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Dann J, Qu Z, Shearwin-Whyatt L, van der Ploeg R, Grützner F. Pseudogenization of NK3 homeobox 2 ( Nkx3.2) in monotremes provides insight into unique gastric anatomy and physiology. Open Biol 2024; 14:240071. [PMID: 38955222 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.240071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic breakdown and regulation of food passage through the vertebrate antral stomach and pyloric sphincter (antropyloric region) is a trait conserved over 450 million years. Development of the structures involved is underpinned by a highly conserved signalling pathway involving the hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein and Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt) protein families. Monotremes are one of the few vertebrate lineages where acid-based digestion has been lost, and this is consistent with the lack of genes for hydrochloric acid secretion and gastric enzymes in the genomes of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) . Furthermore, these species feature unique gastric phenotypes, both with truncated and aglandular antral stomachs and the platypus with no pylorus. Here, we explore the genetic underpinning of monotreme gastric phenotypes, investigating genes important in antropyloric development using the newest monotreme genomes (mOrnAna1.pri.v4 and mTacAcu1) together with RNA-seq data. We found that the pathway constituents are generally conserved, but surprisingly, NK3 homeobox 2 (Nkx3.2) was pseudogenized in both platypus and echidna. We speculate that the unique sequence evolution of Grem1 and Bmp4 sequences in the echidna lineage may correlate with their pyloric-like restriction and that the convergent loss of gastric acid and stomach size genotypes and phenotypes in teleost and monotreme lineages may be a result of eco-evolutionary dynamics. These findings reflect the effects of gene loss on phenotypic evolution and further elucidate the genetic control of monotreme stomach anatomy and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Dann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Linda Shearwin-Whyatt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Rachel van der Ploeg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Frank Grützner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Schonblum A, Ali Naser D, Ovadia S, Egbaria M, Puyesky S, Epshtein A, Wald T, Mercado-Medrez S, Ashery-Padan R, Landsman L. Beneficial islet inflammation in health depends on pericytic TLR/MyD88 signaling. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179335. [PMID: 38885342 PMCID: PMC11245159 DOI: 10.1172/jci179335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While inflammation is beneficial for insulin secretion during homeostasis, its transformation adversely affects β cells and contributes to diabetes. However, the regulation of islet inflammation for maintaining glucose homeostasis remains largely unknown. Here, we identified pericytes as pivotal regulators of islet immune and β cell function in health. Islets and pancreatic pericytes express various cytokines in healthy humans and mice. To interfere with the pericytic inflammatory response, we selectively inhibited the TLR/MyD88 pathway in these cells in transgenic mice. The loss of MyD88 impaired pericytic cytokine production. Furthermore, MyD88-deficient mice exhibited skewed islet inflammation with fewer cells, an impaired macrophage phenotype, and reduced IL-1β production. This aberrant pericyte-orchestrated islet inflammation was associated with β cell dedifferentiation and impaired glucose response. Additionally, we found that Cxcl1, a pericytic MyD88-dependent cytokine, promoted immune IL-1β production. Treatment with either Cxcl1 or IL-1β restored the mature β cell phenotype and glucose response in transgenic mice, suggesting a potential mechanism through which pericytes and immune cells regulate glucose homeostasis. Our study revealed pericyte-orchestrated islet inflammation as a crucial element in glucose regulation, implicating this process as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Schonblum
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
| | - Dunia Ali Naser
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
| | - Shai Ovadia
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mohammed Egbaria
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
| | - Shani Puyesky
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
| | - Alona Epshtein
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
| | - Tomer Wald
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
| | - Sophia Mercado-Medrez
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and
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3
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Peng L, Xu S, Xu JL. Integration of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Bulk RNA Sequencing to Identify an Immunogenic Cell Death-Related 5-Gene Prognostic Signature in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:879-900. [PMID: 38770169 PMCID: PMC11104445 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s449419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can enhance the potency of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Nevertheless, it is ambiguous how ICD-related genes (ICDRGs) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were used to distinguish malignant cells from normal cells in the HCC tumor microenvironment(TME). Bulk RNA sequencing data was employed to acquire the landscape of the 33 ICDRGs. Unsupervised clustering identified two ICD molecular subtypes. The cellular infiltration characteristics and biological behavior in different subtypes were analyzed by ssGSEA. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two subtypes were determined, based on which patients were classified into three gene clusters. Then, the prognostic model was constructed by Lasso-Cox analysis. Finally, we investigated the expression of risk genes in cancer cell line encyclopedia (CCLE) and validated the function of NKX3-2 in vitro experiments. Results ICD scores and ICDRGs expression in malignant cells were significantly lower than in normal cells by scRNA-seq analysis. ICD-high subtype was characterized by ICD-related gene overexpression and high levels of immune infiltration abundance and immune checkpoints; Three DEGs-related gene clusters were likewise strongly linked to stromal and immunological activation. In the ICD-related prognostic model consisting of NKX3-2, CHODL, MMP1, NR0B1, and CTSV, the low-risk group patients had a better endpoint and displayed increased susceptibility to immunotherapy and chemotherapeutic drugs like 5-Fluorouracil, afatinib, bortezomib, cediratinib, lapatinib, dasatinib, gefitinib and crizotinib. Moreover, NKX3-2 amplification in HCC samples has been verified by experiments, and its disruption suppressed the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. Conclusion Our study highlighted the potential of the ICDRGs risk score as a prognostic indicator to aid in the accurate diagnosis and immunotherapy sensitivity of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Gene Diagnosis & Program of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Benedetti G, Jones BC, Sgualdino F, De Coppi P, Giobbe GG. Generation of human gastric assembloids from primary fetal organoids. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 40:6. [PMID: 37999863 PMCID: PMC10673726 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding human gastric epithelium homeostasis remains partial, motivating the exploration of innovative in vitro models. Recent literature showcases the potential of fetal stem cell-derived organoids in developmental and disease modelling and translational therapies. To scale the complexity of the model, we propose to generate assembloids, aiming to increase gastric maturation to provide new structural and functional insights. METHODS Human fetal gastric organoids (fGOs) were expanded in 3D Matrigel cultures. Confluent organoid cultures were released from the Matrigel dome and resuspended in a collagen I hydrogel. Subsequently, the organoid mixture was seeded in a ring shape within a 24-well plate and allowed to gelate. The structure was lifted in the medium and cultured in floating conditions, allowing for organoid self-assembling into a gastric assembloid. After 10 days of maturation, the assembloids were characterized by immunostaining and RT-PCR, comparing different fetal developmental stages. RESULTS Successful generation of human fetal gastric assembloids (fGAs) was achieved using spontaneous self-aggregation within the collagen I hydrogel. Immunostaining analysis of early and late fGAs showed the establishment of apico-basal cell polarity, secretion of gastric mucins, and the presence of chromogranin A in both samples. Transcriptional markers analysis revealed distinct disparities in markers associated with mature cell types between late and early fetal stages. CONCLUSIONS fGOs can reliably be generated from human fetal samples. This pioneering assembloid approach paves the way for advancing our comprehension of human gastric epithelium homeostasis and its perturbation, offering a better in vitro platform for the study of gastric epithelial development and therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Benedetti
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brendan C Jones
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Sgualdino
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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5
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Alvina FB, Chen TCY, Lim HYG, Barker N. Gastric epithelial stem cells in development, homeostasis and regeneration. Development 2023; 150:dev201494. [PMID: 37746871 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The stem/progenitor cell pool is indispensable for the development, homeostasis and regeneration of the gastric epithelium, owing to its defining ability to self-renew whilst supplying the various functional epithelial lineages needed to digest food efficiently. A detailed understanding of the intricacies and complexities surrounding the behaviours and roles of these stem cells offers insights, not only into the physiology of gastric epithelial development and maintenance, but also into the pathological consequences following aberrations in stem cell regulation. Here, we provide an insightful synthesis of the existing knowledge on gastric epithelial stem cell biology, including the in vitro and in vivo experimental techniques that have advanced such studies. We highlight the contributions of stem/progenitor cells towards patterning the developing stomach, specification of the differentiated cell lineages and maintenance of the mature epithelium during homeostasis and following injury. Finally, we discuss gaps in our understanding and identify key research areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelia B Alvina
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tanysha Chi-Ying Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Grace Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117593, Republic of Singapore
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6
