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Arenas-Báez P, Torres-Hernández G, Castillo-Hernández G, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Sánchez-Gutiérrez RA, Vargas-López S, González-Maldonado J, Domínguez-Martínez PA, Granados-Rivera LD, Maldonado-Jáquez JA. Coat Color in Local Goats: Influence on Environmental Adaptation and Productivity, and Use as a Selection Criterion. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:929. [PMID: 37508360 PMCID: PMC10376610 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to review, systematically synthesize, and analyze fragmented information about the importance of coat color in local goats and its relationship with productivity and other important traits. Topics on current research on color expression are addressed, the relationship that has as a mechanism of environmental adaptation, its relationship with the production of meat, milk, and derivates, and the economic value of this characteristic. The use of this attribute as a tool to establish selection criteria in breeding programs based on results reported in the scientific literature is significant, particularly for low-income production systems, where the implementation of classic genetic improvement schemes is limited due to the lack of productive information, which is distinctive of extensive marginal or low scaled production systems around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Arenas-Báez
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriela Castillo-Hernández
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Texcoco 56264, Mexico
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | | | - Ricardo Alonso Sánchez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Zacatecas, Calera, Zacatecas 98500, Mexico
| | | | - Juan González-Maldonado
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21750, Mexico
| | - Pablo Alfredo Domínguez-Martínez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Texcoco 56264, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Valle del Guadiana, Durango 34170, Mexico
| | - Lorenzo Danilo Granados-Rivera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Genera Terán, General Terán 67400, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alonso Maldonado-Jáquez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Texcoco 56264, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental La Laguna, Matamoros 27440, Mexico
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Majd A, Richter MN, Samuel RM, Cesiulis A, Ghazizadeh Z, Wang J, Fattahi F. Combined GWAS and single cell transcriptomics uncover the underlying genes and cell types in disorders of gut-brain interaction. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.02.23290906. [PMID: 37333423 PMCID: PMC10275016 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.23290906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs), formerly known as functional gastrointestinal disorders, are extremely common and historically difficult to manage. This is largely because their cellular and molecular mechanisms have remained poorly understood and understudied. One approach to unravel the molecular underpinnings of complex disorders such as DGBIs is performing genome wide association studies (GWASs). However, due to the heterogenous and non-specific nature of GI symptoms, it has been difficult to accurately classify cases and controls. Thus, to perform reliable studies, we need to access large patient populations which has been difficult to date. Here, we leveraged the UK Biobank (UKBB) database, containing genetic and medical record data of over half a million individuals, to perform GWAS for five DGBI categories: functional chest pain, functional diarrhea, functional dyspepsia, functional dysphagia, and functional fecal incontinence. By applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, we resolved patient populations and identified genes significantly associated with each condition. Leveraging multiple human single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets, we found that the disease associated genes were highly expressed in enteric neurons, which innervate and control GI functions. Further expression and association testing-based analyses revealed specific enteric neuron subtypes consistently linked with each DGBI. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction analysis of each of the disease associated genes revealed protein networks specific to each DGBI, including hedgehog signaling for functional chest pain and neuronal function and neurotransmission for functional diarrhea and functional dyspepsia. Finally, through retrospective medical record analysis we found that drugs that inhibit these networks are associated with an increased disease risk, including serine/threonine kinase 32B drugs for functional chest pain, solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 6, and dual serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinase drugs for functional dyspepsia, and serotonin transporter drugs for functional diarrhea. This study presents a robust strategy for uncovering the tissues, cell types, and genes involved in DGBIs, presenting novel predictions of the mechanisms underlying these historically intractable and poorly understood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Majd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mikayla N Richter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ryan M Samuel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrius Cesiulis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zaniar Ghazizadeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Demin KA, Smagin DA, Kovalenko IL, Strekalova T, Galstyan DS, Kolesnikova TO, De Abreu MS, Galyamina AG, Bashirzade A, Kalueff AV. CNS genomic profiling in the mouse chronic social stress model implicates a novel category of candidate genes integrating affective pathogenesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110086. [PMID: 32889031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite high prevalence, medical impact and societal burden, anxiety, depression and other affective disorders remain poorly understood and treated. Clinical complexity and polygenic nature complicate their analyses, often revealing genetic overlap and cross-disorder heritability. However, the interplay or overlaps between disordered phenotypes can also be based on shared molecular pathways and 'crosstalk' mechanisms, which themselves may be genetically determined. We have earlier predicted (Kalueff et al., 2014) a new class of 'interlinking' brain genes that do not affect the disordered phenotypes per se, but can instead specifically determine their interrelatedness. To test this hypothesis experimentally, here we applied a well-established rodent chronic social defeat stress model, known to progress in C57BL/6J mice from the Anxiety-like stage on Day 10 to Depression-like stage on Day 20. The present study analyzed mouse whole-genome expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during the Day 10, the Transitional (Day 15) and Day 20 stages in this model. Our main question here was whether a putative the Transitional stage (Day 15) would reveal distinct characteristic genomic responses from Days 10 and 20 of the model, thus reflecting unique molecular events underlining the transformation or switch from anxiety to depression pathogenesis. Overall, while in the Day 10 (Anxiety) group both brain regions showed major genomic alterations in various neurotransmitter signaling pathways, the Day 15 (Transitional) group revealed uniquely downregulated astrocyte-related genes, and the Day 20 (Depression) group demonstrated multiple downregulated genes of cell adhesion, inflammation and ion transport pathways. Together, these results reveal a complex temporal dynamics of mouse affective phenotypes as they develop. Our genomic profiling findings provide first experimental support to the idea that novel brain genes (activated here only during the Transitional stage) may uniquely integrate anxiety and depression pathogenesis and, hence, determine the progression from one pathological state to another. This concept can potentially be extended to other brain conditions as well. This preclinical study also further implicates cilial and astrocytal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Smagin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana Strekalova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana O Kolesnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alim Bashirzade
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
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Modeling gut-brain interactions in zebrafish. Brain Res Bull 2019; 148:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mollayeva T, D'Souza A, Mollayeva S, Colantonio A. Post-Traumatic Sleep-Wake Disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:38. [PMID: 28343323 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms that face a traumatic life event are susceptible to sleep-wake disturbances. Stress, which can result in trauma, evokes a high level of physiological arousal associated with sympathetic nervous system activation, during both sleep and wakefulness. Heredity, sex hormones, early losses, developmental factors and intra- and interpersonal conflicts, contribute to the level of baseline physiological arousal, producing either subclinical, clinical or complex clinical traits, acutely and at any time after exposure to a traumatic event. The risk of acute sleep-wake disturbances becoming disorders and syndromes depends on the type of traumatic event and all of the aforementioned factors. Taken together, with consideration for behavioural and environmental heterogeneity, in research, will aid identification and understanding of susceptibility factors in long-term sleep and wakefulness pathology after exposure to traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Mollayeva
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 550 University Avenue, Rm 11207, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada. .,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Acquired Brain Injury Research Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Andrea D'Souza
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto-Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Shirin Mollayeva
- Graduate Biology Department, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Angela Colantonio
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 550 University Avenue, Rm 11207, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Acquired Brain Injury Research Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ji ES, Lee JM, Kim TW, Kim YM, Kim YS, Kim K. Treadmill exercise ameliorates depressive symptoms through increasing serotonin expression in postpartum depression rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:130-135. [PMID: 28503523 PMCID: PMC5412484 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734968.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is defined as the depressive symptoms that occur from the moment of delivery until 12 months after delivery. PPD symptoms are closely associated with reduced activity of the serotonergic system. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of 5-HT biosynthesis in the serotonergic neurons. Exercise exerts anti-depressive effect on depression patients as well as on animal models of depression. In the present study, the effect of treadmill exercise on PPD was investigated using rats. For this study, open field test for activity and forced swimming test for depressive symptoms, and immunohistochemistry for 5-HT and TPH were conducted. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 2 weeks. Activity in the open field test was decreased in the postpartum rats, however, performing treadmill running increased activity in the postpartum rats. The climbing time was decreased and the immobility time was increased in the postpartum rats. Treadmill exercise increased climbing time and suppressed immobility time in the postpartum rats. 5-HT and TPH expressions in the dorsal raphe were suppressed in the postpartum rats, and treadmill exercise enhanced 5-HT and TPH expressions in the postpartum rats. Treadmill exercise ameliorated the PPD very effectively by enhancing serotonin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sang Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Mi Kim
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Seonam University, Asan, Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Seonam University, Asan, Korea
| | - Kijeong Kim
