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Jiang Q, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Ma C, Peng X, Wu X, Liu X, Wang R, Hou S, Kong L, Wan Y, Wang S, Meng ZX, Cui B, Chen L, Li P. Galectin-3 impairs calcium transients and β-cell function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3682. [PMID: 38693121 PMCID: PMC11063191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In diabetes, macrophages and inflammation are increased in the islets, along with β-cell dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-3 (Gal3), mainly produced and secreted by macrophages, is elevated in islets from both high-fat diet (HFD)-fed and diabetic db/db mice. Gal3 acutely reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β-cell lines and primary islets in mice and humans. Importantly, Gal3 binds to calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 1 (CACNG1) and inhibits calcium influx via the cytomembrane and subsequent GSIS. β-Cell CACNG1 deficiency phenocopies Gal3 treatment. Inhibition of Gal3 through either genetic or pharmacologic loss of function improves GSIS and glucose homeostasis in both HFD-fed and db/db mice. All animal findings are applicable to male mice. Here we show a role of Gal3 in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and Gal3 could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Grants
- the National Natural Science Foundation China (82104263 to Q.J., 81622010 to P.L., 82104259 to Q.Z., and 82304591 to Y.W.), the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0205400 to P.L.), the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (2017RC31009 and 2018PT35004), the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2021-I2M-1-026 to Q.J. and 2021-I2M-1-016), the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program (BJJWZYJH01201910023028 to P.L.), and the Special Research Fund for Central Universities, Peking Union Medical College (3332021041 to Q.Z., 3332022047 Y.W.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qijin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yibing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ruoran Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaocong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lijuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanjun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Zhuo-Xian Meng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Gubatan J, Kulkarni CV, Talamantes SM, Temby M, Fardeen T, Sinha SR. Dietary Exposures and Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Evidence and Emerging Concepts. Nutrients 2023; 15:579. [PMID: 36771288 PMCID: PMC9921630 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet is intimately linked to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and has potent effects on intestinal immune homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. The therapeutic implications of diet in patients with IBD have received significant attention in recent years. In this review, we provide a contemporary and comprehensive overview of dietary exposures and interventions in IBD. Epidemiological studies suggest that ultra-processed foods, food additives, and emulsifiers are associated with a higher incidence of IBD. Exclusion and elimination diets are associated with improved symptoms in patients with IBD, but no effects on objective markers of inflammation. Specific dietary interventions (e.g., Mediterranean, specific carbohydrate, high fiber, ketogenic, anti-inflammatory diets) have been shown to reduce symptoms, improve inflammatory biomarkers, and quality of life metrics to varying degrees, but these studies are limited by study design, underpowering, heterogeneity, and confounding. To date, there is no robust evidence that any dietary intervention alone may replace standard therapies in patients with IBD. However, diet may play an adjunct role to induce or maintain clinical remission with standard IBD therapies. The results of novel dietary trials in IBD such as personalized fiber, intermittent fasting, and time-restricted diets are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gubatan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chiraag V. Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah Melissa Talamantes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Temby
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Touran Fardeen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sidhartha R. Sinha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Rolo D, Assunção R, Ventura C, Alvito P, Gonçalves L, Martins C, Bettencourt A, Jordan P, Vital N, Pereira J, Pinto F, Matos P, Silva MJ, Louro H. Adverse Outcome Pathways Associated with the Ingestion of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles-A Systematic Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193275. [PMID: 36234403 PMCID: PMC9565478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are widely used, and humans are exposed through food (E171), cosmetics (e.g., toothpaste), and pharmaceuticals. The oral and gastrointestinal (GIT) tract are the first contact sites, but it may be systemically distributed. However, a robust adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has not been developed upon GIT exposure to TiO2-NPs. The aim of this review was to provide an integrative analysis of the published data on cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered after the ingestion of TiO2-NPs, proposing plausible AOPs that may drive policy decisions. A systematic review according to Prisma Methodology was performed in three databases of peer-reviewed literature: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 787 records were identified, screened in title/abstract, being 185 used for data extraction. The main endpoints identified were oxidative stress, cytotoxicity/apoptosis/cell death, inflammation, cellular and systemic uptake, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. From the results, AOPs were proposed where colorectal cancer, liver injury, reproductive toxicity, cardiac and kidney damage, as well as hematological effects stand out as possible adverse outcomes. The recent transgenerational studies also point to concerns with regard to population effects. Overall, the findings further support a limitation of the use of TiO2-NPs in food, announced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Rolo
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Bettencourt
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Vital
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Pinto
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Sharma S, Sharma B, Dey Sadhu S. Microplastic profusion in food and drinking water: are microplastics becoming a macroproblem? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:992-1009. [PMID: 35699396 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00553g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are extremely complex, and as the food chain comes full circle, it is dreaded that these could have a deleterious influence on humans. Although the risk of plastics to humans is not yet established, their occurrence in food and water destined for human consumption has been reported. The prevalence of micro-sized plastics in the ecosystem and living organisms, their trophic transfer along the food web, and the discernment of food species as competent indicators have become research priorities. The scale of the issue is massive, but what are the main culprits and causes, and could there be a solution in sight for this global problem? Despite the massive amount of research in the field, a collation of available data and pertinent hazard evaluation remains difficult. In order to identify the knowledge gaps and exposure pathways, several traits related to food chain assessment are presented with the goal of properly evaluating and managing this emerging risk. We apprehend three possible noxious consequences of small plastic particles, firstly, due to the plastic particles themselves; secondly, due to the extrication of tenacious organic pollutants adsorbed onto the plastics; and thirdly, due to the leaching of components such as monomers and additives from the plastics. The exigency for the standardization of protocols to bring about consistency in data collection and analysis, involving solutions, stakeholder costs, and benefits, are discussed. Harmonized methods will enable meticulous assessment of the impacts and threats that microplastics pose to the biota and increase the comparability between studies. We emphasize the contribution of the "honest broker" in science, providing an overarching analysis to devise the most viable solutions to microplastic pollution for private and public leadership to utilize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka Sec-3, Delhi, India
| | - Bhasha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Susmita Dey Sadhu
- Department of Polymer Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, Dwarka Sec-2, Delhi, India.
