1
|
Bellanti F, Mangieri D, Vendemiale G. Redox Biology and Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:410. [PMID: 38203581 PMCID: PMC10778611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a complex process that develops in chronic liver diseases. Even though the initiation and progression of fibrosis rely on the underlying etiology, mutual mechanisms can be recognized and targeted for therapeutic purposes. Irrespective of the primary cause of liver disease, persistent damage to parenchymal cells triggers the overproduction of reactive species, with the consequent disruption of redox balance. Reactive species are important mediators for the homeostasis of both hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells. Indeed, other than acting as cytotoxic agents, reactive species are able to modulate specific signaling pathways that may be relevant to hepatic fibrogenesis. After a brief introduction to redox biology and the mechanisms of fibrogenesis, this review aims to summarize the current evidence of the involvement of redox-dependent pathways in liver fibrosis and focuses on possible therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Domenica Mangieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee YK, Park JE, Lee M, Mifflin R, Xu Y, Novak R, Zhang Y, Hardwick JP. Deletion of hepatic small heterodimer partner ameliorates development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100454. [PMID: 37827334 PMCID: PMC10665942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP, Nr0b2) is an orphan nuclear receptor that regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. Shp-/- mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. In this study, we explored the potential role of SHP in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A 6-month Western diet (WD) regimen was used to induce NASH. Shp deletion protected mice from NASH progression by inhibiting inflammatory and fibrotic genes, oxidative stress, and macrophage infiltration. WD feeding disrupted the ultrastructure of hepatic mitochondria in WT mice but not in Shp-/- mice. In ApoE-/- mice, Shp deletion also effectively ameliorated hepatic inflammation after a 1 week WD regimen without an apparent antisteatotic effect. Moreover, Shp-/- mice resisted fibrogenesis induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Notably, the observed protection against NASH was recapitulated in liver-specific Shp-/- mice fed either the WD or methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Hepatic cholesterol was consistently reduced in the studied mouse models with Shp deletion. Our data suggest that Shp deficiency ameliorates NASH development likely by modulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Mikang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Mifflin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Robert Novak
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - James P Hardwick
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. This review highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well. In the near future, precision medicine taking into consideration genetic or environmental epigenetic risk factors, coupled with new OS biomarkers, will likely assist in noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD progression and in further personalizing treatments.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Significance: During aging, excessive production of reactive species in the liver leads to redox imbalance with consequent oxidative damage and impaired organ homeostasis. Nevertheless, slight amounts of reactive species may modulate several transcription factors, acting as second messengers and regulating specific signaling pathways. These redox-dependent alterations may impact the age-associated decline in liver regeneration. Recent Advances: In the last few decades, relevant findings related to redox alterations in the aging liver were investigated. Consistently, recent research broadened understanding of redox modifications and signaling related to liver regeneration. Other than reporting the effect of oxidative stress, epigenetic and post-translational modifications, as well as modulation of specific redox-sensitive cellular signaling, were described. Among them, the present review focuses on Wnt/β-catenin, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), members of the Forkhead box O (FoxO) family, and the p53 tumor suppressor. Critical Issues: Even though alteration in redox homeostasis occurs both in aging and in impaired liver regeneration, the associative mechanisms are not clearly defined. Of note, antioxidants are not effective in slowing hepatic senescence, and do not clearly improve liver repopulation after hepatectomy or transplant in humans. Future Directions: Further investigations are needed to define mutual redox-dependent molecular pathways involved both in aging and in the decline of liver regeneration. Preclinical studies aimed at the characterization of these pathways would define possible therapeutic targets for human trials. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 832-847.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu Y, Wang J, Wang X, Gu P, Lei Z, Tang R, Wei C, Xu L, Wang C, Chen Y, Pu Y, Qi X, Yu B, Chen X, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S, Su C. Schistosome eggs stimulate reactive oxygen species production to enhance M2 macrophage differentiation and promote hepatic pathology in schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009696. [PMID: 34398890 PMCID: PMC8389433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of public health concern. The most devastating pathology in schistosomiasis japonica and mansoni is mainly attributed to the egg-induced granulomatous response and secondary fibrosis in host liver, which may lead to portal hypertension or even death of the host. Schistosome eggs induce M2 macrophages-rich granulomas and these M2 macrophages play critical roles in the maintenance of granuloma and subsequent fibrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly produced by stimulated macrophages during infection and necessary for the differentiation of M2 macrophages, are massively distributed around deposited eggs in the liver. However, whether ROS are induced by schistosome eggs to subsequently promote M2 macrophage differentiation, and the possible underlying mechanisms as well, remain to be clarified during S. japonicum infection. Herein, we observed that extensive expression of ROS in the liver of S. japonicum-infected mice. Injection of ROS inhibitor in infected mice resulted in reduced hepatic granulomatous responses and fibrosis. Further investigations revealed that inhibition of ROS production in S. japonicum-infected mice reduces the differentiation of M2, accompanied by increased M1 macrophage differentiation. Finally, we proved that S. japonicum egg antigens (SEA) induce a high level of ROS production via both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and mitochondria in macrophages. Our study may help to better understand the mechanism of schistosomiasis japonica-induced hepatic pathology and contribute to the development of potential therapeutic strategies by interfering with ROS production. Schistosomiasis is a neglected parasitic disease of poverty that affects ~200 million people mainly in (sub)tropical regions, resulting in a massive health burden and serious morbidity. During Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) or S. mansoni infection, parasite eggs are trapped in host liver and induce hepatic granulomas and fibrosis, which leads to severe liver damage, and even death of the host. In hepatic schistosomiasis, considerable amounts of ROS accumulate in granulomas surrounding liver-trapped eggs. However, whether schistosome eggs trigger the production of ROS, and if so, whether and how ROS promote hepatic pathology in host remain unknown. In this study, the authors illustrated that S. japonicum eggs evoke high production of ROS in macrophages, which is necessary for egg-mediated M2 macrophage differentiation and promotes hepatic granulomas and fibrosis in S. japonicum-infected mice. These discoveries provide a potential target regarding schistosome eggs-induced ROS production, which can be manipulated to regulate immunopathology in hepatic schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Pu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (CS)
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (CS)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mozduri Z, Lo B, Marty-Gasset N, Masoudi AA, Arroyo J, Morisson M, Canlet C, Bonnet A, Bonnefont CMD. Application of Metabolomics to Identify Hepatic Biomarkers of Foie Gras Qualities in Duck. Front Physiol 2021; 12:694809. [PMID: 34305649 PMCID: PMC8293271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.694809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foie gras is a traditional dish in France that contains 50 to 60% of lipids. The high-fat content of the liver improves the organoleptic qualities of foie gras and reduces its technological yield at cooking (TY). As the valorization of the liver as foie gras products is strongly influenced by the TY, classifying the foie gras in their potential technological quality before cooking them is the main challenge for producers. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify hepatic biomarkers of foie gras qualities like liver weight (LW) and TY. A group of 120 male mule ducks was reared and overfed for 6–12 days, and their livers were sampled and analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Eighteen biomarkers of foie gras qualities were identified, nine for LW and TY, five specific to LW, and four specific to TY. All biomarkers were strongly negatively correlated to the liver weights and positively correlated to the technological yield, except for the lactate and the threonine, and also for the creatine that was negatively correlated to foie gras technological quality. As a result, in heavy livers, the liver metabolism was oriented through a reduction of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, and the plasma membrane could be damaged, which may explain the low technological yield of these livers. The detected biomarkers have been strongly discussed with the metabolism of the liver in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Mozduri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bara Lo
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Ali Akbar Masoudi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Julien Arroyo
- ASSELDOR, Station d'Expérimentation Appliquée et de Démonstration sur l'oie et le Canard, La Tour de Glane, Coulaures, France
| | - Mireille Morisson
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Axiom Platform, MetaToul-Me, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Bonnet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang G, Li S, Jin J, Xuan Y, Ding L, Huang M, Liu J, Wang B, Lan T. Protective effects of Longhu Rendan on chronic liver injury and fibrosis in mice. LIVER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
8
|