- School of Exercise & Sport Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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Zhang Y, Ming QS, Yi JY, Wang X, Chai QL, Yao SQ. Gene-Gene-Environment Interactions of Serotonin Transporter, Monoamine Oxidase A and Childhood Maltreatment Predict Aggressive Behavior in Chinese Adolescents. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:17. [PMID: 28203149 PMCID: PMC5285338 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions that moderate aggressive behavior have been identified independently in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene and monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA). The aim of the present study was to investigate epistasis interactions between MAOA-variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), 5-HTTlinked polymorphism (LPR) and child abuse and the effects of these on aggressive tendencies in a group of otherwise healthy adolescents. A group of 546 Chinese male adolescents completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire and Youth self-report of the Child Behavior Checklist. Buccal cells were collected for DNA analysis. The effects of childhood abuse, MAOA-VNTR, 5-HTTLPR genotypes and their interactive gene-gene-environmental effects on aggressive behavior were analyzed using a linear regression model. The effect of child maltreatment was significant, and a three-way interaction among MAOA-VNTR, 5-HTTLPR and sexual abuse (SA) relating to aggressive behaviors was identified. Chinese male adolescents with high expression of the MAOA-VNTR allele and 5-HTTLPR “SS” genotype exhibited the highest aggression tendencies with an increase in SA during childhood. The findings reported support aggression being a complex behavior involving the synergistic effects of gene-gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Medical College, North West University for NationalitiesLanzhou, China
| | - Qing-Sen Ming
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Yao Yi
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Qiao-Lian Chai
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Shu-Qiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
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A Novel Interaction between Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) Gene Polymorphism (rs4570625) and BDNF Val66Met Predicts a High-Risk Emotional Phenotype in Healthy Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162585. [PMID: 27695066 PMCID: PMC5047464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor inhibitory processing of negative emotional content is central to many psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that core aspects of emotion-inhibitory processing are largely inherited and as such may represent a key intermediate or risk-related phenotype for common affective diseases (e.g., unipolar depressive, anxiety disorders). The current study employed a candidate-gene approach in order to most effectively examine this complex behavioral phenotype. We examined the novel interaction between BDNF (Val66Met) and TPH2 (rs4570625) polymorphisms and their influence on behavioral inhibition of negative emotion in two independent investigations of healthy adults. BDNF Met carriers consistently report greater symptoms of affective disease and display corresponding behavioral rigidity, while TPH2 T carriers display poor inhibitory processing. These genotypes are traditionally perceived as ‘risk’ genotypes when compared to their respective major Val and G homozygous genotypes, but evidence is mixed. Recent studies in humans and mutant mouse models suggest biological epistasis between BDNF and genes involved in serotonin regulation. Moreover, polymorphisms in the TPH2 gene may have greater influence on serotonergic function than other more commonly studied polymorphisms (e.g., 5-HTTLPR). We observed consistent evidence across two different emotion-inhibition paradigms, one with high internal validity (Study 1, n = 119) and one with high ecological validity (Study 2, n = 115) that the combination of Val/Val and G/G genotypes was clearly associated with impaired inhibition of negative emotional content. This was followed by individuals carrying the BDNF—Met allele (including Met/Val and Met/Met) when combined with the TPH2—T allele (including T/G and T/T combinations). The consistency of these results across tasks and studies suggests that these two groups may be particularly vulnerable to the most common psychiatric disorders and should be targets for future clinical investigation.
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Enge S, Fleischhauer M, Gärtner A, Reif A, Lesch KP, Kliegel M, Strobel A. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Val66Met) and Serotonin Transporter (5-HTTLPR) Polymorphisms Modulate Plasticity in Inhibitory Control Performance Over Time but Independent of Inhibitory Control Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:370. [PMID: 27524961 PMCID: PMC4966207 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported training-induced improvements in executive function tasks and also observed transfer to untrained tasks. However, the results are mixed and there is a large interindividual variability within and across studies. Given that training-related performance changes would require modification, growth or differentiation at the cellular and synaptic level in the brain, research on critical moderators of brain plasticity potentially explaining such changes is needed. In the present study, a pre-post-follow-up design (N = 122) and a 3-weeks training of two response inhibition tasks (Go/NoGo and Stop-Signal) was employed and genetic variation (Val66Met) in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promoting differentiation and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity was examined. Because Serotonin (5-HT) signaling and the interplay of BDNF and 5-HT are known to critically mediate brain plasticity, genetic variation in the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) was also addressed. The overall results show that the kind of training (i.e., adaptive vs. non-adaptive) did not evoke genotype-dependent differences. However, in the Go/NoGo task, better inhibition performance (lower commission errors) were observed for BDNF Val/Val genotype carriers compared to Met-allele ones supporting similar findings from other cognitive tasks. Additionally, a gene-gene interaction suggests a more impulsive response pattern (faster responses accompanied by higher commission error rates) in homozygous l-allele carriers relative to those with the s-allele of 5-HTTLPR. This, however, is true only in the presence of the Met-allele of BDNF, while the Val/Val genotype seems to compensate for such non-adaptive responding. Intriguingly, similar results were obtained for the Stop-Signal task. Here, differences emerged at post-testing, while no differences were observed at T1. In sum, although no genotype-dependent differences between the relevant training groups emerged suggesting no changes in the trained inhibition function, the observed genotype-dependent performance changes from pre- to post measurement may reflect rapid learning or memory effects linked to BDNF and 5-HTTLPR. In line with ample evidence on BDNF and BDNF-5-HT system interactions to induce (rapid) plasticity especially in hippocampal regions and in response to environmental demands, the findings may reflect genotype-dependent differences in the acquisition and consolidation of task-relevant information, thereby facilitating a more adaptive responding to task-specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Enge
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Monika Fleischhauer
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, PFH Private Hochschule GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of WuerzburgWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Department of Psychology, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
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Van Skike CE, Maggio SE, Reynolds AR, Casey EM, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP, Prendergast MA, Nixon K. Critical needs in drug discovery for cessation of alcohol and nicotine polysubstance abuse. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:269-87. [PMID: 26582145 PMCID: PMC4679525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polysubstance abuse of alcohol and nicotine has been overlooked in our understanding of the neurobiology of addiction and especially in the development of novel therapeutics for its treatment. Estimates show that as many as 92% of people with alcohol use disorders also smoke tobacco. The health risks associated with both excessive alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking create an urgent biomedical need for the discovery of effective cessation treatments, as opposed to current approaches that attempt to independently treat each abused agent. The lack of treatment approaches for alcohol and nicotine abuse/dependence mirrors a similar lack of research in the neurobiology of polysubstance abuse. This review discusses three critical needs in medications development for alcohol and nicotine co-abuse: (1) the need for a better understanding of the clinical condition (i.e. alcohol and nicotine polysubstance abuse), (2) the need to better understand how these drugs interact in order to identify new targets for therapeutic development and (3) the need for animal models that better mimic this human condition. Current and emerging treatments available for the cessation of each drug and their mechanisms of action are discussed within this context followed by what is known about the pharmacological interactions of alcohol and nicotine. Much has been and will continue to be gained from studying comorbid alcohol and nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Van Skike
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - S E Maggio
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - A R Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - E M Casey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - M T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Center for Drug Abuse and Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - L P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Center for Drug Abuse and Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - M A Prendergast
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - K Nixon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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11
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m-Trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide, a multi-target selenium compound, prevented mechanical allodynia and depressive-like behavior in a mouse comorbid pain and depression model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:35-46. [PMID: 26025319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain and depression are two complex states that often coexist in the clinical setting and traditional antidepressants and analgesics have shown limited clinical efficacy. There is an intricate communication between the immune system and the central nervous system and inflammation has been considered a common mediator of pain-depression comorbidity. This study evaluated the effect of m-trifluoromethyl diphenyl diselenide [(m-CF3-PhSe)2], an organoselenium compound that has been reported to have both antinociceptive and antidepressant-like actions, in the comorbidity of chronic pain and depression induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) in an inflammatory approach. Mice were submitted to PSNL during 4weeks and treated with (m-CF3-PhSe)2 acutely (0.1-10mg/kg, i.g.) or subchronically (0.1mg/kg, i.g., once a day during the 3rd and 4th weeks). Both treatments prevented PSNL-increased pain sensitivity and depressive-like behavior observed in Von-Frey hair (VFH) and forced swimming (FST) tests, respectively. These effects could be mainly associated with an anti-inflammatory action of (m-CF3-PhSe)2 which reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB and COX-2, and p38 MAPK activation that were increased by PSNL. (m-CF3-PhSe)2 also increased the BDNF levels and reduced glutamate release and 5-HT uptake altered by PSNL. Although acute and subchronic treatments with (m-CF3-PhSe)2 prevented these alterations induced by PSNL, the best results were found when (m-CF3-PhSe)2 was subchronically administered to mice. Considering the potential common mechanisms involved in the comorbidity of inflammation-induced depression and chronic pain, the results found in this study indicate that (m-CF3-PhSe)2 could become an interesting molecule to treat long-lasting pathological pain associated with depression.