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5
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Barreau F, Tisseyre C, Ménard S, Ferrand A, Carriere M. Titanium dioxide particles from the diet: involvement in the genesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 34330311 PMCID: PMC8323234 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex interface between the external environment and the immune system. Its ability to control uptake across the mucosa and to protect the body from damage of harmful substances from the lumen is defined as the intestinal barrier function (IBF). The IBF involves four elements: the intestinal microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelium and the immune system. Its dysfunction is linked with human diseases including inflammatory, metabolic, infectious, autoimmune and neurologic disorders. Most of these diseases are complex and involve genetic, psychological and environmental factors. Over the past 10 years, many genetic polymorphisms predisposing to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been identified. Yet, it is now clear that they are insufficient to explain the onset of these chronic diseases. Although it has been evidenced that some environmental factors such as cigarette smoking or carbohydrate intake are associated with IBD, other environmental factors also present potential health risks such as ingestion of food additives introduced in the human diet, including those composed of mineral particles, by altering the four elements of the intestinal barrier function. The aim of this review is to provide a critical opinion on the potential of TiO2 particles, especially when used as a food additive, to alter the four elements of the intestinal barrier function, and consequently to evaluate if this additive would likely play a role in the development and/or exacerbation of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Barreau
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Céline Tisseyre
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Dietary Nanoparticles Interact with Gluten Peptides and Alter the Intestinal Homeostasis Increasing the Risk of Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116102. [PMID: 34198897 PMCID: PMC8201331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of metallic nanoparticles (mNPs) into the diet is a matter of concern for human health. In particular, their effect on the gastrointestinal tract may potentially lead to the increased passage of gluten peptides and the activation of the immune response. In consequence, dietary mNPs could play a role in the increasing worldwide celiac disease (CeD) incidence. We evaluated the potential synergistic effects that peptic-tryptic-digested gliadin (PT) and the most-used food mNPs may induce on the intestinal mucosa. PT interaction with mNPs and their consequent aggregation was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses and UV–Vis spectra. In vitro experiments on Caco-2 cells proved the synergistic cytotoxic effect of PT and mNPs, as well as alterations in the monolayer integrity and tight junction proteins. Exposure of duodenal biopsies to gliadin plus mNPs triggered cytokine production, but only in CeD biopsies. These results suggest that mNPs used in the food sector may alter intestinal homeostasis, thus representing an additional environmental risk factor for the development of CeD.
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Winkler HC, Notter T, Meyer U, Naegeli H. Critical review of the safety assessment of titanium dioxide additives in food. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:51. [PMID: 29859103 PMCID: PMC5984422 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterial engineering provides an important technological advance that offers substantial benefits for applications not only in the production and processing, but also in the packaging and storage of food. An expanding commercialization of nanomaterials as part of the modern diet will substantially increase their oral intake worldwide. While the risk of particle inhalation received much attention, gaps of knowledge exist regarding possible adverse health effects due to gastrointestinal exposure. This problem is highlighted by pigment-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2), which confers a white color and increased opacity with an optimal particle diameter of 200-300 nm. However, size distribution analyses showed that batches of food-grade TiO2 always comprise a nano-sized fraction as inevitable byproduct of the manufacturing processes. Submicron-sized TiO2 particles, in Europe listed as E 171, are widely used as a food additive although the relevant risk assessment has never been satisfactorily completed. For example, it is not possible to derive a safe daily intake of TiO2 from the available long-term feeding studies in rodents. Also, the use of TiO2 particles in the food sector leads to highest exposures in children, but only few studies address the vulnerability of this particular age group. Extrapolation of animal studies to humans is also problematic due to knowledge gaps as to local gastrointestinal effects of TiO2 particles, primarily on the mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid system. Tissue distributions after oral administration of TiO2 differ from other exposure routes, thus limiting the relevance of data obtained from inhalation or parenteral injections. Such difficulties and uncertainties emerging in the retrospective assessment of TiO2 particles exemplify the need for a fit-to-purpose data requirement for the future evaluation of novel nano-sized or submicron-sized particles added deliberately to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Winkler
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Li N, Shi RH. Updated review on immune factors in pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:15-22. [PMID: 29358878 PMCID: PMC5757119 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of Crohn’s disease (CD) in China is not as high as that in European and American countries, there has been a clear increasing trend in recent years. Little is known about its pathogenesis, cause of deferment, and the range of complications associated with the disease. Local and international scholars have presented many hypotheses about CD pathogenesis based on experimental and clinical studies, including genetic susceptibility, immune function defects, intestinal microflora disorders, delayed hypersensitivity, and food antigen stimulation. However, the specific mechanism leading to this immune imbalance, which causes persistent intestinal mucosal damage, and the source of the inflammatory cascade reaction are still unclear. So far, the results of research studies differ locally and internationally. This paper presents the most current research on immune factors in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Clinical Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui-Hua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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9
