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Chromy D, Silling S, Wieland U, Kreuter A. [Anogenital warts-An update]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 75:30-39. [PMID: 38108864 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
With a prevalence of around 1% in the sexually active population anogenital warts are the most frequent human papillomavirus (HPV)-related disease. In the vast majority of cases the underlying cause of the infection is due to HPV types 6 and 11. The diagnosis can usually be clinically established but in certain cases a histopathological work-up can be useful. Buschke-Lowenstein tumors represent such a scenario. The current therapeutic armamentarium for anogenital warts ranges from surgical ablative procedures up to local immunomodulatory treatment. All procedures have different advantages and disadvantages and are relatively time-consuming and sometimes also unpleasant for the patient. Anogenital warts are also a possible expression of an incomplete immunological control of HPV. Therefore, it should be emphasized that for certain affected individuals, especially immunosuppressed patients, special attention should be given to ensuring that screening investigations for HPV-associated dysplasia is carried out according to the respective valid guidelines. The primary prophylaxis by vaccination of girls and boys prior to first HPV exposure represents a very effective option to drastically reduce the prevalence of anogenital warts and other HPV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chromy
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Deutschland.
| | - Steffi Silling
- Institut für Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Papillom- und Polyomaviren, Universitätsklinikum Köln und Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institut für Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Papillom- und Polyomaviren, Universitätsklinikum Köln und Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Helios St. Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen, Universität Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Deutschland
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Helios St. Johannes Klinik Duisburg, Duisburg, Deutschland
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2
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Peng S, Tu HF, Cheng M, Hu MH, Tsai HL, Tsai YC, Koenig C, Brayton C, Wang H, Chang YN, Arend RC, Levinson K, Roden RBS, Wu TC, Hung CF. Immune responses, therapeutic anti-tumor effects, and tolerability upon therapeutic HPV16/18 E6/E7 DNA vaccination via needle-free biojector. mBio 2023; 14:e0212123. [PMID: 37791765 PMCID: PMC10653862 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02121-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respectively, HPV16 and HPV18 cause 50% and 20% of cervical cancer cases globally. Viral proteins E6 and E7 are obligate drivers of oncogenic transformation. We recently developed a candidate therapeutic DNA vaccine, pBI-11, that targets HPV16 and HPV18 E6 and E7. Single-site intramuscular delivery of pBI-11 via a needle elicited therapeutic anti-tumor effects in mice and is now being tested in high-risk human papillomavirus+ head and neck cancer patients (NCT05799144). Needle-free biojectors such as the Tropis device show promise due to ease of administration, high patient acceptability, and the possibility of improved delivery. For example, vaccination of patients with the ZyCoV-D DNA vaccine using the Tropis device is effective against COVID19, well tolerated, and licensed. Here we show that split-dose, multi-site administration and intradermal delivery via the Tropis biojector increase the delivery of pBI-11 DNA vaccine, enhance HPV antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, and improve anti-tumor therapeutic effects, suggesting its translational potential to treat HPV16/18 infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hsin-Fang Tu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming-Hung Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Department of Oncology Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ya-Chea Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chelsea Koenig
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rebecca C. Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kimberly Levinson
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - T. C. Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Condrat CE, Cretoiu D, Radoi VE, Mihele DM, Tovaru M, Bordea CI, Voinea SC, Suciu N. Unraveling Immunological Dynamics: HPV Infection in Women-Insights from Pregnancy. Viruses 2023; 15:2011. [PMID: 37896788 PMCID: PMC10611104 DOI: 10.3390/v15102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, hormonal and immune adaptations are vital for supporting the genetically distinct fetus during elevated infection risks. The global prevalence of HPV necessitates its consideration during pregnancy. Despite a seemingly mild immune response, historical gestational viral infections underscore its significance. Acknowledging the established HPV infection risks during pregnancy, our review explores the unfolding immunological changes in pregnant women with HPV. Our analysis aims to uncover strategies for safely modulating the immune system, mitigating adverse pregnancy consequences, and enhancing maternal and child health. This comprehensive narrative review delves into the existing knowledge and studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Condrat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.)
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.C.); (V.E.R.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viorica Elena Radoi
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.C.); (V.E.R.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Mihaela Mihele
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Dermatology Department, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tovaru
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Dermatology Department, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Ioan Bordea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Cristian Voinea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Suciu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
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Peng S, Xing D, Ferrall L, Tsai YC, Hung CF, Wu TC. Identification of human MHC-I HPV18 E6/E7-specific CD8 + T cell epitopes and generation of an HPV18 E6/E7-expressing adenosquamous carcinoma in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:80. [PMID: 36224625 PMCID: PMC9554842 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) is a high-risk HPV that is commonly associated with cervical cancer. HPV18 oncogenes E6 and E7 are associated with the malignant transformation of cells, thus the identification of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted E6/E7 peptide-specific CD8 + T cell epitopes and the creation of a HPV18 E6/E7 expressing cervicovaginal tumor in HLA-A2 transgenic mice will be significant for vaccine development. METHODS In the below study, we characterized various human HLA class I-restricted HPV18 E6 and E7-specific CD8 + T cells mediated immune responses in HLA class I transgenic mice using DNA vaccines encoding HPV18E6 and HPV18E7. We then confirmed HLA-restricted E6/E7 specific CD8 + T cell epitopes using splenocytes from vaccinated mice stimulated with HPV18E6/E7 peptides. Furthermore, we used oncogenic DNA plasmids encoding HPV18E7E6(delD70), luciferase, cMyc, and AKT to create a spontaneous cervicovaginal carcinoma model in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. RESULTS Therapeutic HPV18 E7 DNA vaccination did not elicit any significant CD8 + T cell response in HLA-A1, HLA-24, HLA-B7, HLA-B44 transgenic or wild type C57BL/6 mice, but it did generate a strong HLA-A2 and HLA-A11 restricted HPV18E7-specific CD8 + T cell immune response. We found that a single deletion of aspartic acid (D) at location 70 in HPV18E6 DNA abolishes the presentation of HPV18 E6 peptide (aa67-75) by murine MHC class I. We found that the DNA vaccine with this mutant HPV18 E6 generated E6-specific CD8 + T cells in HLA-A2. HLA-A11, HLA-A24 and HLA-b40 transgenic mice. Of note, HLA-A2 restricted, HPV18 E7 peptide (aa7-15)- and HPV18 E6 peptide (aa97-105)-specific epitopes are endogenously processed by HPV18 positive Hela-AAD (HLA-A*0201/Dd) cells. Finally, we found that injection of DNA plasmids encoding HPV18E7E6(delD70), AKT, cMyc, and SB100 can result in the development of adenosquamous carcinoma in the cervicovaginal tract of HLA-A2 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS We characterized various human HLA class I-restricted HPV18 E6/E7 peptide specific CD8 + T cell epitopes in human HLA class I transgenic mice. We demonstrated that HPV18 positive Hela cells expressing chimeric HLA-A2 (AAD) do present both HLA-A2-restricted HPV18 E7 (aa7-15)- and HPV18 E6 (aa97-105)-specific CD8 + T cell epitopes. A mutant HPV18E6 that had a single deletion at location 70 obliterates the E6 presentation by murine MHC class I and remains oncogenic. The identification of these human MHC restricted HPV antigen specific epitopes as well as the HPV18E6/E7 expressing adenosquamous cell carcinoma model may have significant future translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deyin Xing
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Louise Ferrall
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ya-Chea Tsai
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CRB II Room 307, 1550 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CRB II Room 309, 1550 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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5
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Kilinc F, Sener S, Akbas A, Erdogan S, Erel O, Metin A. Oxidative stress and thiol/disulfide homeostasis in human papillomavirus infections. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:228-231. [PMID: 36386114 PMCID: PMC9644764 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_797_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Viral warts are a group of dermatological diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Several studies have demonstrated an association between HPV infections and oxidative stress. Thiols are important components of cellular redox homeostasis as antioxidant molecules in the organism. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress in patients with HPV infection by analyzing native thiol/disulfide homeostasis. Material and Methods: Forty-two patients with HPV infection and 40 healthy subjects were analyzed for the levels of native thiols, total thiols, and disulfide. Disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol ratios were also calculated. Results: Disulfide and total thiol levels were higher in the patients compared to the healthy controls. The disulfide/native thiol ratio was also higher in the patient group. Native and total thiol levels decreased with the increasing duration of the disease. Conclusion: The native thiol/disulfide homeostasis was shifted toward disulfide in the patients' group, indicating the existence of oxidative stress in HPV infection.
