we evaluated a variety of new fluorogenic peptides with a P3 Arg residue, and we demonstrated their superiority compared with the widely used substrate Ala-Ala-Phe-AMC for selectively measuring TPP I activity in biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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36
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Kohan R, Noher de Halac I, Tapia Anzolini V, Cismondi A, Oller Ramírez AM, Paschini Capra A, de Kremer RD. Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase1 (PPT1) and Tripeptidyl Peptidase-I (TPP-I) are expressed in the human saliva. A reliable and non-invasive source for the diagnosis of infantile (CLN1) and late infantile (CLN2) neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:492-4. [PMID: 15820783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kohan
- CEMECO, Hospital de Niños de la Provincia de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ferroviarios 1250, Córdoba (5014), Argentina
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Sleat DE, Wiseman JA, El-Banna M, Kim KH, Mao Q, Price S, Macauley SL, Sidman RL, Shen MM, Zhao Q, Passini MA, Davidson BL, Stewart GR, Lobel P. A mouse model of classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis based on targeted disruption of the CLN2 gene results in a loss of tripeptidyl-peptidase I activity and progressive neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2004; 24:9117-26. [PMID: 15483130 PMCID: PMC6730049 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2729-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CLN2 gene, which encodes a lysosomal serine protease, tripeptidyl-peptidase I (TPP I), result in an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease of children, classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (cLINCL). cLINCL is inevitably fatal, and there currently exists no cure or effective treatment. In this report, we provide the characterization of the first CLN2-targeted mouse model for cLINCL. CLN2-targeted mice were fertile and apparently healthy at birth despite an absence of detectable TPP I activity. At approximately 7 weeks of age, neurological deficiencies became evident with the onset of a tremor that became progressively more severe and was eventually accompanied by ataxia. Lifespan of the affected mice was greatly reduced (median survival, 138 d), and extensive neuronal pathology was observed including a prominent accumulation of cytoplasmic storage material within the lysosomal-endosomal compartment, a loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, and widespread axonal degeneration. The CLN2-targeted mouse therefore recapitulates much of the pathology and clinical features of cLINCL and represents an animal model that should provide clues to the normal cellular function of TPP I and the pathogenic processes that underlie neuronal death in its absence. In addition, the CLN2-targeted mouse also represents a valuable model for the evaluation of different therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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Ezaki J, Kominami E. The intracellular location and function of proteins of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Brain Pathol 2004; 14:77-85. [PMID: 14997940 PMCID: PMC8095780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of diseases characterized by accumulation of hydrophobic proteins in lysosomes of neurons and other types of cells. NCLs are caused by at least 8 mutant genes (CLN1-CLN8), though CLN4 and CLN7 have not yet been identified. Except for Cln1p, the protein encoded by CLN1, the defective proteins are associated with lysosomal accumulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c. Cln1p and Cln2p are soluble lysosomal enzymes, targeted to lysosomes in a mannose 6-phosphate dependent manner. Mutations in the lysosomal protease cathepsin D cause another NCL. Cln3p, Cln5p, Cln6p and Cln8p are thought to be transmembrane proteins. Cln3p and Cln5p are localized in the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Deficiency of endosomal membrane protein CLC-3, a member of the chloride channel family, causes NCL-like phenotype and lysosomal storage of subunit c. Herein, we review the features of NCL and NCL-related proteins and discuss the involvement of the proteins in lysosomal degradation of subunit c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Ezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
| | - Eiki Kominami
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
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40
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Nijssen PCG, Ceuterick C, van Diggelen OP, Elleder M, Martin JJ, Teepen JLJM, Tyynelä J, Roos RAC. Autosomal dominant adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: a novel form of NCL with granular osmiophilic deposits without palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 deficiency. Brain Pathol 2004; 13:574-81. [PMID: 14655761 PMCID: PMC8095852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the neuropathological and biochemical autopsy findings in 3 patients with autosomal dominant adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (ANCL, Parry type; MIM 162350), from a family with 6 affected individuals in 3 generations. Throughout the brain of these patients, there was abundant intraneuronal lysosomal storage of autofluorescent lipopigment granules. Striking loss of neurons in the substantia nigra was found. In contrast, little neuronal cell loss occurred in other cerebral areas, despite massive neuronal inclusions. Visceral storage was present in gut, liver, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle, and in the skin eccrine glands. The storage material showed highly variable immunoreactivity with antiserum against subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase, but uniform strong immunoreactivity for saposin D (sphingolipid activating protein D). Protein electrophoresis of isolated storage material revealed a major protein band of about 14 kDa, recognized in Western blotting by saposin D antiserum (but not subunit c of mitochondrial ATPase (SCMAS) antiserum). Electron microscopy showed ample intraneuronal granular osmiophilic deposits (GRODs), as occurs in CLN1 and congenital ovine NCL. These forms of NCL are caused by the deficiencies of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 and cathepsin D, respectively. However, activities of these enzymes were within normal range in our patients. Thus we propose that a gene distinct from the cathepsin D and CLN1-CLN8 genes is responsible for this autosomal dominant form of ANCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C G Nijssen
