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Dorey CK, Gierhart D, Fitch KA, Crandell I, Craft NE. Low Xanthophylls, Retinol, Lycopene, and Tocopherols in Grey and White Matter of Brains with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1-17. [PMID: 35988225 PMCID: PMC10357197 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress contributes to pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Higher levels of the dietary antioxidants- carotenoids and tocopherols- are associated with better cognitive functions and lower risk for AD, and lower levels of multiple carotenoids are found in serum and plasma of patients with AD. Although brains donated by individuals with mild cognitive impairment had significantly lower levels of lutein and beta-carotene, previous investigators found no significant difference in carotenoid levels of brains with AD and cognitively normal brains. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that micronutrients are significantly lower in donor brains with AD than in healthy elderly brains. METHODS Samples of donor brains with confirmed AD or verified health were dissected into grey and white matter, extracted with organic solvents and analyzed by HPLC. RESULTS AD brains had significantly lower levels of lutein, zeaxanthin, anhydrolutein, retinol, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol, and significantly increased levels of XMiAD, an unidentified xanthophyll metabolite. No meso-zeaxanthin was detected. The overlapping protective roles of xanthophylls, carotenes, α- and γ-tocopherol are discussed. CONCLUSION Brains with AD had substantially lower concentrations of some, but not all, xanthophylls, carotenes, and tocopherols, and several-fold higher concentrations of an unidentified xanthophyll metabolite increased in AD (XMiAD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karlotta A. Fitch
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Crandell
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Chen C, Hayden KM, Kaufman JD, Espeland MA, Whitsel EA, Serre ML, Vizuete W, Orchard TS, Wang X, Chui HC, D’Alton ME, Chen JC, Kahe K. Adherence to a MIND-Like Dietary Pattern, Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution, and MRI-Based Measures of Brain Volume: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study-MRI. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:127008. [PMID: 34939828 PMCID: PMC8698852 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that certain dietary patterns and constituents may be beneficial to brain health. Airborne exposures to fine particulate matter [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μ m (PM 2.5 )] are neurotoxic, but the combined effects of dietary patterns and PM 2.5 have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We examined whether previously reported association between PM 2.5 exposure and lower white matter volume (WMV) differed between women whose usual diet during the last 3 months before baseline was more or less consistent with a Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND)-like diet, a dietary pattern that may slow neurodegenerative changes. METHODS This study included 1,302 U.S. women who were 65-79 y old and free of dementia in the period 1996-1998 (baseline). In the period 2005-2006, structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed to estimate normal-appearing brain volumes (excluding areas with evidence of small vessel ischemic disease). Baseline MIND diet scores were derived from a food frequency questionnaire. Three-year average PM 2.5 exposure prior to MRI was estimated using geocoded participant addresses and a spatiotemporal model. RESULTS Average total and temporal lobe WMVs were 0.74 cm 3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.001, 1.48) and 0.19 cm 3 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.37) higher, respectively, with each 0.5-point increase in the MIND score and were 4.16 cm 3 (95% CI: - 6.99 , - 1.33 ) and 1.46 cm 3 (95% CI: - 2.16 , - 0.76 ) lower, respectively, with each interquartile range (IQR) (IQR = 3.22 μ g / m 3 ) increase in PM 2.5 . The inverse association between PM 2.5 per IQR and WMV was stronger (p -interaction < 0.001 ) among women with MIND scores below the median (for total WMV, - 12.47 cm 3 ; 95% CI: - 17.17 , - 7.78 ), but absent in women with scores above the median (0.16 cm 3 ; 95% CI: - 3.41 , 3.72), with similar patterns for WMV in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. For total cerebral and hippocampus brain volumes or WMV in the corpus callosum, the associations with PM 2.5 were not significantly different for women with high MIND scores and women with low MIND scores. DISCUSSION In this cohort of U.S. women, PM 2.5 exposure was associated with lower MRI-based WMV, an indication of brain aging, only among women whose usual diet was less consistent with the MIND-like dietary pattern at baseline. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Hayden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences; Department of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark A. Espeland
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric A. Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marc L. Serre
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tonya S. Orchard