Li J, Wang X, Mei KC, Chang CH, Jiang J, Liu X, Liu Q, Guiney LM, Hersam MC, Liao YP, Meng H, Xia T. Lateral size of graphene oxide determines differential cellular uptake and cell death pathways in Kupffer cells, LSECs, and hepatocytes. NANO TODAY 2021; 37:101061. [PMID: 34055032 PMCID: PMC8153408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As a representative two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, graphene oxide (GO) has shown high potential in many applications due to its large surface area, high flexibility, and excellent dispersibility in aqueous solutions. These properties make GO an ideal candidate for bio-imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. When delivered to the body, GO has been shown to accumulate in the liver, the primary accumulation site of systemic delivery or secondary spread from other uptake sites, and induce liver toxicity. However, the contribution of the GO physicochemical properties and individual liver cell types to this toxicity is unclear due to property variations and diverse cell types in the liver. Herein, we compare the effects of GOs with small (GO-S) and large (GO-L) lateral sizes in three major cell types in liver, Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hepatocytes. While GOs induced cytotoxicity in KCs, they induced significantly less toxicity in LSECs and hepatocytes. For KCs, we found that GOs were phagocytosed that triggered NADPH oxidase mediated plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, which leads to PLC activation, calcium flux, mitochondrial ROS generation, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The subsequent caspase-1 activation induced IL-1β production and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. These effects were lateral size-dependent with GO-L showing stronger effects than GO-S. Amongst the liver cell types, decreased cell association and the absence of lipid peroxidation resulted in low cytotoxicity in LSECs and hepatocytes. Using additional GO samples with different lateral sizes, surface functionalities, or thickness, we further confirmed the differential cytotoxic effects in liver cells and the major role of GO lateral size in KUP5 pyroptosis by correlation studies. These findings delineated the GO effects on cellular uptake and cell death pathways in liver cells, and provide valuable information to further evaluate GO effects on the liver for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiulong Li
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuo-Ching Mei
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linda M. Guiney
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huan Meng
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding Author: Tian Xia, M.D./Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
El‐Ratel IT, Tag El‐Din TEH, Bedier MM. Beneficial effects of curcumin as a native or nanoparticles form on productive efficiency, liver and kidney functions, antioxidative status and immunity of heat‐stressed growing rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1778-1787. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim T. El‐Ratel
- Department of Poultry Production Faculty of Agriculture Damietta University Damietta Egypt
| | | | - Merna Mohamed Bedier
- Department of Poultry Production Faculty of Agriculture Damietta University Damietta Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Interplay between Oxidative Stress and miRNAs in Obesity-Associated Hepatic and Vascular Complications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070607. [PMID: 32664383 PMCID: PMC7402144 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the obesity pandemic is one of the most relevant health issues worldwide. This condition is tightly related to comorbidities such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), namely atherosclerosis. Dysregulated lipid metabolism and inflammation link these three diseases, leading to a subsequent increase of oxidative stress (OS) causing severe cellular damage. On the other hand, microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional negative regulators of gene expression, thus being involved in the molecular mechanisms that promote the development of many pathologies including obesity and its comorbidities. The involvement of miRNAs in promoting or opposing OS in disease progression is becoming more evident. Some miRNAs, such as miR-200a and miR.421, seem to play important roles in OS control in NAFLD. On the other hand, miR-92a and miR-133, among others, are important in the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, since both diseases are linked to obesity, they share common altered miRNAs, being miR-34a and miR-21 related to OS. This review summarizes the latest advances in the knowledge about the mechanisms of oxidative stress (OS) generation in obesity-associated NAFLD and atherosclerosis, as well as the role played by miRNAs in the regulation of such mechanisms.
Collapse
|
11
|
Duarte SMB, Stefano JT, Vanni DS, Carrilho FJ, Oliveira CPMSD. IMPACT OF CURRENT DIET AT THE RISK OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD). ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2020; 56:431-439. [PMID: 31721969 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 20%-30% of general population and is even more prevalent among obese individuals. The risk factors mainly associated with NAFLD are diseases related to the metabolic syndrome, genetics and environment. In this review, we provide a literature compilation evaluating the evidence behind dietary components, including calories intake, fat, protein, fibers and carbohydrate, especially fructose which could be a trigger to development and progression of the NAFLD. In fact, it has been demonstrated that diet is an important factor for the development of NAFLD and its association is complex and extends beyond total energy intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Tadeu Stefano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia Clínica e Experimental (LIM-07) do Departamento de Gastroenterologia da FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Denise Siqueira Vanni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Divisão de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Clínica e Departamento de Gastroenterologia da FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Flair José Carrilho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Divisão de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Clínica e Departamento de Gastroenterologia da FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Claudia Pinto Marques Souza de Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia Clínica e Experimental (LIM-07) do Departamento de Gastroenterologia da FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rooney JP, Oshida K, Kumar R, Baldwin WS, Corton JC. Chemical Activation of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor Leads to Activation of Oxidant-Induced Nrf2. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:172-189. [PMID: 30203046 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmentally relevant chemicals that activate the xenobiotic receptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in rodent test systems often leads to increases in oxidative stress (OS) that contributes to liver cancer induction. We hypothesized that activation of the oxidant-induced transcription factor Nrf2 could be used as a surrogate endpoint for increases in OS. We examined the relationships between activation of xenobiotic receptors and Nrf2 using previously characterized gene expression biomarkers that accurately predict modulation. Using a correlation approach (Running Fisher Test), the biomarkers were compared with microarray profiles in a mouse liver gene expression compendium. Out of the 163 chemicals examined, 47% from 53 studies activated Nrf2. We found consistent coupling between CAR and Nrf2 activation. Out of the 41 chemicals from 32 studies that activated CAR, 90% also activated Nrf2. CAR was activated earlier and at lower doses than Nrf2, indicating CAR activation preceded Nrf2 activation. Nrf2 activation by 2 CAR activators was abolished in CAR-null mice. We hypothesized that Nrf2 is activated by reactive oxygen species from the increased activity of enzymes encoded by Cyp2b family members. However, Nrf2 was similarly activated in the livers of both TCPOBOP-treated wild-type and Cyp2b9/10/13-null mice. This study provides evidence that Nrf2 activation (1) often occurs after exposure to xenobiotic chemicals, (2) is tightly linked to activation of CAR, and (3) does not require induction of 3 Cyp2b genes secondary to CAR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Rooney
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) participant at the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Keiyu Oshida
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.,Toray Industries, Inc, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ramiya Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology Program and Biological Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - William S Baldwin
- Environmental Toxicology Program and Biological Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - J Christopher Corton
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Albadrani M, Seth RK, Sarkar S, Kimono D, Mondal A, Bose D, Porter DE, Scott GI, Brooks B, Raychoudhury S, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Jule Y, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. Exogenous PP2A inhibitor exacerbates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via NOX2-dependent activation of miR21. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G408-G428. [PMID: 31393787 PMCID: PMC6842990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00061.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global pandemic. Though significant progress has been made in unraveling the pathophysiology of the disease, the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and its subsequent inhibition by environmental and genetic factors in NAFLD pathophysiology remains unclear. The present report tests the hypothesis that an exogenous PP2A inhibitor leads to hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis via an NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-dependent pathway in NAFLD. Results showed that microcystin (MC) administration, a potent PP2A inhibitor found in environmental exposure, led to an exacerbation of NAFLD pathology with increased CD68 immunoreactivity, the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and stellate cell activation, a process that was attenuated in mice that lacked the p47phox gene and miR21 knockout mice. Mechanistically, leptin-primed immortalized Kupffer cells (a mimicked model for an NAFLD condition) treated with apocynin or nitrone spin trap 5,5 dimethyl-1- pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) had significantly decreased CD68 and decreased miR21 and α-smooth muscle actin levels, suggesting the role of NOX2-dependent reactive oxygen species in miR21-induced Kupffer cell activation and stellate cell pathology. Furthermore, NOX2-dependent peroxynitrite generation was primarily responsible for cellular events observed following MC exposure since incubation with phenylboronic acid attenuated miR21 levels, Kupffer cell activation, and inflammatory cytokine release. Furthermore, blocking of the AKT pathway attenuated PP2A inhibitor-induced NOX2 activation and miR21 upregulation. Taken together, we show that PP2A may have protective roles, and its inhibition exacerbates NAFLD pathology via activating NOX2-dependent peroxynitrite generation, thus increasing miR21-induced pathology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression via NADPH oxidase 2. In addition to a novel emchanism of action, we describe a new tool to describe NASH histopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Albadrani
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sutapa Sarkar
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Diana Kimono
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ayan Mondal
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Geoff I Scott
- Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Bryan Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Samir Raychoudhury
- Departments of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Babalhavaeji S, Saidijam M, Khodadadi I, Oshaghi EA, Tavilani H. The effect of kiwifruit on liver NADPH oxidase gene expression and activity in high-fat diet fed hamsters. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-180281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soude Babalhavaeji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Abbasi Oshaghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Loffredo L, Zicari AM, Perri L, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Angelico F, Del Ben M, Mosca A, Zaffina S, Panera N, Alisi A, Duse M, Violi F, Nobili V. Does Nox2 Overactivate in Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1325-1330. [PMID: 30019598 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (Nox2) activation is early associated with endotoxemia and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To address this issue, we evaluated Nox2 activation, oxidative stress, gut permeability, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serum levels in 67 children with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 73 controls. Compared with controls, NAFLD patients had higher Nox2 activity, isoprostane, zonulin, and LPS levels. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), homeostatic model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LPS, and isoprostanes were independently associated with Nox2-derivative peptide (sNox2-dp) levels. Within the NAFLD group, patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) had significant higher levels of sNox2-dp, isoprostanes, LPS, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, fasting glucose and insulin, and lower HDL than those without NASH. Furthermore, sNox2-dp levels were linearly associated with the histological grading of steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, fibrosis, and NAFLD activity score. This study provides evidence that children with NAFLD have Nox2 overactivation compared with controls and significant association with the degree of liver damage. The close relationship between Nox2 and LPS serum levels leads to hypothesize a potential role for gut-derived LPS in eliciting systemic Nox2 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Loffredo
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ludovica Perri
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- 3 Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Angelico
- 5 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Del Ben
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Mosca
- 6 Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- 7 Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Panera
- 8 Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- 8 Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Duse
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Violi
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,6 Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants Balance in Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1425-1439. [PMID: 30556032 PMCID: PMC6287487 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is one of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease that encompasses both alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are intermediate stages of ALD and NAFLD, which can progress to more advanced forms, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress and particularly alterations in mitochondrial function are thought to play a significant role in both ASH and NASH and recognized to contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as documented in experimental models. Despite the evidence of ROS generation, the therapeutic efficacy of treatment with antioxidants in patients with fatty liver disease has yielded poor results. Although oxidative stress is considered to be the disequilibrium between ROS and antioxidants, there is evidence that a subtle balance among antioxidants, particularly in mitochondria, is necessary to avoid the generation of ROS and hence oxidative stress. Conclusion: As mitochondria are a major source of ROS, the present review summarizes the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in ASH and NASH and presents emerging data indicating the need to preserve mitochondrial antioxidant balance as a potential approach for the treatment of human fatty liver disease, which may pave the way for the design of future trials to test the therapeutic role of antioxidants in fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas Barcelona Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Cínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD Barcelona Spain
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas Barcelona Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Cínic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD Barcelona Spain.,University of Southern California Research Center for ALPD Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Karimi J, Mohammadalipour A, Sheikh N, Khodadadi I, Hashemnia M, Goudarzi F, Khanjarsim V, Solgi G, Hajilooi M, Bahabadi M, Kheiripour N, Hedayatyanfard K. Protective effects of combined Losartan and Nilotinib on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:468-478. [PMID: 30207194 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1504960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed as therapeutic compounds for inhibiting the progression of liver fibrosis. In the present study, the simultaneous treatment of Nilotinib (TKIs) and Losartan was studied. Forty rats were divided into eight groups of fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and therapeutics (Nilotinib, Losartan, and combination therapy). In the end, serum parameters of the liver and gene expression analysis of transforming growth factor-β1, its receptors (TβRII), platelet-derived growth factor, its receptors (PDGFRβ), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), tumor necrosis factor-α, cytochrome P450 2E1, and collagen1 type 1 were performed. The oxidant/antioxidant factors were also analyzed. Histopathology analysis along with α-SMA immunohistochemistry and hydroxyproline evaluation was also conducted for a more in-depth study. The overall results indicated a better therapeutic effect of co-treatment of Nilotinib-Losartan in comparison with the treatment of each of them alone. Interestingly, some gene and protein factors and fibrotic indices were reduced even to the normal levels of the control group. The results of this study suggest that co-administration of these two combinations, strengthens their anti-fibrotic properties and, due to the routine use of these compounds against AML and blood pressure, these compounds can be used with caution against human liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Karimi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadalipour
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemnia
- Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Departments of Pathobiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farjam Goudarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Vahid Khanjarsim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hajilooi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Majid Bahabadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nejat Kheiripour
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keshvad Hedayatyanfard
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mortezaee K. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) and liver fibrosis: A review. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:292-302. [PMID: 30028028 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are key producer of reactive oxygen species in liver cells. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Kupffer cells (KCs) are the two key cells for expression of NOX in liver. KCs produce only NOX2, while HSCs produce NOX1, 2, and 4, all of which play essential roles in the process of fibrogenesis within liver. These NOX subtypes are contributed to induction of liver fibrosis by acting through multiple pathways including induction of HSC activation, proliferation, survival and migration, stimulation of hepatocyte apoptosis, enhancement of fibrogenic mediators, and mediation of an inflammatory cascade in both KCs and HSCs. SIGNIFICANCE KCs and HSCs are two key cells for production of NOX in liver in relation to the pathology of liver fibrosis. NOX subtypes 1, 2, and 4 are inducers of fibrogenesis in liver. NOX activation favors hepatocyte apoptosis, HSC activation, and KC-mediated inflammatory cascade in liver, all of which are responsible for generation of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Corton JC, Peters JM, Klaunig JE. The PPARα-dependent rodent liver tumor response is not relevant to humans: addressing misconceptions. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:83-119. [PMID: 29197930 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of industrial chemicals and therapeutic agents cause liver tumors in rats and mice by activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). The molecular and cellular events by which PPARα activators induce rodent hepatocarcinogenesis have been extensively studied elucidating a number of consistent mechanistic changes linked to the increased incidence of liver neoplasms. The weight of evidence relevant to the hypothesized mode of action (MOA) for PPARα activator-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis is summarized here. Chemical-specific and mechanistic data support concordance of temporal and dose-response relationships for the key events associated with many PPARα activators. The key events (KE) identified in the MOA are PPARα activation (KE1), alteration in cell growth pathways (KE2), perturbation of hepatocyte growth and survival (KE3), and selective clonal expansion of preneoplastic foci cells (KE4), which leads to the apical event-increases in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (KE5). In addition, a number of concurrent molecular and cellular events have been classified as modulating factors, because they potentially alter the ability of PPARα activators to increase rodent liver cancer while not being key events themselves. These modulating factors include increases in oxidative stress and activation of NF-kB. PPARα activators are unlikely to induce liver tumors in humans due to biological differences in the response of KEs downstream of PPARα activation. This conclusion is based on minimal or no effects observed on cell growth pathways and hepatocellular proliferation in human primary hepatocytes and absence of alteration in growth pathways, hepatocyte proliferation, and tumors in the livers of species (hamsters, guinea pigs and cynomolgus monkeys) that are more appropriate human surrogates than mice and rats at overlapping dose levels. Despite this overwhelming body of evidence and almost universal acceptance of the PPARα MOA and lack of human relevance, several reviews have selectively focused on specific studies that, as discussed, contradict the consensus opinion and suggest uncertainty. In the present review, we systematically address these most germane suggested weaknesses of the PPARα MOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Corton