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Kalueff AV, Stewart AM, Song C, Gottesman II. Targeting dynamic interplay among disordered domains or endophenotypes to understand complex neuropsychiatric disorders: Translational lessons from preclinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:25-36. [PMID: 25813308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary biological psychiatry uses clinical and experimental (animal) models to increase our understanding of brain pathogenesis. Modeling psychiatric disorders is currently performed by targeting various key neurobehavioral clusters of phenotypic traits (domains), including affective, cognitive, social, motor and reward. Analyses of such domains and their 'smaller units' - individual endophenotypes - are critical for the study of complex brain disorders and their neural underpinnings. The spectrum nature of brain disorders and the importance of pathogenetic linkage among various disordered domains or endophenotypes have also been recognized as an important strategic direction of translational research. Here, we discuss cross-domain analyses of animal models, and focus on their value for mimicking the clinical overlap between disordered neurobehavioral domains in humans. Based on recent experimental evidence, we argue that understanding of brain pathogenesis requires modeling the clinically relevant inter-relationships between various individual endophenotypes (or their domains).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, Guangdong, China; ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, Guangdong, China; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Irving I Gottesman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Elliot Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Modeling neuropsychiatric spectra to empower translational biological psychiatry. Behav Brain Res 2015; 276:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Developing better and more valid animal models of brain disorders. Behav Brain Res 2015; 276:28-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huo Y, Fang Q, Shi YL, Zhang YH, Zhang JX. Chronic exposure to a predator or its scent does not inhibit male-male competition in male mice lacking brain serotonin. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:116. [PMID: 24782727 PMCID: PMC3986541 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well-known that defective signaling of the 5-HT system in the brain and stressful stimuli can cause psychological disorders, their combined effects on male–male aggression and sexual attractiveness remain unknown. Our research aimed at examining such effects using tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) knockout male mice vs. a rat- or rat scent-based chronic stress model. Tph2+/+ and Tph2−/− male mice were placed individually into the rat home cage (rat), a cage containing soiled rat bedding (rat scent) or a cage containing fresh bedding (control) for 5 h every other day for 56 consecutive days. In Tph2+/+ male mice, rat-exposure decreased male–male aggression and sexual attractiveness of urine odor relative to either rat scent-exposure or control; and rat scent-exposure decreased aggression rather than sexual attractiveness of urine odor compared with control. However, such dose-dependent and long-lasting behavioral inhibitory effects vanished in Tph2−/− male mice. RT-PCR assay further revealed that putative regulatory genes, such as AR, ERα and GluR4 in the prefrontal cortex, and TrkB-Tc and 5-HTR1A in the hippocampus, were down-regulated at the mRNA level in either rat- or rat scent-exposed Tph2+/+ male mice, but partially in the Tph2−/− ones. Hence, we suggest that the dose-dependent and long-lasting inhibitory effects of chronic predator exposure on male–male aggression, sexual attractiveness of urine odor, and mRNA expression of central regulatory genes might be mediated through the 5-HT system in the brain of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Long Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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Montañez S, Munn JL, Owens WA, Horton RE, Daws LC. 5-HT1B receptor modulation of the serotonin transporter in vivo: studies using KO mice. Neurochem Int 2013; 73:127-31. [PMID: 24246466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) controls the strength and duration of serotonergic neurotransmission by the high-affinity uptake of serotonin (5-HT) from extracellular fluid. SERT is a key target for many psychotherapeutic and abused drugs, therefore understanding how SERT activity and expression are regulated is of fundamental importance. A growing literature suggests that SERT activity is under regulatory control of the 5-HT1B autoreceptor. The present studies made use of mice with a constitutive reduction (5-HT1B+/-) or knockout of 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1B-/-), as well as mice with a constitutive knockout of SERT (SERT-/-) to further explore the relationship between SERT activity and 5-HT1B receptor expression. High-speed chronoamperometry was used to measure clearance of 5-HT from CA3 region of hippocampus in vivo. Serotonin clearance rate, over a range of 5-HT concentrations, did not differ among 5-HT1B receptor genotypes, nor did [(3)H]cyanoimipramine binding to SERT in this brain region, suggesting that SERT activity is not affected by constitutive reduction or loss of 5-HT1B receptors; alternatively, it might be that other transport mechanisms for 5-HT compensate for loss of 5-HT1B receptors. Consistent with previous reports, we found that the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, cyanopindolol, inhibited 5-HT clearance in wild-type mice. However, this effect of cyanopindolol was lost in 5-HT1B-/- mice and diminished in 5-HT1B+/- mice, indicating that the 5-HT1B receptor is necessary for cyanopindolol to inhibit 5-HT clearance. Likewise, cyanopindolol was without effect on 5-HT clearance in SERT-/- mice, demonstrating a requirement for the presence of both SERT and 5-HT1B receptors in order for cyanopindolol to inhibit 5-HT clearance in CA3 region of hippocampus. Our findings are consistent with SERT being under the regulatory control of 5-HT1B autoreceptors. Future studies to identify signaling pathways involved may help elucidate novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, particularly those linked to gene variants of the 5-HT1B receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Montañez
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Jaclyn L Munn
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - W Anthony Owens
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Rebecca E Horton
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7764, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Anxiolytic drug discovery: what are the novel approaches and how can we improve them? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:15-26. [PMID: 24206163 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.857309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contemporary biological psychiatry uses experimental (animal) models to increase our understanding of affective disorder pathogenesis. Despite the well-recognized spectrum nature of affective disorders, modern anxiolytic drug discovery mainly targets specific pathways and molecular determinants within a single phenotypic domain. However, greater understanding of the integrative mechanisms and pathogenesis is essential in order to develop new effective therapies. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors emphasize the importance of a 'domain interplay-oriented' approach to experimental affective research. They also highlight the need to expand the scope of anxiolytic drug targets to better understand the pathogenesis of anxiety-spectrum disorders. EXPERT OPINION There is the potential to markedly improve the utility of animal models for affective disorders. First, the authors suggest that one such way would be by analyzing the systems of several domains and their interplay to better understand disease pathogenesis. Further, it could also be improved by expanding the range of model species and by extending the spectrum of anxiolytic drug targets; this would help to focus on emerging and unconventional systems to better develop new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute , 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458 , USA +1 240 328 2275 ; +1 240 328 2275 ;