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helena C. Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary E. D’Alton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ka Kahe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cerebral small vessel disease intensification in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. Pol J Radiol 2021; 86:e564-e573. [PMID: 34820033 PMCID: PMC8607833 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2021.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the prevalence of the neuroradiological indices of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and methods 34 patients (age 60-90 years, 17 women and 17 men) with severe AS and 50 healthy controls (age 61-85 years, 29 women and 21 men) underwent MRI brain examinations, which were analysed for the neuroradiological indices of CSVD: hyperintensities in periventricular white matter (PVWM) and deep white matter (DWM), enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS), lacunar strokes, and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Results PVWM hyperintensities were found in 46% of volunteers and was significantly lower (p = 0.027), corresponding to AS patients (80%), the density of lesions was higher in the AS group than in controls (p = 0.019). DWM hyperintensities were found more often in AS patients (76%) than in controls (66%) (p = 0.303), but the densities were similar in both groups. Lacunar strokes were found in 35% of AS patients and 16% of controls (p = 0.042). The average number of lacunar strokes per person was 0.9 in the AS group and 0.3 in the controls (p = 0.035). The AS group showed higher variance in the number of strokes: SD = 1.96 vs. SD = 1.06 in controls. Both prevalence and density of the ePVS and CMBs did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusions Neuroradiological indices of the vascular disease do not provide an unequivocal clue to the pathogenesis of CSVD in patients with severe AS. Most observations imply that CSVD is primarily a consequence of cerebral hypoperfusion caused by AS.
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Plasma Lutein, a Nutritional Biomarker for Development of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Alienor Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062047. [PMID: 34203817 PMCID: PMC8232705 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein and zeaxanthin may lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We evaluated the associations of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin with the incidence of advanced AMD in the Alienor study (Antioxydants Lipides Essentiels Nutrition et Maladies Oculaires). Alienor study is a prospective population-based cohort of 963 residents of Bordeaux, France, who were 73 years or older at baseline (2006-2008). The present study included 609 participants with complete ophthalmologic and plasma carotenoids data. Examinations were performed every two years over an eight-year period (2006 to 2017). Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin were determined at baseline from fasting blood samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess associations between plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, and their (total cholesterol (TC) + triglycerides (TG)) ratios with AMD. Among the 609 included participants, 54 developed advanced incident AMD during a median follow-up time of 7.6 years (range 0.7 to 10.4). Participants with higher plasma lutein had a reduced risk for incident advanced AMD in the fully adjusted model (HR = 0.63 per 1-SD increase (95% CI, 0.41-0.97), p = 0.03). A similar association was observed using the lutein/(TC + TG) ratio (HR = 0.59 (95% CI, 0.39-0.90), p = 0.01). No associations were evidenced for other carotenoids. Higher plasma lutein was associated with a 37% reduced risk of incident advanced AMD.
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The Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Brain Morphology in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Aging Res 2019; 2019:3709402. [PMID: 31871787 PMCID: PMC6913342 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3709402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing literature emphasizes the importance of lifestyle factors such as nutrition in successful aging. The current study examined if one year of supplementation with lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), two nutrients with known antioxidative properties and cognitive benefits, impacted structural brain outcomes in older adults using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial design. Community-dwelling older adults (20 males and 27 females) aged 65–87 years (M = 71.8 years, SD = 6.04 years) were randomized into supplement (N = 33) and placebo groups (N = 14) using simple randomization. The supplement group received 10 mg L + 2 mg Z daily for 12 months while the placebo group received a visually identical, inert placebo. L and Z were measured via retinal concentrations (macular pigment optical density or MPOD). Structural brain outcomes, focusing on global and frontal-temporal lobe regions, were acquired using both T1-weighted and DTI MRI sequences. We hypothesized that the supplement group would increase, maintain, or show attenuated loss in hypothesized regions-of-interest (ROIs) while the placebo group would show age-related declines in brain structural integrity over the course of the trial. While results showed age-related declines for frontal and temporal gray and white matter volumes, as well as fornix white matter microstructure across both groups, only minimal differences were found between the supplement and placebo groups. However, exploratory analyses showed that individuals who responded better to supplementation (i.e., showed greater increases in MPOD) showed less decline in global and prefrontal gray matter volume than supplement “nonresponders.” While results suggest that one year of L and Z supplementation may have limited effects on structural brain outcomes overall, there may be a subsample of individuals for whom supplementation of L and Z provides greater benefits. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02023645.
