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Chen Q, Wang T, Wu X, Yuan H, Wei Y, Xiao Y. The role of the cytochrome P450 superfamily in the skin. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e15. [PMID: 38621674 PMCID: PMC11140544 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, the skin acts as a barrier to prevent harmful environmental stimuli from entering the circulation. CYP450s are involved in drug biotransformation, exogenous and endogenous substrate metabolism, and maintaining the normal physiological function of the skin, as well as facilitating homeostasis of the internal environment. The expression pattern of CYP450s in the skin is tissue-specific and thus differs from the liver and other organs. The development of skin topical medications, and knowledge of the toxicity and side effects of these medications require a detailed understanding of the expression and function of skin-specific CYP450s. Thus, we summarized the expression of CYP450s in the skin, their function in endogenous metabolic physiology, aberrant CYP450 expression in skin diseases and the influence of environmental variables and medications. This information will serve as a crucial foundation for future studies on the skin, as well as for the design and development of new drugs for skin diseases including topical medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tuan Wang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Dermatology Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huipu Yuan
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Kamel EM, Alwaili MA, Rudayni HA, Allam AA, Lamsabhi AM. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanisms of Reactive Metabolite Formation in the Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome p450 1B1 by 8-Methoxypsoralen and Assessing the Driving Effect of phe268. Molecules 2024; 29:1433. [PMID: 38611713 PMCID: PMC11012842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive computational exploration of the inhibitory activity and metabolic pathways of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MP), a furocoumarin derivative used for treating various skin disorders, on cytochrome P450 (P450). Employing quantum chemical DFT calculations, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations analyses, the biotransformation mechanisms and the active site binding profile of 8-MP in CYP1B1 were investigated. Three plausible inactivation mechanisms were minutely scrutinized. Further analysis explored the formation of reactive metabolites in subsequent P450 metabolic processes, including covalent adduct formation through nucleophilic addition to the epoxide, 8-MP epoxide hydrolysis, and non-CYP-catalyzed epoxide ring opening. Special attention was paid to the catalytic effect of residue Phe268 on the mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of P450 by 8-MP. Energetic profiles and facilitating conditions revealed a slight preference for the C4'=C5' epoxidation pathway, while recognizing a potential kinetic competition with the 8-OMe demethylation pathway due to comparable energy demands. The formation of covalent adducts via nucleophilic addition, particularly by phenylalanine, and the generation of potentially harmful reactive metabolites through autocatalyzed ring cleavage are likely to contribute significantly to P450 metabolism of 8-MP. Our findings highlight the key role of Phe268 in retaining 8-MP within the active site of CYP1B1, thereby facilitating initial oxygen addition transition states. This research offers crucial molecular-level insights that may guide the early stages of drug discovery and risk assessment related to the use of 8-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin M. Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
| | - Maha A. Alwaili
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.R.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Naeem Z, Zukunft S, Huard A, Hu J, Hammock BD, Weigert A, Frömel T, Fleming I. Role of the soluble epoxide hydrolase in keratinocyte proliferation and sensitivity of skin to inflammatory stimuli. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116127. [PMID: 38198951 PMCID: PMC10857809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipid content of skin plays a determinant role in its barrier function with a particularly important role attributed to linoleic acid and its derivatives. Here we explored the consequences of interfering with the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) on skin homeostasis. sEH; which converts fatty acid epoxides generated by cytochrome P450 enzymes to their corresponding diols, was largely restricted to the epidermis which was enriched in sEH-generated diols. Global deletion of the sEH increased levels of epoxides, including the linoleic acid-derived epoxide; 12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EpOME), and increased basal keratinocyte proliferation. sEH deletion (sEH-/- mice) resulted in thicker differentiated spinous and corneocyte layers compared to wild-type mice, a hyperkeratosis phenotype that was reproduced in wild-type mice treated with a sEH inhibitor. sEH deletion made the skin sensitive to inflammation and sEH-/- mice developed thicker imiquimod-induced psoriasis plaques than the control group and were more prone to inflammation triggered by mechanical stress with pronounced infiltration and activation of neutrophils as well as vascular leak and increased 12,13-EpOME and leukotriene (LT) B4 levels. Topical treatment of LTB4 antagonist after stripping successfully inhibited inflammation and neutrophil infiltration both in wild type and sEH-/- skin. While 12,13-EpoME had no effect on the trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils, like LTB4, it effectively induced neutrophil adhesion and activation. These observations indicate that while the increased accumulation of neutrophils in sEH-deficient skin could be attributed to the increase in LTB4 levels, both 12,13-EpOME and LTB4 contribute to neutrophil activation. Our observations identify a protective role of the sEH in the skin and should be taken into account when designing future clinical trials with sEH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zumer Naeem
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Zukunft
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Embryology and Histology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany
| | - Timo Frömel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; CardioPulmonary Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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4
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Richard F, Creusot T, Catoire S, Egles C, Ficheux H. Mechanisms of pollutant-induced toxicity in skin and detoxification: Anti-pollution strategies and perspectives for cosmetic products. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2019; 77:446-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Amawi H, Sim HM, Tiwari AK, Ambudkar SV, Shukla S. ABC Transporter-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:549-580. [PMID: 31571174 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in active pumping of many diverse substrates through the cellular membrane. The transport mediated by these proteins modulates the pharmacokinetics of many drugs and xenobiotics. These transporters are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The overexpression of certain transporters by cancer cells has been identified as a key factor in the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In this chapter, the localization of ABC transporters in the human body, their physiological roles, and their roles in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) are reviewed. Specifically, P-glycoprotein (P-GP), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) are described in more detail. The potential of ABC transporters as therapeutic targets to overcome MDR and strategies for this purpose are discussed as well as various explanations for the lack of efficacy of ABC drug transporter inhibitors to increase the efficiency of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hong-May Sim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suneet Shukla
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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de la Torre X, Martinez Brito D, Colamonici C, Parr MK, Botrè F. Metabolism of formestane in humans: Identification of urinary biomarkers for antidoping analysis. Steroids 2019; 146:34-42. [PMID: 30904502 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Formestane (4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, 4OH-AED) is an aromatase inhibitor prohibited in sports. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that it can also originate endogenously by the hydroxylation in C4 position of androstenedione. Thus, the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is mandatory according to the World Antidoping Agency (WADA) to discriminate endogenous from synthetic origin. In a previous work and after oral administrations of formestane (4OH-AED), the ratio between the main formestane metabolite (4α-hydroxyepiandrosterone; 4OH-EA) and formestane parent compound could help to identify the endogenous origin, avoiding unnecessary and costly IRMS confirmations. In the present work, we investigated whether the same criteria could also be applied after transdermal applications. Six volunteers were transdermally treated once with formestane. Urine samples were collected for 120 h postadministration and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-MS/MS). Formestane and its major metabolites were monitored. The kinetic profile of formestane and its main metabolites was found different between oral and transdermal application. A shift on the excretion of the metabolites compared to formestane itself that can be observed after the oral administration, is absent after the transdermal one. This makes that a simple criteria cannot be applied to differentiate the endogenous from the synthetic origin based on metabolic ratios. The ratio between 4-hydroxyepiandrosterone and 4-hydroxyandrosterone (4OH-A) can be used to differentiate the route of administration. Ratios higher than one (4OH-EA/4OH-A > 1) are diagnostic of an oral administration. This allows to correctly interpret the 4OH-EA/4OH-AED ratio as proposed in our previous investigation. The results of this work demonstrate that the use of appropriate biomarkers (metabolic ratios) helps to reach correct conclusions without using complex and costly instrumentation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- X de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - C Colamonici