- Department of Neurology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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41
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Haskell RE, Hughes SM, Chiorini JA, Alisky JM, Davidson BL. Viral-mediated delivery of the late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis gene, TPP-I to the mouse central nervous system. Gene Ther 2003; 10:34-42. [PMID: 12525835 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is caused by mutations in tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP-I), a pepstatin-insensitive lysosomal protease, resulting in neurodegeneration, acute seizures, visual and motor dysfunction. In vitro studies suggest that TPP-I is secreted from cells and subsequently taken up by neighboring cells, similar to other lysosomal enzymes. As such, TPP-I is an attractive candidate for enzyme replacement or gene therapy. In the present studies, we examined the feasibility of gene transfer into mouse brain using recombinant adenovirus (Ad), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing TPP-I, after single injections into the striatum or cerebellum. A dual TPP-I- and beta-galactosidase-expressing adenovirus vector (AdTTP-I/nlsbetagal) was used to distinguish transduced (beta-galactosidase positive) cells from cells that endocytosed secreted TTP-I. Ten days after striatal injection of AdTTP-I/nlsbetagal, beta-galactosidase-positive cells were concentrated around the injection site, corpus callosum, ependyma and choroid plexus. In cerebellar injections, beta-galactosidase expression was confined to the region of injection and in isolated neurons of the brainstem. Immunohistochemistry for TPP-I expression showed that TPP-I extended beyond areas of beta-galactosidase activity. Immunohistochemistry for TTP-I after FIVTTP-I and AAV5TTP-I injections demonstrated TPP-I in neurons of the striatum, hippocampus and Purkinje cells. For all three vectors, TPP-I activity in brain homogenates was 3-7-fold higher than endogenous levels in the injected hemispheres. Our results indicate the feasibility of vector-mediated gene transfer of TPP-I to the CNS as a potential therapy for LINCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Haskell
- Program in Gene Therapy, Department of Internal medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52252, USA
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Iadarola P, Annovazzi L, Lupi A, Luisetti M, Casado B, Doring G, Worlitzsch D, Cetta G, Viglio S. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AS A MODERN TOOL FOR DETERMINING PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITIES IN PURIFIED SPECIMENS AND IN REAL SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120013989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iadarola
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Anna Lupi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Luisetti
- b Laboratorio di Biochimica e Genetica , Clinica di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio , IRCCS Policlinico , San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Begona Casado
- c Department of Medicine , Georgetown University , Washington, DC, 20007, U.S.A
| | - Gerd Doring
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Worlitzsch
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cetta
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Simona Viglio
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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43
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Abstract
Lysosomal serine and cysteine proteases are reported to play a role in collagen degradation. In this study, the activities of the lysosomal cysteine proteases cathepsin B and H, dipeptidyl peptidase I, and the serine protease tripeptidyl peptidase I and dipeptidyl peptidase II, all ascribed a role in collagen digestion, were compared with those of the aspartate protease cathepsin D, and lysosomal glycosidases in leukocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients at different stages of the disease. In all patients the activities of cysteine protease cathepsin B, dipeptidyl peptidase I, aspartate protease cathepsin D, and two glycosidases were elevated, but the activities of the serine proteases tripeptidyl peptidase I, dipeptidyl peptidase II, and the cysteine protease cathepsin H was unchanged. The magnitude of the increased activity was correlated with the duration of the disease. Patients with long-standing RA (10 years or more) had higher cysteine protease activity in their leukocytes than did those with disease of shorter duration. This tendency suggests that elevated lysosomal cysteine protease activities, together with aspartate protease cathepsin D and lysosomal glycosidases (but not serine proteases), are associated with progression of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Sohar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, A. Szent-Györgyi Medical and Pharmaceutical Center, Hungary