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Melzer MK, Schirge S, Gout J, Arnold F, Srinivasan D, Burtscher I, Allgöwer C, Mulaw M, Zengerling F, Günes C, Lickert H, Christoffels VM, Liebau S, Wagner M, Seufferlein T, Bolenz C, Moon AM, Perkhofer L, Kleger A. TBX3 is dynamically expressed in pancreatic organogenesis and fine-tunes regeneration. BMC Biol 2023; 21:55. [PMID: 36941669 PMCID: PMC10029195 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactivation of genetic programs from early development is a common mechanism for injury-induced organ regeneration. T-box 3 (TBX3) is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors previously shown to regulate pluripotency and subsequent lineage commitment in a number of tissues, including limb and lung. TBX3 is also involved in lung and heart organogenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive and thorough characterization of TBX3 and its role during pancreatic organogenesis and regeneration. RESULTS We interrogated the level and cell specificity of TBX3 in the developing and adult pancreas at mRNA and protein levels at multiple developmental stages in mouse and human pancreas. We employed conditional mutagenesis to determine its role in murine pancreatic development and in regeneration after the induction of acute pancreatitis. We found that Tbx3 is dynamically expressed in the pancreatic mesenchyme and epithelium. While Tbx3 is expressed in the developing pancreas, its absence is likely compensated by other factors after ablation from either the mesenchymal or epithelial compartments. In an adult model of acute pancreatitis, we found that a lack of Tbx3 resulted in increased proliferation and fibrosis as well as an enhanced inflammatory gene programs, indicating that Tbx3 has a role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. CONCLUSIONS TBX3 demonstrates dynamic expression patterns in the pancreas. Although TBX3 is dispensable for proper pancreatic development, its absence leads to altered organ regeneration after induction of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karl Melzer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Clinic of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Silvia Schirge
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johann Gout
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Frank Arnold
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Dharini Srinivasan
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chantal Allgöwer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Unit for Single-cell Genomics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Cagatay Günes
- Clinic of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of b-Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics (adjunct), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Hess Center for Science and Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Core Facility Organoids, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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7
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Burganova G, Schonblum A, Sakhneny L, Epshtein A, Wald T, Tzaig M, Landsman L. Pericytes modulate islet immune cells and insulin secretion through Interleukin-33 production in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1142988. [PMID: 36967785 PMCID: PMC10034381 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune cells were recently shown to support β-cells and insulin secretion. However, little is known about how islet immune cells are regulated to maintain glucose homeostasis. Administration of various cytokines, including Interleukin-33 (IL-33), was shown to influence β-cell function. However, the role of endogenous, locally produced IL-33 in pancreatic function remains unknown. Here, we show that IL-33, produced by pancreatic pericytes, is required for glucose homeostasis. Methods To characterize pancreatic IL-33 production, we employed gene expression, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analyses. To define the role of this cytokine, we employed transgenic mouse systems to delete the Il33 gene selectively in pancreatic pericytes, in combination with the administration of recombinant IL-33. Glucose response was measured in vivo and in vitro, and morphometric and molecular analyses were used to measure β-cell mass and gene expression. Immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Resuts Our results show that pericytes are the primary source of IL-33 in the pancreas. Mice lacking pericytic IL-33 were glucose intolerant due to impaired insulin secretion. Selective loss of pericytic IL-33 was further associated with reduced T and dendritic cell numbers in the islets and lower retinoic acid production by islet macrophages. Discussion Our study demonstrates the importance of local, pericytic IL-33 production for glucose regulation. Additionally, it proposes that pericytes regulate islet immune cells to support β-cell function in an IL-33-dependent manner. Our study reveals an intricate cellular network within the islet niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Sicard P, Falco A, Faure S, Thireau J, Lindsey SE, Chauvet N, de Santa Barbara P. High-resolution ultrasound and speckle tracking: a non-invasive approach to assess in vivo gastrointestinal motility during development. Development 2022; 149:dev200625. [PMID: 35912573 PMCID: PMC10655954 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motor activity has been extensively studied in adults; however, only few studies have investigated fetal motor skills. It is unknown when the gastrointestinal tract starts to contract during the embryonic period and how this function evolves during development. Here, we adapted a non-invasive high-resolution echography technique combined with speckle tracking analysis to examine the gastrointestinal tract motor activity dynamics during chick embryo development. We provided the first recordings of fetal gastrointestinal motility in living embryos without anesthesia. We found that, although gastrointestinal contractions appear very early during development, they become synchronized only at the end of the fetal period. To validate this approach, we used various pharmacological inhibitors and BAPX1 gene overexpression in vivo. We found that the enteric nervous system determines the onset of the synchronized contractions in the stomach. Moreover, alteration of smooth muscle fiber organization led to an impairment of this functional activity. Altogether, our findings show that non-invasive high-resolution echography and speckle tracking analysis allows visualization and quantification of gastrointestinal motility during development and highlight the progressive acquisition of functional and coordinated gastrointestinal motility before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
- IPAM, Biocampus Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Falco
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Faure
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Jérome Thireau
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie E. Lindsey
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Norbert Chauvet
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
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9
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Cotton JL, Dang K, Hu L, Sun Y, Singh A, Rajurkar MS, Li Q, Wu X, Mao J. PTEN and LKB1 are differentially required in Gli1-expressing mesenchymal cells to suppress gastrointestinal polyposis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111125. [PMID: 35858546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN and LKB1 are intimately associated with gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. Mutations of PTEN or LKB1 lead to Cowden syndrome and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome characterized by development of gastrointestinal polyps. However, the cells of origin of these polyps and underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we reveal that PTEN or LKB1 deficiency in Gli1+ gut mesenchymal cells, but not intestinal epithelium, drives polyp formation histologically resembling polyposis in human patients. Mechanistically, although PTEN and LKB1 converge to regulate mTOR/AKT signaling in various tumor contexts, we find that mTOR is essential for PTEN-deletion-induced polyp formation but is largely dispensable for polyposis induced by mesenchymal LKB1 deficiency. Altogether, our studies identify Gli1-expressing mesenchymal cells as a common cell of origin for polyposis associated with PTEN and LKB1 and reveal their engagement of different downstream pathways in gut mesenchyme to suppress gastrointestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cotton
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kyvan Dang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lu Hu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mihir S Rajurkar
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Xu Wu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Junhao Mao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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10
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Glorieux L, Sapala A, Willnow D, Moulis M, Salowka A, Darrigrand JF, Edri S, Schonblum A, Sakhneny L, Schaumann L, Gómez HF, Lang C, Conrad L, Guillemot F, Levenberg S, Landsman L, Iber D, Pierreux CE, Spagnoli FM. Development of a 3D atlas of the embryonic pancreas for topological and quantitative analysis of heterologous cell interactions. Development 2022; 149:274013. [PMID: 35037942 PMCID: PMC8918780 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Generating comprehensive image maps, while preserving spatial three-dimensional (3D) context, is essential in order to locate and assess quantitatively specific cellular features and cell-cell interactions during organ development. Despite recent advances in 3D imaging approaches, our current knowledge of the spatial organization of distinct cell types in the embryonic pancreatic tissue is still largely based on two-dimensional histological sections. Here, we present a light-sheet fluorescence microscopy approach to image the pancreas in three dimensions and map tissue interactions at key time points in the mouse embryo. We demonstrate the utility of the approach by providing volumetric data, 3D distribution of three main cellular components (epithelial, mesenchymal and endothelial cells) within the developing pancreas, and quantification of their relative cellular abundance within the tissue. Interestingly, our 3D images show that endocrine cells are constantly and increasingly in contact with endothelial cells forming small vessels, whereas the interactions with mesenchymal cells decrease over time. These findings suggest distinct cell-cell interaction requirements for early endocrine cell specification and late differentiation. Lastly, we combine our image data in an open-source online repository (referred to as the Pancreas Embryonic Cell Atlas). Summary: A light-sheet fluorescence microscopy approach is used for 3D imaging of the pancreas and to quantitatively map its interactions with surrounding tissues at key development time points in the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Glorieux
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Woluwe 1200, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Sapala
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - David Willnow
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Manon Moulis
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Woluwe 1200, Belgium
| | - Anna Salowka
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Darrigrand
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shlomit Edri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Anat Schonblum
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lina Sakhneny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Laura Schaumann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Harold F Gómez
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Christine Lang
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Conrad
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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11
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Sakhneny L, Mueller L, Schonblum A, Azaria S, Burganova G, Epshtein A, Isaacson A, Wilson H, Spagnoli FM, Landsman L. The postnatal pancreatic microenvironment guides β cell maturation through BMP4 production. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2703-2711.e5. [PMID: 34499867 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis depends on regulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, which acquire their mature phenotype postnatally. The functional maturation of β cells is regulated by a combination of cell-autonomous and exogenous factors; the identity of the latter is mostly unknown. Here, we identify BMP4 as a critical component through which the pancreatic microenvironment regulates β cell function. By combining transgenic mouse models and human iPSCs, we show that BMP4 promotes the expression of core β cell genes and is required for proper insulin production and secretion. We identified pericytes as the primary pancreatic source of BMP4, which start producing this ligand midway through the postnatal period, at the age β cells mature. Overall, our findings show that the islet niche directly promotes β cell functional maturation through the timely production of BMP4. Our study highlights the need to recapitulate the physiological postnatal islet niche for generating fully functional stem-cell-derived β cells for cell replacement therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sakhneny