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Armario A, Nadal R. Individual differences and the characterization of animal models of psychopathology: a strong challenge and a good opportunity. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:137. [PMID: 24265618 PMCID: PMC3821037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of valuable new techniques (i.e., genetics, neuroimage) for the study of the neurobiological substrate of psychiatric diseases, there are strong limitations in the information that can be gathered from human studies. It is thus critical to develop appropriate animal models of psychiatric diseases to characterize their putative biological bases and the development of new therapeutic strategies. The present review tries to offer a general perspective and several examples of how individual differences in animals can contribute to explain differential susceptibility to develop behavioral alterations, but also emphasizes methodological problems that can lead to inappropriate or over-simplistic interpretations. A critical analysis of the approaches currently used could contribute to obtain more reliable data and allow taking full advantage of new and sophisticated technologies. The discussion is mainly focused on anxiety-like and to a lower extent on depression-like behavior in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain ; Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Giannaccini G, Betti L, Palego L, Marsili A, Santini F, Pelosini C, Fabbrini L, Schmid L, Giusti L, Maffei M, Lanza M, Cristofaro M, Baroni S, Mauri M, Vitti P, Fierabracci P, Lucacchini A. The expression of platelet serotonin transporter (SERT) in human obesity. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:128. [PMID: 24138674 PMCID: PMC4016247 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serotonin (5-HT) is a well-known modulator of eating behavior. However, the molecular mechanisms linking its action to body weight balance have been only partially elucidated. Since platelets are a suitable peripheral model to study 5-HT transport, metabolism and release, we herein evaluated the expression of the platelet 5-HT re-uptake system (SERT) by [3H]-paroxetine binding assay. A cohort of 114 unrelated individuals (34 males, 80 females; age, mean ± SD: 38.57 ± 12.47 years) without major psychiatric disorders, was recruited following a naturalistic design regarding age or gender and classified accordingly to their body mass index (BMI). Subjects were divided into 5 groups: normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW) and grade I-III obese (OB) individuals. For gender analyses, data were transformed into [3H]-paroxetine density (Bmax)/BMI ratios to overcome both the disparity of women vs. men number and anthropometric differences between sexes. Results [3H]-paroxetine Bmax (SERT density, fmol/mg proteins) was reduced in platelet membranes of grade II (p < 0.01) and III (p < 0.001) obese subjects vs. controls and in overweight subjects (p < 0.05) vs. grade III obese individuals. Considering all patients together, a strong negative correlation between Bmax and BMI (r = −0.449; P < 0.0001) was demonstrated. Conversely, [3H]-paroxetine KD (dissociation constant, nM) did not differ among groups. No gender-related variation concerning Bmax/BMI ratios was observed in this cohort of subjects. Conclusions The down-regulation of SERT in platelet membranes of severe human obesity (BMI > 35 Kg/m2) confirms the involvement of 5-HT system in body weight gain. Moreover, this findings may help to elucidate those monoamine-endocrine networks acting on fat storage, adipocyte signaling and energy balance. Targeting 5-HT/5-HT-related markers will possibly uncover the existence of human obesity subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126-I, Italy.
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Nguyen M, Yang E, Neelkantan N, Mikhaylova A, Arnold R, Poudel MK, Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Developing 'integrative' zebrafish models of behavioral and metabolic disorders. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:172-87. [PMID: 23948218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the pathophysiological overlap between metabolic and mental disorders has received increased recognition. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly becoming a popular model organism for translational biomedical research due to their genetic tractability, low cost, quick reproductive cycle, and ease of behavioral, pharmacological or genetic manipulation. High homology to mammalian physiology and the availability of well-developed assays also make the zebrafish an attractive organism for studying human disorders. Zebrafish neurobehavioral and endocrine phenotypes show promise for the use of zebrafish in studies of stress, obesity and related behavioral and metabolic disorders. Here, we discuss the parallels between zebrafish and other model species in stress and obesity physiology, as well as outline the available zebrafish models of weight gain, metabolic deficits, feeding, stress, anxiety and related behavioral disorders. Overall, zebrafish demonstrate a strong potential for modeling human behavioral and metabolic disorders, and their comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, 6560 Braddock Road, Alexandria, VA 22312, USA
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Abstract
Biomarker research of psychiatric disorders is delayed by symptom pattern-related diagnostic categories that are only distantly associated with biological mechanisms. In neuropsychiatric disorders that have high heritability (schizophrenia, autism, Alzheimer's disease), genomic research led to significant genome-wide association study (GWAS) results by increasing the number of subjects in case–control studies, and thus provided new hypotheses regarding the aetiology of these disorders and possible targets for research of new treatment approaches. In contrast, in moderately heritable psychiatric disorders (anxiety disorders, unipolar major depression), the development of symptoms, in addition to risk genes, is more dependent on the presence of specific environmental risk factors. Thus, controlling for heterogeneity, and not simply increasing the number of subjects, is crucial for further significant psychiatric GWAS findings that warrant the collection of more detailed individual phenotypic data and information about relevant previous environmental exposures. Gene–gene interactions (epistasis) and intermediate phenotypes or psychiatric and somatic co-morbidities, by identifying similar cases within a diagnostic category, could further increase the generally weak effects of individual genes that limit their usefulness as biomarkers. In conclusion, we argue that methods that are suitable to identify biologically more homogeneous subgroups within a given psychiatric disorder are necessary to advance biomarker research.