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, MD-B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- The Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47402, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Loffredo L, Baratta F, Ludovica P, Battaglia S, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Novo M, Pannitteri G, Ceci F, Angelico F, Violi F, Del Ben M. Effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 28:143-149. [PMID: 29329924 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in inducing endothelial dysfunction and progression from simple fatty liver steatosis (FLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Polyphenols could reduce oxidative stress and restore endothelial function by inhibiting the nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate (NADPH) oxidase isoform Nox2. The aim of this study was to assess endothelial function and oxidative stress in a population affected by simple FLD and NASH. Furthermore, we analysed the effect of high vs low content of cocoa polyphenols on endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with NASH. METHODS In a cross-sectional study we analysed endothelial function, as assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and oxidative stress, as assessed by Nox2 activation, serum isoprostanes and nitric oxide bioavailability (NOx), in patients with NASH (n = 19), FLD (n = 19) and controls (n = 19). Then, we performed a randomized, cross-over study in 19 subjects with NASH comparing the effect of 14-days administration of 40 g of chocolate at high (dark chocolate, cocoa >85%) versus low content (milk chocolate, cocoa <35%) of polyphenols on FMD and oxidative stress. Compared to controls, NASH and FLD patients had higher Nox2 activity and isoprostanes levels and lower FMD and NOx, with a significant gradient between FLD and NASH. The interventional study showed that, compared to baseline, FMD and NOx increased (from 2.9 ± 2.4 to 7.2 ± 3.0% p < 0.001 and from 15.9 ± 3.6 to 20.6 ± 4.9 μM, p < 0.001, respectively) in subjects given dark but not in those given milk chocolate. A simple linear regression analysis showed that Δ (expressed by difference of values between before and after 14 days of chocolate assumption) of FMD was associated with Δ of Nox2 activity (Rs = -0.323; p = 0.04), serum isoprostanes (Rs: -0.553; p < 0.001) and NOx (Rs: 0.557; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cocoa polyphenols improve endothelial function via Nox2 down-regulation in NASH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Loffredo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Baratta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - P Ludovica
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Battaglia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R Carnevale
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Nocella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Novo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Pannitteri
- Department of Heart and Great Vessels "A. Reale", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - F Ceci
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Angelico
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Violi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Del Ben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Traussnigg S, Kienbacher C, Gajdošík M, Valkovič L, Halilbasic E, Stift J, Rechling C, Hofer H, Steindl‐Munda P, Ferenci P, Wrba F, Trattnig S, Krššák M, Trauner M. Ultra-high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Novel mechanistic and diagnostic insights of energy metabolism in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis. Liver Int 2017; 37:1544-1553. [PMID: 28544208 PMCID: PMC5638103 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS With the rising prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) non-invasive tools obtaining pathomechanistic insights to improve risk stratification are urgently needed. We therefore explored high- and ultra-high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to obtain novel mechanistic and diagnostic insights into alterations of hepatic lipid, cell membrane and energy metabolism across the spectrum of NAFLD. METHODS MRS and liver biopsy were performed in 30 NAFLD patients with NAFL (n=8) or NASH (n=22). Hepatic lipid content and composition were measured using 3-Tesla proton (1 H)-MRS. 7-Tesla phosphorus (31 P)-MRS was applied to determine phosphomonoester (PME) including phosphoethanolamine (PE), phosphodiester (PDE) including glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocreatine (PCr), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), inorganic phosphate (Pi), γ-ATP and total phosphorus (TP). Saturation transfer technique was used to quantify hepatic ATP flux. RESULTS Hepatic steatosis in 1 H-MRS highly correlated with histology (P<.001) showing higher values in NASH than NAFL (P<.001) without differences in saturated or unsaturated fatty acid indices. PE/TP ratio increased with advanced fibrosis (F3/4) (P=.002) whereas GPC/PME+PDE decreased (P=.05) compared to no/mild fibrosis (F0-2). γ-ATP/TP was lower in advanced fibrosis (P=.049), while PCr/TP increased (P=.01). NADPH/TP increased with higher grades of ballooning (P=.02). Pi-to-ATP exchange rate constant (P=.003) and ATP flux (P=.001) were lower in NASH than NAFL. CONCLUSIONS Ultra-high-field MRS, especially saturation transfer technique uncovers changes in energy metabolism including dynamic ATP flux in inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. Non-invasive profiling by MRS appears feasible and may assist further mechanistic and therapeutic studies in NAFLD/NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Traussnigg
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Christian Kienbacher
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Martin Gajdošík
- High‐Field MR CenterDepartment of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR ImagingViennaAustria
| | - Ladislav Valkovič
- High‐Field MR CenterDepartment of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR ImagingViennaAustria,Department of Imaging MethodsInstitute of Measurement ScienceSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Judith Stift
- Department of Clinical PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Christian Rechling
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Harald Hofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Petra Steindl‐Munda
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Peter Ferenci
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Fritz Wrba
- Department of Clinical PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High‐Field MR CenterDepartment of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR ImagingViennaAustria
| | - Martin Krššák
- High‐Field MR CenterDepartment of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR ImagingViennaAustria,Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kabirifar R, Ghoreshi ZAS, Safari F, Karimollah A, Moradi A, Eskandari-Nasab E. Quercetin protects liver injury induced by bile duct ligation via attenuation of Rac1 and NADPH oxidase1 expression in rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:88-95. [PMID: 28119263 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct ligation (BDL) and subsequent cholestasis are correlated with oxidative stress, hepatocellular injury and fibrosis. Quercetin is a flavonoid with antifibrotic, and hepatoprotective properties. However, the molecular mechanism underlying quercetin-mediated hepatoprotection is not fully understood. The current study was to evaluate mechanisms of hepatoprotective effect of quercetin in BDL rat model. METHODS We divided male Wistar rats into 4 groups (n=8 for each): sham, sham+quercetin (30 mg/kg per day), BDL, and BDL+quercetin (30 mg/kg per day). Four weeks later, the rats were sacrificed, the blood was collected for liver enzyme measurements and liver for the measurement of Rac1, Rac1-GTP and NOX1 mRNA and protein levels by quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Quercetin significantly alleviated liver injury in BDL rats as evidenced by histology and reduced liver enzymes. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of Rac1, Rac1-GTP and NOX1 were significantly increased in BDL rats compared with those in the sham group (P<0.05); quercetin treatment reversed these variables back toward normal (P<0.05). Another interesting finding was that the antioxidant markers e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase were elevated in quercetin-treated BDL rats compared to BDL rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Quercetin demonstrated hepatoprotective activity against BDL-induced liver injury through increasing antioxidant capacity of the liver tissue, while preventing the production of Rac1, Rac1-GTP and NOX1 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Kabirifar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Florens N, Calzada C, Lyasko E, Juillard L, Soulage CO. Modified Lipids and Lipoproteins in Chronic Kidney Disease: A New Class of Uremic Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E376. [PMID: 27999257 PMCID: PMC5198570 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an enhanced oxidative stress and deep modifications in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. First, many oxidized lipids accumulate in CKD and were shown to exert toxic effects on cells and tissues. These lipids are known to interfere with many cell functions and to be pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory, especially in the cardiovascular system. Some, like F2-isoprostanes, are directly correlated with CKD progression. Their accumulation, added to their noxious effects, rendered their nomination as uremic toxins credible. Similarly, lipoproteins are deeply altered by CKD modifications, either in their metabolism or composition. These impairments lead to impaired effects of HDL on their normal effectors and may strongly participate in accelerated atherosclerosis and failure of statins in end-stage renal disease patients. This review describes the impact of oxidized lipids and other modifications in the natural history of CKD and its complications. Moreover, this review focuses on the modifications of lipoproteins and their impact on the emergence of cardiovascular diseases in CKD as well as the appropriateness of considering them as actual mediators of uremic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nans Florens
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
| | - Catherine Calzada
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Egor Lyasko
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurent Juillard
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
| | - Christophe O Soulage