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Laura Mueller
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anat Schonblum
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Sivan Azaria
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guzel Burganova
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alona Epshtein
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Abigail Isaacson
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Heather Wilson
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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12
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Transient Transgenics: An Efficient Method to Identify Gene Regulatory Elements. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34331250 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1480-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
We describe a novel, efficient method to identify cis-acting DNA sequences that drive cell-specific gene expression during development. We utilize transfer of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) genomic DNAs, modified to contain a reporter gene, into fertilized mouse embryos and placing the injected embryos into pseudopregnant recipient females. The embryos are allowed to develop in utero for defined times after which they are collected for analysis. Using DNAs containing the LacZ reporter gene facilitates the analysis of gene activity through microscopy of intact embryos and subsequent sectioning of the stained embryos. With this technique cis-element activity can be identified and evaluated through further mutational analysis of the injected BAC DNA. This allows the identification of important gene regulatory domains that specify stage-specific gene expression in the developing embryo.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE Knowledge of gastric epithelial homeostasis remains incomplete, lacking human-specific models for study. This study establishes a protocol for deriving gastric epithelial organoids from paediatric gastric biopsies, providing a platform for modelling disease and developing translational therapies. METHODS Full-thickness surgical samples and endoscopic mucosal biopsies were obtained from six patients. Gastric glands were isolated by a chemical chelation protocol and then plated in 3D culture in Matrigel® droplets in chemically defined medium. After formation, organoids were passaged by single cell dissociation or manual disaggregation. Cell composition and epithelial polarity of organoids were assessed by bright field microscopy and immunofluorescence analysis, comparing them to native paediatric gastric tissue. RESULTS Gastric glands were successfully isolated from all six patients who were aged 4 months to 16 years. Gastric glands from all patients sealed to form spherical gastric organoids. These organoids could be passaged by manual disaggregation or single cell dissociation, remaining proliferative up to 1 year in culture. Organoids retained normal epithelial cell polarity, with the apical surface orientated towards the central lumen. Organoids expressed markers of mature gastric epithelial cell types, except for parietal cells. CONCLUSION Gastric organoids can be reliably generated from paediatric biopsies and are a representative in vitro model for studying gastric epithelium.
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14
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Cozzitorto C, Mueller L, Ruzittu S, Mah N, Willnow D, Darrigrand JF, Wilson H, Khosravinia D, Mahmoud AA, Risolino M, Selleri L, Spagnoli FM. A Specialized Niche in the Pancreatic Microenvironment Promotes Endocrine Differentiation. Dev Cell 2020; 55:150-162.e6. [PMID: 32857951 PMCID: PMC7720791 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between pancreatic epithelium and the surrounding microenvironment is pivotal for pancreas formation and differentiation as well as adult organ homeostasis. The mesenchyme is the main component of the embryonic pancreatic microenvironment, yet its cellular identity is broadly defined, and whether it comprises functionally distinct cell subsets is not known. Using genetic lineage tracing, transcriptome, and functional studies, we identified mesenchymal populations with different roles during pancreatic development. Moreover, we showed that Pbx transcription factors act within the mouse pancreatic mesenchyme to define a pro-endocrine specialized niche. Pbx directs differentiation of endocrine progenitors into insulin- and glucagon-positive cells through non-cell-autonomous regulation of ECM-integrin interactions and soluble molecules. Next, we measured functional conservation between mouse and human pancreatic mesenchyme by testing identified mesenchymal factors in an iPSC-based differentiation model. Our findings provide insights into how lineage-specific crosstalk between epithelium and neighboring mesenchymal cells underpin the generation of different pancreatic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Cozzitorto
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology & Department of Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura Mueller
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia Ruzittu
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nancy Mah
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Darrigrand
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Heather Wilson
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Khosravinia
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Amir-Ala Mahmoud
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maurizio Risolino
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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15
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Rao-Bhatia A, Zhu M, Yin WC, Coquenlorge S, Zhang X, Woo J, Sun Y, Dean CH, Liu A, Hui CC, Shivdasani RA, McNeill H, Hopyan S, Kim TH. Hedgehog-Activated Fat4 and PCP Pathways Mediate Mesenchymal Cell Clustering and Villus Formation in Gut Development. Dev Cell 2020; 52:647-658.e6. [PMID: 32155439 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During development, intestinal epithelia undergo dramatic morphogenesis mediated by mesenchymal signaling to form villi, which are required for efficient nutrient absorption and host defense. Although both smooth-muscle-induced physical forces and mesenchymal cell clustering beneath emerging villi are implicated in epithelial folding, the underlying cellular mechanisms are unclear. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling can mediate both processes. We therefore analyzed its direct targetome and revealed GLI2 transcriptional activation of atypical cadherin and planar cell polarity (PCP) genes. By examining Fat4 and Dchs1 knockout mice, we demonstrate their critical roles in villus formation. Analyses of PCP-mutant mice and genetic interaction studies show that the Fat4-Dchs1 axis acts in parallel to the core-Vangl2 PCP axis to control mesenchymal cell clustering. Moreover, live light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and cultured PDGFRα+ cells reveal a requirement for PCP in their oriented cell migration guided by WNT5A. Therefore, mesenchymal PCP induced by Hh signaling drives cell clustering and subsequent epithelial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abilasha Rao-Bhatia
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Min Zhu
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Wen-Chi Yin
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sabrina Coquenlorge
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Janghee Woo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Centers for Cellular Dynamics and Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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16
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Hammerle CM, Sandovici I, Brierley GV, Smith NM, Zimmer WE, Zvetkova I, Prosser HM, Sekita Y, Lam BYH, Ma M, Cooper WN, Vidal-Puig A, Ozanne SE, Medina-Gómez G, Constância M. Mesenchyme-derived IGF2 is a major paracrine regulator of pancreatic growth and function. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009069. [PMID: 33057429 PMCID: PMC7678979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms that determine the size of the adult pancreas are poorly understood. Imprinted genes, which are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, are known to have important roles in development, growth and metabolism. However, our knowledge regarding their roles in the control of pancreatic growth and function remains limited. Here we show that many imprinted genes are highly expressed in pancreatic mesenchyme-derived cells and explore the role of the paternally-expressed insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene in mesenchymal and epithelial pancreatic lineages using a newly developed conditional Igf2 mouse model. Mesenchyme-specific Igf2 deletion results in acinar and beta-cell hypoplasia, postnatal whole-body growth restriction and maternal glucose intolerance during pregnancy, suggesting that the mesenchyme is a developmental reservoir of IGF2 used for paracrine signalling. The unique actions of mesenchymal IGF2 are demonstrated by the absence of any discernible growth or functional phenotypes upon Igf2 deletion in the developing pancreatic epithelium. Additionally, increased IGF2 levels specifically in the mesenchyme, through conditional Igf2 loss-of-imprinting or Igf2r deletion, leads to pancreatic acinar overgrowth. Furthermore, ex-vivo exposure of primary acinar cells to exogenous IGF2 activates AKT, a key signalling node, and increases their number and amylase production. Based on these findings, we propose that mesenchymal Igf2, and perhaps other imprinted genes, are key developmental regulators of adult pancreas size and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze M. Hammerle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ionel Sandovici
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma V. Brierley
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola M. Smith
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Warren E. Zimmer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Haydn M. Prosser
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Yoichi Sekita
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Y. H. Lam
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Ma
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy N. Cooper
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922-Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Constância
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Ten Kate CA, Brouwer RWW, van Bever Y, Martens VK, Brands T, van Beelen NWG, Brooks AS, Huigh D, van der Helm RM, Eussen BHFMM, van IJcken WFJ, IJsselstijn H, Tibboel D, Wijnen RMH, de Klein A, Hofstra RMW, Brosens E. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in patients with esophageal atresia. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:670-687. [PMID: 32298054 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients born with esophageal atresia (EA) have a higher incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS), suggestive of a relationship. A shared etiology makes sense from a developmental perspective as both affected structures are foregut derived. A genetic component has been described for both conditions as single entities and EA and IHPS are variable components in several monogenetic syndromes. We hypothesized that defects disturbing foregut morphogenesis are responsible for this combination of malformations. METHODS We investigated the genetic variation of 15 patients with both EA and IHPS with unaffected parents using exome sequencing and SNP array-based genotyping, and compared the results to mouse transcriptome data of the developing foregut. RESULTS We did not identify putatively deleterious de novo mutations or recessive variants. However, we detected rare inherited variants in EA or IHPS disease genes or in genes important in foregut morphogenesis, expressed at the proper developmental time-points. Two pathways were significantly enriched (p < 1 × 10-5 ): proliferation and differentiation of smooth muscle cells and self-renewal of satellite cells. CONCLUSIONS None of our findings could fully explain the combination of abnormalities on its own, which makes complex inheritance the most plausible genetic explanation, most likely in combination with mechanical and/or environmental factors. As we did not find one defining monogenetic cause for the EA/IHPS phenotype, the impact of the corrective surgery could should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Ten Kate