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Weimer JM, Kriscenski-Perry E, Elshatory Y, Pearce DA. The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: mutations in different proteins result in similar disease. Neuromolecular Med 2002; 1:111-24. [PMID: 12025857 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:1:2:111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) are the most common group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases in children, with an incidence as high as one in 12,500 live births. The main features of this disease are failure of psychomotor development, impaired vision, seizures, and premature death. Many biochemical and physiological studies have been initiated to determine the cellular defect underlying the disease, although only a few traits have been truly associated with the disorders. One of the paradox's of the NCL-diseases is the characteristic accumulation of autofluorescent hydrophobic material in the lysosomes of neurons and other cell types. However, the accumulation of this lysosomal storage material, which no doubt contributes to the neurologic disease, does not apparently lead to disease outside the CNS, and how these cellular alterations relate to the neurodegeneration in NCLs is unknown. Mutations have been identified in six distinct genes/proteins, namely CLN1, which encodes PPT1, a protein thiolesterase; CLN2, which encodes TPP1, a serine protease; and CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, and CLN8, which encode novel transmembrane proteins. Mutation in any one of these CLN-proteins results in a distinct type of NCL-disease. However, there are many shared similarities in the pathology of these diseases. The most obvious connection between PPT1, TPP1, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, and CLN8 is their subcellular localization. To date, three of the four proteins whose subcellular localization has been confirmed, namely PPT1, TPP1, and CLN3, reside in the lysosome. We review the function of the CLN-proteins and discuss the possibility that a disruption in a common biological process leads to an NCL-disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Weimer
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
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Holopainen JM, Saarikoski J, Kinnunen PK, Järvelä I. Elevated lysosomal pH in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5851-6. [PMID: 11722572 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report here the intracellular (pHi) and lysosomal pH in fibroblasts of six forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). Acid extrusion rate and pH(i) values were measured by the membrane-permeant acetoxymethyl ester of the indicator dye, 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxy-fluorescein (BCECF) and lysosomal pH by a spectrofluorometric assay utilizing a novel acidotropic probe, Lysosensor yellow/blue. Intracellular pH was normal in all NCLs. Elevated lysosomal pH was detected in all NCL forms except CLN2 and CLN8. Elevated pH most probably disturbs the catalytic activity of lysosomes and is one important factor in explaining accumulation of ceroid and lipofuscin-like autofluorescent lipopigments characteristic of NCLs. Using the novel spectrofluorometric assay introduced in this study provides a fast and repeatable technique to measure intralysosomal pH from cell suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Holopainen
- Helsinki Biomembrane & Biophysics Group, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland.
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Wisniewski KE, Kida E, Golabek AA, Kaczmarski W, Connell F, Zhong N. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: classification and diagnosis. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2001; 45:1-34. [PMID: 11332767 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(01)45002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of ceroid lipopigment in lysosomes in various tissues and organs. The childhood forms of the NCLs represent the most common neurogenetic disorders of childhood and are inherited in an autosomal-recessive mode. The adult form of NCL is rare and shows either an autosomal-recessive or autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Currently, five genes associated with various childhood forms of NCLs, designated CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, and CLN8, have been isolated and characterized. Two of these genes, CLN1 and CLN2, encode lysosomal enzymes: palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) and tripetidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), respectively. CLN3, CLN5, and CLN8 encode proteins of predicted transmembrane topology, whose function has not been characterized yet. Two other genes, CLN6 and CLN7, have been assigned recently to small chromosomal regions. Gene(s) associated with the adult form of NCLs (CLN4) are at present unknown. This study summarizes the current classification and new diagnostic criteria of NCLs based on clinicopathological, biochemical, and molecular genetic data. Material includes 159 probands with NCL (37 CLNI, 72 classical CLN2, 10 variant LINCL, and 40 CLN3) collected at the New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (IBR) as well as a comprehensive review of the literature. The results of our study indicate that although only biochemical and molecular genetic studies allow for definitive diagnosis, ultrastructural studies of the biopsy material are still very useful. Thus, although treatments for NCLs are not available at present, the diagnosis has become better defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wisniewski
- Department of Pathological Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island 10314, USA.