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - M K Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Naturally derived Heme-Oxygenase 1 inducers attenuate inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells and T cells: relevance for psoriasis treatment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10287. [PMID: 29980703 PMCID: PMC6035209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease mediated by dysregulated immune responses in dendritic cells (DC) and T cells. The stress-response enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been described as protective in animal models of psoriasis, however, implementation of HO-1-based therapies is hindered by the lack of clinically-suitable HO-1 inducers. The plant-derived polyphenols, carnosol and curcumin, have been identified as candidate HO-1 inducers however there has been little investigation into their effects on human immune cells. We demonstrate that treatment of human DC with these polyphenols limits DC maturation, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and prevents induction of allospecific T cell responses, in a manner partially dependent on carbon monoxide (CO). We also characterised their effects in ex-vivo psoriasis PBMC and report that curcumin, but not carnosol, strongly reduces T cell proliferation and cytokine poly-functionality, with reduced expression of psoriatic cytokines IFNγ, IL-17, GM-CSF and IL-22. This study therefore supports reports highlighting the therapeutic potential of curcumin in psoriasis by providing insight into its immunological effects on healthy human DC and psoriasis PBMC. We also demonstrate, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory effects of carnosol in human immune cells.
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8
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Oesch F, Fabian E, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2411-2456. [PMID: 29916051 PMCID: PMC6063329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the metabolic fate of medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics and other chemicals intentionally or accidently applied to the human skin have become increasingly important in order to ascertain pharmacological effectiveness and to avoid toxicities. The use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations. Hence information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the experimental systems available for pertinent studies compared with native human skin has become crucial. This review collects available information of which—taken with great caution because of the still very limited data—the most salient points are: in the skin of all animal species and skin-derived in vitro systems considered in this review cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenase activities (largely responsible for initiating xenobiotica metabolism in the organ which provides most of the xenobiotica metabolism of the mammalian organism, the liver) are very low to undetectable. Quite likely other oxidative enzymes [e.g. flavin monooxygenase, COX (cooxidation by prostaglandin synthase)] will turn out to be much more important for the oxidative xenobiotic metabolism in the skin. Moreover, conjugating enzyme activities such as glutathione transferases and glucuronosyltransferases are much higher than the oxidative CYP activities. Since these conjugating enzymes are predominantly detoxifying, the skin appears to be predominantly protected against CYP-generated reactive metabolites. The following recommendations for the use of experimental animal species or human skin in vitro models may tentatively be derived from the information available to date: for dermal absorption and for skin irritation esterase activity is of special importance which in pig skin, some human cell lines and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to native human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization reactive-metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the Conclusions section in the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Khan A, Bai H, Liu E, Chen M, Yu C, Wang R, Khan A, Bai Z. Protective effect of neferine against UV-B-mediated oxidative damage in human epidermal keratinocytes. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018. [PMID: 29532689 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1441490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus altering the cellular function. The human epidermal skin layer is mainly composed of keratinocytes, which is damaged by UV-B radiation-induced intracellular oxidative stress. Neferine is an alkaloid extract from lotus seed embryos and is known to promote antioxidant activity. OBJECTIVE In this study for the first time, we investigated the photoprotective action of neferine, against UV-B-produced oxidative damage in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs). METHODS We established an in Vitro study model using HEKs. Cellular viability was determined by MMT assay kits. The intracellular oxidative stress was measured using ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kits. Endogenous antioxidants were measured by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) assay kits. Photoprotective nature of neferine was further evaluated by analyzing the morphological and ultrastructural alterations in keratinocytes. RESULTS Neferine inhibit the UV-B-mediated increase in ROS and MDA levels in pretreated keratinocytes. The antioxidants, SOD and GPx activities were significantly high in neferine pretreated UV-B groups. Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum damage were less evident in neferine-pretreated UV-B groups as compared with the control group, which might be associated with reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that neferine can prevent UV-B-induced oxidative damage and may thus be a potential agent for prevention and treatment of skin damage and photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidullah Khan
- a Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Hongliang Bai
- a Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Enqi Liu
- b Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Mingxia Chen
- c Department of Electron Microscopy, School of Medicine , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- d Department of Dermatovenerology , Central Hospital of Suining , Suining , Sichuan , China
| | - Rui Wang
- a Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Amin Khan
- e Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology , Bannu , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) , Pakistan
| | - Zhuanli Bai
- a Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
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Akbulak O, Karadag AS, Akdeniz N, Ozkanli S, Ozlu E, Zemheri E, Oguztuzun S. Evaluation of oxidative stress via protein expression of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome p450 (CYP450) ısoenzymes in psoriasis vulgaris patients treated with methotrexate. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 37:180-185. [DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1369431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Akbulak
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Serap Karadag
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Akdeniz
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyma Ozkanli
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emin Ozlu
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Zemheri