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande van Bever
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera K Martens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Brands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole W G van Beelen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Huigh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M van der Helm
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert H F M M Eussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hanneke IJsselstijn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene M H Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Sufu- and Spop-mediated downregulation of Hedgehog signaling promotes beta cell differentiation through organ-specific niche signals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4647. [PMID: 31604927 PMCID: PMC6789033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived beta cells offer a promising cell-based therapy for diabetes. However, efficient stem cell to beta cell differentiation has proven difficult, possibly due to the lack of cross-talk with the appropriate mesenchymal niche. To define organ-specific niche signals, we isolated pancreatic and gastrointestinal stromal cells, and analyzed their gene expression during development. Our genetic studies reveal the importance of tightly regulated Hedgehog signaling in the pancreatic mesenchyme: inactivation of mesenchymal signaling leads to annular pancreas, whereas stroma-specific activation of signaling via loss of Hedgehog regulators, Sufu and Spop, impairs pancreatic growth and beta cell genesis. Genetic rescue and transcriptome analyses show that these Sufu and Spop knockout defects occur through Gli2-mediated activation of gastrointestinal stromal signals such as Wnt ligands. Importantly, inhibition of Wnt signaling in organoid and human stem cell cultures significantly promotes insulin-producing cell generation, altogether revealing the requirement for organ-specific regulation of stromal niche signals.
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19
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Sakhneny L, Khalifa-Malka L, Landsman L. Pancreas organogenesis: Approaches to elucidate the role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 92:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Coquenlorge S, Yin WC, Yung T, Pan J, Zhang X, Mo R, Belik J, Hui CC, Kim TH. GLI2 Modulated by SUFU and SPOP Induces Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Signals in Development and Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3006-3018.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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21
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Pancreatic pericytes originate from the embryonic pancreatic mesenchyme. Dev Biol 2019; 449:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Byrnes KG, McDermott K, Coffey JC. Development of mesenteric tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 92:55-62. [PMID: 30347243 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesothelial, neurovascular, lymphatic, adipose and mesenchymal tissues make up the mesentery. These tissues are pathobiologically important for numerous reasons. Collectively, they form a continuous, discrete and substantive organ. Additionally, they maintain abdominal digestive organs in position and in continuity with other systems. Furthermore, as they occupy a central position, they mediate transmission of signals between the abdominal digestive system and the remainder of the body. Despite this physiologic centrality, mesenteric tissue development has received little investigatory focus. However, recent advances in our understanding of anatomy demonstrate continuity between all mesenteric tissues, thereby linking previously unrelated studies. In this review, we examine the development of mesenteric tissue in normality and in the setting of congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gerard Byrnes
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran McDermott
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Calvin Coffey
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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23
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Abstract
Chronic injury and inflammation in the esophagus can cause a change in cellular differentiation known as metaplasia. Most commonly, the differentiation changes manifest as Barrett's esophagus (BE), characterized by the normal stratified squamous epithelium converting into a cuboidal-columnar, glandular morphology. BE cells can phenotypically resemble specific normal cell types of the stomach or intestine, or they can have overlapping phenotypes in disorganized admixtures. The stomach can also undergo metaplasia characterized by aberrant gastric or intestinal differentiation patterns. In both organs, it has been argued that metaplasia may represent a recapitulation of the embryonic or juvenile gastrointestinal tract, as cells access a developmental progenitor genetic program that can help repair damaged tissue. Here, we review the normal development of esophagus and stomach, and describe how BE represents an intermixing of cells resembling gastric pseudopyloric (SPEM) and intestinal metaplasia. We discuss a cellular process recently termed "paligenosis" that governs how mature, differentiated cells can revert to a proliferating progenitor state in metaplasia. We discuss the "Cyclical Hit" theory in which paligenosis might be involved in the increased risk of metaplasia for progression to cancer. However, somatic mutations might occur in proliferative phases and then be warehoused upon redifferentiation. Through years of chronic injury and many rounds of paligenosis and dedifferentiation, eventually a cell with a mutation that prevents dedifferentiation may arise and clonally expand fueling stable metaplasia and potentially thereafter acquiring additional mutations and progressing to dysplasia and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon U Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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24
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Huang M, He H, Belenkaya T, Lin X. Multiple roles of epithelial heparan sulfate in stomach morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.210781. [PMID: 29700203 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been shown to regulate various developmental processes. However, the function of heparan sulfate (HS) during the development of mammalian stomach has not been characterized yet. Here, we investigate the role of epithelial HS in embryonic stomach by examining mice deficient in the glycosyltransferase gene Ext1 We show that HS exhibits a specific and dynamic expression pattern in mouse embryonic stomach. Depletion of the epithelial HS leads to stomach hypoplasia, with phenotypic differences in the gastric mucosa between the forestomach and hindstomach. In the posterior stomach, HS depletion disrupts glandular stomach patterning and cytodifferentiation via attenuation of Fgf signaling activity. Inhibition of Fgf signaling in vitro recapitulates the patterning defect. Ligand and carbohydrate engagement assay (LACE) reveals a diminished assembly of Fgf10 and Fgfr2b in the mutant. In the anterior stomach, loss of epithelial HS leads to stratification and differentiation defects of the multilayered squamous epithelium, along with reduced Hh and Bmp signaling activity. Our data demonstrate that epithelial HS plays multiple roles in regulating mammalian stomach morphogenesis in a regional-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tatyana Belenkaya
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China .,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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25
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Thompson CA, DeLaForest A, Battle MA. Patterning the gastrointestinal epithelium to confer regional-specific functions. Dev Biol 2018; 435:97-108. [PMID: 29339095 PMCID: PMC6615902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in simplest terms, can be described as an epithelial-lined muscular tube extending along the cephalocaudal axis from the oral cavity to the anus. Although the general architecture of the GI tract organs is conserved from end to end, the presence of different epithelial tissue structures and unique epithelial cell types within each organ enables each to perform the distinct digestive functions required for efficient nutrient assimilation. Spatiotemporal regulation of signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors controls GI epithelial morphogenesis during development to confer essential regional-specific epithelial structures and functions. Here, we discuss the fundamental functions of each GI tract organ and summarize the diversity of epithelial structures present along the cephalocaudal axis of the GI tract. Next, we discuss findings, primarily from genetic mouse models, that have defined the roles of key transcription factors during epithelial morphogenesis, including p63, SOX2, SOX15, GATA4, GATA6, HNF4A, and HNF4G. Additionally, we examine how the Hedgehog, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways contribute to defining unique epithelial features along the cephalocaudal axis of the GI tract. Lastly, we examine the molecular mechanisms controlling regionalized cytodifferentiation of organ-specific epithelial cell types within the GI tract, concentrating on the stomach and small intestine. The delineation of GI epithelial patterning mechanisms in mice has provided fundamental knowledge to guide the development and refinement of three-dimensional GI organotypic culture models such as those derived from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and those derived directly from human tissue samples. Continued examination of these pathways will undoubtedly provide vital insights into the mechanisms of GI development and disease and may afford new avenues for innovative tissue engineering and personalized medicine approaches to treating GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ann DeLaForest
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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26
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Sakhneny L, Rachi E, Epshtein A, Guez HC, Wald-Altman S, Lisnyansky M, Khalifa-Malka L, Hazan A, Baer D, Priel A, Weil M, Landsman L. Pancreatic Pericytes Support β-Cell Function in a Tcf7l2-Dependent Manner. Diabetes 2018; 67:437-447. [PMID: 29246974 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in TCF7L2, a component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, has a strong association with β-cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes through a mechanism that has yet to be defined. β-Cells rely on cells in their microenvironment, including pericytes, for their proper function. Here, we show that Tcf7l2 activity in pancreatic pericytes is required for β-cell function. Transgenic mice in which Tcf7l2 was selectively inactivated in their pancreatic pericytes exhibited impaired glucose tolerance due to compromised β-cell function and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Inactivation of pericytic Tcf7l2 was associated with impaired expression of genes required for β-cell function and maturity in isolated islets. In addition, we identified Tcf7l2-dependent pericytic expression of secreted factors shown to promote β-cell function, including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). Finally, we show that exogenous BMP4 is sufficient to rescue the impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of transgenic mice, pointing to a potential mechanism through which pericytic Tcf7l2 activity affects β-cells. To conclude, we suggest that pancreatic pericytes produce secreted factors, including BMP4, in a Tcf7l2-dependent manner to support β-cell function. Our findings thus propose a potential cellular mechanism through which abnormal TCF7L2 activity predisposes individuals to diabetes and implicates abnormalities in the islet microenvironment in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sakhneny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eleonor Rachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alona Epshtein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Helen C Guez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shane Wald-Altman