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Riedle S, Pele LC, Otter DE, Hewitt RE, Singh H, Roy NC, Powell JJ. Pro-inflammatory adjuvant properties of pigment-grade titanium dioxide particles are augmented by a genotype that potentiates interleukin 1β processing. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:51. [PMID: 29216926 PMCID: PMC5721614 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pigment-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles are an additive to some foods (E171 on ingredients lists), toothpastes, and pharma−/nutraceuticals and are absorbed, to some extent, in the human intestinal tract. TiO2 can act as a modest adjuvant in the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) when triggered by common intestinal bacterial fragments, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or peptidoglycan. Given the variance in human genotypes, which includes variance in genes related to IL-1β secretion, we investigated whether TiO2 particles might, in fact, be more potent pro-inflammatory adjuvants in cells that are genetically susceptible to IL-1β-related inflammation. Methods We studied bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice with a mutation in the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing 2 gene (Nod2m/m), which exhibit heightened secretion of IL-1β in response to the peptidoglycan fragment muramyl dipeptide (MDP). To ensure relevance to human exposure, TiO2 was food-grade anatase (119 ± 45 nm mean diameter ± standard deviation). We used a short ‘pulse and chase’ format: pulsing with LPS and chasing with TiO2 +/− MDP or peptidoglycan. Results IL-1β secretion was not stimulated in LPS-pulsed bone marrow-derived macrophages, or by chasing with MDP, and only very modestly so by chasing with peptidoglycan. In all cases, however, IL-1β secretion was augmented by chasing with TiO2 in a dose-dependent fashion (5–100 μg/mL). When co-administered with MDP or peptidoglycan, IL-1β secretion was further enhanced for the Nod2m/m genotype. Tumour necrosis factor α was triggered by LPS priming, and more so for the Nod2m/m genotype. This was enhanced by chasing with TiO2, MDP, or peptidoglycan, but there was no additive effect between the bacterial fragments and TiO2. Conclusion Here, the doses of TiO2 that augmented bacterial fragment-induced IL-1β secretion were relatively high. In vivo, however, selected intestinal cells appear to be loaded with TiO2, so such high concentrations may be ‘exposure-relevant’ for localised regions of the intestine where both TiO2 and bacterial fragment uptake occurs. Moreover, this effect is enhanced in cells from Nod2m/m mice indicating that genotype can dictate inflammatory signalling in response to (nano)particle exposure. In vivo studies are now merited. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-017-0232-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Riedle
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,, Present address: Conreso GmbH, Neuhauser Str. 47, 80331, München, Germany
| | - Laetitia C Pele
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Don E Otter
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,Present address: Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1565, USA
| | - Rachel E Hewitt
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomineral Research Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomineral Research Group, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
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10
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Pietroiusti A, Bergamaschi E, Campagna M, Campagnolo L, De Palma G, Iavicoli S, Leso V, Magrini A, Miragoli M, Pedata P, Palombi L, Iavicoli I. The unrecognized occupational relevance of the interaction between engineered nanomaterials and the gastro-intestinal tract: a consensus paper from a multidisciplinary working group. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:47. [PMID: 29178961 PMCID: PMC5702111 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a fundamental gap of knowledge on the health effects caused by the interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) with the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). This is partly due to the incomplete knowledge of the complex physical and chemical transformations that ENM undergo in the GIT, and partly to the widespread belief that GIT health effects of ENM are much less relevant than pulmonary effects. However, recent experimental findings, considering the role of new players in gut physiology (e.g. the microbiota), shed light on several outcomes of the interaction ENM/GIT. Along with this new information, there is growing direct and indirect evidence that not only ingested ENM, but also inhaled ENM may impact on the GIT. This fact, which may have relevant implications in occupational setting, has never been taken into consideration. This review paper summarizes the opinions and findings of a multidisciplinary team of experts, focusing on two main aspects of the issue: 1) ENM interactions within the GIT and their possible consequences, and 2) relevance of gastro-intestinal effects of inhaled ENMs. Under point 1, we analyzed how luminal gut-constituents, including mucus, may influence the adherence of ENM to cell surfaces in a size-dependent manner, and how intestinal permeability may be affected by different physico-chemical characteristics of ENM. Cytotoxic, oxidative, genotoxic and inflammatory effects on different GIT cells, as well as effects on microbiota, are also discussed. Concerning point 2, recent studies highlight the relevance of gastro-intestinal handling of inhaled ENM, showing significant excretion with feces of inhaled ENM and supporting the hypothesis that GIT should be considered an important target of extrapulmonary effects of inhaled ENM. CONCLUSIONS In spite of recent insights on the relevance of the GIT as a target for toxic effects of nanoparticles, there is still a major gap in knowledge regarding the impact of the direct versus indirect oral exposure. This fact probably applies also to larger particles and dictates careful consideration in workers, who carry the highest risk of exposure to particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Sciences and Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Campagnolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Veruscka Leso
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Miragoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Pedata
- Department of Experimental Medicine- Section of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine and Forensic Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Palombi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Hewitt RE, Vis B, Pele LC, Faria N, Powell JJ. Imaging flow cytometry assays for quantifying pigment grade titanium dioxide particle internalization and interactions with immune cells in whole blood. Cytometry A 2017; 91:1009-1020. [PMID: 28941170 PMCID: PMC5698724 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pigment grade titanium dioxide is composed of sub‐micron sized particles, including a nanofraction, and is widely utilized in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. Oral exposure to pigment grade titanium dioxide results in at least some material entering the circulation in humans, although subsequent interactions with blood immune cells are unknown. Pigment grade titanium dioxide is employed for its strong light scattering properties, and this work exploited that attribute to determine whether single cell–particle associations could be determined in immune cells of human whole blood at “real life” concentrations. In vitro assays, initially using isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, identified titanium dioxide associated with the surface of, and within, immune cells by darkfield reflectance in imaging flow cytometry. This was confirmed at the population level by side scatter measurements using conventional flow cytometry. Next, it was demonstrated that imaging flow cytometry could quantify titanium dioxide particle‐bearing cells, within the immune cell populations of fresh whole blood, down to titanium dioxide levels of 10 parts per billion, which is in the range anticipated for human blood following titanium dioxide ingestion. Moreover, surface association and internal localization of titanium dioxide particles could be discriminated in the assays. Overall, results showed that in addition to the anticipated activity of blood monocytes internalizing titanium dioxide particles, neutrophil internalization and cell membrane adhesion also occurred, the latter for both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cell types. What happens in vivo and whether this contributes to activation of one or more of these different cells types in blood merits further attention. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hewitt