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Murphy DL, Moya PR, Fox MA, Rubenstein LM, Wendland JR, Timpano KR. Anxiety and affective disorder comorbidity related to serotonin and other neurotransmitter systems: obsessive-compulsive disorder as an example of overlapping clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120435. [PMID: 23440468 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have also been shown to have comorbid lifetime diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD; rates greater than 70%), bipolar disorder (rates greater than 10%) and other anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)). In addition, overlap exists in some common genetic variants (e.g. the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene), and rare variants in genes/chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. the 22q11 microdeletion syndrome) found across the affective/anxiety disorder spectrums. OCD has been proposed as a possible independent entity for DSM-5, but by others thought best retained as an anxiety disorder subtype (its current designation in DSM-IV), and yet by others considered best in the affective disorder spectrum. This review focuses on OCD, a well-studied but still puzzling heterogeneous disorder, regarding alterations in serotonergic, dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in addition to other systems involved, and how related genes may be involved in the comorbidity of anxiety and affective disorders. OCD resembles disorders such as depression, in which gene × gene interactions, gene × environment interactions and stress elements coalesce to yield OC symptoms and, in some individuals, full-blown OCD with multiple comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Bordukalo-Niksic T, Stefulj J, Matosic A, Mokrovic G, Cicin-Sain L. Combination of polymorphic variants in serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase-A genes may influence the risk for early-onset alcoholism. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:1041-3. [PMID: 22627167 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The combinatory effect of polymorphisms in serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase-A genes on the aetiopathogenesis of alcoholism was investigated in a sample of 714 individuals. Increased frequency of subjects having three 'suspected' genotypes (5-HTTLPR-LL, STin2-1010 and MAO-A 3-repeat allele) was found among type-2 alcoholic patients (P=0.0189). Results highlight serotonergic/genetic contribution to early-onset alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Bordukalo-Niksic
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Antidepressant-dependent mRNA changes in mouse associated with hippocampal neurogenesis in a mouse model of depression. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:765-76. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328356fa90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Outhred T, Das P, Dobson-Stone C, Griffiths K, Felmingham KL, Bryant RA, Malhi G, Kemp AH. The functional epistasis of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met on emotion processing: a preliminary study. Brain Behav 2012; 2:778-88. [PMID: 23170240 PMCID: PMC3500464 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An epistatic interaction of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms has been implicated in the structure of rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and amygdala (AMY): key regions associated with emotion processing. However, a functional epistasis of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met on overt emotion processing has yet to be determined. Twenty-eight healthy, Caucasian female participants provided saliva samples for genotyping and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which an emotion processing protocol were presented. Confirming the validity of this protocol, we observed blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity consistent with fMRI meta-analyses on emotion processing. Region-of-interest analysis of the rACC and AMY revealed main effects of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met, and an interaction of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met. The effect of the BDNF Met66 allele was dependent on 5-HTTLPR alleles, such that participants with S and Met alleles had the greatest rACC and AMY activation during the presentation of emotional images relative to other genetic groupings. Increased activity in these regions was interpreted as increased reactivity to emotional stimuli, suggesting that those with S and Met alleles are more reactive to emotional stimuli relative to other groups. Although limited by a small sample, this study contributes novel and preliminary findings relating to a functional epistasis of the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met genes in emotion processing and provides guidance on appropriate methods to determine genetic epistasis in fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Outhred
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Priess-Groben HA, Hyde JS. 5-HTTLPR X Stress in Adolescent Depression: Moderation by MAOA and Gender. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 41:281-94. [PMID: 22836288 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Priess-Groben
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Interaction of serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region and childhood neglect on criminal behavior and substance use for males and females. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:181-93. [PMID: 22293003 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Childhood neglect has been cited as a risk factor for later substance abuse and criminal behavior. However, a large body of literature shows that a substantial percentage of neglected and abused individuals do not go on to abuse substances or engage in criminal behavior. The current study investigates whether a genetic variant (serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region [5-HTTLPR]) in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HTT) gene moderates the effect of childhood neglect on alcohol use problems, marijuana use, and criminal behavior. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health shows that 5-HTTLPR conditions the effect of neglect on marijuana use for females, but not for males. Findings also reveal a significant gene-environment correlation between 5-HTTLPR and neglect for females only. These results suggest that 5-HTTLPR is associated with an increased risk of neglect for females, and it also increases neglected females' risk of abusing marijuana.
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Benninghoff J, van der Ven A, Schloesser RJ, Moessner R, Möller HJ, Rujescu D. The complex role of the serotonin transporter in adult neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. A critical review. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:240-7. [PMID: 22409535 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.640941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on the serotonin transporter (SERT) with regard to neurogenesis and neuroplastic effects on the adult brain are scarce. This is intriguing since neurogenesis is believed to play a decisive role in modulating the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), which are targeting SERT. METHODS Therefore, we reviewed the current scientific literature about the influence of serotonin on neurogenesis with particular emphasis on SERT in various settings, both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Experiments using SERT KO (knock-out) animal models showed that SERT does not directly or indirectly influence neurogenesis in vitro, whereas compensatory mechanism seem to participate in vivo. CONCLUSION At least with regard to adult neural stem cells, the impact of serotonin (5-HT) on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis is not due to SERT-mediated effcts. Instead, serotonergic fine-tuning may be exerted by a number of other different mechanisms including endogenous production of 5-HT in adult neural stem cells, uptake of 5-HT into adult neural stem cells by other monoamine transporters, and actions of the 5-HT1A receptors present on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Benninghoff
- Department of Psychiatry, LMU-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Basselin M, Ramadan E, Rapoport SI. Imaging brain signal transduction and metabolism via arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in animals and humans. Brain Res Bull 2012; 87:154-71. [PMID: 22178644 PMCID: PMC3274571 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), important second messengers in brain, are released from membrane phospholipid following receptor-mediated activation of specific phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes. We developed an in vivo method in rodents using quantitative autoradiography to image PUFA incorporation into brain from plasma, and showed that their incorporation rates equal their rates of metabolic consumption by brain. Thus, quantitative imaging of unesterified plasma AA or DHA incorporation into brain can be used as a biomarker of brain PUFA metabolism and neurotransmission. We have employed our method to image and quantify effects of mood stabilizers on brain AA/DHA incorporation during neurotransmission by muscarinic M(1,3,5), serotonergic 5-HT(2A/2C), dopaminergic D(2)-like (D(2), D(3), D(4)) or glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, and effects of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, of selective serotonin and dopamine reuptake transporter inhibitors, of neuroinflammation (HIV-1 and lipopolysaccharide) and excitotoxicity, and in genetically modified rodents. The method has been extended for the use with positron emission tomography (PET), and can be employed to determine how human brain AA/DHA signaling and consumption are influenced by diet, aging, disease and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Epolia Ramadan
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanley I. Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Effects of postnatal treadmill exercise on apoptotic neuronal cell death and cell proliferation of maternal-separated rat pups. Brain Dev 2012; 34:45-56. [PMID: 21353411 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse experiences resulting from maternal separation may lead to neuronal cell death and they can eventually cause memory impairment. In this study, we investigated the effects of postnatal treadmill exercise on the long-term memory capability, spatial learning ability, and depressive state, on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) expression in the dorsal raphe nuclei, and on the apoptosis and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rat pups following maternal separation. The rat pups in the maternal separation groups were separated from their respective mothers on the postnatal day 14. The rat pups in the maternal separation group showed depressive state with deceased memory capability and learning ability compared to the rat pups in the maternal care group. Postnatal treadmill exercise increased memory capability and learning ability and alleviated depressive state of the rat pups in the maternal separation group. The 5-HT synthesis and TPH expression in the dorsal raphe nuclei and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus were significantly decreased in the maternal-separated rat pups, and postnatal treadmill exercise increased 5-HT synthesis, the TPH expression, and the cell proliferation. In contrast, apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was significantly increased in the maternal-separated rat pups, and postnatal treadmill exercise suppressed the maternal separation-induced apoptosis. The present results demonstrated that postnatal treadmill exercise alleviated maternal separation-induced depression with decrease of memory capability and learning ability, by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death and by enhancing cell proliferation.