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guan W, Cheng F, Wu H, Cao Q, Zhu X, Fan Y, Zhu H, Zhou Y. GATA binding protein 3 is correlated with leptin regulation of PPARγ1 in hepatic stellate cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:568-578. [PMID: 27709831 PMCID: PMC5323826 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals that hormone leptin, mainly produced by adipocyte, plays a unique role in promotion of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a key step in liver fibrosis and peroxisome‐proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) exerts a crucial role in inhibition of HSC activation. Our previous researches demonstrated that leptin reduced PPARγ1 (a major subtype of PPARγ in HSCs) expression through GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) binding to a site around −2323 in PPARγ1 promoter. The present researches aimed to examine the effect of GATA3 on leptin‐induced inhibition of PPARγ1 and elucidate the relationship between GATA3 and GATA2. Gene expressions were analysed by real‐time PCR, western blot, luciferase assay and immunostaining. C57BL/6J ob/ob mouse model of thioacetamide‐induced liver injury was used in vivo. Results demonstrate that leptin significantly induces GATA3 expression in HSCs by multiple signalling pathways including NADPH oxidase pathway. There exist crosstalks between NADPH oxidase pathway and the other pathways. GATA3 can bind to GATA2‐binding site in PPARγ1 promoter and interacts with GATA2, contributing to leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression in HSCs. These data demonstrated novel molecular events for leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression in HSCs and thus might have potential implications for clarifying the detailed mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis in diseases in which circulating leptin levels are elevated such as non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huixia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qiao H, Cao Q, Fu Y, Guan W, Cheng F, Wu J, Jia X, Chen H, Zhou Y. Sex-determining region Y-box 9 acts downstream of NADPH oxidase to influence the effect of leptin on PPARγ1 expression in hepatic stellate cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2186-2196. [PMID: 27593694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, promotes liver fibrogenesis and inhibits the expression of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a key transcription factor in inhibition of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, in HSCs. This research aimed to further investigate the mechanisms underlying leptin regulation of PPARγ1 in HSCs in vivo and in vitro. Results demonstrated that sex-determining region Y-box 9 (Sox9) could bind to a site around -2275 within leptin response region of PPARγ1 promoter and inhibited PPARγ1 expression. Sox9 upregulated the expressions of α1(I)collagen and alpha-smooth muscle actin in HSCs. Leptin stimulated Sox9 expression and Sox9 binding to PPARγ1 promoter. The signaling pathways of NADPH oxidase, β-catenin, and delta-like homolog1 (DLK1) mediated leptin upregulation of Sox9 expression. Moreover, there existed crosstalk between NADPH oxidase pathway and β-catenin or DLK1 signaling pathway. Human liver specimens of cirrhosis were shown to be of a large number of the positive HSCs for p47phox (playing a central role in NADPH oxidase activity), 4-hydroxynonenal (a lipid peroxidation product), Sox9, and α-smooth muscle actin whereas PPARγ-positive HSCs were rarely detected. These results might deepen understanding of the molecular mechanisms for leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression in HSCs and for the liver fibrosis associated with leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Qiao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yucheng Fu
- The first affiliated hospital of Zhejiang university, Hangzhou 31000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juanjuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongshan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Loffredo L, Del Ben M, Perri L, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Catasca E, Baratta F, Ceci F, Polimeni L, Gozzo P, Violi F, Angelico F. Effects of dark chocolate on NOX-2-generated oxidative stress in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:279-86. [PMID: 27265388 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is considered a pathogenetic mechanism determining fibrosis and disease progression in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Polyphenols exert antioxidant action and inhibit NADPH oxidase in humans. AIM To analyse the effect of cocoa polyphenols on NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) activation, oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis in a population affected by NASH. METHODS In a cross-sectional study comparing 19 NASH and 19 controls, oxidative stress, as assessed by serum NOX2 activity and F2-isoprostanes, and hepatocyte apoptosis, as assessed by serum cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) levels, were measured. Furthermore, the 19 NASH patients were randomly allocated in a crossover design to 40 g/day of dark chocolate (>85% cocoa) or 40 g/day of milk chocolate (<35% cocoa), for 2 weeks. sNOX2-dp, serum isoprostanes and CK-18 were assessed at baseline and after 2 weeks of chocolate intake. RESULTS Compared to controls, NASH patients had higher sNOX2-dp, serum isoprostanes and CK-18 levels. A significant difference for treatments was found in subjects with respect to sNOX2-dp, serum isoprostanes and serum CK-18. The pairwise comparisons showed that, compared to baseline, after 14 days of dark chocolate intake, a significant reduction in sNOX2-dp serum isoprostanes and CK-18 M30 was found. No change was observed after milk chocolate ingestion. A simple linear regression analysis showed that ∆ of sNOX2-dp was associated with ∆ of serum isoprostanes. CONCLUSION Cocoa polyphenols exert an antioxidant activity via NOX2 down-regulation in NASH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Loffredo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Del Ben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L Perri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R Carnevale
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Nocella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Catasca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Baratta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Ceci
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L Polimeni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - P Gozzo
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - F Violi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Angelico
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dong D, Zhong W, Sun Q, Zhang W, Sun X, Zhou Z. Oxidative products from alcohol metabolism differentially modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Cytokine 2016; 85:109-19. [PMID: 27314544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a vital role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic steatohepatitis. The present study was to determine the role of alcohol-induced oxidative stress in modulating cytokine production. A rat model of alcohol consumption was used to determine alcohol-induced hepatic cytokine expression. Chronic alcohol exposure caused lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the livers of Wistar rats. The role of oxidative stress in regulating cell type-specific cytokine production was further dissected in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dose-dependently upregulated TNF-α, MIP-1α, MCP-1, and CINC-1 in Kupffer cells-SV40, whereas TNF-α dose-dependently induced CINC-1, IP-10, and MIP-2 expression in H4IIEC3 hepatoma cells. An additive effect on cytokine production was observed in both Kupffer cells-SV40 and hepatocytes when combined hydrogen peroxide with LPS or TNF-α, respectively, which was associated with NF-κB activation and histone H3 hyper-acetylation. Unexpectedly, an inhibitory effect of 4-hydroxynonenal on cytokine production was revealed in LPS-treated Kupffer cells-SV40. Mechanistic study showed that 4-hydroxynonenal significantly enhanced mRNA degradation of TNF-α, MCP-1, and MIP-1α, and decreased the protein levels of MCP-1 in LPS-stimulated Kupffer cells-SV40 through reducing the phosphorylation of mRNA binding proteins. This study suggests that Kupffer cells and hepatocytes express distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in response to alcohol intoxication, and oxidative products (4-hydroxynonenal) differentially modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production via NF-κB signaling, histone acetylation, and mRNA stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daoyin Dong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
García-Ruiz I, Solís-Muñoz P, Fernández-Moreira D, Grau M, Muñoz-Yagüe T, Solís-Herruzo JA. NADPH oxidase is implicated in the pathogenesis of oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction in mice fed a high-fat diet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23664. [PMID: 27173483 PMCID: PMC4866080 DOI: 10.1038/srep23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NADPH oxidase (NADPHox) in the pathogenesis of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction as found in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). C57BL/6J mice were distributed in four groups: WT/SCD: six wild-type (WT) mice fed a standard chow diet (SCD); WT/HFD, six WT mice fed a HFD; NOX2(-/-)/SCD, six NADPHox-deficient mice on a SCD; (4) NOX2(-/-)/HFD, six NADPHox-deficient mice on a HFD. After 32 weeks, we studied the liver for: histology; OXPHOS complex activity; fully assembled OXPHOS complexes and their subunits; gene expression of OXPHOS subunits; oxidative and nitrosative stress; and oxidative DNA damage. In the liver of WT/HFD mice, we found a significant decreased in the activity of all OXPHOS complexes, in fully assembled complexes, in the amount of OXPHOS subunits, and in gene expression of mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunits. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was only increased in mitochondrial DNA. The liver of NOX(-/-)/HFD mice showed mild steatosis but no non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) lesions were found. OXPHOS activity, OXPHOS subunits, and assembly of subunits into OXPHOS complexes were normal in these mice. We conclude that this study shows that NADPH deficiency protects mice from developing OXPHOS dysfunction and NASH caused by a HFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada García-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación, Laboratorio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Solís-Muñoz
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, SE5 9RS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fernández-Moreira
- Servicio de Bromatología e Higiene Alimentaria, Centro Militar de Veterinaria del Ministerio de Defensa, 28024-Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Grau
- Centro de Investigación, Laboratorio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Yagüe
- Centro de Investigación, Laboratorio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Solís-Herruzo
- Centro de Investigación, Laboratorio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
CMP-Neu5Ac Hydroxylase Null Mice as a Model for Studying Metabolic Disorders Caused by the Evolutionary Loss of Neu5Gc in Humans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:830315. [PMID: 26558285 PMCID: PMC4629002 DOI: 10.1155/2015/830315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the modification/turnover of gene products that are altered in humans due to evolutionary loss of Neu5Gc. CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase- (Cmah-) deficient mice show the infiltration of Kupffer cells within liver sinusoids, whereas body and liver weight develop normally. Pathway analysis by use of Illumina MouseRef-8 v2 Expression BeadChip provided evidence that a number of biological pathways, including the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, and pentose phosphate pathways, as well as glycogen metabolism-related gene expression, were significantly upregulated in Cmah-null mice. The intracellular glucose supply in Cmah-null mice resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and the advanced glycation end products accumulation that could further induce oxidative stress. Finally, low sirtuin-1 and sirtuin-3 gene expressions due to higher NADH/NAD in Cmah-null mice decreased Foxo-1 and MnSOD gene expression, suggesting that oxidative stress may result in mitochondrial dysfunction in Cmah-null mouse. The present study suggests that mice with CMAH deficiency can be taken as an important model for studying metabolic disorders in humans.