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Bradley Vis
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Laetitia C Pele
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Nuno Faria
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
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12
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Winkler HC, Kornprobst J, Wick P, von Moos LM, Trantakis I, Schraner EM, Bathke B, Hochrein H, Suter M, Naegeli H. MyD88-dependent pro-interleukin-1β induction in dendritic cells exposed to food-grade synthetic amorphous silica. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 28645296 PMCID: PMC5481969 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized first-line sensors of foreign materials invading the organism. These sentinel cells rely on pattern recognition receptors such as Nod-like or Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to launch immune reactions against pathogens, but also to mediate tolerance to self-antigens and, in the intestinal milieu, to nutrients and commensals. Since inappropriate DC activation contributes to inflammatory diseases and immunopathologies, a key question in the evaluation of orally ingested nanomaterials is whether their contact with DCs in the intestinal mucosa disrupts this delicate homeostatic balance between pathogen defense and tolerance. Here, we generated steady-state DCs by incubating hematopoietic progenitors with feline McDonough sarcoma-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) and used the resulting immature DCs to test potential biological responses against food-grade synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) representing a common nanomaterial generally thought to be safe. RESULTS Interaction of immature and unprimed DCs with food-grade SAS particles and their internalization by endocytic uptake fails to elicit cytotoxicity and the release of interleukin (IL)-1α or tumor necrosis factor-α, which were identified as master regulators of acute inflammation in lung-related studies. However, the display of maturation markers on the cell surface shows that SAS particles activate completely immature DCs. Also, the endocytic uptake of SAS particles into these steady-state DCs leads to induction of the pro-IL-1β precursor, subsequently cleaved by the inflammasome to secrete mature IL-1β. In contrast, neither pro-IL-1β induction nor mature IL-1β secretion occurs upon internalization of TiO2 or FePO4 nanoparticles. The pro-IL-1β induction is suppressed by pharmacologic inhibitors of endosomal TLR activation or by genetic ablation of MyD88, a downstream adapter of TLR pathways, indicating that endosomal pattern recognition is responsible for the observed cytokine response to food-grade SAS particles. CONCLUSIONS Our results unexpectedly show that food-grade SAS particles are able to directly initiate the endosomal MyD88-dependent pathogen pattern recognition and signaling pathway in steady-state DCs. The ensuing activation of immature DCs with de novo induction of pro-IL-1β implies that the currently massive use of SAS particles as food additive should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Winkler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Present address: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Kornprobst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lea Maria von Moos
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Trantakis
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Maria Schraner
- Electron Microscopy, Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy and Virology, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bathke
- Department of Research, Bavarian Nordic GmbH, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hubertus Hochrein
- Department of Research, Bavarian Nordic GmbH, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark Suter
- Immunology Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 204, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Abstract
Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research. Key literature up to September 2016 relating to accumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants was critically examined. Although microplastics and human health is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards. If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may accumulate and exert localized particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response. Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localized leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed environmental pollutants. Chronic exposure is anticipated to be of greater concern due to the accumulative effect that could occur. This is expected to be dose-dependent, and a robust evidence-base of exposure levels is currently lacking. Although there is potential for microplastics to impact human health, assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key. This information will guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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14
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Winkler HC, Suter M, Naegeli H. Critical review of the safety assessment of nano-structured silica additives in food. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:44. [PMID: 27287345 PMCID: PMC4903002 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nano-materials is viewed as one of the most important technological advances of the 21st century and new applications of nano-sized particles in the production, processing, packaging or storage of food are expected to emerge soon. This trend of growing commercialization of engineered nano-particles as part of modern diet will substantially increase oral exposure. Contrary to the proven benefits of nano-materials, however, possible adverse health effects have generally received less attention. This problem is very well illustrated by nano-structured synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), which is a common food additive since several decades although the relevant risk assessment has never been satisfactorily completed. A no observed adverse effect level of 2500 mg SAS particles/kg body weight per day was derived from the only available long-term administration study in rodents. However, extrapolation to a safe daily intake for humans is problematic due to limitations of this chronic animal study and knowledge gaps as to possible local intestinal effects of SAS particles, primarily on the gut-associated lymphoid system. This uncertainty is aggravated by digestion experiments indicating that dietary SAS particles preserve their nano-sized structure when reaching the intestinal lumen. An important aspect is whether food-borne particles like SAS alter the function of dendritic cells that, embedded in the intestinal mucosa, act as first-line sentinels of foreign materials. We conclude that nano-particles do not represent a completely new threat and that most potential risks can be assessed following procedures established for conventional chemical hazards. However, specific properties of food-borne nano-particles should be further examined and, for that purpose, in vitro tests with decision-making cells of the immune system are needed to complement existing in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Winkler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Suter