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Fu X, Lawson MA, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. HIV-1 Tat activates indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in murine organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:88. [PMID: 21810259 PMCID: PMC3162509 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have established that activation of the tryptophan degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) mediates the switch from cytokine-induced sickness behavior to depressive-like behavior. Because human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein causes depressive-like behavior in mice, we investigated its ability to activate IDO in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) derived from neonatal C57BL/6 mice. Methods Depressive-like behavior in C57BL/6J mice was assessed by the forced swim test. Expression of cytokines and IDO mRNA in OHSCs was measured by real-time RT-PCR and cytokine protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). p38 MAPK phosphorylation was analyzed by western blot. Results Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of Tat (40 ng) induced depressive-like behavior in the absence of sickness. Addition of Tat (40 ng/slice) to the medium of OHSCs induced IDO steady-state mRNA that peaked at 6 h. This effect was potentiated by pretreatment with IFNγ. Tat also induced the synthesis and release of TNFα and IL-6 protein in the supernatant of the slices and increased expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the serotonin transporter (SERT). Tat had no effect on endogenous synthesis of IFNγ. To explore the mechanisms of Tat-induced IDO expression, slices were pretreated with the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB 202190 for 30 min before Tat treatment. SB 202190 significantly decreased IDO expression induced by Tat, and this effect was accompanied by a reduction of Tat-induced expression of TNFα, IL-6, iNOS and SERT. Conclusion These data establish that Tat induces IDO expression via an IFNγ-independent mechanism that depends upon activation of p38 MAPK. Targeting IDO itself or the p38 MAPK signaling pathway could provide a novel therapy for comorbid depressive disorders in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, College of ACES, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Timpano KR, Schmidt NB, Wheaton MG, Wendland JR, Murphy DL. Consideration of the BDNF gene in relation to two phenotypes: hoarding and obesity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 120:700-7. [PMID: 21668081 PMCID: PMC3169010 DOI: 10.1037/a0024159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The gene coding for the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as an interesting candidate for multiple brain and brain disorder-related phenomena. The primary aim of the present investigation was to consider the relationship between the BDNF Val66Met variant and two phenotypes: compulsive hoarding as a symptom dimension of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and body mass index (BMI). We examined the BDNF gene in a large (N=301) clinical sample of probands with OCD. Participants were classified as hoarding or nonhoarding using a strict, multimeasure grouping approach. Results revealed that the Val/Val genotype was linked with hoarding classification and more severe hoarding behaviors, as well as greater BMI levels. Hoarding status was also associated with greater BMI scores, with individuals in the hoarding group being far more likely to be classified as obese compared with the nonhoarding group. Our findings may provide a distinct avenue through which hoarding and BMI could be linked. These findings are suggestive of a complex gene, body weight, and psychopathology relationship wherein a primitive, survival "thrifty gene" strategy may be conserved and represented in a subgroup of humans manifesting severe hoarding symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael G. Wheaton
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jens R. Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dennis L. Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Robertson HR, Feng G. Annual Research Review: Transgenic mouse models of childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:442-75. [PMID: 21309772 PMCID: PMC3075087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Childhood-onset psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), mood disorders, obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD), and schizophrenia (SZ), affect many school-age children, leading to a lower quality of life, including difficulties in school and personal relationships that persist into adulthood. Currently, the causes of these psychiatric disorders are poorly understood, resulting in difficulty diagnosing affected children, and insufficient treatment options. Family and twin studies implicate a genetic contribution for ADHD, ASD, mood disorders, OCSD, and SZ. Identification of candidate genes and chromosomal regions associated with a particular disorder provide targets for directed research, and understanding how these genes influence the disease state will provide valuable insights for improving the diagnosis and treatment of children with psychiatric disorders. Transgenic mouse models are one important approach in the study of human diseases, allowing for the use of a variety of experimental approaches to dissect the contribution of a specific chromosomal or genetic abnormality in human disorders. While it is impossible to model an entire psychiatric disorder in a single mouse model, these models can be extremely valuable in dissecting out the specific role of a gene, pathway, neuron subtype, or brain region in a particular abnormal behavior. In this review we discuss existing transgenic mouse models for childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. We compare the strength and weakness of various transgenic mouse models proposed for each of the common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders, and discuss future directions for the study of these disorders using cutting-edge genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R. Robertson
- Duke University, Neurobiology Department Durham, N.C.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department Cambridge, M.A
| | - Guoping Feng
- Duke University, Neurobiology Department Durham, N.C.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department Cambridge, M.A
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Murphy DL, Moya PR. Human serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) variants: their contributions to understanding pharmacogenomic and other functional G×G and G×E differences in health and disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:3-10. [PMID: 21439906 PMCID: PMC3487694 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent major findings from studies of SLC6A4 and its corresponding protein, the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) in humans, rodents and non-human primates indicate that combinations of SLC6A4 non-coding 5', 3' UTRs and intronic regions plus coding variants acting together can change 5HT transport as much as 40-fold in vitro. In vivo, SLC6A4 variants in humans and other species lead to marked physiological changes, despite mitigating neurodevelopmental adaptations in 5-HT receptors plus compensatory alterations in 5-HT synthesis and metabolism. Polymorphisms in SLC6A4 are associated with differences in emotional, endocrine, and personality characteristics as well as many diseases. This gene, in combinations with gene×gene (G×G) and gene×environment (G×E) interactions nonetheless remains incompletely understood, with some association findings remaining controversial. Considering its primary importance in the regulation and function of the entire serotonergic system (as evidenced by the consequences of SERT-mediated reuptake inhibition by SRIs like fluoxetine in humans and of genetically engineered changes in mice and rats), it seems likely that SLC6A4 and SERT will remain areas of high interest in our field's attempts to better understand and treat 5-HT-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gould GG, Hensler JG, Burke TF, Benno RH, Onaivi ES, Daws LC. Density and function of central serotonin (5-HT) transporters, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, and effects of their targeting on BTBR T+tf/J mouse social behavior. J Neurochem 2011; 116:291-303. [PMID: 21070242 PMCID: PMC3012263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BTBR mice are potentially useful tools for autism research because their behavior parallels core social interaction impairments and restricted-repetitive behaviors. Altered regulation of central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission may underlie such behavioral deficits. To test this, we compared 5-HT transporter (SERT), 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor densities among BTBR and C57 strains. Autoradiographic [(3) H] cyanoimipramine (1 nM) binding to SERT was 20-30% lower throughout the adult BTBR brain as compared to C57BL/10J mice. In hippocampal membrane homogenates, [(3) H] citalopram maximal binding (B(max) ) to SERT was 95 ± 13 fmol/mg protein in BTBR and 171 ± 20 fmol/mg protein in C57BL/6J mice, and the BTBR dissociation constant (K(D) ) was 2.0 ± 0.3 nM versus 1.1 ± 0.2 in C57BL/6J mice. Hippocampal 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor binding was similar among strains. However, 8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [(35) S] GTPγS binding in the BTBR hippocampal CA(1) region was 28% higher, indicating elevated 5-HT(1A) capacity to activate G-proteins. In BTBR mice, the SERT blocker, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and the 5-HT(1A) receptor partial-agonist, buspirone (2 mg/kg) enhanced social interactions. The D(2) /5-HT(2) receptor antagonist, risperidone (0.1 mg/kg) reduced marble burying, but failed to improve sociability. Overall, altered SERT and/or 5-HT(1A) functionality in hippocampus could contribute to the relatively low sociability of BTBR mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiology
- Buspirone/pharmacology
- Fluoxetine/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Transport
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/physiology
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/physiology
- Social Behavior
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgianna G Gould
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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Scharinger C, Rabl U, Sitte HH, Pezawas L. Imaging genetics of mood disorders. Neuroimage 2010; 53:810-21. [PMID: 20156570 PMCID: PMC4502568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are highly heritable and have been linked to brain regions of emotion processing. Over the past few years, an enormous amount of imaging genetics studies has demonstrated the impact of risk genes on brain regions and systems of emotion processing in vivo in healthy subjects as well as in mood disorder patients. While sufficient evidence already exists for several monaminergic genes as well as for a few non-monoaminergic genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy subjects, many others only have been investigated in single studies so far. Apart from these studies, the present review also covers imaging genetics studies applying more complex genetic disease models of mood disorders, such as epistasis and gene-environment interactions, and their impact on brain systems of emotion processing. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the rapidly growing field of imaging genetics studies in mood disorder research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Scharinger
- Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Rabl
- Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H. Sitte
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Pezawas
- Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Meda SA, Jagannathan K, Gelernter J, Calhoun VD, Liu J, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD. A pilot multivariate parallel ICA study to investigate differential linkage between neural networks and genetic profiles in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2010; 53:1007-15. [PMID: 19944766 PMCID: PMC3968678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding genetic influences on both healthy and disordered brain function is a major focus in psychiatric neuroimaging. We utilized task-related imaging findings from an fMRI auditory oddball task known to be robustly associated with abnormal activation in schizophrenia, to investigate genomic factors derived from multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes previously shown to be associated with schizophrenia. Our major aim was to investigate the relationship of these genomic factors to normal/abnormal brain functionality between controls and schizophrenia patients. We studied a Caucasian-only sample of 35 healthy controls and 31 schizophrenia patients. All subjects performed an auditory oddball task, which consists of detecting an infrequent sound within a series of frequent sounds. Each subject was characterized on 24 different SNP markers spanning multiple risk genes previously associated with schizophrenia. We used a recently developed technique named parallel independent component analysis (para-ICA) to analyze this multimodal data set (Liu et al., 2008). The method aims to identify simultaneously independent components of each modality (functional imaging, genetics) and the relationships between them. We detected three fMRI components significantly correlated with two distinct gene components. The fMRI components, along with their significant genetic profile (dominant SNP) correlations were as follows: (1) Inferior frontal-anterior/posterior cingulate-thalamus-caudate with SNPs from Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and dopamine transporter (DAT) [r=-0.51; p<0.0001], (2) superior/middle temporal gyrus-cingulate-premotor with SLC6A4_PR and SLC6A4_PR_AG (serotonin transporter promoter; 5HTTLPR) [r=0.27; p=0.03], and (3) default mode-fronto-temporal gyrus with Brain derived neurotropic factor and dopamine transporter (BDNF, DAT) [r=-0.25; p=0.04]. Functional components comprised task-relevant regions (including PFC, ACC, STG and MTG) frequently identified as abnormal in schizophrenia. Further, gene-fMRI combinations 1 (Z=1.75; p=0.03), 2 (Z=1.84; p=0.03) and 3 (Z=1.67; p=0.04) listed above showed significant differences between controls and patients, based on their correlated loading coefficients. We demonstrate a framework to identify interactions between "clusters" of brain function and of genetic information. Our results reveal the effect/influence of specific interactions, (perhaps epistastatic in nature), between schizophrenia risk genes on imaging endophenotypes representing attention/working memory and goal directed related brain function, thus establishing a useful methodology to probe multivariate genotype-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwath A Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
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Carola V, Pascucci T, Puglisi-Allegra S, Cabib S, Gross C. Effect of the interaction between the serotonin transporter gene and maternal environment on developing mouse brain. Behav Brain Res 2010; 217:188-94. [PMID: 20974189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that the common polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT-LPR) moderates the increased risk for major depression seen in persons exposed to early adverse experiences. Several mouse models of this interaction have been recently established to investigate the increased vulnerability of individuals carrying the 5-HTT-LPR S allele to both early and adult life stressful events. Identifying the immediate effects of an adverse early environment on genetically susceptible individuals is critical to develop effective prevention of its long-term negative consequences of such an interaction. For this purpose we investigated molecular and neurochemical effects promoted by variable amount of maternal care in the brain of developing (postnatal day 10) wild type and heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout mice. Pups experiencing low level of maternal care showed increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) messenger RNA within the hippocampus and primary somato-sensory cortex, and increased α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor binding in hippocampus in comparison with pups experiencing high level of maternal care. Strikingly, only heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout pups experiencing high maternal care showed increased hippocampal levels of serotonin and norepinephrine and decreased serotonin turnover compared to wild-type littermates. These findings support the hypothesis that maternal care affects the development of the hippocampus and primary somato-sensory cortex of individuals characterized by genetic variants of the serotonin transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carola
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy.
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Hildebrandt T, Alfano L, Tricamo M, Pfaff DW. Conceptualizing the role of estrogens and serotonin in the development and maintenance of bulimia nervosa. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:655-68. [PMID: 20554102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic dysregulation is thought to underlie much of the pathology in bulimia nervosa (BN). The purpose of this review is to expand the serotonergic model by incorporating specific and nonspecific contributions of estrogens to the development and maintenance of bulimic pathology in order to guide research from molecular genetics to novel therapeutics for BN. Special emphasis is given to the organizing theory of general brain arousal which allows for integration of specific and nonspecific effects of these systems on behavioral endpoints such as binge eating or purging as well as arousal states such as fear, novelty seeking, or sex. Regulation of the serotonergic system by estrogens is explored, and genetic, epigenetic, and environmental estrogen effects on bulimic pathology and risk factors are discussed. Genetic and neuroscientific research support this two-system conceptualization of BN with both contributions to the developmental and maintenance of the disorder. Implications of an estrogenic-serotonergic model of BN are discussed as well as guidelines and suggestions for future research and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hildebrandt
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Cougle JR, Timpano KR, Sachs-Ericsson N, Keough ME, Riccardi CJ. Examining the unique relationships between anxiety disorders and childhood physical and sexual abuse in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Psychiatry Res 2010; 177:150-5. [PMID: 20381878 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research has accumulated over the past several years demonstrating a relationship between childhood abuse and anxiety disorders. Extant studies have generally suffered from a number of methodological limitations, including low sample sizes and without controlling for psychiatric comorbidity and parental anxiety. In addition, research has neglected to examine whether the relationships between anxiety disorders and childhood abuse are unique to physical abuse as opposed to sexual abuse and vice versa. The current study sought to examine the unique relationships between anxiety disorders and childhood physical and sexual abuse using data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Participants (n=4141) completed structured interviews from which data on childhood abuse history, lifetime psychiatric history, parental anxiety, and demographics were obtained. After controlling for depression, other anxiety disorders, and demographic variables, unique relationships were found between childhood sexual abuse and social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); in contrast, physical abuse was only associated with PTSD and specific phobia (SP). Further, among women, analyses revealed that physical abuse was uniquely associated with PTSD and SP, while sexual abuse was associated with SAD, PD, and PTSD. Among men, both sexual and physical abuse were uniquely associated with SAD and PTSD. Findings provide further evidence of the severe consequences of childhood abuse and help inform etiological accounts of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Cougle
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Sora I, Li B, Igari M, Hall FS, Ikeda K. Transgenic mice in the study of drug addiction and the effects of psychostimulant drugs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:218-46. [PMID: 20201856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first transgenic models used to study addiction were based upon a priori assumptions about the importance of particular genes in addiction, including the main target molecules of morphine, amphetamine, and cocaine. This consequently emphasized the importance of monoamine transporters, opioid receptors, and monoamine receptors in addiction. Although the effects of opiates were largely eliminated by mu opioid receptor gene knockout, the case for psychostimulants was much more complex. Research using transgenic models supported the idea of a polygenic basis for psychostimulant effects and has associated particular genes with different behavioral consequences of psychostimulants. Phenotypic analysis of transgenic mice, especially gene knockout mice, has been instrumental in identifying the role of specific molecular targets of addictive drugs in their actions. In this article, we summarize studies that have provided insight into the polygenic determination of drug addiction phenotypes in ways that are not possible with other methods, emphasizing research into the effects of psychostimulant drugs in gene knockouts of the monoamine transporters and monoamine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sora
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Postnatal changes in serotonergic innervation to the hippocampus of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2-null mice. Neuroscience 2009; 165:1254-60. [PMID: 19932741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene. Previous reports have revealed serotonergic function to be altered in the medullas of patients with Rett syndrome and in an animal model of the disease. However, it has remained unclear whether a genetic loss of MeCP2 disrupts serotonergic innervation to the forebrain. In this study, we measured levels of monoamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in selected regions of the forebrains of Mecp2-null mice (Mecp2-/y) and wild-type mice (Mecp2+/y) on postnatal day (P) 14, P28, P42 and P56. The levels of hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and its main metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were significantly lower in Mecp2-null mice than in age-matched wild-type mice on P28, P42 and P56. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a loss of 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers in the Mecp2-null hippocampus on P56. By contrast, in the raphe region of Mecp2-null mice, there were significant decreases in 5-HT and noradrenaline levels, but these differences later disappeared and there was no change in the number of 5-HT-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment comparing HPLC measurements in presymptomatic heterozygous females (Mecp2+/-) and wild-type female littermates (Mecp2+/+) on P56. Significant decreases in hippocampal 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents in Mecp2-heterozygous mice were revealed, and these were not accompanied by changes in 5-HT or noradrenaline contents in the raphe region. Therefore, these results indicated decreases in serotonergic innervation to the hippocampus in Mecp2-null males and Mecp2 heterozygous females. We speculate that disturbances in serotonergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus may be linked to the behavioral abnormalities seen in Rett syndrome, such as increased anxiety-like behaviors and reduced exploratory locomotion. MeCP2 may be required for stable serotonergic homeostasis and serotonergic innervation to the hippocampus during postnatal development.