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6
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The status of treatment for plantar warts in 2021: No definitive advancements in decades for a common dermatology disease. Clin Dermatol 2021; 39:688-694. [PMID: 34809773 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plantar warts are among the most common skin conditions and are classically resistant to treatment. To perform an evidence-based evaluation of the efficacy and safety of available treatment options for plantar warts, we conducted a systematic review of PubMed and Cochrane databases to identify large interventional and observational studies involving more than 100 patients who were treated for plantar warts from inception to October 2020. We identified only nine contributions meeting our inclusion criteria (N ≥ 100), representing 1,657 adult and pediatric patients with plantar warts. Treatments included in this review were topical keratolytic agents, cryotherapy, laser therapies, and intralesional and systemic treatments. Our evidence-based review of the larger studies suggests keratolytic agents and destructive treatments, in particular salicylic acid and cryotherapy, remain the primary treatments for plantar warts. Treatment with pulsed dye laser had the lowest rate of recurrence. Newer treatments and intralesional treatments were not represented owing to lack of large studies involving these modalities.
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7
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Sanami S, Azadegan-Dehkordi F, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Salehi M, Ghasemi-Dehnoo M, Mahooti M, Alizadeh M, Bagheri N. Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against cervical cancer using immunoinformatics approaches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12397. [PMID: 34117331 PMCID: PMC8196015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), is the fourth most common type of cancer among women worldwide. While HPV prophylactic vaccines are available, they have no therapeutic effects and do not clear up existing infections. This study aims to design a therapeutic vaccine against cervical cancer using reverse vaccinology. In this study, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins from HPV16 were chosen as the target antigens for epitope prediction. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and helper T lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes were predicted, and the best epitopes were selected based on antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity. The final vaccine construct was composed of the selected epitopes, along with the appropriate adjuvant and linkers. The multi-epitope vaccine was evaluated in terms of physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and allergenicity. The tertiary structure of the vaccine construct was predicted. Furthermore, several analyses were also carried out, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and in silico cloning of the vaccine construct. The results showed that the final proposed vaccine could be considered an effective therapeutic vaccine for HPV; however, in vitro and in vivo experiments are required to validate the efficacy of this vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Sanami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azadegan-Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Dehnoo
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehran Mahooti
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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8
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Farrell JA, Yetsko K, Whitmore L, Whilde J, Eastman CB, Ramia DR, Thomas R, Linser P, Creer S, Burkhalter B, Schnitzler C, Duffy DJ. Environmental DNA monitoring of oncogenic viral shedding and genomic profiling of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis reveals unusual viral dynamics. Commun Biol 2021; 4:565. [PMID: 33980988 PMCID: PMC8115626 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-induced cancers account for 15% of human tumors and are a growing concern for endangered wildlife. Fibropapillomatosis is an expanding virally and environmentally co-induced sea turtle tumor epizootic. Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is implicated as a causative virus, but its transmission method and specific role in oncogenesis and progression is unclear. We applied environmental (e)DNA-based viral monitoring to assess viral shedding as a direct means of transmission, and the relationship between tumor burden, surgical resection and ChHV5 shedding. To elucidate the abundance and transcriptional status of ChHV5 across early, established, regrowth and internal tumors we conducted genomics and transcriptomics. We determined that ChHV5 is shed into the water column, representing a likely transmission route, and revealed novel temporal shedding dynamics and tumor burden correlations. ChHV5 was more abundant in the water column than in marine leeches. We also revealed that ChHV5 is latent in fibropapillomatosis, including early stage, regrowth and internal tumors; higher viral transcription is not indicative of poor patient outcome, and high ChHV5 loads predominantly arise from latent virus. These results expand our knowledge of the cellular and shedding dynamics of ChHV5 and can provide insights into temporal transmission dynamics and viral oncogenesis not readily investigable in tumors of terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Farrell
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelsey Yetsko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Liam Whitmore
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jenny Whilde
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Catherine B Eastman
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Devon Rollinson Ramia
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Rachel Thomas
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Paul Linser
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Brooke Burkhalter
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Christine Schnitzler
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Duffy
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK.
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9
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Ferrall L, Lin KY, Roden RBS, Hung CF, Wu TC. Cervical Cancer Immunotherapy: Facts and Hopes. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4953-4973. [PMID: 33888488 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is a sad fact that despite being almost completely preventable through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening, cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cancer to affect women worldwide. Persistent high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection is the primary etiologic factor for cervical cancer. Upward of 70% of cases are driven by HPV types 16 and 18, with a dozen other hrHPVs associated with the remainder of cases. Current standard-of-care treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and/or surgical resection. However, they have significant side effects and limited efficacy against advanced disease. There are a few treatment options for recurrent or metastatic cases. Immunotherapy offers new hope, as demonstrated by the recent approval of programmed cell death protein 1-blocking antibody for recurrent or metastatic disease. This might be augmented by combination with antigen-specific immunotherapy approaches, such as vaccines or adoptive cell transfer, to enhance the host cellular immune response targeting HPV-positive cancer cells. As cervical cancer progresses, it can foster an immunosuppressive microenvironment and counteract host anticancer immunity. Thus, approaches to reverse suppressive immune environments and bolster effector T-cell functioning are likely to enhance the success of such cervical cancer immunotherapy. The success of nonspecific immunostimulants like imiquimod against genital warts also suggest the possibility of utilizing these immunotherapeutic strategies in cervical cancer prevention to treat precursor lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) and persistent hrHPV infections against which the licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines have no efficacy. Here, we review the progress and challenges in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ferrall
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ken Y Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Diţescu D, Istrate-Ofiţeru AM, Roşu GC, Iovan L, Liliac IM, Zorilă GL, Bălăşoiu M, Cercelaru L. Clinical and pathological aspects of condyloma acuminatum - review of literature and case presentation. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2021; 62:369-383. [PMID: 35024725 PMCID: PMC8848243 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.62.2.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a pathology caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is manifested by the appearance of warts in the vulvar, pubic, and anorectal regions, but can occur in other areas. It is a common disease that can be prevented by using measures such as condoms or vaccine. Topical, local, pharmacological, surgical, and excisional therapy options are available for this pathology. Macroscopically, it appears as a vegetative tumor, with a single implantation base that branches towards the periphery, with a cauliflower appearance. CA is defined microscopically by acanthosis, parakeratosis, papillomatosis and koilocytosis. Immunohistochemical studies can detect the presence of various HPV strains or viral antigens and can emphasize certain specific characteristics; e.g., in the case presented in this study, we observed that the tumor had a fulminant evolution due to a strong vascular base identified with anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 34 antibody, by the existence of epithelial cells with a high degree of cell proliferation, as evidenced by the anti-Ki67 antibody, the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene and the appearance of immunolabeling for the anti-p53 antibody, by the strong immunoreactivity for p63 which reveals the existence of cells with dysplastic and neoplastic transformation potential, but also by detecting the immunolabeling for p16INK4a that is associated with the existence of HPV. Also, the tumor was immunoreactive for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, partially immunoreactive for CK5/6 in the basal layer and negative for CK7, which demonstrates the squamous epithelial origin of the described tumor. Subepithelial cells of the inflammatory system have been identified, such as macrophages immunolabeled with anti-CD68 antibody, T-lymphocytes immunolabeled with anti-CD3 antibody and rare B-lymphocytes immunolabeled with anti-CD20 antibody, which demonstrates the strong cellular response to remove the virus from the structure. Surgical and excisional treatment was helpful for the patient, because she was able to resume normal sexual activity and defecation, and on the other hand, microscopic studies showed the potential for malignant transformation of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Diţescu