- Immunology Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Smolkova B, El Yamani N, Collins AR, Gutleb AC, Dusinska M. Nanoparticles in food. Epigenetic changes induced by nanomaterials and possible impact on health. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 77:64-73. [PMID: 25554528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed epigenetic mechanisms, which developmentally regulate gene expression via modifications to DNA, histone proteins, and chromatin, have been hypothesized to play a key role in many human diseases. Recently it was shown that engineered nanoparticles (NPs), that already have a wide range of applications in various fields including food production, could dramatically affect epigenetic processes, while their ability to induce diseases remains poorly understood. Besides the obvious benefits of the new technologies, it is critical to assess their health effects before proceeding with industrial production. In this article, after surveying the applications of NPs in food technology, we review recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic pathological effects of NPs, and discuss their possible health impact with the aim of avoiding potential health risks posed by the use of nanomaterials in foods and food-packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Smolkova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry (MILK), NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry (MILK), NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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16
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Pele L, Haas CT, Hewitt R, Faria N, Brown A, Powell J. Artefactual nanoparticle activation of the inflammasome platform: in vitro evidence with a nano-formed calcium phosphate. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 10:1379-90. [PMID: 24991724 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether in vitro experimental conditions dictate cellular activation of the inflammasome by apatitic calcium phosphate nanoparticles. MATERIAL & METHODS The responses of blood-derived primary human cells to in situ-formed apatite were investigated under different experimental conditions to assess the effect of aseptic culture, cell rest and duration of particle exposure. Cell death and particle uptake were assessed, while IL-1β and caspase 1 responses, with and without lipopolysaccharide prestimulation, were evaluated as markers of inflammasome activation. RESULTS Under carefully addressed experimental conditions, apatitic nanoparticles did not induce cell death or engage the inflammasome platform, although both could be triggered through artefacts of experimentation. CONCLUSION In vitro studies often predict that engineered nanoparticles, such as synthetic apatite, are candidates for inflammasome activation and, hence, are toxic. However, the experimental setting must be very carefully considered as it may promote false-positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Pele
- 1Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Carolin T Haas
- 1Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Rachel Hewitt
- 1Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Nuno Faria
- 1Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Andy Brown
- 2Institute for Materials Research, SPEME, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jonathan Powell
- 1Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
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17
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The base of human Peyer patches of the terminal ileum has been noted to contain black granular pigment deposits, composed of titanium dioxide and aluminosilicate, which are food additives typically present in a Western diet, and pharmaceuticals. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of exogenous pigment throughout the gastrointestinal tract of children suspected of having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the correlation between their age and the presence and amount of pigment in Peyer patches, and its relation to pediatric IBD. METHODS Biopsies (upper and lower gastrointestinal tract) from children suspected of having IBD who underwent endoscopy, were reassessed by a blinded, expert pathologist. The amount of pigment in biopsies was scored using a semiquantitative scale (range 0 to +++). RESULTS A total of 151 children were included: 62 with Crohn disease (CD), 26 with ulcerative colitis, and 63 with non-IBD. In 63 children (42%), deposits of black pigment were found only in biopsies from the terminal ileum, located in Peyer patches. A significant correlation was found between increasing age and the amount of pigment (P = 0.004). Pigment deposits were found significantly less in the patients with CD compared with those in patients with ulcerative colitis and those with non-IBD (26% vs 62% and 49%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These results provide support for the hypothesis that the amount of pigment, only present in Peyer patches in the terminal ileum, becomes denser with increasing age. Absence of pigment in Peyer patches in a higher number of patients with CD suggests that microparticles may have become involved in the inflammatory process, possibly because of disrupted autophagy.
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19
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Nogueira CM, Azevedo WMD, Dagli MLZ, Toma SH, Leite AZDA, Lordello ML, Nishitokukado I, Ortiz-Agostinho CL, Duarte MIS, Ferreira MA, Sipahi AM. Titanium dioxide induced inflammation in the small intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4729-35. [PMID: 23002342 PMCID: PMC3442211 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPTiO2) and microparticles (MPTiO2) on the inflammatory response in the small intestine of mice.
METHODS: Bl 57/6 male mice received distilled water suspensions containing TiO2 (100 mg/kg body weight) as NPTiO2 (66 nm), or MPTiO2 (260 nm) by gavage for 10 d, once a day; the control group received only distilled water. At the end of the treatment the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were extracted for assessment of cytokines, inflammatory cells and titanium content. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intracellular interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in segments of jejunum and ileum (mucosa and underlying muscular tissue). CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells were evaluated in duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples fixed in 10% formalin by immunohistochemistry. The titanium content was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
RESULTS: We found increased levels of T CD4+ cells (cells/mm2) in duodenum: NP 1240 ± 139.4, MP 1070 ± 154.7 vs 458 ± 50.39 (P < 0.01); jejunum: NP 908.4 ± 130.3, MP 813.8 ± 103.8 vs 526.6 ± 61.43 (P < 0.05); and ileum: NP 818.60 ± 123.0, MP 640.1 ± 32.75 vs 466.9 ± 22.4 (P < 0.05). In comparison to the control group, the groups receiving TiO2 showed a statistically significant increase in the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-4, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β. The cytokine production was more pronounced in the ileum (mean ± SE): IL-12: NP 33.98 ± 11.76, MP 74.11 ± 25.65 vs 19.06 ± 3.92 (P < 0.05); IL-4: NP 17.36 ± 9.96, MP 22.94 ± 7.47 vs 2.19 ± 0.65 (P < 0.05); IL-23: NP 157.20 ± 75.80, MP 134.50 ± 38.31 vs 22.34 ± 5.81 (P < 0.05); TNFα: NP 3.71 ± 1.33, MP 5.44 ± 1.67 vs 0.99 ± 019 (P < 0.05); IFNγ: NP 15.85 ± 9.99, MP 34.08 ± 11.44 vs 2.81 ± 0.69 (P < 0.05); and TGF-α: NP 780.70 ± 318.50, MP 1409.00 ± 502.20 vs 205.50 ± 63.93 (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that TiO2 particles induce a Th1-mediated inflammatory response in the small bowel in mice.