Collapse
|
30
|
Pastori D, Pignatelli P, Carnevale R, Violi F. Nox-2 up-regulation and platelet activation: Novel insights. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 120:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
31
|
Chong LW, Hsu YC, Lee TF, Lin Y, Chiu YT, Yang KC, Wu JC, Huang YT. Fluvastatin attenuates hepatic steatosis-induced fibrogenesis in rats through inhibiting paracrine effect of hepatocyte on hepatic stellate cells. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:22. [PMID: 25886887 PMCID: PMC4336504 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with hepatic fibrogenesis. Despite well-known cholesterol-lowering action of statins, their mechanisms against NASH-mediated fibrogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed at investigating the in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic properties of fluvastatin (Flu). Methods Palmitate (PA)-induced changes in intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels in primary rat hepatocytes (PRHs) and human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) were quantified by dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) dye assay, whereas changes in expressions of NADPH oxidase gp91phox subunit, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and NFκB p65 nuclear translocation were quantified with Western blotting. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was used to investigate mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory genes (ICAM-1, IL-6, TNF-α). Conditioned medium (CM) from PA-treated PRHs was applied to cultured rat hepatic stellate cell line, HSC-T6, with or without Flu-pretreatment for 2 h. Pro-fibrogenic gene expressions (COL1, TIMP-1, TGF-β1, α-SMA) and protein expression of α-SMA were analyzed. In vivo study using choline-deficient L-amino acid defined (CDAA) diet-induced rat NASH model was performed by randomly assigning Wistar rats (n = 28) to normal controls (n = 4), CDAA diet with vehicles, and CDAA diet with Flu (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) (n = 8 each) through gavage for 4 or 8 weeks. Livers were harvested for histological, Western blot (α-SMA), and q-PCR analyses for expressions of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, iNOS, ICAM-1) and pro-fibrogenic (Col1, α-SMA, TIMP-1) genes. Results In vitro, Flu (1–20 μM) inhibited PA-induced free-radical production, gp91phox expression, and NFκB p65 translocation in HepG2 and PRHs, while CM-induced α-SMA protein expression and pro-fibrogenic gene expressions in HSC-T6 were suppressed in Flu-pretreated cells compared to those without pretreatment. Moreover, α-SMA protein expression was significantly decreased in HSC-T6 cultured with CM from PA-Flu-treated PRHs compared to those cultured with CM from PA-treated PRHs. Flu also reduced steatosis and fibrosis scores, α-SMA protein expression, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic genes in livers of CDAA rats. Conclusions We demonstrated PA-induced HSC activation through paracrine effect of hepatocyte in vitro that was significantly suppressed by pre-treating HSC with Flu. In vivo, Flu alleviated steatosis-induced HSC activation and hepatic fibrogenesis through mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting possible therapeutic role of Flu against NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Won Chong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Fang Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Tsung Chiu
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Ching Yang
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Ching Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Translational Research Division, Medical Research Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Tsau Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
García-Ruiz I, Solís-Muñoz P, Fernández-Moreira D, Muñoz-Yagüe T, Solís-Herruzo JA. In vitro treatment of HepG2 cells with saturated fatty acids reproduces mitochondrial dysfunction found in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dis Model Mech 2014; 8:183-91. [PMID: 25540128 PMCID: PMC4314783 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) is decreased in humans and mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nitro-oxidative stress seems to be involved in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether fatty acids are implicated in the pathogenesis of this mitochondrial defect. In HepG2 cells, we analyzed the effect of saturated (palmitic and stearic acids) and monounsaturated (oleic acid) fatty acids on: OXPHOS activity; levels of protein expression of OXPHOS complexes and their subunits; gene expression and half-life of OXPHOS complexes; nitro-oxidative stress; and NADPH oxidase gene expression and activity. We also studied the effects of inhibiting or silencing NADPH oxidase on the palmitic-acid-induced nitro-oxidative stress and subsequent OXPHOS inhibition. Exposure of cultured HepG2 cells to saturated fatty acids resulted in a significant decrease in the OXPHOS activity. This effect was prevented in the presence of a mimic of manganese superoxide dismutase. Palmitic acid reduced the amount of both fully-assembled OXPHOS complexes and of complex subunits. This reduction was due mainly to an accelerated degradation of these subunits, which was associated with a 3-tyrosine nitration of mitochondrial proteins. Pretreatment of cells with uric acid, an antiperoxynitrite agent, prevented protein degradation induced by palmitic acid. A reduced gene expression also contributed to decrease mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded subunits. Saturated fatty acids induced oxidative stress and caused mtDNA oxidative damage. This effect was prevented by inhibiting NADPH oxidase. These acids activated NADPH oxidase gene expression and increased NADPH oxidase activity. Silencing this oxidase abrogated totally the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on OXPHOS complex activity. We conclude that saturated fatty acids caused nitro-oxidative stress, reduced OXPHOS complex half-life and activity, and decreased gene expression of mtDNA-encoded subunits. These effects were mediated by activation of NADPH oxidase. That is, these acids reproduced mitochondrial dysfunction found in humans and animals with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada García-Ruiz
- Research Center, Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Daniel Fernández-Moreira
- Department of Bromatology and Food Hygiene, Military Center of Veterinary of Defense, 28024-Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Yagüe
- Research Center, Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Solís-Herruzo
- Research Center, Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
García-Ruiz I, Solís-Muñoz P, Fernández-Moreira D, Grau M, Colina F, Muñoz-Yagüe T, Solís-Herruzo JA. High-fat diet decreases activity of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes and causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1287-96. [PMID: 25261569 PMCID: PMC4213732 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent histological finding in individuals with abnormal liver-function tests in the Western countries. In previous studies, we have shown that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is decreased in individuals with NAFLD, but the cause of this mitochondrial dysfunction remains uncertain. The aims of this study were to determine whether feeding mice a high-fat diet (HFD) induces any change in the activity of OXPHOS, and to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this defect. To that end, 30 mice were distributed between five groups: control mice fed a standard diet, and mice on a HFD and treated with saline solution, melatonin (an antioxidant), MnTBAP (a superoxide dismutase analog) or uric acid (a scavenger of peroxynitrite) for 28 weeks intraperitoneously. In the liver of these mice, we studied histology, activity and assembly of OXPHOS complexes, levels of subunits of these complexes, gene expression of these subunits, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and oxidative DNA damage. In HFD-fed mice, we found nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, increased gene expression of TNFα, IFNγ, MCP-1, caspase-3, TGFβ1 and collagen α1(I), and increased levels of 3-tyrosine nitrated proteins. The activity and assembly of all OXPHOS complexes was decreased to about 50–60%. The amount of all studied OXPHOS subunits was markedly decreased, particularly the mitochondrial-DNA-encoded subunits. Gene expression of mitochondrial-DNA-encoded subunits was decreased to about 60% of control. There was oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA but not to genomic DNA. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with melatonin, MnTBAP or uric acid prevented all changes observed in untreated HFD-fed mice. We conclude that a HFD decreased OXPHOS enzymatic activity owing to a decreased amount of fully assembled complexes caused by a reduced synthesis of their subunits. Antioxidants and antiperoxynitrites prevented all of these changes, suggesting that nitro-oxidative stress played a key role in the pathogenesis of these alterations. Treatment with these agents might prevent the development of NAFLD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada García-Ruiz
- Research Center, Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital '12 de Octubre', Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Solís-Muñoz
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Daniel Fernández-Moreira
- Department of Bromatology and Food Hygiene, Military Center of Veterinary of Defense, 28024-Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Grau
- Research Center, Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital '12 de Octubre', Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Colina
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital '12 de Octubre', Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Yagüe
- Research Center, Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital '12 de Octubre', Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Solís-Herruzo
- Research Center, Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital '12 de Octubre', Complutense University, 28041-Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Paik YH, Kim J, Aoyama T, De Minicis S, Bataller R, Brenner DA. Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2854-72. [PMID: 24040957 PMCID: PMC4026397 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathophysiologic process resulting from chronic liver injury, characterized by the accumulation of an excessive extracellular matrix. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is a multicomponent enzyme complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to a wide range of stimuli. In addition to phagocytic NOX2, there are six nonphagocytic NOX proteins. RECENT ADVANCES In the liver, NOX is functionally expressed both in the phagocytic form and in the nonphagocytic form. NOX-derived ROS contributes to various kinds of liver disease caused by alcohol, hepatitis C virus, and toxic bile acids. Recent evidence indicates that both phagocytic NOX2 and nonphagocytic NOX isoforms, including NOX1 and NOX4, mediate distinct profibrogenic actions in hepatic stellate cells, the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver. The critical role of NOX in hepatic fibrogenesis provides a rationale to assess pharmacological NOX inhibitors that treat hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Although there is compelling evidence indicating a crucial role for NOX-mediated ROS generation in hepatic fibrogenesis, little is known about the expression, subcellular localization, regulation, and redox signaling of NOX isoforms in specific cell types in the liver. Moreover, the exact mechanism of NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling is still largely unknown. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding through further research about NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling may enable the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapy using NOX inhibition strategy. Antio
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Han Paik