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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11
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Sharma G, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. CRISPR-Cas9: A Preclinical and Clinical Perspective for the Treatment of Human Diseases. Mol Ther 2021; 29:571-586. [PMID: 33238136 PMCID: PMC7854284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the idea of genome modification has revolutionized the modern therapeutic research era. Genome modification studies have traveled a long way from gene modifications in primary cells to genetic modifications in animals. The targeted genetic modification may result in the modulation (i.e., either upregulation or downregulation) of the predefined gene expression. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) is a promising genome-editing tool that has therapeutic potential against incurable genetic disorders by modifying their DNA sequences. In comparison with other genome-editing techniques, CRISPR-Cas9 is simple, efficient, and very specific. This enabled CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing technology to enter into clinical trials against cancer. Besides therapeutic potential, the CRISPR-Cas9 tool can also be applied to generate genetically inhibited animal models for drug discovery and development. This comprehensive review paper discusses the origin of CRISPR-Cas9 systems and their therapeutic potential against various genetic disorders, including cancer, allergy, immunological disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, liver-related disorders, cystic fibrosis, blood-related disorders, eye-related disorders, and viral infection. Finally, we discuss the different challenges, safety concerns, and strategies that can be applied to overcome the obstacles during CRISPR-Cas9-mediated therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24252, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
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Peng S, Ferrall L, Gaillard S, Wang C, Chi WY, Huang CH, Roden RBS, Wu TC, Chang YN, Hung CF. Development of DNA Vaccine Targeting E6 and E7 Proteins of Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) and HPV18 for Immunotherapy in Combination with Recombinant Vaccinia Boost and PD-1 Antibody. mBio 2021; 12:e03224-20. [PMID: 33468698 PMCID: PMC7845631 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03224-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for cervical cancer should target high-risk human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, which cause 50% and 20% of cervical cancers, respectively. Here, we describe the construction and characterization of the pBI-11 DNA vaccine via the addition of codon-optimized human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) E7 and HPV16 and 18 E6 genes to the HPV16 E7-targeted DNA vaccine pNGVL4a-SigE7(detox)HSP70 (DNA vaccine pBI-1). Codon optimization of the HPV16/18 E6/E7 genes in pBI-11 improved fusion protein expression compared to that in DNA vaccine pBI-10.1 that utilized the native viral sequences fused 3' to a signal sequence and 5' to the HSP70 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Intramuscular vaccination of mice with pBI-11 DNA better induced HPV antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses than pBI-10.1 DNA. Furthermore, intramuscular vaccination with pBI-11 DNA generated stronger therapeutic responses for C57BL/6 mice bearing HPV16 E6/E7-expressing TC-1 tumors. The HPV16/18 antigen-specific T cell-mediated immune responses generated by pBI-11 DNA vaccination were further enhanced by boosting with tissue-antigen HPV vaccine (TA-HPV). Combination of the pBI-11 DNA and TA-HPV boost vaccination with PD-1 antibody blockade significantly improved the control of TC-1 tumors and extended the survival of the mice. Finally, repeat vaccination with clinical-grade pBI-11 with or without clinical-grade TA-HPV was well tolerated in vaccinated mice. These preclinical studies suggest that the pBI-11 DNA vaccine may be used with TA-HPV in a heterologous prime-boost strategy to enhance HPV 16/18 E6/E7-specific CD8+ T cell responses, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, to control HPV16/18-associated tumors. Our data serve as an important foundation for future clinical translation.IMPORTANCE Persistent expression of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 is an obligate driver for several human malignancies, including cervical cancer, wherein HPV16 and HPV18 are the most common types. PD-1 antibody immunotherapy helps a subset of cervical cancer patients, and its efficacy might be improved by combination with active vaccination against E6 and/or E7. For patients with HPV16+ cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN2/3), the precursor of cervical cancer, intramuscular vaccination with a DNA vaccine targeting HPV16 E7 and then a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HPV16/18 E6-E7 fusion proteins (TA-HPV) was safe, and half of the patients cleared their lesions in a small study (NCT00788164). Here, we sought to improve upon this therapeutic approach by developing a new DNA vaccine that targets E6 and E7 of HPV16 and HPV18 for administration prior to a TA-HPV booster vaccination and for application against cervical cancer in combination with a PD-1-blocking antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise Ferrall
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Gaillard
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Oncology Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Chi
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chuan-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Korkmaz S, Şirin FB, Erturan I, Büyükbayram HI, Yildirim M. Coenzyme Q10, Zinc and MDA levels in verruca vulgaris. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1387-1392. [PMID: 31999408 PMCID: PMC7491259 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1909-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Verruca vulgaris is a benign disease characterized with papillomas on the skin and mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels of coenzyme Q10, MDA, and zinc as well as the lipid profile of verruca vulgaris patients and examine the relationship between these parameters and clinical manifestations of the disease. Materials and methods The study included 49 verruca vulgaris patients (mean age: 32.01 ± 14.20 years; 22 males, 27 females) and 40 healthy volunteers (mean age: 31.63 ± 8.98 years; 21 males and 19 females). Coenzyme Q10 levels were assessed by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum MDA levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Zinc levels were measured using a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 800 atomic absorption spectrometer with a deuterium background correction and additional standard techniques. Results The coenzyme Q10 levels were found to be higher in the verruca vulgaris group compared to the healthy volunteers. However, this increase was not statistically significant (P = 0.195). Zinc levels were significantly lower in the verruca vulgaris group compared to the healthy volunteers (P = 0.002). In the patient group, MDA levels and HDL levels were significantly higher compared to the healthy volunteers (P = 0.023 and P = 0.004, respectively). Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the CoQ10/Total cholesterol ratio (P = 0.433). Conclusion Reduced serum zinc levels and increase of oxidative stress in verruca vulgaris may be a factor responsible for development of verruca vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Fevziye Burcu Şirin
- Department of Biochemistry, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ijlal Erturan
- Department of Dermatology, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department of Dermatology, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
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Abstract
Pathogen-related skin infections are a common problem in the dermatological practice. Apart from culturing and serological detection methods, a skin biopsy is a possible diagnostic procedure, especially when the clinical picture is unspecific and other non-infectious skin diseases are considered as possible differential diagnoses. Some organisms can already be detected by routine staining methods (hematoxylin & eosin, e. g., yeasts, Leishmania), for others numerous histochemical and immunohistochemical stains are available, e. g. periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS) and Grocott for hyphae and spores, Ziehl-Neelson and Fite-Faraco for Mycobacteria or specific antibodies for Treponema pallidum or herpesviruses. In other instances, an infectious disease may not be diagnosed with certainty in a histological section but the pattern of inflammatory infiltrates is highly suggestive of an infectious cause. Based on such reaction patterns, the dermatopathologist can advise the clinician to perform cultures or serological investigations or additional molecular biological techniques can be applied to the biopsy specimen in order to identify the pathogens. This article presents skin infections with their histopathological features and highlights diseases that can be diagnosed with certainty in a biopsy and those in which a biopsy is helpful to exclude differential diagnoses or to perform molecular diagnostics on the specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Böer-Auer
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
- Dermatologikum Hamburg, Stephansplatz 5, 20354, Hamburg, Deutschland.