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Lisnyansky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laura Khalifa-Malka
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adina Hazan
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daria Baer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avi Priel
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miguel Weil
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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27
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Roost MS, Slieker RC, Bialecka M, van Iperen L, Gomes Fernandes MM, He N, Suchiman HED, Szuhai K, Carlotti F, de Koning EJP, Mummery CL, Heijmans BT, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. DNA methylation and transcriptional trajectories during human development and reprogramming of isogenic pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:908. [PMID: 29030611 PMCID: PMC5640655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining cell identity and maturation status of differentiated pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) requires knowledge of the transcriptional and epigenetic trajectory of organs during development. Here, we generate a transcriptional and DNA methylation atlas covering 21 organs during human fetal development. Analysis of multiple isogenic organ sets shows that organ-specific DNA methylation patterns are highly dynamic between week 9 (W9) and W22 of gestation. We investigate the impact of reprogramming on organ-specific DNA methylation by generating human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from six isogenic organs. All isogenic hiPSCs acquire DNA methylation patterns comparable to existing hPSCs. However, hiPSCs derived from fetal brain retain brain-specific DNA methylation marks that seem sufficient to confer higher propensity to differentiate to neural derivatives. This systematic analysis of human fetal organs during development and associated isogenic hiPSC lines provides insights in the role of DNA methylation in lineage commitment and epigenetic reprogramming in humans.While DNA methylation and gene expression data are widely available for animal models, comprehensive data from human development is rarer. Here, the authors generated transcriptional and DNA methylation data from 21 organs during human development and 6 isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Roost
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Iperen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Gomes Fernandes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nannan He
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Eka D Suchiman
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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28
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YAP/TAZ and Hedgehog Coordinate Growth and Patterning in Gastrointestinal Mesenchyme. Dev Cell 2017; 43:35-47.e4. [PMID: 28943241 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
YAP/TAZ are the major mediators of mammalian Hippo signaling; however, their precise function in the gastrointestinal tract remains poorly understood. Here we dissect the distinct roles of YAP/TAZ in endodermal epithelium and mesenchyme and find that, although dispensable for gastrointestinal epithelial development and homeostasis, YAP/TAZ function as the critical molecular switch to coordinate growth and patterning in gut mesenchyme. Our genetic analyses reveal that Lats1/2 kinases suppress expansion of the primitive mesenchymal progenitors, where YAP activation also prevents induction of the smooth muscle lineage through transcriptional repression of Myocardin. During later development, zone-restricted downregulation of YAP/TAZ provides the positional cue and allows smooth muscle cell differentiation induced by Hedgehog signaling. Taken together, our studies identify the mesenchymal requirement of YAP/TAZ in the gastrointestinal tract and highlight the functional interplays between Hippo and Hedgehog signaling underlying temporal and spatial control of tissue growth and specification in developing gut.
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29
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Epshtein A, Rachi E, Sakhneny L, Mizrachi S, Baer D, Landsman L. Neonatal pancreatic pericytes support β-cell proliferation. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1330-1338. [PMID: 29031732 PMCID: PMC5641631 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The maintenance and expansion of β-cell mass rely on their proliferation, which reaches its peak in the neonatal stage. β-cell proliferation was found to rely on cells of the islet microenvironment. We hypothesized that pericytes, which are components of the islet vasculature, support neonatal β-cell proliferation. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we combined in vivo and in vitro approaches. Briefly, we used a Diphtheria toxin-based transgenic mouse system to specifically deplete neonatal pancreatic pericytes in vivo. We further cultured neonatal pericytes isolated from the neonatal pancreas and combined the use of a β-cell line and primary cultured mouse β-cells. RESULTS Our findings indicate that neonatal pancreatic pericytes are required and sufficient for β-cell proliferation. We observed impaired proliferation of neonatal β-cells upon in vivo depletion of pancreatic pericytes. Furthermore, exposure to pericyte-conditioned medium stimulated proliferation in cultured β-cells. CONCLUSIONS This study introduces pancreatic pericytes as regulators of neonatal β-cell proliferation. In addition to advancing current understanding of the physiological β-cell replication process, these findings could facilitate the development of protocols aimed at expending these cells as a potential cure for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Epshtein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eleonor Rachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lina Sakhneny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Mizrachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daria Baer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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30
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Tachmazidou I, Süveges D, Min JL, Ritchie GRS, Steinberg J, Walter K, Iotchkova V, Schwartzentruber J, Huang J, Memari Y, McCarthy S, Crawford AA, Bombieri C, Cocca M, Farmaki AE, Gaunt TR, Jousilahti P, Kooijman MN, Lehne B, Malerba G, Männistö S, Matchan A, Medina-Gomez C, Metrustry SJ, Nag A, Ntalla I, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Sala C, Scott WR, Shihab HA, Southam L, St Pourcain B, Traglia M, Trajanoska K, Zaza G, Zhang W, Artigas MS, Bansal N, Benn M, Chen Z, Danecek P, Lin WY, Locke A, Luan J, Manning AK, Mulas A, Sidore C, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Varbo A, Zoledziewska M, Finan C, Hatzikotoulas K, Hendricks AE, Kemp JP, Moayyeri A, Panoutsopoulou K, Szpak M, Wilson SG, Boehnke M, Cucca F, Di Angelantonio E, Langenberg C, Lindgren C, McCarthy MI, Morris AP, Nordestgaard BG, Scott RA, Tobin MD, Wareham NJ, Burton P, Chambers JC, Smith GD, Dedoussis G, Felix JF, Franco OH, Gambaro G, Gasparini P, Hammond CJ, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Kleber M, Kooner JS, Perola M, Relton C, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Salomaa V, Spector TD, Stegle O, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, Barroso I, Greenwood CMT, Perry JRB, Walker BR, Butterworth AS, Xue Y, Durbin R, Small KS, Soranzo N, Timpson NJ, Zeggini E. Whole-Genome Sequencing Coupled to Imputation Discovers Genetic Signals for Anthropometric Traits. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:865-884. [PMID: 28552196 PMCID: PMC5473732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequence-based imputation can enhance the discovery power of genome-wide association studies by assessing previously unexplored variation across the common- and low-frequency spectra. We applied a hybrid whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and deep imputation approach to examine the broader allelic architecture of 12 anthropometric traits associated with height, body mass, and fat distribution in up to 267,616 individuals. We report 106 genome-wide significant signals that have not been previously identified, including 9 low-frequency variants pointing to functional candidates. Of the 106 signals, 6 are in genomic regions that have not been implicated with related traits before, 28 are independent signals at previously reported regions, and 72 represent previously reported signals for a different anthropometric trait. 71% of signals reside within genes and fine mapping resolves 23 signals to one or two likely causal variants. We confirm genetic overlap between human monogenic and polygenic anthropometric traits and find signal enrichment in cis expression QTLs in relevant tissues. Our results highlight the potential of WGS strategies to enhance biologically relevant discoveries across the frequency spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tachmazidou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dániel Süveges
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Graham R S Ritchie
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Julia Steinberg
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Valentina Iotchkova
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Yasin Memari
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shane McCarthy
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew A Crawford
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Marjolein N Kooijman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Angela Matchan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6500, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Gialuigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - María S Artigas
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Narinder Bansal
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Marianne Benn
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Zhongsheng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Petr Danecek
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Adam Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anette Varbo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Audrey E Hendricks
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Michal Szpak
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Burton
- D2K Research Group, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy; Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia; Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - John R B Perry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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Ouyang S, Zhu G, Ouyang L, Luo Y, Zhou R, Pan C, Bin J, Liao Y, Liao W. Bapx1 mediates transforming growth factor-β- induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes a malignancy phenotype of gastric cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:285-292. [PMID: 28315334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The homeoprotein Bapx1 is an important regulator of gastroduodenal tract morphogenesis. Here, we investigated how Bapx1 influences gastric cancer (GC) prognosis and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Bapx1 expression was greater in GC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues and expression was positively correlated with mortality, lymph node and distance metastasis. Silencing Bapx1 diminished cell invasion/migration and decreased mesenchymal phenotypes. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induced Bapx1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GC cells. However, down-regulated Bapx1 reversed TGF-β induced invasion, migration, morphological changes, and EMT. In summary, Bapx1 indicates poor prognosis for GC by promoting tumor migration and invasion via TGF-β-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Center of Infectious Diseases, PLA 458 Hospital, Guangzhou, 510602, China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yuhao Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Changqie Pan