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Kalueff AV, Olivier JDA, Nonkes LJP, Homberg JR. Conserved role for the serotonin transporter gene in rat and mouse neurobehavioral endophenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:373-86. [PMID: 19698744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter knockout (SERT(-/-)) mouse, generated in 1998, was followed by the SERT(-/-) rat, developed in 2006. The availability of SERT(-/-) rodents creates the unique possibility to study the conservation of gene function across species. Here we summarize SERT(-/-) mouse and rat data, and discuss species (dis)similarities in neurobehavioral endophenotypes. Both SERT(-/-) rodent models show a disturbed serotonergic system, altered nociception, higher anxiety, decreased social behavior, as well as increased negative emotionality, behavioral inhibition and decision making. Used to model a wide range of psychiatric disorders, SERT(-/-) rodents may be particularly valuable in research on neurodevelopmental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and possibly autism. We conclude that SERT function is conserved across mice and rats and that their behavioral profile arises from common neurodevelopmental alterations. Because mice and rats have species-specific characteristics that confer differential research advantages, a comparison of the two models has heuristic value in understanding the mechanisms and behavioral outcome of SERT genetic variation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kalueff
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kumar M, Kaushalya SK, Gressens P, Maiti S, Mani S. Optimized Derivation and Functional Characterization of 5-HT Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:615-27. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, U676, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, IFR02 and IFR25, Paris, France
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Shyamala Mani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
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Bearer EL, Zhang X, Janvelyan D, Boulat B, Jacobs RE. Reward circuitry is perturbed in the absence of the serotonin transporter. Neuroimage 2009; 46:1091-104. [PMID: 19306930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) modulates the entire serotonergic system in the brain and influences both the dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic systems. These three systems are intimately involved in normal physiological functioning of the brain and implicated in numerous pathological conditions. Here we use high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy to elucidate the effects of disruption of the serotonin transporter in an animal model system: the SERT knock-out mouse. Employing manganese-enhanced MRI, we injected Mn(2+) into the prefrontal cortex and obtained 3D MR images at specific time points in cohorts of SERT and normal mice. Statistical analysis of co-registered datasets demonstrated that active circuitry originating in the prefrontal cortex in the SERT knock-out is dramatically altered, with a bias towards more posterior areas (substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and Raphé nuclei) directly involved in the reward circuit. Injection site and tracing were confirmed with traditional track tracers by optical microscopy. In contrast, metabolite levels were essentially normal in the SERT knock-out by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and little or no anatomical differences between SERT knock-out and normal mice were detected by MRI. These findings point to modulation of the limbic cortical-ventral striatopallidal by disruption of SERT function. Thus, molecular disruptions of SERT that produce behavioral changes also alter the functional anatomy of the reward circuitry in which all the monoamine systems are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Vaske J, Newsome J, Makarios M, Wright JP, Boutwell BB, Beaver KM. Interaction of 5HTTLPR and marijuana use on property offending. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2009; 55:93-102. [PMID: 19835103 DOI: 10.1080/19485560903054762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine whether a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SHTTLPR) moderates the effects of marijuana use on property offending. The results reveal that 5HTTLPR interacts with marijuana use to predict significantly higher levels of property offending for African American females. The interaction coefficient is not statistically significant for Caucasian males, African American males, or Caucasian females. These findings suggest that marijuana use is associated only with higher levels of property offending among African American females who carry one or more copies of the 5HTTLPR short allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Vaske
- Division of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, 600 Dyer Hall, PO Box 210389, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389, USA.
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Refining psychiatric genetics: from 'mouse psychiatry' to understanding complex human disorders. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19:377-84. [PMID: 18690099 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32830dc09b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders is a complicated and rigorous task for psychiatric geneticists, as the disorders often involve combinations of genetic, behavioral, personality, and environmental factors. To nurture further progress in this field, a new set of conceptual tools is needed in addition to the currently accepted approaches. Concepts that consider cross-species trait genetics and the interplay between the domains of disorders, as well as the full spectrum of potential symptoms and their place along the pathogenetic continuum, are particularly important to address these needs. Here, we outline recent concepts and approaches that can help refine the field and enable more precise dissection of the genetic mechanisms contributing to psychiatric disorders.
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Murphy DL, Fox MA, Timpano KR, Moya PR, Ren-Patterson R, Andrews AM, Holmes A, Lesch KP, Wendland JR. How the serotonin story is being rewritten by new gene-based discoveries principally related to SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, which functions to influence all cellular serotonin systems. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:932-60. [PMID: 18824000 PMCID: PMC2730952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Discovered and crystallized over sixty years ago, serotonin's important functions in the brain and body were identified over the ensuing years by neurochemical, physiological and pharmacological investigations. This 2008 M. Rapport Memorial Serotonin Review focuses on some of the most recent discoveries involving serotonin that are based on genetic methodologies. These include examples of the consequences that result from direct serotonergic gene manipulation (gene deletion or overexpression) in mice and other species; an evaluation of some phenotypes related to functional human serotonergic gene variants, particularly in SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene; and finally, a consideration of the pharmacogenomics of serotonergic drugs with respect to both their therapeutic actions and side effects. The serotonin transporter (SERT) has been the most comprehensively studied of the serotonin system molecular components, and will be the primary focus of this review. We provide in-depth examples of gene-based discoveries primarily related to SLC6A4 that have clarified serotonin's many important homeostatic functions in humans, non-human primates, mice and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, NIH, Building 10, Room 3D41, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1264, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Complex genetic disorders such as depression likely exhibit epistasis, but neural mechanisms of such gene-gene interactions are incompletely understood. 5-HTTLPR and BDNF VAL66MET, functional polymorphisms of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SLC6A4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, impact on two distinct, but interacting signaling systems, which have been related to depression and to the modulation of neurogenesis and plasticity of circuitries of emotion processing. Recent clinical studies suggest that the BDNF MET allele, which shows abnormal intracellular trafficking and regulated secretion, has a protective effect regarding the development of depression and in mice of social defeat stress. Here we show, using anatomical neuroimaging techniques in a sample of healthy subjects (n=111), that the BDNF MET allele, which is predicted to have reduced responsivity to 5-HT signaling, protects against 5-HTTLPR S allele-induced effects on a brain circuitry encompassing the amygdala and the subgenual portion of the anterior cingulate (rAC). Our analyses revealed no effect of the 5-HTTLPR S allele on rAC volume in the presence of BDNF MET alleles, whereas a significant volume reduction (P<0.001) was seen on BDNF VAL/VAL background. Interacting genotype effects were also found in structural connectivity between amygdala and rAC (P=0.002). These data provide in vivo evidence of biologic epistasis between SLC6A4 and BDNF in the human brain by identifying a neural mechanism linking serotonergic and neurotrophic signaling on the neural systems level, and have implications for personalized treatment planning in depression.
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Holmes A. Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1293-314. [PMID: 18439676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin system is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and therapeutic alleviation of stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. Serotonergic modulation of the acute response to stress and the adaptation to chronic stress is mediated by a myriad of molecules controlling serotonin neuron development (Pet-1), synthesis (tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 isozymes), packaging (vesicular monoamine transporter 2), actions at presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A, 5-HT4, 5-HT5A, 5-HT6, 5-HT7), reuptake (serotonin transporter), and degradation (monoamine oxidase A). A growing body of evidence from preclinical rodents models, and especially genetically modified mice and inbred mouse strains, has provided significant insight into how genetic variation in these molecules can affect the development and function of a key neural circuit between the dorsal raphe nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. By extension, such variation is hypothesized to have a major influence on individual differences in the stress response and risk for stress-related disease in humans. The current article provides an update on this rapidly evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Holmes
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 2N09, Rockville, MD 20852-9411, USA.
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