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Morris MC, Wang Y, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Dawson-Hughes B, Booth SL. Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study. Neurology 2017; 90:e214-e222. [PMID: 29263222 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To increase understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the association, we investigated the individual relations to cognitive decline of the primary nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables, including vitamin K (phylloquinone), lutein, β-carotene, nitrate, folate, kaempferol, and α-tocopherol. METHODS This was a prospective study of 960 participants of the Memory and Aging Project, ages 58-99 years, who completed a food frequency questionnaire and had ≥2 cognitive assessments over a mean 4.7 years. RESULTS In a linear mixed model adjusted for age, sex, education, participation in cognitive activities, physical activities, smoking, and seafood and alcohol consumption, consumption of green leafy vegetables was associated with slower cognitive decline; the decline rate for those in the highest quintile of intake (median 1.3 servings/d) was slower by β = 0.05 standardized units (p = 0.0001) or the equivalent of being 11 years younger in age. Higher intakes of each of the nutrients and bioactives except β-carotene were individually associated with slower cognitive decline. In the adjusted models, the rates for the highest vs the lowest quintiles of intake were β = 0.02, p = 0.002 for phylloquinone; β = 0.04, p = 0.002 for lutein; β = 0.05, p < 0.001 for folate; β = 0.03, p = 0.02 for α-tocopherol; β = 0.04, p = 0.002 for nitrate; β = 0.04, p = 0.003 for kaempferol; and β = 0.02, p = 0.08 for β-carotene. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of approximately 1 serving per day of green leafy vegetables and foods rich in phylloquinone, lutein, nitrate, folate, α-tocopherol, and kaempferol may help to slow cognitive decline with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Clare Morris
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.C.M., Y.W.), Preventive Medicine (Y.W.), Behavioral Sciences (L.L.B.), and Neurological Sciences (L.L.B., D.A.B.), and Rush Alzheimer Disease Center (L.L.B., D.A.B.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; and Tufts Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (B.D.-H., S.L.B.), Tufts University, Boston, MA.
| | - Yamin Wang
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.C.M., Y.W.), Preventive Medicine (Y.W.), Behavioral Sciences (L.L.B.), and Neurological Sciences (L.L.B., D.A.B.), and Rush Alzheimer Disease Center (L.L.B., D.A.B.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; and Tufts Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (B.D.-H., S.L.B.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa L Barnes
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.C.M., Y.W.), Preventive Medicine (Y.W.), Behavioral Sciences (L.L.B.), and Neurological Sciences (L.L.B., D.A.B.), and Rush Alzheimer Disease Center (L.L.B., D.A.B.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; and Tufts Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (B.D.-H., S.L.B.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - David A Bennett
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.C.M., Y.W.), Preventive Medicine (Y.W.), Behavioral Sciences (L.L.B.), and Neurological Sciences (L.L.B., D.A.B.), and Rush Alzheimer Disease Center (L.L.B., D.A.B.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; and Tufts Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (B.D.-H., S.L.B.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.C.M., Y.W.), Preventive Medicine (Y.W.), Behavioral Sciences (L.L.B.), and Neurological Sciences (L.L.B., D.A.B.), and Rush Alzheimer Disease Center (L.L.B., D.A.B.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; and Tufts Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (B.D.-H., S.L.B.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah L Booth
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (M.C.M., Y.W.), Preventive Medicine (Y.W.), Behavioral Sciences (L.L.B.), and Neurological Sciences (L.L.B., D.A.B.), and Rush Alzheimer Disease Center (L.L.B., D.A.B.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; and Tufts Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (B.D.-H., S.L.B.), Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Feart C, Letenneur L, Helmer C, Samieri C, Schalch W, Etheve S, Delcourt C, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Plasma Carotenoids Are Inversely Associated With Dementia Risk in an Elderly French Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:683-8. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Feeney J, Finucane C, Savva GM, Cronin H, Beatty S, Nolan JM, Kenny RA. Low macular pigment optical density is associated with lower cognitive performance in a large, population-based sample of older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2449-56. [PMID: 23769396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Macular pigment (MP) is comprised of the carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ), which selectively accumulate at the macula (central retina) of the eye and are neuroprotective. These carotenoids are also present in the brain, and evidence suggests a close correlation between retinal and brain concentrations. We investigated the relationship between MP and cognitive function in 4453 adults aged ≥ 50 years as part of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was determined using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry-a quick and noninvasive way of measuring the concentration of the pigment. Lower MPOD was associated with poorer performance on the mini-mental state examination (p = 0.026) and on the Montreal cognitive assessment (p = 0.016). Individuals with lower MPOD also had poorer prospective memory (p = 0.011), took longer time to complete a trail-making task (p = 0.003), and had slower and more variable reaction times on a choice reaction time task (p = 0.000 and 0.001). These associations were only slightly attenuated following adjustment for physical and mental health. There was no significant association between MPOD and verbal fluency, word recall, visual reasoning, or picture memory. Overall, the findings support the theory that xanthophyll carotenoids impact on cognitive function, underscoring the need for exploration of novel, noninvasive biomarkers for cognitive vulnerability and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Feeney