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20
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Abstract
Alum (AlK(SO(4))(2)) is an adjuvant commonly utilized in vaccines, and is a ubiquitous element used extensively in contemporary life. Food, air, water, waste, the earth's surface, and pharmaceuticals all represent pathways of aluminum (Al) exposure. Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation in genetically susceptible individuals and is caused by yet unidentified environmental factors. Al is a potential factor for the induction of inflammation in CD, and its immune activities share many characteristics with the immune pathology of CD: many luminal bacterial or dietary compounds can be adsorbed to the metal surface and induce Th1 profile cytokines, shared cytokines/chemokines, co-stimulatory molecules, and intracellular pathways and stress-related molecular expression enhancement, affecting intestinal macrobiota, trans-mural granuloma formation, and colitis induction in an animal CD model. The inflammasome plays a central role in Al mode of action and in CD pathophysiology. It is suggested that Al adjuvant activity can fit between the aberrations of innate and adaptive immune responses occurring in CD. The CD mucosa is confronted with numerous inappropriate bacterial components adsorbed on the Al compound surface, constituting a pro-inflammatory supra-adjuvant. Al fits the diagnostic criteria of the newly described autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. If a cause and effect relationship can be established, the consequences will greatly impact public health and CD prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
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21
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Hewitt RE, Pele LC, Tremelling M, Metz A, Parkes M, Powell JJ. Immuno-inhibitory PD-L1 can be induced by a peptidoglycan/NOD2 mediated pathway in primary monocytic cells and is deficient in Crohn's patients with homozygous NOD2 mutations. Clin Immunol 2012; 143:162-9. [PMID: 22397822 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a ubiquitous bacterial membrane product that, despite its well known pro-inflammatory properties, has also been invoked in immuno-tolerance of the gastrointestinal tract. PGN-induced mucosal IL-10 secretion and downregulation of Toll like receptors are potential mechanisms of action in the gut but there are few data on tolerogenic adaptive immune responses and PGN. Here, using blood-derived mononuclear cells, we showed that PGN induced marked cell surface expression of PD-L1 but not PD-L2 or CD80/CD86, and specifically in the CD14(+) monocytic fraction. This was reproduced at the gene level with rapid induction (<4 h) and, unlike for LPS stimulation, was still sustained at 24 h. Using transfected and native muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is a cleavage product of PGN and a specific NOD2 agonist, in assays with wild type cells or those from patients with Crohn's disease carrying the Leu1007 frameshift mutation of NOD2, we showed that (i) both NOD2 dependent and independent signalling (appearing TLR2 mediated) occurred for PGN upregulation of PD-L1 (ii) upregulation is lost in response to MDP in patients with the homozygous mutation and (iii) PD-L1 upregulation was unaffected in patients with heterozygous mutations as previously reported for cytokine responses to MDP. The uptake of PGN and its cleavage products by the intestinal mucosa is well recognised and further work should consider PD-L1 upregulation as one potential mechanism of the commensal flora-driven intestinal immuno-tolerance. Indeed, recent work has shown that loss of PD-L1 signalling in the gut breaks CD8(+) T cell tolerance to self antigen and leads to severe autoimmune enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hewitt
- Medical Research Council-Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
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22
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Inhaled therapies for tuberculosis and the relevance of activation of lung macrophages by particulate drug-delivery systems. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:753-68. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induce ‘alternative activation’ of lung macrophages that they colonize, in order to create conditions that promote the establishment and progression of infection. There is some evidence to indicate that such macrophages may be rescued from alternative activation by inhalable microparticles containing a variety of drugs. This review summarizes the experience of various groups of researchers, relating to observations of induction of a number of classical macrophage activation pathways. Restoration of a ‘respiratory burst’ and upregulation of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen intermediates through the phagocyte oxidase and nitric oxide synthetase enzyme systems; induction of proinflammatory macrophage cytokines; and finally induction of apoptosis rather than necrosis of the infected macrophage are discussed. It is suggested that there is scope to co-opt host responses in the management of tuberculosis, through the route of pulmonary drug delivery.
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Allyl isothiocyanate regulates caspase-1/receptor interacting protein-2 expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:525-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Powell JJ, Faria N, Thomas-McKay E, Pele LC. Origin and fate of dietary nanoparticles and microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. J Autoimmun 2010; 34:J226-33. [PMID: 20096538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humans have evolved with oral exposure to dietary microparticles and nanoparticles as a normal occurrence but the ever-growing exploitation of nanotechnology is likely to increase exposure further, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, unlike the situation with respirable particles, relatively little is known about gastrointestinal intake and handling of nanoparticles. With a long term interest in gut exposure and responses to dietary microparticles, our group is now applying its expertise to nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we aim to address (i) the current challenges associated with the characterisation of particle-host or particle-cell interactions, (ii) the origin and mechanisms of uptake of particles in the gastrointestinal tract, especially via the Peyer's patch and (iii) potential cellular effects of nanoparticles in the generation of reactive oxygen species and inflammasome activation, or microparticles in their adjuvant activity in pro-inflammatory signalling and immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Powell