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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McCracken KW, Wells JM. Mechanisms of embryonic stomach development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:36-42. [PMID: 28238948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stomach is a digestive organ that has important roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. The developmental origin of the stomach is the embryonic foregut, which also gives rise a number of other structures. There are several signaling pathways and transcription factors that are known to regulate stomach development at different stages, including foregut patterning, stomach specification, and gastric regionalization. These developmental events have important implications in later homeostasis and disease in the adult stomach. Here we will review the literature that has shaped our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that coordinate gastric organogenesis. Further we will discuss how developmental paradigms have guided recent efforts to differentiate stomach tissue from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Division of Endocrinology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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33
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Epshtein A, Sakhneny L, Landsman L. Isolating and Analyzing Cells of the Pancreas Mesenchyme by Flow Cytometry. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190046 PMCID: PMC5352303 DOI: 10.3791/55344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is comprised of epithelial cells that are required for food digestion and blood glucose regulation. Cells of the pancreas microenvironment, including endothelial, neuronal, and mesenchymal cells were shown to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation in the embryonic pancreas. In the adult, the function and mass of insulin-producing cells were shown to depend on cells in their microenvironment, including pericyte, immune, endothelial, and neuronal cells. Lastly, changes in the pancreas microenvironment were shown to regulate pancreas tumorigenesis. However, the cues underlying these processes are not fully defined. Therefore, characterizing the different cell types that comprise the pancreas microenvironment and profiling their gene expression are crucial to delineate the tissue development and function under normal and diseased states. Here, we describe a method that allows for the isolation of mesenchymal cells from the pancreas of embryonic, neonatal, and adult mice. This method utilizes the enzymatic digestion of mouse pancreatic tissue and the subsequent fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or flow-cytometric analysis of labeled cells. Cells can be labeled by either immunostaining for surface markers or by the expression of fluorescent proteins. Cell isolation can facilitate the characterization of genes and proteins expressed in cells of the pancreas mesenchyme. This protocol was successful in isolating and culturing highly enriched mesenchymal cell populations from the embryonic, neonatal, and adult mouse pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Epshtein
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University
| | - Lina Sakhneny
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University
| | - Limor Landsman
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University;
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Pancreatic Mesenchyme Regulates Islet Cellular Composition in a Patched/Hedgehog-Dependent Manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38008. [PMID: 27892540 PMCID: PMC5125096 DOI: 10.1038/srep38008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreas development requires restrained Hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation. While deregulated Hh signaling in the pancreatic mesenchyme has been long suggested to be detrimental for proper organogenesis, this association was not directly shown. Here, we analyzed the contribution of mesenchymal Hh signaling to pancreas development. To increase Hh signaling in the pancreatic mesenchyme of mouse embryos, we deleted Patched1 (Ptch1) in these cells. Our findings indicate that deregulated Hh signaling in mesenchymal cells was sufficient to impair pancreas development, affecting both endocrine and exocrine cells. Notably, transgenic embryos displayed disrupted islet cellular composition and morphology, with a reduced β-cell portion. Our results indicate that the cell-specific growth rates of α- and β-cell populations, found during normal development, require regulated mesenchymal Hh signaling. In addition, we detected hyperplasia of mesenchymal cells upon elevated Hh signaling, accompanied by them acquiring smooth-muscle like phenotype. By specifically manipulating mesenchymal cells, our findings provide direct evidence for the non-autonomous roles of the Hh pathway in pancreatic epithelium development. To conclude, we directly show that regulated mesenchymal Hh signaling is required for pancreas organogenesis and establishment of its proper cellular composition.
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35
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Sasson A, Rachi E, Sakhneny L, Baer D, Lisnyansky M, Epshtein A, Landsman L. Islet Pericytes Are Required for β-Cell Maturity. Diabetes 2016; 65:3008-14. [PMID: 27388217 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Cells rely on the islet microenvironment for their functionality and mass. Pericytes, along with endothelial cells, make up the dense islet capillary network. However, although the role of endothelial cells in supporting β-cell homeostasis has been vastly investigated, the role of pericytes remains largely unknown. Here, we focus on contribution of pericytes to β-cell function. To this end, we used a transgenic mouse system that allows diphtheria toxin-based depletion of pericytes. Our results indicate that islets depleted of their pericytes have reduced insulin content and expression. Additionally, isolated islets displayed impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, accompanied by a reduced expression of genes associated with β-cell function. Importantly, reduced levels of the transcription factors MafA and Pdx1 point to β-cell dedifferentiation in the absence of pericytes. Ex vivo depletion of pericytes in isolated islets resulted in a similar impairment of gene expression, implicating their direct, blood flow-independent role in maintaining β-cell maturity. To conclude, our findings suggest that pericytes are pivotal components of the islet niche, which are required for β-cell maturity and functionality. Abnormalities of islet pericytes, as implicated in type 2 diabetes, may therefore contribute to β-cell dysfunction and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Sasson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eleonor Rachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lina Sakhneny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daria Baer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Lisnyansky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alona Epshtein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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36
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Abstract
The stomach, an organ derived from foregut endoderm, secretes acid and enzymes and plays a key role in digestion. During development, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions drive stomach specification, patterning, differentiation and growth through selected signaling pathways and transcription factors. After birth, the gastric epithelium is maintained by the activity of stem cells. Developmental signals are aberrantly activated and stem cell functions are disrupted in gastric cancer and other disorders. Therefore, a better understanding of stomach development and stem cells can inform approaches to treating these conditions. This Review highlights the molecular mechanisms of stomach development and discusses recent findings regarding stomach stem cells and organoid cultures, and their roles in investigating disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
Gastric diseases cause considerable worldwide burden. However, the stomach is still poorly understood in terms of the molecular-cellular processes that govern its development and homeostasis. In particular, the complex relationship between the differentiated cell types located within the stomach and the stem and progenitor cells that give rise to them is significantly understudied relative to other organs. In this review, we will highlight the current state of the literature relating to specification of gastric cell lineages from embryogenesis to adulthood. Special emphasis is placed on substantial gaps in knowledge about stomach specification that we think should be tackled to advance the field. For example, it has long been assumed that adult gastric units have a granule-free stem cell that gives rise to all differentiated lineages. Here we will point out that there are also other models that fit all extant data, such as long-lived lineage-committed progenitors that might serve as a source of new cells during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G. Willet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jason C. Mills, MD, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8124, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 362-7487.Washington University School of MedicineBox 8124, 660 South Euclid AvenueSt. LouisMissouri 63110
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Dynamic Proteomic Analysis of Pancreatic Mesenchyme Reveals Novel Factors That Enhance Human Embryonic Stem Cell to Pancreatic Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:6183562. [PMID: 26681951 PMCID: PMC4670689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6183562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) to pancreatic beta cell differentiation have largely been based on knowledge gained from developmental studies of the epithelial pancreas, while the potential roles of other supporting tissue compartments have not been fully explored. One such tissue is the pancreatic mesenchyme that supports epithelial organogenesis throughout embryogenesis. We hypothesized that detailed characterization of the pancreatic mesenchyme might result in the identification of novel factors not used in current differentiation protocols. Supplementing existing hESC differentiation conditions with such factors might create a more comprehensive simulation of normal development in cell culture. To validate our hypothesis, we took advantage of a novel transgenic mouse model to isolate the pancreatic mesenchyme at distinct embryonic and postnatal stages for subsequent proteomic analysis. Refined sample preparation and analysis conditions across four embryonic and prenatal time points resulted in the identification of 21,498 peptides with high-confidence mapping to 1,502 proteins. Expression analysis of pancreata confirmed the presence of three potentially important factors in cell differentiation: Galectin-1 (LGALS1), Neuroplastin (NPTN), and the Laminin α-2 subunit (LAMA2). Two of the three factors (LGALS1 and LAMA2) increased expression of pancreatic progenitor transcript levels in a published hESC to beta cell differentiation protocol. In addition, LAMA2 partially blocks cell culture induced beta cell dedifferentiation. Summarily, we provide evidence that proteomic analysis of supporting tissues such as the pancreatic mesenchyme allows for the identification of potentially important factors guiding hESC to pancreas differentiation.