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Marret G, Borcoman E, Le Tourneau C. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of cervical cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:871-877. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1646721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Marret
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Edith Borcoman
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Christophe Le Tourneau
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
- INSERM U900 Research Unit, Saint-Cloud, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
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Cheng MA, Farmer E, Huang C, Lin J, Hung CF, Wu TC. Therapeutic DNA Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus and Associated Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:971-996. [PMID: 29316817 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been recognized as the causative agent of cervical cancer. High-risk HPV types 16 and 18 alone are responsible for over 70% of all cases of cervical cancers. More recently, HPV has been identified as an etiological factor for several other forms of cancers, including oropharyngeal, anogenital, and skin. Thus, the association of HPV with these malignancies creates an opportunity to control these HPV lesions and HPV-associated malignancies through immunization. Strategies to prevent or to therapeutically treat HPV infections have been developed and are still pushing innovative boundaries. Currently, commercial prophylactic HPV vaccines are widely available, but they are not able to control established infections or lesions. As a result, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines, to treat existing infections, and to prevent the development of HPV-associated cancers. In particular, DNA vaccination has emerged as a promising form of therapeutic HPV vaccine. DNA vaccines have great potential for the treatment of HPV infections and HPV-associated cancers due to their safety, stability, simplicity of manufacturability, and ability to induce antigen-specific immunity. This review focuses on the current state of therapeutic HPV DNA vaccines, including results from recent and ongoing clinical trials, and outlines different strategies that have been employed to improve their potencies. The continued progress and improvements made in therapeutic HPV DNA vaccine development holds great potential for innovative ways to effectively treat HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Cheng
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Farmer
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Claire Huang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Lin
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Wongwarangkana C, Wanlapakorn N, Chansaenroj J, Poovorawan Y. Retinoic acid receptor beta promoter methylation and risk of cervical cancer. World J Virol 2018; 7:1-9. [PMID: 29468136 PMCID: PMC5807892 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v7.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Human papillomavirus has been reported as one of the key etiologic factors in cervical carcinoma. Likewise, epigenetic aberrations have ability to regulate cancer pathogenesis and progression. Recent research suggested that methylation has been detected already at precancerous stages, which methylation markers may have significant value in cervical cancer screening. The retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ) gene, a potential tumor suppressor gene, is usually expressed in normal epithelial tissue. Methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region of the RARβ gene has been found to be associated with the development of cervical cancer. To investigate whether RARβ methylation is a potential biomarker that predicts the progression of invasive cancer, we reviewed 14 previously published articles related to RARβ methylation. The majority of them demonstrated that the frequency of RARβ promoter methylation was significantly correlated with the severity of cervical epithelium abnormalities. However, methylation of a single gene may not represent the best approach for predicting disease prognosis. Analyzing combinations of aberrant methylation of multiple genes may increase the sensitivity, and thus this approach may serve as a better tool for predicting disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaninya Wongwarangkana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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18
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Zaravinos A, Mammas IN, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Molecular detection methods of human papillomavirus (HPV). Int J Biol Markers 2018; 24:215-22. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080902400401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing can identify women at risk of cervical cancer. Currently, molecular detection methods are the gold standard for identification of HPV. The three categories of molecular assays that are available are based on the detection of HPV DNA and include (1) non-amplified hybridization assays, such as Southern transfer hybridization (STH), dot blot hybridization (DB) and in situ hybridization (ISH); (2) signal amplified hybridization assays, such as hybrid capture assays (HC2); (3) target amplification assays, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ PCR. STH requires large amounts of DNA, is laborious and not reproducible, while ISH has only moderate sensitivity for HPV. The sensitivity of the HC2 assay is similar to that of PCR-based assays, with high sensitivity being achieved by signal rather than target amplification. PCR-based detection is both highly sensitive and specific. Since PCR can be performed on very small amounts of DNA, it is ideal for use on specimens with low DNA content. In the future, with the advance of technology, viral DNA extraction and amplification systems will become more rapid, more sensitive, and more automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete - Greece
| | - Ioannis N. Mammas
- Department of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete - Greece
| | - George Sourvinos
- Department of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete - Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Department of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete - Greece
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19
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Mammas IN, Zafiropoulos A, Sifakis S, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Human Papillomavirus (Hpv) Typing in Relation to ras Oncogene mRNA Expression in HPV-Associated Human Squamous Cervical Neoplasia. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 20:257-63. [PMID: 16398408 DOI: 10.1177/172460080502000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the principal etiologic agent for cervical cancer and its precursors. Different HPV types have been associated with different oncogenic potential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between specific HPV type infection and expression pattern of the ras family oncogenes in different grades of HPV-associated human cervical neoplasia. Methods HPV typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 31 HPV-positive human cervical specimens from patients with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) or squamous cervical carcinoma (SCC). The mRNA expression levels of H-, K- and N-ras oncogenes were examined using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results Among patients with SCC, H-, K- and N-ras expression levels were higher in HPV 16/18-associated cases compared to HPV 16/18-unassociated samples (p=0.003, p=0.004 and p=0.0001, respectively). The expression levels for H-, K-and N-ras were significantly higher in SCC patients with multiple HPV infection compared with SCC patients with single HPV infection (p=0.009, p=0.01 and p=0.021, respectively). Among patients with SIL, no statistically significant relationship was found between ras expression and HPV status. Conclusion Our findings indicate the possible role of ras signaling interaction with “high-risk” HPV 16/18 and multiple HPV infection in cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Mammas
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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20
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Lyronis ID, Baritaki S, Bizakis I, Tsardi M, Spandidos DA. Evaluation of the Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr Virus in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 20:5-10. [PMID: 15832767 DOI: 10.1177/172460080502000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the possible involvement of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) carcinogenesis in the Greek population. DNA was extracted from 30 ESCC and 27 normal esophageal specimens and screened for HPV type-specific or EBV infection by PCR-based assay. Seventeen out of 30 ESCC specimens (56%) were found positive for HPV DNA, of which 15 (88%) were typed as HPV-18 infected, one (5.9%) as HPV-16 infected, and one (5.9%) as infected by an HPV type different from the studied HPV-6, 11, 16, 18 and 33 subtypes. Six of the 27 normal esophageal specimens (22.2%) were positive for HPV infection, five typed as HPV-18 (83.3%) and one as HPV-16 (16.7%). All samples were negative for EBV genome detection as assessed by the PCR assay. No statistically significant correlation was found between the HPV status of the tumor samples and clinical parameters including sex, age of the patients, tobacco or alcohol use, differentiation grade of the lesions and stage of the disease. In conclusion, our findings indicate a statistically significant (p<0.001) overall association between ESCC and HPV infection, mostly related to the HPV-18 subtype, in the Greek population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Lyronis
- Department of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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21
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Villagómez-Ortíz VJ, Paz-Delgadillo DE, Marino-Martínez I, Ceseñas-Falcón LÁ, Sandoval-de la Fuente A, Reyes-Escobedo A. Prevalencia de infección por virus del papiloma humano en carcinoma espinocelular de cavidad oral, orofaringe y laringe. CIR CIR 2016; 84:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.circir.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Kwon T, Moon KH, Yang SH, Roh MC, Lee SH, Kim JW, Kim IK, Roh KH, Park S. Multiple Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with High-Risk Infection in Male Genital Warts in Ulsan, Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:371-5. [PMID: 26955236 PMCID: PMC4779860 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Further understanding of male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary to prevent infection in men, as well as transmission to women. In our current study, we investigated patterns of HPV infection and genotype distributions in male genital warts using the Anyplex II HPV28 Detection kit. We reviewed the medical records of 80 male patients who presented to 5 neighborhood clinics in Ulsan, Korea, for the treatment of genital warts between April 2014 and January 2015. All patients underwent HPV genotyping. The prevalence and characteristics of HPV infection were analyzed, and the patterns of HPV infection according to age were assessed. Among the study patients, 13 (16.3%) were negative for HPV infection, 46 (57.3%) were infected with low-risk HPV, and 21 (26.3%) were infected with high-risk HPV. Patients with multiple HPV infection were more likely to have high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.001). The prevalence of HPV infection was much higher in samples obtained by tissue excision due to a definite lesion (P = 0.001). There were no differences in high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.459), multiple HPV infection (P = 0.185), and recurrence at diagnosis (P = 0.178) according to age. HPV-6 and HPV-11 were the most common type overall (39.7% and 13.8%, respectively). HPV-16 and HPV-18 were the most common high-risk infections (both 3.4%). HPV infection is not only commonly encountered in male genital warts, but is also accompanied by high-risk HPV and multiple infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekmin Kwon
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Moon
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sungchan Park
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
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23
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Cokluk E, Sekeroglu MR, Aslan M, Balahoroglu R, Bilgili SG, Huyut Z. Determining oxidant and antioxidant status in patients with genital warts. Redox Rep 2015; 20:210-4. [PMID: 25584813 DOI: 10.1179/1351000215y.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Warts are abnormal skin growths caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infections within the skin of patients. Genital warts usually appear in the perianal and perigenital regions. Asymptomatic warts may be activated after years and may damage natural immunity. The inflammation that occurs during this process may lead to an imbalance between the prooxidant and the antioxidant systems. The aim of this study was to investigate erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, serum paraoxonase enzyme levels, and oxidative stress levels in patients with genital warts. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 32 patients with genital warts and 35 healthy subjects were included in this study. Erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, serum catalase activity, and paraoxonase enzyme, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. RESULTS Erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, serum MDA levels, and catalase activity were significantly higher in patients with genital warts than in controls (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05, respectively). However, serum paraoxonase enzyme levels were not significantly different between groups (P > 0.05). Serum triglyceride levels were significantly lower in patients with genital warts than in controls (P < 0.01). However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups with respect to total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that oxidative stress is increased in genital warts. Increased oxidative stress levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of genital warts, and prolonged HPV infection due to chronic inflammation could also affect oxidative stress.