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bessems JGM, Paini A, Gajewska M, Worth A. The margin of internal exposure (MOIE) concept for dermal risk assessment based on oral toxicity data - A case study with caffeine. Toxicology 2017; 392:119-129. [PMID: 28288858 PMCID: PMC5699174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Route-to-route extrapolation is a common part of human risk assessment. Data from oral animal toxicity studies are commonly used to assess the safety of various but specific human dermal exposure scenarios. Using theoretical examples of various user scenarios, it was concluded that delineation of a generally applicable human dermal limit value is not a practicable approach, due to the wide variety of possible human exposure scenarios, including its consequences for internal exposure. This paper uses physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling approaches to predict animal as well as human internal exposure dose metrics and for the first time, introduces the concept of Margin of Internal Exposure (MOIE) based on these internal dose metrics. Caffeine was chosen to illustrate this approach. It is a substance that is often found in cosmetics and for which oral repeated dose toxicity data were available. A rat PBK model was constructed in order to convert the oral NOAEL to rat internal exposure dose metrics, i.e. the area under the curve (AUC) and the maximum concentration (Cmax), both in plasma. A human oral PBK model was constructed and calibrated using human volunteer data and adapted to accommodate dermal absorption following human dermal exposure. Use of the MOIE approach based on internal dose metrics predictions provides excellent opportunities to investigate the consequences of variations in human dermal exposure scenarios. It can accommodate within-day variation in plasma concentrations and is scientifically more robust than assuming just an exposure in mg/kg bw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos G M Bessems
- Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Alicia Paini
- Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
| | - Monika Gajewska
- Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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12
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Beránek M, Fiala Z, Kremláček J, Andrýs C, Hamáková K, Palička V, Borská L. Droplet Digital PCR Analysis of GSTM1 Deletion Polymorphism in Psoriatic Subjects Treated with Goeckerman Therapy. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2016; 59:75-78. [PMID: 27639151 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Goeckerman therapy (GT) represents an effective treatment of psoriasis including a combination of pharmaceutical grade crude coal tar (CCT) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV-R). Coal tar contains a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The best known carcinogenic polyaromate - benzo[a]pyrene is metabolized into a highly reactive benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) catalyses the conjugation of drugs, toxins and products of oxidative stress with glutathione. The aim of the study is to found possible associations between GSTM1 genotypes and the level of BPDE-DNA adducts in 46 psoriatic patients treated with GT. For genotyping, droplet digital PCR was applied. The GSTM1 copy number was normalized to β-globin reference gene. In five GSTM1*1/*1 subjects, the GSTM1 to β-globin ratio moved from 0.99 to 1.03 with a median of 1.01. GSTM1*0/*1 heterozygotes (n = 20) contained only one GSTM1 function allele which conditioned the ratio 0.47-0.53 (median 0.50). GSTM1*0/*0 individuals (n = 21) showed no amplification of the null variants because of the large deletion in GSTM1. BPDE-DNA concentrations ranged from 1.8 to 66.3 ng/µg with a median of 12.3 ng/µg. GSTM1*0/*0 and GSTM1*0/*1 genotypes showed non-significantly higher concentrations of BPDE-DNA adducts than the GSTM1*1/*1 one (12.3 and 12.4 vs 7.8 ng/µg). The non-significant relationship between BPDE-DNA adducts and GSTM1 genotypes in psoriatic patients could be associated with relatively low doses of CCT and short-term UV-R exposures used in GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beránek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Fiala
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kremláček
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Andrýs
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslava Hamáková
- Clinic of Dermal and Venereal Diseases, Charles University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Palička
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Borská
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Karadag AS, Uzunçakmak TK, Ozkanli S, Oguztuzun S, Moran B, Akbulak O, Ozlu E, Zemheri IE, Bilgili SG, Akdeniz N. An investigation of cytochrome p450 (CYP) and glutathioneS-transferase (GST) isoenzyme protein expression and related interactions with phototherapy in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2016; 56:225-231. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse S. Karadag
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Tuğba K. Uzunçakmak
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Seyma Ozkanli
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Serpil Oguztuzun
- Department of Biology; School of Medicine; Kırıkkale University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Busra Moran
- Department of Biology; Scientific Technical Research and Application Center; Hitit University; Çorum Turkey
| | - Ozge Akbulak
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Emin Ozlu
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Itir E. Zemheri
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Serap G. Bilgili
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Yuzuncu Yil University; Van Turkey
| | - Necmettin Akdeniz
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Istanbul Turkey
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What happens in the skin? Integrating skin permeation kinetics into studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity following topical exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:252-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Foulkes AC, Warren RB. Pharmacogenomics and the Resulting Impact on Psoriasis Therapies. Dermatol Clin 2015; 33:149-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oesch F, Fabian E, Guth K, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2135-90. [PMID: 25370008 PMCID: PMC4247477 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of the skin to medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics, and other chemicals renders information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the skin highly interesting. Since the use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations, information on XME in models comes in the focus including non-human mammalian species and in vitro skin models. This review attempts to summarize the information available in the open scientific literature on XME in the skin of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, and pig as well as human primary skin cells, human cell lines, and reconstructed human skin models. The most salient outcome is that much more research on cutaneous XME is needed for solid metabolism-dependent efficacy and safety predictions, and the cutaneous metabolism comparisons have to be viewed with caution. Keeping this fully in mind at least with respect to some cutaneous XME, some models may tentatively be considered to approximate reasonable closeness to human skin. For dermal absorption and for skin irritation among many contributing XME, esterase activity is of special importance, which in pig skin, some human cell lines, and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization, activating XME are not yet judgeable, but reactive metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the “Overview and Conclusions” section in the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Oesch-Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions GmbH&Co.KG, Rheinblick 21, 55263, Wackernheim, Germany
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Maebayashi Asanuma A, Yamamoto T, Azuma H, Kato E, Yamamoto N, Murase T, Chishima F, Suzuki M. Expression of placenta growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, metal-responsive transcription factor-1, heme oxygenase 1 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α mRNAs in pre-eclampsia placenta and the effect of pre-eclampsia sera on their expression of choriocarcinoma cells. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40:2095-103. [PMID: 25132343 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM We studied the effect of pre-eclampsia sera on the expression of placenta growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNAs in JEG-3 cells (trophoblast-derived cells) and placenta from pre-eclampsia patients to investigate pre-eclampsia pathophysiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Placenta and serum samples were taken from pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy patients. JEG-3 cells were cultured with pre-eclampsia and normal pregnant sera in 24-well tissue culture plates. RNA was purified from placental trophoblast cells and JEG-3 cells 24 h after incubation. The expression of mRNA was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The expression of sFlt-1 mRNA increased, and that of PlGF and HO-1 mRNA decreased in JEG-3 cells after incubation with pre-eclampsia sera. The expression of PlGF mRNA decreased, and that of sFlt-1mRNA increased in pre-eclampsia placenta. The expression of MTF-1 and HO-1 mRNA decreased. A correlation was found between PlGF mRNA expression and the expression of MTF-1 and HIF-1α mRNA. A correlation between sFlt-1 and HIF-1α mRNA expression was also found. CONCLUSION Changes in PlGF mRNA expression in pre-eclampsia placenta may relate to serum factors and the expression of MTF-1 and HIF-α mRNA. Changes in sFlt-1mRNA expression may relate to serum factors and the expression of HIF-α mRNA. We suggest that serum factors play a role in PlGF and sFlt-1 expression in pre-eclampsia placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Maebayashi Asanuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Deeni YY, Ibbotson SH, Woods JA, Wolf CR, Smith G. Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 interacts with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and influences psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) sensitivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75494. [PMID: 24086543 PMCID: PMC3781062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are unpredictable inter-individual differences in sensitivity to psoralen-UVA (PUVA) photochemotherapy, used to treat skin diseases including psoriasis. Psoralens are metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450), and we hypothesised that variability in cutaneous P450 expression may influence PUVA sensitivity. We previously showed that P450 CYP1B1 was abundantly expressed in human skin and regulated by PUVA, and described marked inter-individual differences in cutaneous CYP1B1 expression. Objectives We investigated whether CYP1B1 made a significant contribution to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) metabolism, and whether individuality in CYP1B1 activity influenced PUVA sensitivity. Methods We used E. coli membranes co-expressing various P450s and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) to study 8-MOP metabolism and cytotoxicity assays in CYP1B1-expressing mammalian cells to assess PUVA sensitivity. Results We showed that P450s CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 influence 8-MOP metabolism. As CYP1B1 is the most abundant P450 in human skin, we further demonstrated that: (i) CYP1B1 interacts with 8-MOP (ii) metabolism of the CYP1B1 substrates 7-ethoxyresorufin and 17-β-estradiol showed concentration-dependent inhibition by 8-MOP and (iii) inhibition of 7-ethoxyresorufin metabolism by 8-MOP was influenced by CYP1B1 genotype. The influence of CYP1B1 on PUVA cytotoxicity was further investigated in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line, stably expressing CYP1B1 and CPR, which was more sensitive to PUVA than control cells, suggesting that CYP1B1 metabolises 8-MOP to a more phototoxic metabolite(s). Conclusion Our data therefore suggest that CYP1B1 significantly contributes to cutaneous 8-MOP metabolism, and that individuality in CYP1B1 expression may influence PUVA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Y. Deeni
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Contemporary Science, University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julie A. Woods
- Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Smith
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Gambichler T, Kreuter A, Susok L, Skrygan M, Rotterdam S, Höxtermann S, Müller M, Tigges C, Altmeyer P, Lahner N. Glutathione-S-transferase T1 genotyping and phenotyping in psoriasis patients receiving treatment with oral fumaric acid esters. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:574-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - A. Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - L. Susok
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - M. Skrygan
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - S. Rotterdam
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - S. Höxtermann
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - M. Müller
- Department of Occupational; Social and Environmental Medicine; University Medical Center, Göttingen; Germany
| | - C. Tigges
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - P. Altmeyer
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - N. Lahner
- Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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Pellerin L, Henry J, Hsu CY, Balica S, Jean-Decoster C, Méchin MC, Hansmann B, Rodriguez E, Weindinger S, Schmitt AM, Serre G, Paul C, Simon M. Defects of filaggrin-like proteins in both lesional and nonlesional atopic skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1094-102. [PMID: 23403047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a disturbed epidermal barrier. In a subset of patients, this is explained by nonsense mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG). OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the respective role of FLG mutations and proinflammatory cytokines and to assess the expression of FLG, hornerin (HRNR), and FLG2, 2 FLG-like proteins, which are involved in epidermal barrier functions, in normal skin and both lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with AD. METHODS An FLG-genotyped cohort of 73 adults with AD and 73 aged-matched control subjects was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Normal primary human keratinocytes were differentiated in either the absence or presence of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-25. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, FLG, HRNR, and FLG2 were detected at significantly lower levels in the skin of patients with AD, irrespective of their FLG genotype. The reduction was greater in lesional compared with nonlesional skin. In addition, the proFLG/FLG ratio was found to be higher in the skin of wild-type patients than in control subjects. Cytokine treatment of keratinocytes induced a dramatic reduction in FLG, FLG2, and HRNR expression both at the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION The stratum corneum of lesional but also clinically unaffected skin of adults with AD is abnormal, with reduced expression of FLG and FLG-like proteins. In addition to nonsense mutations, proinflammatory cytokines and some defects in the proFLG processing can contribute to the FLG downregulation. Our study suggests that skin inflammation reduces the expression of FLG-like proteins, contributing to the AD-related epidermal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pellerin
- UMR5165 CNRS, U1056 INSERM, University of Toulouse, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Individuality in FGF1 expression significantly influences platinum resistance and progression-free survival in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1327-36. [PMID: 22990650 PMCID: PMC3494420 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer is frequently advanced at presentation when treatment is rarely curative. Response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy significantly influences survival, but clinical response is unpredictable and is frequently limited by the development of drug-resistant disease. Methods: We used qRT–PCR analysis to assess intertumour differences in the expression of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and additional candidate genes in human ovarian tumours (n=187), and correlated individuality in gene expression with tumour histology, chemotherapy response and survival. We used MTT assays to assess platinum chemosensitivity in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant ovarian cell lines. Results: Marked intertumour differences in gene expression were observed, with each tumour having a unique gene expression profile. Nine genes, including FGF1 (P=1.7 × 10−5) and FGFR2 (P=0.003), were differentially expressed in serous and nonserous tumours. MDM2 (P=0.032) and ERBB2 (P=0.064) expression was increased in platinum-sensitive patients, and FGF1 (adjusted log-rank test P=0.006), FGFR2 (P=0.04) and PDRFRB expression (P=0.037) significantly inversely influenced progression-free survival. Stable FGF1 gene knockdown in platinum-resistant A2780DPP cells re-sensitised cells to both cisplatin and carboplatin. Conclusion: We show for the first time that FGF1 is differentially expressed in high-grade serous ovarian tumours, and that individuality in FGF1 expression significantly influences progression-free survival and response to platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Vena GA, Cassano N. The effects of alcohol on the metabolism and toxicology of anti-psoriasis drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:959-72. [PMID: 22594656 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.691166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol has long been suspected to be a triggering and precipitating factor of psoriasis. Alcohol misuse is common in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and appears to impair treatment outcome. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors review the available data regarding the metabolic and toxicological interactions between anti-psoriasis systemic drugs and ethanol and/or alcoholic beverages. Special attention is given to the influence of alcohol consumption on the hepatotoxic risk of some anti-psoriasis drugs. The article was prepared using a MEDLINE literature search. EXPERT OPINION The available knowledge highlights the existence of a few significant pharmacological interactions, such as the reduced exposure to cyclosporine by red wine, the possible increase of cyclosporine levels following a heavy acute alcohol intake, and, especially, the conversion of acitretin to etretinate, in the presence of ethanol, with important implications in females of child-bearing potential. There are limited data on the contributing role of alcohol in the hepatotoxicity induced by some anti-psoriasis drugs and the existing information on this topic is still controversial. However, further investigation is needed to assess the relevance of interactions between alcohol consumption and drug therapy for psoriasis, under both pharmacological and toxicological perspectives. Long-term prospective studies on large cohorts of patients are warranted to disclose the actual significance of such potential interactions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino A Vena
- University of Bari, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Bari, Italy.