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, MRC-HNR, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis induces transcytosis of nanoparticles across human intestinal villus epithelium via invasin-dependent macropinocytosis. J Transl Med 2008; 88:1215-26. [PMID: 18810251 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is characterized by a defect in intestinal barrier function, where bacteria are considered the most important inflammation-driving factor. Enteric bacteria, including E. coli and Yersinia spp, affect tight junctions in enterocytes, but little is known about bacterial effects on the transcellular pathway. Our objective was to study the short-term effects of Y. pseudotuberculosis on uptake of nanoparticles across human villus epithelium. Monolayers of human colon epithelium-derived Caco-2 cells and biopsies of normal human ileum were studied after 2 h exposure to Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing (inv+) or lacking (inv-) the bacterial adhesion molecule, invasin. Transepithelial transport of fluorescent nanoparticles (markers of transcytosis) was quantified by flow cytometry, and mechanisms explored by using inhibitors of endocytosis. Epithelial expressions of beta1-integrin and particle uptake pathways were studied by confocal microscopy. The paracellular pathway was assessed by electrical resistance (TER), mannitol flux, and expression of tight junction proteins occludin and caludin-4 by confocal microscopy. Inv+ Y. pseudotuberculosis adhered to the apical surface of epithelial cells and induced transcytosis of exogenous nanoparticles across Caco-2 monolayers (30-fold increase, P<0.01) and ileal mucosa (268+/-47% of control; P<0.01), whereas inv bacteria had no effect on transcytosis. The transcytosis was concentration-, particle size- and temperature-dependent, and possibly mediated via macropinocytosis. Y. pseudotuberculosis also induced apical expression of beta1-integrin on epithelial cells. A slight drop in TER was seen after exposure to inv+ Y. pseudotuberculosis, whereas mannitol flux and tight junction protein expression was unchanged. In summary, Y. pseudotuberculosis induced apical expression of beta1-integrin and stimulated uptake of nanoparticles via invasin-dependent transcytosis in human intestinal epithelium. Our findings suggest that bacterial factors may initiate transcytosis of luminal exogenous particles across human ileal mucosa, thus presenting a novel mechanism of intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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A NOD2-NALP1 complex mediates caspase-1-dependent IL-1beta secretion in response to Bacillus anthracis infection and muramyl dipeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7803-8. [PMID: 18511561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802726105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD2, a NOD-like receptor (NLR), is an intracellular sensor of bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that was suggested to promote secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta. Yet, the molecular mechanism by which NOD2 can stimulate IL-1beta secretion, and its biological significance were heretofore unknown. We found that NOD2 through its N-terminal caspase recruitment domain directly binds and activates caspase-1 to trigger IL-1beta processing and secretion in MDP-stimulated macrophages, whereas the C-terminal leucine-rich repeats of NOD2 prevent caspase-1 activation in nonstimulated cells. MDP challenge induces the association of NOD2 with another NLR protein, NALP1, and gel filtration analysis revealed the formation of a complex consisting of NOD2, NALP1, and caspase-1. Importantly, Bacillus anthracis infection induces IL-1beta secretion in a manner that depended on caspase-1 and NOD2. In vitro, Anthrax lethal toxin strongly potentiated IL-1beta secretion, and that response was NOD2 and caspase-1-dependent. Thus, NOD2 plays a key role in the B. anthracis-induced inflammatory response by being a critical mediator of IL-1beta secretion.
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Chaudhry Q, Scotter M, Blackburn J, Ross B, Boxall A, Castle L, Aitken R, Watkins R. Applications and implications of nanotechnologies for the food sector. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:241-58. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701744538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dietary microparticles and their impact on tolerance and immune responsiveness of the gastrointestinal tract. Br J Nutr 2008; 98 Suppl 1:S59-63. [PMID: 17922962 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507832922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary microparticles are non-biological bacterial-sized particles of the gastrointestinal lumen that occur due to endogenous formation (calcium phosphate) or following oral exposure (exogenous microparticle). In the UK, about 40 mg (10(12)) of exogenous microparticles are ingested per person per day, through exposure to food additives, pharmaceutical/supplement excipients or toothpaste constituents. Once ingested, exogenous microparticles are unlikely to pass through the gastrointestinal tract without adsorbing to their surfaces some ions and molecules of the intestinal lumen. Both entropy and ionic attraction drive such interactions. Calcium ions are especially well adsorbed by dietary microparticles which then provide a positively charged surface for the attraction (adsorption) of other organic molecules such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans or protein antigen from the diet or commensal flora. The major (but not only) sites of microparticle entry into intestinal tissue are the M-cell rich lymphoid aggregates (termed Peyer's patches in the small bowel). Indeed, it is well established that this is an efficient transport route for non-biological microparticles although it is unclear why. We hypothesise that this pathway exists for "endogenous microparticles" of calcium phosphate, with immunological and physiological benefit, and that "exogenous dietary microparticles", such as titanium dioxide and the silicates, hijack this route. This overview focuses on what is known of these microparticles and outlines their potential role in immune tolerance of the gut (endogenous microparticles) or immune activation (exogenous microparticles) and inflammation of the gut.