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jang HS, Kim JI, Han SJ, Park KM. Recruitment and subsequent proliferation of bone marrow-derived cells in the postischemic kidney are important to the progression of fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1451-61. [PMID: 24740786 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00017.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an independent risk factor of the development of chronic kidney disease. Kidney fibrosis is a typical feature of chronic kidney disease and is characterized as an expansion of the interstitium due to increases in extracellular matrix molecules and interstitial cells caused by accumulations of extrarenal cells and by the proliferation or differentiation of intrarenal cells. However, the role of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) in AKI-induced kidney fibrosis remains to be defined. Here, we investigated the role of BMDCs in kidney fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)-induced AKI in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bone marrow chimeric mice. IRI resulted in severe fibrotic changes in kidney tissues and dramatically increased interstitial cell numbers. Furthermore, GFP-expressing BMDCs accounted for >80% of interstitial cells in fibrotic kidneys. Interstitial GFP-expressing cells expressed α-smooth muscle actin (a myofibroblast marker), fibroblast-specific protein-1 (a fibroblast marker), collagen type III, and F4/80 (a macrophage marker). Over 20% of interstitial cells were bromodeoxyuridine-incorporating (proliferating) cells, and of these, 80% cells were GFP-expressing BMDCs. Daily treatment of IRI mice with apocynin (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor that functions as an antioxidant) from the day after surgery until euthanization slightly inhibited these changes with a small reduction of fibrosis. Taken together, our findings show that BMDCs make a major contribution to IRI-induced fibrosis due to their infiltration, subsequent differentiation, and proliferation in injured kidneys, suggesting that BMDCs be considered an important target for the treatment of kidney fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; and
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Galicia-Moreno M, Gutiérrez-Reyes G. Papel del estrés oxidativo en el desarrollo de la enfermedad hepática alcohólica. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2014; 79:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
37
|
Galicia-Moreno M, Gutiérrez-Reyes G. The role of oxidative stress in the development of alcoholic liver disease. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
38
|
Intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder, parenchymal hypoxia and NOX4 upregulation result in zonal differences in hepatocyte apoptosis following lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in rats. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:254-62. [PMID: 24317376 PMCID: PMC3896462 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanisms responsible for acute liver failure (ALF) have not yet been fully elucidated, studies have indicated that intrahepatic macrophage activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALF through intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder and consequent parenchymal cell death. Intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder has been demonstrated in animal models using intravital microscopy; however, the limitations of this method include simultaneously evaluating blood flow and the surrounding pathological changes. Therefore, in this study, we devised a novel method involving tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-dextran administration for the pathological assessment of hepatic microcirculation. In addition, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder progresses with relation to activated macrophages. ALF was induced in Wistar rats by exposure to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine. Intrahepatic microcirculation and microcirculatory disorder in zone 3 (pericentral zone) of the livers of rats with ALF was observed. Immunohistochemical examinations in conjunction with TRITC-dextran images revealed that the macrophages were mainly distributed in zone 2 (intermediate zone), while cleaved caspase-3-positive hepatocytes, pimonidazole and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α were abundant in zone 3. We also found that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)4-positive cells were predominantly located in the zone 3 parenchyma. The majority of apoptotic hepatocytes in zone 3 were co-localized with NOX4. Our results revealed that the apoptotic cells in zone 3 were a result of hypoxic conditions induced by intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder, and were not induced by activated macrophages. The increased levels of oxidative stress in zone 3 may contribute to the progression of hepatocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Corton JC, Cunningham ML, Hummer BT, Lau C, Meek B, Peters JM, Popp JA, Rhomberg L, Seed J, Klaunig JE. Mode of action framework analysis for receptor-mediated toxicity: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) as a case study. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 44:1-49. [PMID: 24180432 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.835784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several therapeutic agents and industrial chemicals induce liver tumors in rodents through the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). The cellular and molecular events by which PPARα activators induce rodent hepatocarcinogenesis has been extensively studied and elucidated. This review summarizes the weight of evidence relevant to the hypothesized mode of action (MOA) for PPARα activator-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis and identifies gaps in our knowledge of this MOA. Chemical-specific and mechanistic data support concordance of temporal and dose-response relationships for the key events associated with many PPARα activators including a phthalate ester plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and the drug gemfibrozil. While biologically plausible in humans, the hypothesized key events in the rodent MOA, for PPARα activators, are unlikely to induce liver tumors in humans because of toxicodynamic and biological differences in responses. This conclusion is based on minimal or no effects observed on growth pathways, hepatocellular proliferation and liver tumors in humans and/or species (including hamsters, guinea pigs and cynomolgous monkeys) that are more appropriate human surrogates than mice and rats at overlapping dose levels. Overall, the panel concluded that significant quantitative differences in PPARα activator-induced effects related to liver cancer formation exist between rodents and humans. On the basis of these quantitative differences, most of the workgroup felt that the rodent MOA is "not relevant to humans" with the remaining members concluding that the MOA is "unlikely to be relevant to humans". The two groups differed in their level of confidence based on perceived limitations of the quantitative and mechanistic knowledge of the species differences, which for some panel members strongly supports but cannot preclude the absence of effects under unlikely exposure scenarios.
Collapse
|
40
|
Sid B, Verrax J, Calderon PB. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:894-904. [PMID: 23800214 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.819428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for liver disease, which represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathological process of alcohol-induced liver disease is characterized by a broad spectrum of morphological changes ranging from steatosis with minimal injury to more advanced liver damage, including steato-hepatitis and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Experimental and clinical studies increasingly show that the oxidative damage induced by ethanol contribute in many ways to the pathogenesis of alcohol hepatotoxicity. This article describes the contribution of oxidative mechanisms to liver damage by alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sid
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Toxicology and Cancer Biology Research Group (GTOX) , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Matthew Morris E, Fletcher JA, Thyfault JP, Rector RS. The role of angiotensin II in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 378:29-40. [PMID: 22579612 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered the most prevalent chronic liver disease, affecting over 30% of the US adult population. NAFLD is strongly linked to insulin resistance and is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is known to play a role in the hypertension observed in the metabolic syndrome and also is thought to play a central role in insulin resistance and NAFLD. Angiotensin II (AngII) is considered the primary effector of the physiological outcomes of RAAS signaling, both at the systemic and local tissue level. Herein, we review data describing the potential involvement of AngII-mediated signaling at multiple levels in the development and progression of NAFLD, including increased steatosis, inflammation, insulin resistance, and fibrosis. Additionally, we present recent work on the potential therapeutic benefits of RAAS and angiotensin II signaling inhibition in rodent models and patients with NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Matthew Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, MO, United States; Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao Y, Zhou G, Wang J, Jia L, Zhang P, Li R, Shan L, Liu B, Song X, Liu S, Xiao X. Paeoniflorin protects against ANIT-induced cholestasis by ameliorating oxidative stress in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:242-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
43
|
Li JF, Zheng SJ, Duan ZP. Liver fibrosis: Role of oxidative stress and therapeutic countermeasures. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1573-1578. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i17.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of factors can lead to chronic inflammation of the liver and thus the occurrence of liver fibrosis. The activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Activated HSC exhibit characteristic changes in the morphology and function and promote the development of liver fibrosis. Intrahepatic oxidative stress injury is an important mechanism involved in HSC activation and hepatic collagen deposition. There is a close relationship between liver fibrosis and oxidative stress levels. Reducing the levels of oxidative stress has gradually become an aim of anti-fibrotic therapy. In this paper we review recent progress in research of oxidative stress, liver fibrosis and its therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Nobili V, Svegliati-Baroni G, Alisi A, Miele L, Valenti L, Vajro P. A 360-degree overview of paediatric NAFLD: recent insights. J Hepatol 2013; 58:1218-29. [PMID: 23238106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multi-faceted disorder, which ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with/without fibrosis. The effects of specific risk factors, such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle, on predisposing genetic settings eventually lead to the development of NAFLD in children. The complex interplay between genes and environment in NAFLD pathogenesis is sustained by multiple mechanisms that involve liver crosstalk with other organs and tissues, especially gut and adipose tissue. Unfortunately, natural history of paediatric NAFLD is lacking, and the etiopathogenesis is still in the process of being defined. Potential early predictors and suitable non-invasive diagnostic tools can be discovered based on the pathogenetic mechanisms and histological patterns. This will also help design novel treatments and a comprehensive and successful management strategy for patients. In this review, we discuss the recent advances made in genetics, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of NAFLD, focusing especially on the obesity-related steatotic liver condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Nobili