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Cudmore MJ, Ramma W, Cai M, Fujisawa T, Ahmad S, Al-Ani B, Ahmed A. Resveratrol inhibits the release of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) from human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:253.e10-5. [PMID: 22197494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (also know as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase [sFlt]-1) is a key causative factor of preeclampsia. Resveratrol, a plant phytoalexin, has antiinflammatory and cardioprotective properties. We sought to determine the effect of resveratrol on sFlt-1 release. STUDY DESIGN Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, transformed human trophoblast-8 (HTR/SVneo)-8/SVneo trophoblast cells, or placental explants were incubated with cytokines and/or resveratrol. Conditioned media were assayed for sFlt-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell proteins used for Western blotting. RESULTS Resveratrol inhibited cytokine-induced release of sFlt-1 from normal placental explants and from preeclamptic placental explants. Preincubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells or HTR-8/SVneo cells with resveratrol abrogated sFlt-1 release. Resveratrol prevented the up-regulation of early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1), a transcription factor necessary for induction of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 gene and caused up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1, a cytoprotective enzyme found to be dysfunctional in preeclampsia. CONCLUSION In summary, resveratrol can inhibit sFlt-1 release and up-regulate heme oxygenase-1; thus, may offer therapeutic potential in preeclampsia.
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Valovičová Z, Mesárošová M, Trilecová L, Hrubá E, Marvanová S, Krčmář P, Milcová A, Schmuczerová J, Vondráček J, Machala M, Topinka J, Gábelová A. Genotoxicity of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and its methyl derivatives in human keratinocytes. Mutat Res 2012; 743:91-8. [PMID: 22306306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Differences between tissues in the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes may substantially contribute to tissue-specificity of chemical carcinogens. To verify this hypothesis, the spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes HaCaT were used, in order to evaluate the genotoxic potential of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a known hepatocarcinogen and sarcomagen, and its synthetic tissue-specific derivatives, 5,9-dimethyl-DBC (DiMeDBC) and N-methyl-DBC (N-MeDBC), which manifest specific tropism to the liver and skin, respectively. HaCaT cells mainly express cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), which is involved in metabolism of DBC and N-MeDBC, but not DiMeDBC [10]. Both DBC and the sarcomagen N-MeDBC induced significant levels of DNA strand-breaks, micronuclei, and DNA adducts followed by the phosphorylation of the p53 protein and histone H2AX in HaCaT cells. In contrast, the specific hepatocarcinogen DiMeDBC was devoid of any significant genotoxic activity in this cell line. Our study demonstrates that the absence of drug-metabolizing enzyme(s) involved in DiMeDBC metabolism may contribute substantially to the tissue-specific genotoxicity of this hepatocarcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Valovičová
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, SAS, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Ibbotson S, Dawe R, Dinkova-Kostova A, Weidlich S, Farr P, Ferguson J, Wolf C, Smith G. Glutathione S-transferase genotype is associated with sensitivity to psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:380-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aoki Y, Yamamoto T, Fumihisa C, Nakamura A, Asanuma A, Suzuki M. Effect on the Production of Soluble Endoglin from Human Choriocarcinoma Cells by Preeclampsia Sera. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 67:413-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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McNeilly AD, Woods JA, Ibbotson SH, Wolf CR, Smith G. Characterization of a human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line model to study the regulation of CYP2S1. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:283-9. [PMID: 22039172 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.042085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2S1 is an extrahepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) that shows marked individuality in constitutive and inducible expression. CYP2S1 mRNA expression is increased in psoriasis and by treatments for psoriasis, including retinoids and UV radiation, although endogenous substrates remain poorly characterized. Because previous model systems have overexpressed modified CYP2S1 in bacteria, human HaCaT keratinocyte cells were screened for constitutive and regulatable CYP2S1 expression and CYP2S1 activity in HaCaT cells compared with a novel Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-based cell line engineered to stably coexpress CYP2S1 and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase. Constitutive mRNA expression for CYP2S1 and additional P450s, retinoid acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, RARγ), and retinoid X receptors (RXRα, RXRβ and RXRγ) was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in HaCaT cells. Cells were then exposed to retinoids or to UV radiation (UVR), and changes in CYP2S1 mRNA abundance were further examined by qRT-PCR analysis. P450 expression in HaCaT cells was similar to human skin, with abundant CYP2S1 expression. RARα and RARγ (but not RARβ) and all RXR isoforms were also detectable. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) induced CYPS1 mRNA expression more potently than 9-cis RA or 13-cis RA. P450-dependent atRA metabolism was demonstrated in HaCaT cells, with a very similar metabolite profile to that produced by our CYP2S1-expressing CHO cells. CYP2S1 mRNA expression was also induced by UVR, more potently than CYP1B1, a known UVR-inducible P450. Our results demonstrate regulatable and functional CYP2S1 expression in HaCaT cells, thus identifying a human cell line model with utility for further analysis of CYP2S1 regulation and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D McNeilly
- Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Bebes A, Kis K, Nagy T, Kurunczi A, Polyánka H, Bata-Csörgo Z, Kemény L, Dobozy A, Széll M. The expressions of ABCC4 and ABCG2 xenobiotic transporters in human keratinocytes are proliferation-related. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:57-63. [PMID: 21922333 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily play important roles in maintaining the biochemical barrier of various tissues, but their precise functions in the skin are not yet known. Screening of the expressions of the known xenobiotic transporter genes in two in vitro keratinocyte differentiation models revealed that the ABCC4 and ABCG2 transporters are highly expressed in proliferating keratinocytes, their expressions decreasing along with differentiation. Abrogation of the ABCC4 and ABCG2 protein functions by siRNA-mediated silencing and chemical inhibition did not affect the proliferation of HaCaT cells. In contrast, disruption of the ABCG2 function had no effect on normal human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation, while the inhibition of ABCC-type transporters by probenecid resulted in a striking decrease in the proliferation of the cells. These results indicate that, besides their possible therapy-modulating effects, xenobiotic transporters may contribute significantly to other keratinocyte functions, such as cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bebes
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary.