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39
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Noguchi TAK, Ninomiya N, Sekine M, Komazaki S, Wang PC, Asashima M, Kurisaki A. Generation of stomach tissue from mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:984-93. [PMID: 26192439 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Successful pluripotent stem cell differentiation methods have been developed for several endoderm-derived cells, including hepatocytes, β-cells and intestinal cells. However, stomach lineage commitment from pluripotent stem cells has remained a challenge, and only antrum specification has been demonstrated. We established a method for stomach differentiation from embryonic stem cells by inducing mesenchymal Barx1, an essential gene for in vivo stomach specification from gut endoderm. Barx1-inducing culture conditions generated stomach primordium-like spheroids, which differentiated into mature stomach tissue cells in both the corpus and antrum by three-dimensional culture. This embryonic stem cell-derived stomach tissue (e-ST) shared a similar gene expression profile with adult stomach, and secreted pepsinogen as well as gastric acid. Furthermore, TGFA overexpression in e-ST caused hypertrophic mucus and gastric anacidity, which mimicked Ménétrier disease in vitro. Thus, in vitro stomach tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells mimics in vivo development and can be used for stomach disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-aki K Noguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naoto Ninomiya
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Mari Sekine
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Komazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Pi-Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Makoto Asashima
- 1] Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan [2] Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, The University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Kurisaki
- 1] Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan [2] Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
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40
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Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during digestive tract development and epithelial stem cell regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3883-96. [PMID: 26126787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract develops from a simple and uniform tube into a complex organ with specific differentiation patterns along the anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes of asymmetry. It is derived from all three germ layers and their cross-talk is important for the regulated development of fetal and adult gastrointestinal structures and organs. Signals from the adjacent mesoderm are essential for the morphogenesis of the overlying epithelium. These mesenchymal-epithelial interactions govern the development and regionalization of the different gastrointestinal epithelia and involve most of the key morphogens and signaling pathways, such as the Hedgehog, BMPs, Notch, WNT, HOX, SOX and FOXF cascades. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying mesenchyme differentiation into smooth muscle cells influence the regionalization of the gastrointestinal epithelium through interactions with the enteric nervous system. In the neonatal and adult gastrointestinal tract, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions are essential for the maintenance of the epithelial regionalization and digestive epithelial homeostasis. Disruption of these interactions is also associated with bowel dysfunction potentially leading to epithelial tumor development. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions observed during digestive epithelium development and differentiation and also during epithelial stem cell regeneration.
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Control of stomach smooth muscle development and intestinal rotation by transcription factor BARX1. Dev Biol 2015; 405:21-32. [PMID: 26057579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diverse functions of the homeodomain transcription factor BARX1 include Wnt-dependent, non-cell autonomous specification of the stomach epithelium, tracheo-bronchial septation, and Wnt-independent expansion of the spleen primordium. Tight spatio-temporal regulation of Barx1 levels in the mesentery and stomach mesenchyme suggests additional roles. To determine these functions, we forced constitutive BARX1 expression in the Bapx1 expression domain, which includes the mesentery and intestinal mesenchyme, and also examined Barx1(-/)(-) embryos in further detail. Transgenic embryos invariably showed intestinal truncation and malrotation, in part reflecting abnormal left-right patterning. Ectopic BARX1 expression did not affect intestinal epithelium, but intestinal smooth muscle developed with features typical of the stomach wall. BARX1, which is normally restricted to the developing stomach, drives robust smooth muscle expansion in this organ by promoting proliferation of myogenic progenitors at the expense of other sub-epithelial cells. Undifferentiated embryonic stomach and intestinal mesenchyme showed modest differences in mRNA expression and BARX1 was sufficient to induce much of the stomach profile in intestinal cells. However, limited binding at cis-regulatory sites implies that BARX1 may act principally through other transcription factors. Genes expressed ectopically in BARX1(+) intestinal mesenchyme and reduced in Barx1(-/-) stomach mesenchyme include Isl1, Pitx1, Six2 and Pitx2, transcription factors known to control left-right patterning and influence smooth muscle development. The sum of evidence suggests that potent BARX1 functions in intestinal rotation and stomach myogenesis occur through this small group of intermediary transcription factors.
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Faure S, McKey J, Sagnol S, de Santa Barbara P. Enteric neural crest cells regulate vertebrate stomach patterning and differentiation. Development 2015; 142:331-42. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.118422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the digestive tract develops from a uniform structure where reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions pattern this complex organ into regions with specific morphologies and functions. Concomitant with these early patterning events, the primitive GI tract is colonized by the vagal enteric neural crest cells (vENCCs), a population of cells that will give rise to the enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the GI tract. The influence of vENCCs on early patterning and differentiation of the GI tract has never been evaluated. In this study, we report that a crucial number of vENCCs is required for proper chick stomach development, patterning and differentiation. We show that reducing the number of vENCCs by performing vENCC ablations induces sustained activation of the BMP and Notch pathways in the stomach mesenchyme and impairs smooth muscle development. A reduction in vENCCs also leads to the transdifferentiation of the stomach into a stomach-intestinal mixed phenotype. In addition, sustained Notch signaling activity in the stomach mesenchyme phenocopies the defects observed in vENCC-ablated stomachs, indicating that inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway is essential for stomach patterning and differentiation. Finally, we report that a crucial number of vENCCs is also required for maintenance of stomach identity and differentiation through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway. Altogether, our data reveal that, through the regulation of mesenchyme identity, vENCCs act as a new mediator in the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions that control stomach development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Faure
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Jennifer McKey
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Sébastien Sagnol
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34295, France
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Chatterjee S, Sivakamasundari V, Yap SP, Kraus P, Kumar V, Xing X, Lim SL, Sng J, Prabhakar S, Lufkin T. In vivo genome-wide analysis of multiple tissues identifies gene regulatory networks, novel functions and downstream regulatory genes for Bapx1 and its co-regulation with Sox9 in the mammalian vertebral column. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1072. [PMID: 25480362 PMCID: PMC4302147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vertebrate organogenesis is a highly complex process involving sequential cascades of transcription factor activation or repression. Interestingly a single developmental control gene can occasionally be essential for the morphogenesis and differentiation of tissues and organs arising from vastly disparate embryological lineages. Results Here we elucidated the role of the mammalian homeobox gene Bapx1 during the embryogenesis of five distinct organs at E12.5 - vertebral column, spleen, gut, forelimb and hindlimb - using expression profiling of sorted wildtype and mutant cells combined with genome wide binding site analysis. Furthermore we analyzed the development of the vertebral column at the molecular level by combining transcriptional profiling and genome wide binding data for Bapx1 with similarly generated data sets for Sox9 to assemble a detailed gene regulatory network revealing genes previously not reported to be controlled by either of these two transcription factors. Conclusions The gene regulatory network appears to control cell fate decisions and morphogenesis in the vertebral column along with the prevention of premature chondrocyte differentiation thus providing a detailed molecular view of vertebral column development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1072) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Lufkin
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids. Nature 2014; 516:400-4. [PMID: 25363776 PMCID: PMC4270898 DOI: 10.1038/nature13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric diseases, including peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, affect 10% of the world’s population and are largely due to chronic H. pylori infection1–3. Species differences in embryonic development and architecture of the adult stomach make animal models suboptimal for studying human stomach organogenesis and pathogenesis4, and there is no experimental model of normal human gastric mucosa. Here we report the de novo generation of three-dimensional human gastric tissue in vitro through the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We identified that temporal manipulation of the FGF, WNT, BMP, retinoic acid and EGF signaling pathways and three-dimensional growth are sufficient to generate human gastric organoids (hGOs). Developing hGOs progressed through molecular and morphogenetic stages that were nearly identical to the developing antrum of the mouse stomach. Organoids formed primitive gastric gland- and pit-like domains, proliferative zones containing LGR5-expressing cells, surface and antral mucous cells, and a diversity of gastric endocrine cells. We used hGO cultures to identify novel signaling mechanisms that regulate early endoderm patterning and gastric endocrine cell differentiation upstream of the transcription factor NEUROG3. Using hGOs to model pathogenesis of human disease, we found that H. pylori infection resulted in rapid association of the virulence factor CagA with the c-Met receptor, activation of signaling and induction of epithelial proliferation. Together, these studies describe a novel and robust in vitro system for elucidating the mechanisms underlying human stomach development and disease.