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Ohshima Y, Mizuno T, Yamada K, Matsumoto S, Nagakane Y, Kondo M, Kuriyama N, Miyazaki T, Takeda K, Nishimura T, Nakagawa M, Ozasa K, Watanabe Y. Low vitamin and carotenoid levels are related to cerebral white matter lesions. J Nutr Health Aging 2013; 17:456-60. [PMID: 23636547 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES PURPOSE To determine the effects of vitamins and carotenoids on brain white matter lesions (WMLs), we examined the associations between WMLs with vitamin and carotenoid levels in Japanese middle-aged and elderly subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Four-hundred and sixty-nine healthy participants (male = 317; female = 152) that underwent medical examinations were examined. Deep white matter lesions (DWLs) were detected via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 39 subjects. We evaluated the effects of vitamin and carotenoid levels on DWLs via logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Lower gamma-tocopherol levels were significantly associated with DWLs in all subjects. While lower gamma-tocopherol and vitamin C levels were significantly associated with DWLs in males, lower delta-tocopherol levels were associated with DWLs in females. The associations between DWLs and lower gamma- and delta-tocopherol and vitamin C levels were independent of age, hypertension, or smoking. However, the associations between DWLs and lower alfa-tocopherol were not significant following adjustments for smoking. CONCLUSION Lower carotenoid and vitamin levels were independently associated with cerebral DWLs in Japanese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohshima
- Department of Neurology and Gerontology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Yoshino F, Yoshida A, Umigai N, Kubo K, Lee MCI. Crocetin reduces the oxidative stress induced reactive oxygen species in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) brain. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 49:182-7. [PMID: 22128217 PMCID: PMC3208014 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocetin is a natural carotenoid compound of gardenia fruits and saffron, which has various effects in biological systems. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effects of crocetin on reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical using in vitro X-band electron spin resonance and spin trapping. Crocetin significantly inhibited hydroxyl radical generation compared with the control. Moreover, we performed electron spin resonance computed tomography ex vivo with the L-band electron spin resonance imaging system and determined the electron spin resonance signal decay rate in the isolated brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, a high-oxidative stress model. Crocetin significantly reduced oxidative stress in the isolated brain by acting as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, especially hydroxyl radical, as demonstrated by in vitro and ex vivo electron spin resonance analysis. The distribution of crocetin was also determined in the plasma and the brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats using high-performance liquid chromatography. After oral administration, crocetin was detected at high levels in the plasma and the brain. Our results suggest that crocetin may participate in the prevention of reactive oxygen species-induced disease due to a reduction of oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Yoshino
- Division of Pharmacology and ESR Laboratories, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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Domino E. Tobacco smoking and MRI/MRS brain abnormalities compared to nonsmokers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1778-81. [PMID: 18817837 PMCID: PMC2631356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This mini review emphasizes the fact that tobacco smoking causes small but real biologic brain changes that need to be studied in depth. A crucial question is whether these anatomical/chemical changes reverse toward normal when smokers quit. This review is presented to stimulate further research to answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.F. Domino
- Corresponding Author: E.F. Domino M.D., Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-0632, Telephone: 734 764-9115, Fax: 734 763-4450,
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Kang JH, Grodstein F. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and cognitive function: a prospective study. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1394-403. [PMID: 17433501 PMCID: PMC2533579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As a site of high metabolic activity, the brain is particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. We explored the association between plasma antioxidants and cognition. In 858 female participants of the Nurses' Health Study, aged 70+ years, we measured plasma carotenoids and tocopherols in 1989-1990, and assessed cognitive function by telephone beginning in 1995-2001; assessments were repeated twice at 2-year intervals. We used linear regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted mean cognitive performance at the initial assessment by quartile of antioxidants, and longitudinal models for analyzing cognitive decline over 4 years. Higher antioxidant levels were not associated with initial performance or decline. Mean difference in initial global composite score (averaging all six cognitive tests) for the top versus bottom quartile of total carotenoids was -0.05 standard units (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.19, 0.09), and 0.04 units for total tocopherols (95% CI -0.10, 0.18). Individual antioxidants were not associated with cognition. Overall, total plasma carotenoids or tocopherols were not related to cognition in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Kang