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van de Kerkhof P, Kragballe K, Segaert S, Lebwohl M. Factors impacting the combination of topical corticosteroid therapies for psoriasis: perspectives from the international psoriasis council. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:1130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xenobiotic metabolism gene expression in the EpiDerm™ in vitro 3D human epidermis model compared to human skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1450-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Grether-Beck S, Mühlberg K, Brenden H, Krutmann J. Topische Applikation von Vitaminen, Phytosterolen und Ceramiden. Hautarzt 2008; 59:557-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-008-1554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Martin RA, Weinstock MA, Risica PM, Smith K, Rakowski W. Factors associated with thorough skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:1074-81. [PMID: 17714128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular thorough skin self-examination (TSSE) has potential for detecting melanoma early and reducing melanoma mortality. OBJECTIVES We sought to model factors associated with skin self-examination (SSE) and test whether efficacy and attitudes about SSE mediated these relationships. PATIENTS/METHODS The Check-It-Out project is a randomized trial of an intervention to encourage TSSE; 2126 participants were recruited from the practices of primary care physicians. Correlates predicting baseline TSSE included demographic variables, skin cancer risk, physician advice to examine skin, and appropriate conditions for conducting SSE (availability of partner to assist with self-examination, availability of a wall mirror, and use of contact lenses/glasses). RESULTS Those who were given physician advice, had a wall mirror, and had a partner available were more likely to perform TSSE. LIMITATIONS We identified the factors associated with concurrent TSSE practices. Further research is needed to determine if these same factors predict future behaviour. Our findings may not be applicable in geographical areas other than our recruitment area. CONCLUSIONS Primary care providers can recommend SSE and provide materials to increase ability to recognize skin problems. Providing instructions and aids for conducting TSSE may increase self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Martin
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Black AT, Gray JP, Shakarjian MP, Laskin DL, Heck DE, Laskin JD. Distinct effects of ultraviolet B light on antioxidant expression in undifferentiated and differentiated mouse keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 2007; 29:219-25. [PMID: 17984112 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) B causes oxidative stress, which has been implicated in carcinogenesis. We determined if the sensitivity of keratinocytes to UVB-induced oxidative stress is dependent on their differentiation state. In primary cultures of undifferentiated and differentiated mouse keratinocytes, UVB (25 mJ/cm(2)) stimulated production of reactive oxygen intermediates. This was associated with increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the glutathione S-transferase (GST), GSTA1-2. The effects of UVB on GSTA1-2 were greater in undifferentiated when compared with differentiated cells. UVB also induced GSTM1, but only in undifferentiated cells. In contrast, UVB reduced expression of manganese superoxide dismutase, metallothionein-2, GSTA3 and microsomal glutathione S-transferase (mGST)3 in both cell types, whereas it had no major effects on catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, GSTP1, mGST1 or mGST2. Of note, levels of GSTA4 mRNA were 4- to 5-fold greater in differentiated relative to undifferentiated cells. Moreover, whereas GSTA4 was induced by UVB in undifferentiated cells, it was inhibited in differentiated cells. UVB activated p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in both undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes. Whereas inhibition of these kinases blocked UVB-induced HO-1 in both cell types, GSTA1-2 and GST-4 were only suppressed in undifferentiated cells. In differentiated keratinocytes, p38 inhibition also suppressed GSTA1-2. In contrast, MAP kinase inhibition had no major effects on UVB-induced suppression of GSTA4 in differentiated cells. These data indicate that UVB-induced alterations in antioxidant expression are differentiation dependent. Moreover, MAP kinases are critical regulators of this response. Alterations in antioxidants are likely to be important mechanisms for protecting the skin from UVB-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne T Black
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Cudmore M, Ahmad S, Al-Ani B, Fujisawa T, Coxall H, Chudasama K, Devey LR, Wigmore SJ, Abbas A, Hewett PW, Ahmed A. Negative regulation of soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin release by heme oxygenase-1. Circulation 2007; 115:1789-97. [PMID: 17389265 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.660134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is characterized clinically by hypertension and proteinuria. Soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1; also known as soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 [VEGFR-1]) and soluble endoglin (sEng) are elevated in preeclampsia, and their administration to pregnant rats elicits preeclampsia-like symptoms. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its metabolite carbon monoxide (CO) exert protective effects against oxidative stimuli. Thus, we hypothesized that HO-1 upregulation may offer protection against preeclampsia by inhibiting sFlt-1 and sEng release. METHODS AND RESULTS Preeclamptic villous explants secreted high levels of sFlt-1 and sEng. Adenoviral overexpression of HO-1 in endothelial cells inhibited VEGF-mediated sFlt-1 release and interferon-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced sEng release, whereas HO-1 inhibition potentiated sFlt-1 and sEng production from endothelial cells and placental villous explants. Consistent with these findings, mice lacking HO-1 produced higher levels of sFlt-1 and sEng compared with wild-type mice. Using selective ligands (VEGF-E and placental growth factor) and a receptor-specific inhibitor (SU-1498), we demonstrated that VEGF-induced sFlt-1 release was VEGFR-2 dependent. Furthermore, CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) or CO decreased sFlt-1 release and inhibited VEGFR-2 phosphorylation. Treatment of endothelial cells with statins upregulated HO-1 and inhibited the release of sFlt-1, whereas vitamins C and E had no effect. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that the HO-1/CO pathway inhibits sFlt-1 and sEng release, providing compelling evidence for a protective role of HO-1 in pregnancy, and identifies HO-1 as a novel target for the treatment of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cudmore