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Abstract
Transcription factor, Nkx3.2, is a member of the NK family of developmental genes and is expressed during embryogenesis in a variety of mammalian model organisms, including chicken and mouse. It was first identified in Drosophila as the Bagpipe (bap) gene, where it has been demonstrated to be essential during formation of the midgut musculature. However, mammalian homolog Nkx3.2 has been shown to play a significant role in axial and limb skeletogenesis; in particular, the human skeletal disease, spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD), is associated with mutations of the Nkx3.2 gene. In this review, we highlight the role of Nkx3.2 during musculoskeletal development, with an emphasis on the factor's role in determining chondrogenic cell fate and its subsequent role in endochondral ossification and chondrocyte survival.
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Li Y, Pan J, Wei C, Chen J, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Evans SM, Cui Y, Cui S. LIM homeodomain transcription factor Isl1 directs normal pyloric development by targeting Gata3. BMC Biol 2014; 12:25. [PMID: 24674670 PMCID: PMC4021819 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormalities in pyloric development or in contractile function of the pylorus cause reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach and increase the risk of gastric metaplasia and cancer. Abnormalities of the pyloric region are also linked to congenital defects such as the relatively common neonatal hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, and primary duodenogastric reflux. Therefore, understanding pyloric development is of great clinical relevance. Here, we investigated the role of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Isl1 in pyloric development. Results Examination of Isl1 expression in developing mouse stomach by immunohistochemistry, whole mount in situ hybridization and real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that Isl1 is highly expressed in developing mouse stomach, principally in the smooth muscle layer of the pylorus. Isl1 expression was also examined by immunofluorescence in human hypertrophic pyloric stenosis where the majority of smooth muscle cells were found to express Isl1. Isl1 function in embryonic stomach development was investigated utilizing a tamoxifen-inducible Isl1 knockout mouse model. Isl1 deficiency led to nearly complete absence of the pyloric outer longitudinal muscle layer at embryonic day 18.5, which is consistent with Gata3 null mouse phenotype. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that Isl1 ensures normal pyloric development by directly targeting Gata3. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the Isl1-Gata3 transcription regulatory axis is essential for normal pyloric development. These findings are highly clinically relevant and may help to better understand pathways leading to pyloric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Annunziata R, Perillo M, Andrikou C, Cole AG, Martinez P, Arnone MI. Pattern and process during sea urchin gut morphogenesis: the regulatory landscape. Genesis 2014; 52:251-68. [PMID: 24376127 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of the endoderm is a multistage process. From the initial specification of the endodermal domain in the embryo to the final regionalization of the gut, there are multiple stages that require the involvement of complex gene regulatory networks. In one concrete case, the sea urchin embryo, some of these stages and their genetic control are (relatively) well understood. Several studies have underscored the relevance of individual transcription factor activities in the process, but very few have focused the attention on gene interactions within specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Sea urchins offer an ideal system to study the different factors involved in the morphogenesis of the gut. Here we review the knowledge gained over the last 10 years on the process and its regulation, from the early specification of endodermal lineages to the late events linked to the patterning of functional domains in the gut. A lesson of remarkable importance has been learnt from comparison of the mechanisms involved in gut formation in different bilaterian animals; some of these genetic mechanisms are particularly well conserved. Patterning the gut seems to involve common molecular players and shared interactions, whether we look at mammals or echinoderms. This astounding degree of conservation reveals some key aspects of deep homology that are most probably shared by all bilaterian guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Annunziata
- Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
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Udager AM, Prakash A, Saenz DA, Schinke M, Moriguchi T, Jay PY, Lim KC, Engel JD, Gumucio DL. Proper development of the outer longitudinal smooth muscle of the mouse pylorus requires Nkx2-5 and Gata3. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:157-165.e10. [PMID: 24120474 PMCID: PMC3889663 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a common birth anomaly characterized by obstruction of the pyloric lumen. A genome-wide association study implicated NKX2-5, which encodes a transcription factor that is expressed in embryonic heart and pylorus, in the pathogenesis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. However, the function of the NKX2-5 in pyloric smooth muscle development has not been examined directly. We investigated the pattern of Nkx2-5 during the course of murine pyloric sphincter development and examined coexpression of Nkx2-5 with Gata3 and Sox9-other transcription factors with pyloric-specific mesenchymal expression. We also assessed pyloric sphincter development in mice with disruption of Nkx2-5 or Gata3. METHODS We used immunofluorescence analysis to compare levels of NKX2-5, GATA3, and SOX9 in different regions of smooth muscle cells. Pyloric development was assessed in mice with conditional or germline deletion of Nkx2-5 or Gata3, respectively. RESULTS Gata3, Nkx2-5, and Sox9 are coexpressed in differentiating smooth muscle cells of a distinct fascicle of the pyloric outer longitudinal muscle. Expansion of this fascicle coincides with development of the pyloric sphincter. Disruption of Nkx2-5 or Gata3 causes severe hypoplasia of this fascicle and alters pyloric muscle shape. Although expression of Sox9 requires Nkx2-5 and Gata3, there is no apparent hierarchical relationship between Nkx2-5 and Gata3 during pyloric outer longitudinal muscle development. CONCLUSIONS Nkx2-5 and Gata3 are independently required for the development of a pyloric outer longitudinal muscle fascicle, which is required for pyloric sphincter morphogenesis in mice. These data indicate that regulatory changes that alter Nkx2-5 or Gata3 expression could contribute to pathogenesis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Udager
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David A. Saenz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Martina Schinke
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2–1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Patrick Y. Jay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Deborah L. Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Faure S, Georges M, McKey J, Sagnol S, de Santa Barbara P. Expression pattern of the homeotic gene Bapx1 during early chick gastrointestinal tract development. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Huang H, Cotton JL, Wang Y, Rajurkar M, Zhu LJ, Lewis BC, Mao J. Specific requirement of Gli transcription factors in Hedgehog-mediated intestinal development. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17589-96. [PMID: 23645682 PMCID: PMC3682558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in multiple aspects of embryonic gut development, including mesenchymal growth and smooth muscle differentiation. The Gli family transcription factors is thought to collectively mediate Hh signaling in mammals. However, the function of different Gli proteins in gut development remains uncharacterized. Here, we genetically dissect the contribution of Gli transcriptional activation and de-repression in intestinal growth and patterning. We find that removal of the Gli3 repressor is dispensable for intestinal development and does not play a major role in Hh-controlled gut development. However, Gli2 activation is able to fully rescue the Smoothened (Smo)-null intestinal phenotype, suggesting that the Gli2 transcription factor is the main effector for Hh signaling in the intestine. To understand further the molecular mechanism underlying Hh/Gli function in the developing gut, we identify a subset of small leucine-rich glycoproteins (SLRPs) that may function downstream of Hh signaling in the mesenchyme. We show that osteoglycin, a SLRP, inhibits Hh-induced differentiation toward the smooth muscle lineage in C3H10T1/2 pluripotent mesenchymal cells. Taken together, our study reveals, for the first time, the distinct roles of Gli proteins in intestine development and suggests SLRPs as novel regulators of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- From the Department of Cancer Biology
- the Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China 410013, and
| | | | - Yang Wang
- the University of Massachusetts MassBiologics, Boston, Massachusetts 02126
| | | | - Lihua J. Zhu
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Brian C. Lewis
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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