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Abstract
We report here a case of Bowen's disease that developed in the periungual area of the left ring finger of a 55-year-old Japanese male. Because the histology of the lesion mimicked in part the features of a common wart, a PCR-based analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and sequencing of viral DNA of PCR-amplified fragments were performed. The lesion contained HPV11 and 16 DNA, and HPV was suspected to play a role in the development of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Ichihara Hospital, Ichihara, Japan
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Wang SX, Zhang XS, Guan HS, Wang W. Potential anti-HPV and related cancer agents from marine resources: an overview. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2019-35. [PMID: 24705500 PMCID: PMC4012449 DOI: 10.3390/md12042019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the studies on the prevention and treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV) which is closely related to the cervical cancer and other genital diseases are attracting more and more attention all over the world. Marine-derived polysaccharides and other bioactive compounds have been shown to possess a variety of anti-HPV and related cancer activities. This paper will review the recent progress in research on the potential anti-HPV and related cancer agents from marine resources. In particular, it will provide an update on the anti-HPV actions of heparinoid polysaccharides and bioactive compounds present in marine organisms, as well as the therapeutic vaccines relating to marine organisms. In addition, the possible mechanisms of anti-HPV actions of marine bioactive compounds and their potential for therapeutic application will also be summarized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiao-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Hua-Shi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Yi L, Vaudaux B, Sandu K, Nisa L. Prolonged remission of juvenile-onset respiratory papillomatosis: a post-expositional role of the tetravalent anti-HPV vaccine? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:388-90. [PMID: 24388316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) is an HPV-related neoplasm affecting primarily the larynx. JORRP often requires repeated surgical debridement, which yield variable but generally moderate remission periods. We report the case of a 6-year-old boy with severe course JORRP since the age of 2, requiring tracheostomy, that underwent prolonged remission and was decannulated some months after administration of the HPV vaccine. The post-exposure use for the anti-HPV vaccine in JORRP is a topic of capital interest but still poorly characterized. Some published cases suggest a potential post-exposure role of the vaccine in JORRP, but prospective multicentric trials are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Yi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Vaudaux
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kishore Sandu
- Division of Pediatric Airway Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Otorhinlaryngology, Hôpital de Sion - CHCVs/RSV, Av. Grand Champsec 80, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Lluís Nisa
- Department of Otorhinlaryngology, Hôpital de Sion - CHCVs/RSV, Av. Grand Champsec 80, 1950 Sion, Switzerland.
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Yanofsky VR, Linkner RV, Pompei D, Goldenberg G. Current update on the treatment of genital warts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Immunological characterization of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector expressing the human papillomavirus 16 E1 protein. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 21:147-55. [PMID: 24307238 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00678-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Women showing normal cytology but diagnosed with a persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection have a higher risk of developing high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer than noninfected women. As no therapeutic management other than surveillance is offered to these women, there is a major challenge to develop novel targeted therapies dedicated to the treatment of these patients. As such, E1 and E2 antigens, expressed early in the HPV life cycle, represent very interesting candidates. Both proteins are necessary for maintaining coordinated viral replication and gene synthesis during the differentiation process of the epithelium and are essential for the virus to complete its normal and propagative replication cycle. In the present study, we evaluated a new active targeted immunotherapeutic, a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector containing the E1 sequence of HPV16, aimed at inducing cellular immune responses with the potential to help and clear persistent HPV16-related infection. We carried out an extensive comparative time course analysis of the cellular immune responses induced by different schedules of immunization in C57BL/6 mice. We showed that multiple injections of MVA-E1 allowed sustained HPV16 E1-specific cellular immune responses in vaccinated mice and had no impact on the exhaustion phenotype of the generated HPV16 E1-specific CD8⁺ T cells, but they led to the differentiation of multifunctional effector T cells with high cytotoxic capacity. This study provides proof of concept that an MVA expressing HPV16 E1 can induce robust and long-lasting E1-specific responses and warrants further development of this candidate.
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Pan YZ, Wang HL, Wang F, Luo D. Changes in distribution and ultrastructure of Langerhans cells in condyloma acuminatum tissues, and analysis of the underlying mechanism. DERMATOL SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain a better understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission dynamics between sexual partners, HPV-type-specific concordance was investigated. METHODS Twenty-nine couples were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Mean age was 30.5 years (range = 19.1-42.6 y) for men and 28.2 years (range = 19.4-44.5 y) for women. Samples were collected at the glans penis, penile shaft, and scrotum in men and at the endo/ectocervix and labia/vulva, and perineum in women. Samples were analyzed for the presence of HPV DNA first by polymerase chain reaction and then genotyped using the reverse-line blot method. RESULTS Human papillomavirus prevalence for any HPV type was 75.9% among men and 86.2% among women. Eleven men and 10 women were infected with multiple HPV types. At least partial type-specific concordance was observed in 66% of the couples. Forty-one percent of the couples had perfect concordance. In 11 couples (37.9%), complete discordance was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results provide valuable information about HPV-type-specific concordance and demonstrate the complexity of transmission dynamics in heterosexual couples.
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Vaccination against human papilloma virus (HPV): epidemiological evidence of HPV in non-genital cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 17:103-19. [PMID: 20640607 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced in the national vaccination programmes of several countries worldwide. The established association between HPV and the progression of cervical neoplasia provides evidence of the expected protection of the vaccine against cervical cancer. During the last two decades several studies have also examined the possible involvement of HPV in non-genital cancers and have proposed the presence of HPV in oesophageal, laryngeal, oropharyngeal, lung, urothelial, breast and colon cancers. The possible involvement of HPV in these types of cancer would necessitate the introduction of the vaccine in both boys and girls. However, the role of HPV in the pathogenesis of these types of cancer has yet to be proven. Moreover, the controversial evidence of the possible impact of the vaccination against HPV in the prevention of non-genital cancers needs to be further evaluated. In this review, we present an overview of the existing epidemiological evidence regarding the detection of HPV in non-genital cancers.