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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Lochner K, Gaemlich A, Südel KM, Venzke K, Moll I, Knott A, Stäb F, Wenck H, Döring O, Böttger M, Gallinat S. Expression of decorin and collagens I and III in different layers of human skin in vivo: a laser capture microdissection study. Biogerontology 2006; 8:269-82. [PMID: 17146610 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) organization is a complex process that requires the coordinated efforts of many molecules. For the regulation of collagen fiber diameter, the proteoglycan decorin appears to be of major relevance. To investigate the role of decorin in the process of (photo-)aging in more detail, full-thickness punch biopsies were isolated from human buttock skin. Single exposure with two minimal erythemal doses of solar simulated irradiation caused down-regulation of decorin mRNA in young (n = 5) and old subjects (n = 5) after 24 h. Interestingly, decorin mRNA was elevated with age. To test the hypothesis that a decreased collagen-to-decorin-ratio impairs collagen structure we also investigated collagens I and III gene expression. Both were down-regulated with increasing age and after single UV-irradiation. As determined by laser capture microdissection-quantitative real time-Polymerase chain reaction (n = 11), decorin is mostly present in the reticular dermis while being absent from the papillary dermis. Minor expression was also observed in the epidermis. However, in contrast to full-thickness skin biopsies age-dependent changes in collagens I, III, and decorin expression could not be observed with this methodology indicating technical limitations. Together with our finding that collagens I and III mRNA are similarly expressed in the reticular and papillary dermis and are down-regulated by UV, our studies support the idea of a major role of decorin in ECM organization. Altered expression of decorin mRNA in the different dermal strata and a decrease in the collagen-to-decorin ratio inflicted by both age and ultraviolet irradiation possibly affect collagen bundle diameter and subsequently the mechanical properties of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Lochner
- Paul Gerson Unna Skin Research Center, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, Box 519, 20245, Hamburg, Germany
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Tomaino A, Cristani M, Cimino F, Speciale A, Trombetta D, Bonina F, Saija A. In vitro protective effect of a Jacquez grapes wine extract on UVB-induced skin damage. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:1395-402. [PMID: 16901675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that UV radiation on the skin results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that interact with proteins, lipids and DNA, thus altering cellular functions. The epidermis is composed mainly of keratinocytes, rich in ROS detoxifying enzymes and in low-molecular-mass antioxidant molecules. However, the increased generation of ROS can overwhelm the natural defences against oxidative stress. Therefore treatment of the skin with products containing plant-derived antioxidant ingredients may be a useful strategy for the prevention of UV-mediated cutaneous damage. In the present study we have investigated the in vitro capability of a Jacquez grapes wine extract (containing a significant level of proanthocyanidins, together with lower amounts of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids; JW-E), to protect skin against UVB-induced oxidative damage by using a three-dimensional tissue culture model of human epidermis. The endpoints of our experiments were cell viability, release of interleukin-1alpha and prostaglandin E(2) (well-known mediators of cutaneous inflammatory processes), accumulation in the epidermis of malondialdehyde/4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyl groups (derived by the oxidative damage respectively of lipids and proteins) and tissue redox balance (expressed by the levels of reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase). Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the JW-E is an efficient botanical mixture able to prevent skin oxidative damage induced by UV-B exposure and may thus be a potential promising candidate as a skin photoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomaino
- Department Farmaco-Biologico, School of Pharmacy, University of Messina, Villaggio SS Annunziata, Contr. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Smith G, Ibbotson SH, Comrie MM, Dawe RS, Bryden A, Ferguson J, Wolf CR. Regulation of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes and cytoprotective gene expression by topical drugs in human skin in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155:275-81. [PMID: 16882163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuality in the expression and regulation of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and cytoprotective (CP) genes is an important determinant of treatment response. There is increasing evidence that many DMEs and CP genes are also expressed in human skin. Responses to topical drugs used to treat common skin diseases, such as psoriasis, are unpredictable and may potentially be rationalized, at least in part, by interindividual differences in cutaneous DME and CP gene expression. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether three topical drugs [coal tar, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and clobetasol 17-propionate] used in routine clinical practice modulated the expression of a variety of DME and CP genes [cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and drug transporters] in healthy human skin in vivo. METHODS Healthy adult volunteers (n = 30) were invited to participate in the study. Each subject was randomly allocated to receive two of the three study chemicals and one control site application. Crude coal tar (n = 13), atRA (n = 14) or clobetasol 17-propionate (n = 10) was applied under occlusion to photoprotected buttock skin for 96 h. A vehicle control (white soft paraffin) was also applied under the same conditions at an adjacent site in all subjects. Full-thickness punch biopsies (4-mm diameter) were then taken from treated and control sites. Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA, which was used as a template in subsequent real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, where fluorescent output was directly proportional to input cDNA concentration. Triplicate measurements of skin mRNA expression were made from each sample, and the arithmetic mean values taken. After logarithmic transformation, the paired t-test was used to compare values between treated and control skin. RESULTS Cytochrome P450s CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C18, quinone reductase (NQO-1), GSTP1, gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were induced by coal tar; CYP26, NADPH P450 reductase (CPR), GSTP1 and HO-1 by atRA; and CYP3A5 by clobetasol 17-propionate. In contrast, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression was suppressed by atRA, and gamma-GCS and MRP1 by clobetasol 17-propionate. Marked interindividual variation in gene regulation by topical drugs was seen for the majority of genes examined. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that topical drugs can modulate DME gene expression in human skin in vivo and indicate that variation in the expression and regulation of these genes may be a determinant of individuality in response to topical therapies for common skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Smith
- Biomedical Research Centre and Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Swinney R, Hsu S, Tomlinson G. Phase I and Phase II Enzyme Polymorphisms and Childhood Cancer. J Investig Med 2006; 54:303-20. [PMID: 17134614 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2006.05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood cancers continue to be challenging clinical entities whose etiology, demographic characteristics, clinical progression, treatment efficacy, and outcomes remain incompletely understood. Research suggests that multiple environmental and genetic factors may play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of many of these malignancies. Recent attention has been directed to the role of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in the etiology and progression of cancer in both adults and children due to their multitude of polymorphic variants and their intimate interaction with environmental factors. In particular, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME), which are intimately involved in the activation and deactivation of many environmental carcinogens, have become an area of significant interest. Traditionally, these enzymes have been classified into either phase I or phase II enzymes depending on their substrates, activity, and occasionally based on their sequence in the metabolic pathways, and have been demonstrated to have numerous polymorphic variants. Phase I enzymes predominantly consist of cytochrome enzymes responsible for mixed function oxidase activity, whereas phase II enzymes are frequently conjugation reactions necessary for drug metabolism or the further metabolism of phase I enzyme products. Current research has discovered numerous interactions between polymorphisms in these enzymes and changes in cancer susceptibility, treatment efficacy, and clinical outcomes in childhood cancer. Furthermore, studies of polymorphisms in these enzymes have demonstrated to have synergistic/antagonistic interactions with other XME polymorphisms and demonstrate variable influences on disease pathophysiology depending on the patient's ethnic background and environmental milieu. Continuing research on the role of polymorphisms in phase I and phase II enzymes will likely further elucidate the intimate role of these polymorphisms with environmental factors in the etiology of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Swinney