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kim KW, MacFall JR, Payne ME. Classification of white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in elderly persons. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:273-80. [PMID: 18471801 PMCID: PMC2593803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
White matter lesions, commonly seen on MRIs of elderly people, are related to various geriatric disorders, including cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, dementia, and psychiatric disorders. Currently, white matter lesions are divided into periventricular white matter lesions and deep white matter lesions. Although the meaning of these terms varies by study and this dichotomization itself is still in debate, a possible dissimilarity in pathogenic mechanisms between periventricular white matter lesions and deep white matter lesions are providing some clues for understanding pathophysiology of many geriatric syndromes associated with white matter lesions. We have reviewed the distinctions between periventricular white matter lesions and deep white matter lesions in terms of etiology, histopathology, functional correlates, and imaging methodologies. We suggest a new subclassification of white matter lesions that might have better etiological and functional relevance than the current simple dichotomization. The new categories are juxtaventricular, periventricular, deep white, and juxtacortical. This new classification scheme might contribute to reducing the heterogeneity of white matter lesion findings in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA,Neuropsychiatric Imaging Research Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 West Main Street, Suite B210, Durham, NC 27705 USA,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggido, Korea
| | - James R. MacFall
- Neuropsychiatric Imaging Research Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 West Main Street, Suite B210, Durham, NC 27705 USA,Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Martha E. Payne
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA,Neuropsychiatric Imaging Research Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 West Main Street, Suite B210, Durham, NC 27705 USA,CORRESPONDENCE: Martha E. Payne, PhD, RD, MPH, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 West Main Street, Suite B210, Durham, NC 27705, USA, Tel.: (919) 416-7543 Fax: (919) 416-7547
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14
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Polidori MC, Mattioli P, Aldred S, Cecchetti R, Stahl W, Griffiths H, Senin U, Sies H, Mecocci P. Plasma antioxidant status, immunoglobulin g oxidation and lipid peroxidation in demented patients: relevance to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 18:265-70. [PMID: 15286458 DOI: 10.1159/000080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports a role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease (AD) and in cerebrovascular disease. A vascular component might be critical in the pathophysiology of AD, but there is a substantial lack of data regarding the simultaneous behavior of peripheral antioxidants and biomarkers of oxidative stress in AD and vascular dementia (VaD). Sixty-three AD patients, 23 VaD patients and 55 controls were included in the study. We measured plasma levels of water-soluble (vitamin C and uric acid) and lipophilic (vitamin E, vitamin A, carotenoids including lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene) antioxidant micronutrients as well as levels of biomarkers of lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and of protein oxidation [immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of protein carbonyls and dityrosine] in patients and controls. With the exception of beta-carotene, all antioxidants were lower in demented patients as compared to controls. Furthermore, AD patients showed a significantly higher IgG dityrosine content as compared to controls. AD and VaD patients showed similar plasma levels of plasma antioxidants and MDA as well as a similar IgG content of protein carbonyls and dityrosine. We conclude that, independent of its nature-vascular or degenerative-dementia is associated with the depletion of a large spectrum of antioxidant micronutrients and with increased protein oxidative modification. This might be relevant to the pathophysiology of dementing disorders, particularly in light of the recently suggested importance of the vascular component in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Polidori
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
This is an overview of the prevalence of, and risk factors for white matter lesions in older persons. The prevalence of white matter lesions is high and increases with age. Most risk factors that have been examined in association with white matter lesions are similar to those for cardiovascular disease, including elevated blood pressure, diabetes atherosclerosis, homocysteine levels, and markers of oxidative stress. The genetic contributions to white matter lesions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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