- Hepato-metabolic Disease Unit and Liver Research Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, P.le S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rolas L, Makhezer N, Hadjoudj S, El-Benna J, Djerdjouri B, Elkrief L, Moreau R, Périanin A. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin aggravates the respiratory burst defect of neutrophils from decompensated patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013; 57:1163-71. [PMID: 23080369 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cirrhosis is commonly accompanied by impaired defense functions of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs), increased patient susceptibility to infections, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PMN antimicrobial activity is dependent on a massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) 2 (NADPH oxidase 2; NOX2), termed respiratory burst (RB). Rapamycin, an antagonist of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), may be used in the treatment of HCC and in transplanted patients. However, the effect of mTOR inhibition on the PMN RB of patients with cirrhosis remains unexplored and was studied here using the bacterial peptide, formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), as an RB inducer. fMLP-induced RB of PMN from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis was strongly impaired (30%-35% of control) as a result of intracellular signaling alterations. Blocking mTOR activation (phospho-S2448-mTOR) with rapamycin further aggravated the RB defect. Rapamycin also inhibited the RB of healthy PMNs, which was associated with impaired phosphorylation of the NOX2 component, p47phox (phox: phagocyte oxidase), on its mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) site (S345) as well as a preferential inhibition of p38-MAPK relative to p44/42-MAPK. However, rapamycin did not alter the fMLP-induced membrane association of p47phox and p38-MAPK in patients' PMNs, but did prevent their phosphorylation at the membranes. The mTOR contribution to fMLP-induced RB, phosphorylation of p47phox and p38-MAPK was further confirmed by mTOR knockdown in HL-60 cells. Finally, rapamycin impaired PMN bactericidal activity, but not bacterial uptake. CONCLUSION mTOR significantly up-regulates the PMN RB of patients with cirrhosis by p38-MAPK activation. Consequently, mTOR inhibition by rapamycin dramatically aggravates their PMN RB defect, which may increase patients' susceptibility to infection. Thus, concerns should be raised about the use of rapamycin in immuno-depressed patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Rolas
- INSERM U773, CRB3, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lima FD, Stamm DN, Della-Pace ID, Dobrachinski F, de Carvalho NR, Royes LFF, Soares FA, Rocha JB, González-Gallego J, Bresciani G. Swimming training induces liver mitochondrial adaptations to oxidative stress in rats submitted to repeated exhaustive swimming bouts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55668. [PMID: 23405192 PMCID: PMC3565999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although acute exhaustive exercise is known to increase liver reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and aerobic training has shown to improve the antioxidant status in the liver, little is known about mitochondria adaptations to aerobic training. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the aerobic training on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant defense in liver mitochondria both after training and in response to three repeated exhaustive swimming bouts. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into training (n = 14) and control (n = 14) groups. Training group performed a 6-week swimming training protocol. Subsets of training (n = 7) and control (n = 7) rats performed 3 repeated exhaustive swimming bouts with 72 h rest in between. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant activity, and mitochondria functionality were assessed. RESULTS Trained group showed increased reduced glutathione (GSH) content and reduced/oxidized (GSH/GSSG) ratio, higher superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity, and decreased lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria. Aerobic training protected against exhaustive swimming ROS production herein characterized by decreased oxidative stress markers, higher antioxidant defenses, and increases in methyl-tetrazolium reduction and membrane potential. Trained group also presented higher time to exhaustion compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS Swimming training induced positive adaptations in liver mitochondria of rats. Increased antioxidant defense after training coped well with exercise-produced ROS and liver mitochondria were less affected by exhaustive exercise. Therefore, liver mitochondria also adapt to exercise-induced ROS and may play an important role in exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico D. Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel N. Stamm
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iuri D. Della-Pace
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dobrachinski
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nélson R. de Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando F. Royes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Félix A. Soares
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - João B. Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Guilherme Bresciani
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Alterations in the redox state and liver damage: hints from the EASL Basic School of Hepatology. J Hepatol 2013; 58:365-74. [PMID: 23023012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of a correct balance between oxidative and reductive events has been shown to have a paramount effect on cell function for quite a long time. However, in spite of this body of rapidly growing evidence, the implication of the alteration of the redox state in human disease has been so far much less appreciated. Liver diseases make no exception. Although not fully comprehensive, this article reports what discussed during an EASL Basic School held in 2012 in Trieste, Italy, where the effect of the alteration of the redox state was addressed in different experimental and human models. This translational approach resulted in further stressing the concept that this topic should be expanded in the future not only to better understand how oxidative stress may be linked to a liver damage but also, perhaps more important, how this may be the target for better, more focused treatments. In parallel, understanding how alteration of the redox balance may be associated with liver damage may help define sensitive and ideally early biomarkers of the disorder.
Collapse
|
48
|
García-Ruiz I, Gómez-Izquierdo E, Díaz-Sanjuán T, Grau M, Solís-Muñoz P, Muñoz-Yagüe T, Solís-Herruzo JA. Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors mediate leptin-induced collagen α1(I) gene expression in primary culture of male rat hepatic stellate cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5845-56. [PMID: 23093703 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which leptin stimulates collagen α(1)(I) [Col1a(I)] gene expression are unclear. The purposes of this study were to identify the trans-acting factors and cis-acting elements in Col1a(I) promoter involved in this effect as well as the pathways that are implicated. In primary cultures of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), we measured the effects of leptin on Col1a(I) gene and protein expression and on the binding of nuclear proteins to the Col1a(I) promoter. We found that leptin increased Col1a(I) gene and protein expression in activated HSCs. Transient transfections showed that leptin exerted its effects through elements located between -220 and -112 bp of the Col1a(I) promoter. Gel retardation assays demonstrated that leptin induced the binding of transcription factors specific protein (Sp)-1 and Sp3 to two elements located between -161 and -110 bp of the Col1a(I) promoter. Leptin-induced Sp1/Sp3 phosphorylation, but this effect was suppressed by inhibiting or silencing Janus kinase-2, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, nonphagocytic adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, or ERK1/2, by the use of antioxidants or catalase, or by preventing protein-aldehyde adduct formation. Leptin provoked oxidative stress, aldehyde-protein adduct formation, and increased gene expression of some components of the NADPH oxidase complex. In conclusion, in HSCs, leptin up-regulates Col1a(I) gene expression after activating NADPH oxidase, inducing oxidative stress, aldehyde-protein adduct formation, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which in turn activates Sp1/Sp3 and provokes the binding of these two factors to regulatory elements located between -161 and -110 bp of the Col1a(I) promoter. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms involved in the leptin-induced liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada García-Ruiz
- Research Institute, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Levin I, Petrasek J, Szabo G. The presence of p47phox in liver parenchymal cells is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver steatosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:1397-406. [PMID: 22376231 PMCID: PMC4120658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species contribute to steatosis and inflammation in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Here, we evaluated the selective contribution of p47phox, a critical subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase complex, in liver parenchymal cells and in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells. METHODS Female C57Bl/6 wild type [WT], total body p47phox-deficient knockout [KO] or p47phox chimera mice generated by BM transplantation of p47phox-KO-BM into irradiated WT mice (WT/p47phox-KO-BM mice) received 5% Lieber-DeCarli alcohol or control (pair feeding) diet for 4 weeks. RESULTS Alcohol-induced liver steatosis as measured by Oil Red O staining and serum triglyceride up-regulation were prevented in p47phox-KO mice but not in WT/p47phox-KO-BM chimeras compared to WT controls. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly increased in alcohol-fed WT mice but not in p47phox-KO mice compared to pair-fed controls. There was no protection from alcohol-induced increase in ALT and liver damage in the WT/p47phox-KO-BM mice. Alcohol-induced liver steatosis was accompanied by up-regulation of the lipid droplet-stabilizing protein, adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP), and the fatty acid synthesis-associated genes, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA). Total body deficiency in p47phox but not selective absence of p47phox in BM-derived cells prevented alcohol-induced up-regulation of ADRP, FASN, and ACACA in the liver. Finally, alcohol-induced activation and DNA binding of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a master regulator of inflammation, were significantly increased after alcohol feeding in WT but not in p47phox-KO mice. Selective deficiency of p47phox in BM-derived cells (WT/p47phox-KO-BM chimera) failed to prevent NF-κB induction after alcohol feeding. CONCLUSIONS Total body deficiency in p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase complex protects mice from alcohol-induced liver steatosis via mechanisms involving ADRP, FASN, and ACACA as well as from alcohol-induced NF-κB activation. In contrast, selective absence of p47phox in BM-derived cells fails to provide protection via these mechanisms. These results suggest that p47phox in parenchymal cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Levin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bian Z, Ma X. Liver fibrogenesis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:248. [PMID: 22934006 PMCID: PMC3429026 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as one of the most common chronic liver diseases in developed western countries. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most severe form of NAFLD, and can progress to more severe forms of liver disease, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. The activation of hepatic stellate cells plays a critical role in NASH-related fibrogenesis. Multiple factors, such as insulin resistance, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, and innate immune responses, are known to contribute to the development of NASH-related fibrogenesis. Furthermore, these factors may share synergistic interactions, which could contribute to the process of liver fibrosis. Given the complex etiology of NASH, combined treatment regimes that target these different factors provide potential treatment strategies for NASH-related liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolian Bian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | | |
Collapse
|