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Du L, Neis MM, Ladd PA, Lanza DL, Yost GS, Keeney DS. Effects of the differentiated keratinocyte phenotype on expression levels of CYP1–4 family genes in human skin cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 213:135-44. [PMID: 16307767 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids produced by mouse CYP2B19 have been implicated in mechanisms regulating epidermal cornification (Ladd, P.A., Du, L., Capdevila, J.H., Mernaugh, R., Keeney, D.S., 2003. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids activate transglutaminases in situ and induce cornification of epidermal keratinocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 35184-35192). In this study, we aimed to identify CYPs that are up-regulated during keratinocyte differentiation and potentially responsible for epoxyeicosatrienoic acid formation in human skin. The cellular differentiation state of human epidermal cell cultures was manipulated to resemble the basal, spinous, and granular cell phenotypes in vivo. Changes in CYP mRNA levels were measured as a function of differentiation state for a panel of 15 CYPs that included known and putative arachidonate monooxygenases. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that all of the CYPs were expressed in differentiating epidermal cell cultures and in human epidermis, with the exception of CYP2B6, which was poorly expressed in vitro. Six CYPs were strongly up-regulated at Day 6 and Day 8 of in vitro differentiation (CYP4B1, 2W1, 2C18, 3A4, 2C19, 2C9); the increase in mRNA levels ranged from 27- to 356-fold. Only CYP2U1 mRNA levels decreased (6-fold change) during cellular differentiation. Six CYPs showed little variation (<2-fold change) in mRNA levels during in vitro differentiation (CYP2S1, 2J2, 1B1, 1A1, 2E1, 2D6). No single CYP was identifiable as being a functional counterpart to CYP2B19 in mouse skin since none qualified as being mainly responsible for epidermal epoxyeicosatrienoic acid formation. Rather, the data suggest that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in human skin are formed by several CYPs expressed in different cell layers of the epidermis. This would predict that CYP-derived eicosanoids have different functions in different epidermal cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Stark K, Törmä H, Oliw EH. Co-localization of COX-2, CYP4F8, and mPGES-1 in epidermis with prominent expression of CYP4F8 mRNA in psoriatic lesions. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 79:114-25. [PMID: 16516815 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytochrome P450 4F8 (CYP4F8), and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) form PGE and 19-hydroxy-PGE in human seminal vesicles. We have examined COX-2, CYP4F8, and mPGES-1 in normal skin and in psoriasis. All three enzymes were detected in epidermis by immunofluorescence and co-localized in the suprabasal cell layers. In lesional psoriasis the enzymes were also co-localized in the basal cell layers. Real-time RT-PCR analysis suggested that CYP4F8 mRNA was induced 15-fold in lesional compared to non-lesional epidermis. mRNA of all enzymes were present in cultured HEK and HaCaT cells, but the prominent induction of CYP4F8 mRNA in psoriasis could not be mimicked by treatment of these keratinocytes with a mixture of inflammatory cytokines or with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate. The function of CYP4F8 in epidermis might be related to lipid oxidation and keratinocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Stark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Li Q, Kato Y, Sai Y, Imai T, Tsuji A. Multidrug Resistance—Associated Protein 1 Functions as an Efflux Pump of Xenobiotics in the Skin. Pharm Res 2005; 22:842-6. [PMID: 15948026 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-4576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent research has identified gene expression of several types of xenobiotic transporters in the skin. The aim of this study was to investigate whether multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) functions in the skin. METHODS The distribution of [14C]grepafloxacin in vivo and the transport of 1-[2-amino-5-(2,7-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-9-xanthenyl)phenoxy]-2-(2-amino-5-methylphenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (fluo 3) were examined in the skin of Mrp1 knockout mice [FVB/Mrp1(-/-)] and normal mice [FVB/Mrp1(+/+)]. RESULTS The tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio of [14C]grepafloxacin was higher in the skin of FVB/Mrp1(-/-) mice than that of FVB/Mrp1(+/+) mice. In skin slices of hairless mouse incubated with fluo 3 pentaacetoxymethyl ester, the accumulation of fluo 3 was significantly increased in the presence of probenecid (2 mM) and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (5 muM) in a time-dependent manner but did not change in the presence of tetraethylammonium (2 mM). In FVB/Mrp1(-/-) mouse skin, the accumulation of fluo 3 increased time-dependently, while no increase was observed in FVB/Mrp1(+/+) mouse skin. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Mrp1 is involved in the efflux of [14C]grepafloxacin and fluo 3 in the skin, possibly acting as part of a barrier system against xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Brazeau DA. Combining genome-wide and targeted gene expression profiling in drug discovery: microarrays and real-time PCR. Drug Discov Today 2005; 9:838-45. [PMID: 15381136 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Brazeau
- Pharmaceutical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo State, University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) super family are the most versatile and important class of drug-metabolizing enzymes that are induced in mammalian skin in response to xenobiotic exposure. At the same time, CYP have numerous important roles in endogenous and exogenous substrate metabolism in the skin. For example, they participate in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, fatty acids, eicosonoids, sterols, steroids, vitamin A, and vitamin D, to name a few. In addition, in some skin diseases, for example in psoriasis, many CYP are elevated. CYP are the target of special interest in the development of drugs for skin diseases because most, if not all, drugs available in the armamentarium of the dermatologists are either substrate, inducer, or inhibitor of this enzyme family. The functional significance of drug metabolism in skin and the implication of CYP in skin pathology and therapy is an area for future investigation. A detailed insight into the mechanism of action of various cutaneous CYP, being capable of modulating the drug bioavailability, will be helpful in the development of better strategies for novel therapy against constantly increasing skin disorders. This brief review discusses some of these perspectives and suggests additional work in this research area with regard to the expression and modulation of CYP in mammalian skin as well as their implication in dermatological disorders and the therapy of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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