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Distler JHW, Huber LC, Hueber AJ, Reich CF, Gay S, Distler O, Pisetsky DS. The release of microparticles by apoptotic cells and their effects on macrophages. Apoptosis 2007; 10:731-41. [PMID: 16133865 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-2941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles are small membrane vesicles released from the cell membrane by exogenous budding. To elucidate the interactions of microparticles with macrophages, the effect of microparticles released from Jurkat T cells on RAW 264.7 cells was determined. Microparticles were isolated by differential centrifugation, using FACS analysis with annexin V and cell surface markers for identification. Various inducers of apoptosis increased the release of microparticles from Jurkat cells up to 5-fold. The released microparticles were then cultured with RAW 264.7 cells. As shown by confocal microscopy and FACS analysis, RAW 264.7 macrophages cleared microparticles by phagocytosis. In addition, microparticles induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with up to a 5-fold increase of annexin V positive cells and 9-fold increase in caspase 3 activity. Cell proliferation as determined by the MTT test was also reduced. Furthermore, microparticles stimulated the release of microparticles from macrophages. These effects were specific for macrophages, since no apoptosis was observed in NIH 3T3 and L929 cells. These findings indicate that microparticles can induce macrophages to undergo apoptosis, in turn resulting in a further increase of microparticles. The release of microparticles from apoptotic cells may therefore represent a novel amplification loop of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H W Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH-8091, Switzerland
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Pele LC, Thoree V, Mustafa F, He S, Tsaprouni L, Punchard NA, Thompson RPH, Evans SM, Powell JJ. Low dietary calcium levels modulate mucosal caspase expression and increase disease activity in mice with dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis. J Nutr 2007; 137:2475-80. [PMID: 17951488 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.11.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary calcium (Ca) positively modulates the susceptibility to colon cancer, but its effects on related or earlier colonic pathologies, such as inflammation and mucosal dysregulation, are poorly understood. We tested the effects of differing dietary Ca levels on acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. BALB/c mice received a normal Ca (NCa) diet (0.5% Ca), a high Ca (HCa) diet (1.5% Ca), a low Ca (LCa) diet (0.05% Ca), or a very low Ca (VLCa) diet (0.009% Ca) for 3 wk. Mucosal caspases 1, 3, and 9 were assessed by Western blotting, and the histological crypt score was assessed by microscopy. Half of the mice in each group received DSS (1.5%) for 20 d in their drinking water, and disease activity was assessed. Increasing or lowering dietary Ca increased mucosal caspases (P < 0.0001 vs. NCa). Crypt scores increased with decreasing dietary Ca levels (P < 0.0001, r = -0.675), indicating that elevated caspases in LCa groups reflected early subclinical inflammation. DSS-induced disease activity was higher in mice fed low dietary Ca levels [P < 0.0001, VLCa and DSS vs. NCa and DSS (NCaDSS) and P < 0.005, LCa and DSS vs. NCaDSS], and mice from the VLCa group were moribund within 11 d of DSS administration. Those in the HCa group did not differ greatly from controls. Together, these data indicate that Ca protects against DSS-induced colitis in mice. The mechanisms are unclear, but the calcium-sensing receptor and/or luminal precipitates of calcium phosphate microparticles may be involved. Whether these observations can be extended to patients with colitis or infectious diarrhea deserves consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia C Pele
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
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Lerner A. Aluminum is a potential environmental factor for Crohn's disease induction: extended hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1107:329-45. [PMID: 17804561 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1381.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a common environmental compound with immune-adjuvant activity and granulomatous inflammation inducer. Al exposure in food, additives, air, pharmaceuticals, and water pollution is ubiquitous in Western culture. Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation in genetically susceptible individuals and is influenced by yet unidentified environmental factors. It is hypothesized, in the present review, that Al is a potential factor for induction or maintaining the inflammation in CD. Epidemiologically, CD incidence is higher in urban areas, where microparticle pollution is prevalent. Al immune activities share many characteristics with the immune pathology of CD: increased antigen presentation and APCs activation, many luminal bacterial or dietary compounds can be adsorbed to the metal and induce Th1 profile activity, promotion of humoral and cellular immune responses, proinflammatory, apoptotic, oxidative activity, and stress-related molecule expression enhancement, affecting intestinal bacterial composition and virulence, granuloma formation, colitis induction in an animal model of CD, and terminal ileum uptake. The Al-bacterial interaction, the microparticles homing the intestine together with the extensive immune activity, put Al as a potential environmental candidate for CD induction and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Pappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
While tremendous advances have improved the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease, with regard to environmental risk factors as well as the biochemical nature of the inflammatory process, a determination of primary etiology remains elusive. Numerous theories have been proposed in the past century concerning the cause of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with implications for specific therapies. On further study, most of these ideas and therapies have failed to be accurate in theory or therapeutic approach. Others remain untested or are the focus of current investigation and controversy. This paper reviews the dominant theories of primary etiology. These hypotheses include infectious causes such as Mycobacteria paratuberculosis and measles. Allergic and nutritionally related causes have been the focus of considerable research. Microparticles, which is part of the concept behind toothpaste as a cause, have been suggested more broadly to be the principal factor initiating Crohn's disease. Several of these concepts rely on the idea that there is an increased intestinal permeability that is the central defect leading to Crohn's disease. Rather than being an excessive T cell driven process, Crohn's has been suggested to be an innate immune deficiency, leading to the use of colony stimulating factors to augment the intestinal barrier function and innate immunity. A variety of changes in the gut flora, ranging from a basic dysbiosis to the absence of helminths, have been proposed as the root cause of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Korzenik
- IBD Center, Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Lomer MCE, Hutchinson C, Volkert S, Greenfield SM, Catterall A, Thompson RPH, Powell JJ. Dietary sources of inorganic microparticles and their intake in healthy subjects and patients with Crohn's disease. Br J Nutr 2005; 92:947-55. [PMID: 15613257 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary microparticles are non-biological, bacterial-sized particles. Endogenous sources are derived from intestinal Ca and phosphate secretion. Exogenous sources are mainly titanium dioxide (TiO2) and mixed silicates (Psil); they are resistant to degradation and accumulate in human Peyer's patch macrophages and there is some evidence that they exacerbate inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). However, whether their intake differs between those with and without CD has not been studied. We aimed to identify dietary microparticle sources and intakes in subjects with and without CD. Patients with inactive CD and matched general practice-based controls (ninety-one per group) completed 7 d food diaries. Intake data for dietary fibre and sucrose were compared as positive controls. All foods, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes were examined for microparticle content, and intakes of Ca and exogenous microparticles were compared between the two groups. Dietary intakes were significantly different between cases and controls for dietary fibre (12 (SD 5) v. 14 (SD 5) g/d; P=0.001) and sucrose (52 (SD 27) v. 45 (SD 18) g/d; P=0.04) but not for Ca. Estimated median TiO2 and Psil intakes (2.5 and 35 mg/individual per d respectively, totalling 10(12)-10(13) microparticles/individual per d) were broadly similar to per capita estimates and while there was wide variation in intakes between individuals there was no significant difference between subjects with CD and controls. Hence, if exposure to microparticles is associated with the inflammation of CD, then the present study rules out excess intake as the problem. Nonetheless, microparticle-containing foods have now been identified which allows a low-microparticle diet to be further assessed in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda C E Lomer
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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