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Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Margolis L. War and peace between microbes: HIV-1 interactions with coinfecting viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 6:403-8. [PMID: 19917495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 disrupts the homeostatic equilibrium between the host and coinfecting microbes, facilitating reactivation of persistent viruses and invasion by new viruses. These viruses usually accelerate HIV disease but occasionally create conditions detrimental for HIV-1. Understanding these phenomena may lead to anti-HIV-1 strategies that specifically target interactions between HIV-1 and coinfecting viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lisco
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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HPV infection and EGFR activation/alteration in HIV-infected East African patients with conjunctival carcinoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10477. [PMID: 20498858 PMCID: PMC2871792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been substantial growth in the numbers of patients with conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma infected with HIV in East Africa. The natural history of the conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma appears to be unique in this region of the world, but the etiologic mechanism unclear and therapeutic options limited. This research was carried out to determine if conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma harbors human papillomavirus DNA and is associated with activation of the EGFR signaling pathway. Positive findings would identify etiologic causes and provide clinical guidance to improve treatment. Methods/Findings Expression of p-MAPK/MAPK, p-Akt/Akt and p-EGFR/EGFR in cell nuclei and cytoplasm of 38 FFPE specimens were assessed by immunohistochemistry; HPV genotype was detected by qPCR assay; EGFR mutation was assessed by DNA sequencing analysis; and EGFR mRNA expression was measured using relative qPCR. Statistical analyses included two-sided Fisher exact test or chi-square test, Spearman correlation coefficient and ANOVA. HPV 18 was found in 61% of samples, with HPV 16 double-genotype in 6 patients (16%). Immunohistochemistry and qPCR data suggest that activation and expression of the EGFR signaling pathway is related to disease progression of conjunctival cancer. The associations between cytoplasmic p-MAPK, cytoplasmic p-Akt and tumor invasiveness were significant (p = 0.05 or 0.028). Nuclear p-EGFR appeared only in invasive tumors. A significant positive association between EGFR expression and disease invasiveness was observed (p = 0.01). A SNP in 10 patients and one missense mutation were found within EGFR tyrosine kinase domain. Statistical analysis indicates that patients with measurable EGFR expression more likely harbor EGFR mutations, compared to those with negative EGFR expression (35.3% vs. 0%). Conclusions/Significance We conclude that HPV types 16/18 infection is frequent in East African patients with AIDS-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. EGFR activation/alteration may contribute to and sustain the high prevalence of this cancer. Our findings hint that adoption of HPV vaccination strategies may impact the incidence of conjunctival carcinoma. Agents that target the EGFR pathway may have potential therapeutic benefit.
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Batista CS, Atallah AN, Saconato H, da Silva EM. 5-FU for genital warts in non-immunocompromised individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2010:CD006562. [PMID: 20393949 PMCID: PMC7206224 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006562.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital warts are common and usually are harmless but can be painful and psychologically burdensome. Several local treatments can be used, including topical 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness and safety of 5-FU topical treatment for genital warts in nonimmunocompromised individuals. SEARCH STRATEGY Databases searched were Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2009 Issue 3), MEDLINE (1966 to August 2009), EMBASE (until August 2009), LILACS (1982 to August 2009). The search had no language or publication restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA The review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) among women, men, or both sexes, aged 18 years and older, comparing: 5-FU versus placebo or no treatment; 5-FU in any dose versus other isolated treatment, topical or systemic; 5-FU in any dose associated with other treatment versus placebo; 5-FU in any dose associated with other treatment versus other isolated treatment, topical or systemic; 5-FU in any dose associated with other treatment versus other associated treatment, topical or systemic. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data from the original publications. MAIN RESULTS Six trials involving 988 patients (645 women and 343 men) and reporting eight comparisons were found. Two studies reported withdrawals and dropouts, but none mentioned analysis by intention to treat (ITT). 5-FU presented better results for cure than placebo or no treatment (relative risk (RR) 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23 to 0.67), meta-cresol-sulfonic acid (MCSA) (RR 2.11, 95% CI 0.83 to 5.37), Podophylin 2%, 4% or 25% (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.82). There were no statistical differences for treatment failure for 5-FU versus CO2 Laser (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.11) versus 5-FU + INFalpha-2a (low dose) (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.119). Worse results were found for 5-FU versus 5-FU + INFalpha-2a (high dose) (RR 10.78, 95% CI 1.50 to 77.36), and 5-FU + CO2 Laser INFalpha-2a (high dose) (RR 7.97, 95% CI 2.87 to 22.13). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The reviewed trials were highly variable in methods and quality, and the evidence provided by these studies was weak. Cure rates with several treatments were variable, and although 5-FU presents therapeutic results that are inferior to those seen with 5-FU + Inf alpha-2a (high dose) and 5-FU + CO2 Laser + Inf alpha-2a (high dose), the treatment should not be abandoned. Topical treatment with 5-FU has a therapeutic effect; however, the benefits and risks have not been determined clearly and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio S Batista
- Departament of Medicine, Urgency Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo / Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Pedro de Toledo 598, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Rosa MID, Medeiros LR, Rosa DD, Bozzeti MC, Silva FR, Silva BR. [Human papillomavirus and cervical neoplasia]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2009; 25:953-64. [PMID: 19488480 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2009000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established as an important etiological factor for the development of cervical cancer. This DNA virus primarily infects the epithelium and can induce benign and malignant lesions of the mucous membranes and skin. Some HPVs are considered high risk due to their role in malignant progression of cervical tumors. Genital HPV infections are common and usually transient among young sexually active women. Only a small fraction of infected women develop cervical cancer, implying the involvement of environmental and genetic cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis. Classification, virology, pathology, natural history, epidemiological features of genital HPV infection, and future prospects for cervical cancer prevention with HPV vaccines will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês da Rosa
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brasil.
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Sobti RC, Singh N, Hussain S, Suri V, Bharti AC, Das BC. Overexpression of STAT3 in HPV-mediated cervical cancer in a north Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 330:193-9. [PMID: 19421717 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The constitutively activated STAT family members, particularly STAT3, have been shown to possess transforming properties, and are strongly correlated with tumor development and progression. STAT3 transmits signals from many cytokines and growth factors to target genes in the nucleus through the Jak/Stat signaling pathway. HPV is the main etiological factor in the development of cervical cancer. In the current study, the expression of STAT3 was analyzed in various stages of HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis. Tissue biopsies from 100 patients with cervical cancer of different stages and normal tissues from patients undergoing hysterectomy were selected for studying the HPV status and STAT3 expression. HPV status of each corresponding biopsy was analyzed by PCR and typing. The mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HPV infection was detected in majority of cases: 75% (9/12) in precancer, 85% (34/40) stage I & II, and 95% (36/38) in stage III & IV of cervical cancer cases by L1 PCR. Further sub typing revealed HPV16 in 100% (9/9) of L1 positives in precancerous & 90% (63/70) in different stages of cancer. Significant level of STAT3 mRNA expression was predominantly found in cervical cancer cases as compared to normal controls (P = 0.001). We also found a significant correlation of STAT3 expression in cases infected with HPV (P = 0.001). Our results indicate a potentially interactive effect between HPV 16/18 and transcriptional activation of STAT3 gene in cervical carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first such study to be reported from India. Further investigations are needed to determine the influence of STAT3 expression on cervical carcinogenesis and its possible interaction with HPV infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Sobti
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:267-73. [PMID: 19050916 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are common pathogens associated with a wide range of cutaneous and mucosal infections in childhood. Different HPV types can cause common warts, genital warts, low-grade as well as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Anogenital warts represent an issue with legal and clinical implications and evaluation of children for the possibility of sexual abuse should be considered in all cases. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis has also been associated with HPV infection in a variety of studies. The recently introduced HPV vaccination is expected to prevent HPV-related cervical cancer in adulthood; however, HPV infection will continue to affect children.