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47
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Abstract
This chapter summarizes the recent advances that have been made with respect to biochemical characterization of the neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) or Batten disease. Genomic and proteomic approaches have presently identified eight different forms of NCL (namely, CLN1 through CLN8) based on mutations in specific genes. CLN1 and CLN2 are caused by mutations in genes that encodes lysosomal enzymes,palmitoyl protein thioesterase and pepstatin-insensitive proteinase, respectively. The protein involved in the etiology of CLN3 is a highly hydrophobic, presumably transmembrane protein. NCL are considered as lysosomal storage diseases because of the accumulation of autofluorescent inclusion bodies. The composition of inclusion bodies varies in different forms of the NCL. The major storage component in CLN2 is the subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase complex and its accumulation is the direct result of lack of CLN2p in this disease. Mannose-6-phosphorylated glycoproteins accumulate in CLN3 and most likely their accumulation is the result of an intrinsic activity of the CLN3 protein. Significant levels of oligosaccharyl diphosphodolichol also accumulate in CLN3 and CLN2, whereas lysosomal sphingolipid activator proteins (saposins A and D) constitute major component of the storage material in CLN 1. The issue of selective loss of neuronal and retinal cells in NCL still remains to be addressed. Identification of natural substrates for the various enzymes involved in NCL may help in the characterization of the cytotoxic factor(s) and also in designing rationale therapeutic interventions for these group of devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Junaid
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island 10314, USA.
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48
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Katz ML, Shibuya H, Johnson GS. Animal models for the ceroid lipofuscinoses. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2001; 45:183-203. [PMID: 11332773 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(01)45011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Katz
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Mason Eye Institute, Columbia 65212, USA.
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49
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Lin L, Lobel P. Production and characterization of recombinant human CLN2 protein for enzyme-replacement therapy in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Biochem J 2001; 357:49-55. [PMID: 11415435 PMCID: PMC1221927 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a fatal recessive childhood disease caused by mutations in the CLN2 gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase I. As a step towards understanding the protein and developing therapeutics for the disease, we have produced and characterized recombinant human CLN2 (ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal 2) protein from Chinese-hamster ovary cells engineered to secrete high levels of the enzyme. The protein was secreted as an inactive soluble proenzyme of approximately 65 kDa that appears as a monomer by gel filtration. Upon acidification, the protein is processed to mature form and acquires activity. The enzyme is efficiently delivered to the lysosomes of LINCL fibroblasts by mannose 6-phosphate-receptor-mediated endocytosis (EC(50) approximately 2 nM), where it remains active for long periods of time (t(1/2) approximately 12 days). In addition, the enzyme is taken up by rat cerebellar granule neurons by mannose 6-phosphate-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Treatment of LINCL fibroblasts with recombinant CLN2 protein restores normal enzyme activity and ameliorates accumulation of the major storage protein, mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lin
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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50
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Viglio S, Marchi E, Wisniewski K, Casado B, Cetta G, Iadarola P. Diagnosis of late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: a new sensitive method to assay lysosomal pepstatin-insensitive proteinase activity in human and animal specimens by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2343-50. [PMID: 11504071 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20017)22:11<2343::aid-elps2343>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Batten disease, or human late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a familiar progressive degenerative disease affecting children, caused by a deficiency of a lysosomal proteinase (tripeptidyl peptidase I, TPP-I) and characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage bodies in the brain and other tissues of the body. Current methodology used to diagnose this disease needs to be improved in order to have less invasive techniques with higher resolution and shorter assay time. In this report, we discuss the potential merits of micellar electrokinetic chromatography as an excellent tool that requires minute samples but offers high resolution and a short running time for monitoring TPP-I activity in human and animal specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Viglio
- Dipartimento di Biochimica A. Castellani, Università di Pavia, Italy
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