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Li W, Liu H, Yang X, Zheng J, Wang Y, Si L. Development of prophylactic recombinant HPV58-attenuated Shigella live vector vaccine and evaluation of its protective efficacy and immunogenicity in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:137-45. [PMID: 19204831 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmn016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a prophylactic recombinant HPV58L1-attenuated Shigella live vector vaccine and evaluate its protective efficacy and immunogenicity in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model, the HPV58L1 gene was cloned into vector pUCmt, and then subcloned into the suicide vector pCVD442. The recombinant plasmid pCVD442-HPV58L1 was introduced into attenuated Shigella (sf301:deltavirG) with the helper plasmid PRK2013 by filter mating. The positive colonies were harvested and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The expression of the HPV58L1 protein with a molecular weight of 60 kDa was confirmed by western blot. The ability of the interested protein to self-assemble into virus-like particles was identified by transmission electron microscope, and murine erythrocyte hemagglutination assay. The guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model was used to evaluate the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of the vaccine. Animal experiments showed that there was no keratoconjunctivitis occurred in the immunized group (HPV58-attenuated Shigella), and the serum levels of anti-HPV58L1-IgG and -IgA were obviously increased (P < 0.05), but the anti-sf301 LPS-IgG just slightly increased (P > 0.05). Enzymelinked immunosorbent spot assay showed that HPV58L1-specific IgA-antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and IgG-ASC of spleen and lymph nodes were also obviously increased (P < 0.01). In this study, a recombinant HPV58L1-attenuated Shigella live vector vaccine was successfully constructed, and it could induce strong humoral immune responses in the immunized animals, and induce protective antibody production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Producing Cells/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/prevention & control
- Genetic Vectors
- Guinea Pigs
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious/immunology
- Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Shigella/immunology
- Shigella/pathogenicity
- Shigella Vaccines/genetics
- Shigella Vaccines/immunology
- Shigella Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Shigella Vaccines/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Li
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in a multisite study of HIV-infected and high-risk HIV-uninfected women. AIDS 2009; 23:59-70. [PMID: 19050387 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32831cc101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study anal intraepithelial neoplasia and its associations with anal and cervical human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical neoplasia, host immune status, and demographic and behavioral risk factors in women with and at risk for HIV infection. DESIGN Point-prevalence analysis nested within a prospective study of women seen at three clinical centers of the Women's Interagency HIV Study. METHODS In 2001-2003 participants were interviewed, received a gynecological examination, anal and cervical cytology testing and, if abnormal, colposcopy-guided or anoscopy-guided biopsy of visible lesions. Exfoliated cervical and anal specimens were assessed for HPV using PCR and type-specific HPV probing. Logistic regression analyses were performed, and odds ratios (ORs) estimated risks for anal intraepithelial neoplasia. RESULTS Four hundred and seventy HIV-infected and 185 HIV-uninfected women were enrolled. Low-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia was present in 12% of HIV-infected and 5% of HIV-uninfected women. High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia was present in 9% of HIV-infected and 1% of HIV-uninfected women. In adjusted analyses among HIV-infected women, the risk factors for low-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia were younger age [OR = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36-0.97], history of receptive anal intercourse (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.5-6.8), anal HPV (oncogenic types only OR = 11, 95% CI = 1.2-103; oncogenic and nononcogenic types OR = 11, 95% CI = 1.3-96), and cervical HPV (oncogenic and nononcogenic types OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1-11). In multivariable analyses among HIV-infected women, the only significant risk factor for high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia was anal HPV infection (oncogenic and nononcogenic types OR = 7.6, 95% CI = 1.5-38). CONCLUSION Even in the era of highly active antiviral therapy, the prevalence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia was 16% in HIV-infected women. After controlling for potential confounders, several risk factors for low-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia differed from risk factors for high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia.
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Urquiza M, Guevara T, Sanchez R, Vanegas M, Patarroyo ME. A non-variable L1-peptide displays high sensitivity and specificity for detecting women having human papillomavirus-associated cervical lesions. Peptides 2008; 29:957-62. [PMID: 18294733 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody detection is promising technique for detecting women at risk of suffering cervical cancer, since potentially oncogenic, persistent, long-term HPV-infections elicit an antibody response which is rarely detected in transitory HPV-infection patients. We have identified a non-variable C-terminus L1-peptide, belonging to an alpha-helix surface exposed on L1-protein, specifically recognized by antibodies from HPV-associated cervical lesion patients. This peptide tested against 313 sera presented higher reactivity with antibodies from cervical cancer (OD mean 0.43+/-0.13) or cervical lesion patients (OD mean 0.41+/-0.17) than antibodies from normal cytology patients (OD mean 0.17+/-0.03). High-risk HPV-infected patients presented higher antibody reactivity (OD mean 0.36+/-0.17) than high-risk HPV-non-infected patients (OD mean 0.22+/-0.11). This peptide showed 88.36% sensitivity, 99.39% specificity and 94.21% correct classification of high risk-HPV cervical lesion or cervical cancer patients. This peptide should be taken into account for designing serological screening or diagnostic tests for use in a clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Urquiza
- Fundation Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Cra 50 # 26-00, Bogota, Colombia.
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Reliability of sample collection and laboratory testing for HPV detection in men. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:136-43. [PMID: 18279976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of male HPV infection is hindered frequently by the lack of consistency in collection methods and sample adequacy for detection of HPV with molecular methods. Presented here are the reliability of sample collection of male anogenital skin exfoliated cells, as well as reliability of PCR-based HPV detection method and genotyping analysis. Concordance of HPV test for paired collected samples from different anatomical sites was determined. The highest agreement was observed for penile shaft with a kappa (kappa)=0.75 (95% CI: 0.63-0.86), followed by perianal area (kappa=0.68, 95% CI: 0.51-0.86); and lowest at the anal canal (kappa=0.55, 95% CI: 0.35-0.74) and scrotum (kappa=0.54, 95% CI: 0.40-0.69). The reliability of laboratory testing was highest for detection of oncogenic types (kappa=0.86, 95% CI: 0.71-1.00) and for multiple-type HPV infections (kappa=0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.95) compared to detection of non-oncogenic HPV types (kappa=0.64, 95% CI: 0.47-0.82) or single HPV-type detection (kappa=0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.72). In conclusion, the swab method used to obtain skin exfoliated cells is adequate for sample collection, and the specimens can be used reliably for molecular HPV testing.
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Nielson CM, Harris RB, Dunne EF, Abrahamsen M, Papenfuss MR, Flores R, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR. Risk factors for anogenital human papillomavirus infection in men. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1137-45. [PMID: 17955431 DOI: 10.1086/521632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers. Identification of risk factors for HPV infection in men may improve our understanding of HPV transmission and prevention. METHODS HPV testing for 37 types was conducted in 463 men 18-40 years old recruited from 2 US cities. The entire anogenital region and semen were sampled. A self-administered questionnaire was completed. Multivariate logistic regression aided the identification of independent risk factors for any HPV type, oncogenic HPV types, and nononcogenic HPV types. RESULTS Prevalence was 65.4% for any HPV, 29.2% for oncogenic HPV, and 36.3% for nononcogenic HPV. Factors significantly associated with any HPV were smoking > or =10 cigarettes per day (odds ratio [OR], 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.0-5.3]) and lifetime number of female sex partners (FSPs) (OR for > or =21, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.3-4.6]), and factors significantly associated with oncogenic HPV were lifetime number of FSPs (OR for > or =21, 7.4 [95% CI, 3.4-16.3]) and condom use during the past 3 months (OR for more than half the time, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.3-0.8]). For nononcogenic HPV, a significant association was found for number of FSPs during the past 3 months (OR for > or =2, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.4-6.3]). CONCLUSIONS Lifetime and recent number of FSPs, condom use, and smoking were modifiable risk factors associated with HPV infection in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Nielson
- Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Geiger T, Levitzki A. Loss of robustness and addiction to IGF1 during early keratinocyte transformation by human Papilloma virus 16. PLoS One 2007; 2:e605. [PMID: 17622350 PMCID: PMC1904256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of keratinocytes with high risk human Papilloma virus causes immortalization, and when followed by further mutations, leads to cervical cancer and other anogenital tumors. Here we monitor the progressive loss of robustness in an in vitro model of the early stages of transformation that comprises normal keratinocytes and progressive passages of HPV16 immortalized cells. As transformation progresses, the cells acquire higher proliferation rates and gain the ability to grow in soft agar. Concurrently, the cells lose robustness, becoming more sensitive to serum starvation and DNA damage by Cisplatin. Loss of robustness in the course of transformation correlates with significant reductions in the activities of the anti-apoptotic proteins PKB/Akt, Erk, Jnk and p38 both under normal growth conditions and upon stress. In parallel, loss of robustness is manifested by the shrinkage of the number of growth factors that can rescue starving cells from apoptosis, with the emergence of dependence solely on IGF1. Treatment with IGF1 activates PKB/Akt and Jnk and through them inhibits p53, rescuing the cells from starvation. We conclude that transformation in this model induces higher susceptibility of cells to stress due to reduced anti-apoptotic signaling and hyper-activation of p53 upon stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Geiger
- Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silverman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Nielson CM, Flores R, Harris RB, Abrahamsen M, Papenfuss MR, Dunne EF, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR. Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Type Distribution in Male Anogenital Sites and Semen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1107-14. [PMID: 17548671 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted and causes cervical cancer. Although HPV can infect men and women, little is known about infection in men. Specifically, the prevalence of type-specific HPV infection and the distribution of infections by anogenital anatomic site in men are incompletely characterized. METHODS We tested 463 men ages 18 to 40 years for HPV at the glans/corona, penile shaft, scrotum, urethra, perianal area, anal canal, and in a semen sample. Eligible men acknowledged no history of genital warts and had sexual intercourse with a woman within the past year. HPV testing by PCR and reverse line blot genotyping for 37 types was conducted on each of the specimens from the seven sampling sites. RESULTS When HPV results from any sampling site were considered, 237 (51.2%) men were positive for at least one oncogenic or nononcogenic HPV type, and another 66 (14.3%) men were positive for an unclassified HPV type. The types with the highest prevalence were HPV-16 (11.4%) and 84 (10.6%). External genital samples (glans/corona, shaft, and scrotum) were more likely than anal samples to contain oncogenic HPV (25.1% versus 5.0%). HPV-positive penile shaft and glans/corona samples were also more likely to be infected with multiple HPV types than other sites. CONCLUSIONS More complete anogenital sampling and sensitive detection for 37 HPV types resulted in a higher HPV prevalence in primarily asymptomatic men than reported previously. The penile shaft was the site most likely to be HPV positive and harbored the greatest proportion of multiple type and oncogenic infections. These results have implications for research of HPV among men and transmission between partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Nielson
- Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Herrera S, Correa LA, Wolff JC, Gaviria A, Tyring SK, Sanclemente G. Effect of imiquimod in anogenital warts from HIV-positive men. J Clin Virol 2007; 39:210-4. [PMID: 17513167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-positive patients have unpredictable local immune responses even with severe systemic immunosuppression and data reported to date is insufficient to predict the effect of imiquimod in HIV-positive patients. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of 5% topical imiquimod in HIV-positive male patients with anogenital warts (AGW) and to elucidate its effect on recurrence. STUDY DESIGN Open-label clinical trial. RESULTS Of the 43 patients enrolled, 86% completed treatment. Patients' mean age was 34 years (range: 19-50). Thirty-one patients were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) therapy. At week 16, 10 patients completely cleared lesions and 21 patients had a wart size reduction > or =50%. At 20 weeks of therapy, 17 patients achieved total clearance whereas 14 patients had a >50% wart reduction. Clearance was not influenced by CD4-counts, HIV-viral load, previous therapy, or wart localization. Of the patients who experienced a complete clearance, five (29%) had a recurrence. Mean time of recurrence was 14.4 weeks. Erythema, pruritus, and burning sensation were the most frequent local skin reactions. CONCLUSIONS Topical 5% imiquimod is safe and may benefit HIV-positive patients with anogenital warts particularly when it is used for up to 20 weeks. It is also useful to decrease wart recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Herrera
- GRID, Dermatology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Kalvatchev Z, Rösl F. Human Papilloma Viruses: Realities and Perspectives. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2007.10817434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Jaffary F, Musini V, Nilforoush M, Bassett K. Systematic Review of Imiquimod for the Treatment of External Genital Wart. INT J PHARMACOL 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2007.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mammas IN, Sourvinos G, Michael C, Spandidos DA. Human papilloma virus in hyperplastic tonsillar and adenoid tissues in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:1158-62. [PMID: 17133162 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000245094.15643.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) in childhood causes skin and anogenital warts as well as the recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, a life-threatening cause of upper airway obstruction in children. To date, the information on HPV infection in tonsillar and adenoid hyperplasia in children is limited. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of HPV DNA in children with benign tonsillar and/or adenoid hyperplasia. METHODS One hundred six samples of paraffin-embedded adenoid and/or tonsillar tissues from 102 children, 57 girls and 45 boys (age range, 2-14 years), were tested for the presence of HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with general primers GP5+/GP6+. HPV typing was performed by PCR with specific primers for HPV-16, -18, -33 and -11. RESULTS HPV DNA was detected in 9 (8.5%) of the 106 collected specimens. The frequencies of HPV typing were 6 of 9 (66.7%) for HPV-16, 2 of 9 (22.2%) for HPV-11, zero of 9 (0%) for HPV-33 and HPV-18, whereas one HPV-positive sample remained untyped. No multiple HPV infection was detected. HPV was detected in 6 (9.4%) children with tonsillar hyperplasia and in 3 (7.1%) with adenoid hyperplasia. The mean age of children with HPV-positive specimens was lower than that of HPV-negative children (P = 0.006). No statistical correlation in the prevalence of HPV infection was observed according to children's sex, origin or residence (urban or rural). CONCLUSION Although the significance of the presence of HPV DNA in tonsillar and adenoid hyperplasias remains obscure, the PCR detection of high-risk HPV DNA should be evaluated cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N Mammas
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Abstract
Patients and clinicians experience the frustration of cutaneous viral warts caused by infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV).Warts appear in various forms on different sites of the body and include common warts (verruca vulgaris), plane or flat warts, myrmecia, plantar warts, coalesced mosaic warts, filiform warts, periungual warts, anogenital warts (venereal or condyloma acuminata), oral warts and respiratory papillomas. Cervical infection with HPV is now known to cause cervical cancer if untreated. A review of the medical literature reveals a huge armamentarium of wart monotherapies and combination therapies. Official evidence-based guidelines exist for the treatment of warts, but very few of the reported treatments have been tested by rigorous blinded, randomized controlled trials.Therefore, official recommendations do not often include treatments with reportedly high success rates, but they should not be ignored when considering treatment options. It is the purpose of this review to provide a comprehensive overview of the wart treatment literature to expand awareness of the options available to practitioners faced with patients presenting with problematic warts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Lipke
- MPAS, PA-C, Department of Dermatology, Marshfield Clinic-Wausau Center, Wausau, WI 54401, USA.
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Wang YW, Chang HS, Lin CH, Yu WCY. HPV-18 E7 conjugates to c-Myc and mediates its transcriptional activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:402-12. [PMID: 17070091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several reports in the literature have indicated that the E6 not only elevates the level of c-Myc level but that the protein also associates with the Myc complex and activates Myc-responsive genes. There would seem to be a mechanism by which this oncogene can modulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, an increase in c-Myc levels has also observed during ectopic expression of HPV E7 alone. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we further found that the c-Myc interacts and forms a specific complex with HPV-16E7. In this study, we have demonstrated that E7 does indeed interact with c-Myc and a sequential deletion analysis of E7 maps the c-Myc interaction site to the carboxyl-terminal region. We determined two HPV-18 E7 binding sites on c-Myc involving the amino acids regions 1-100 and 367-439. The interaction of the high-risk type HPV E7 with c-Myc can augment c-Myc transactivation activity but this does not occur with low-risk type HPV E7. Deletion within the Cys-X-X-Cys repeat motif at the C-terminus of HPV-18 E7 leads to a lost of association with c-Myc and also abolishes the enhancement of c-Myc's transactivation activity. Furthermore, the interaction of HPV-18 E7 with c-Myc functionally promotes c-Myc's DNA-binding ability. Using the hTERT promoter as a model, enhanced c-Myc binding ability to the hTERT promoter as measured by immunoprecipitation assay was observed and occurred in an E7 dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results provide significant new insights into the association of c-Myc with E7 and the possible involvement of high-risk E7 in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Wang
- National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
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