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Woo Y, Ma M, Okawa M, Saito T. Hepatocyte Intrinsic Innate Antiviral Immunity against Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection: The Voices of Bona Fide Human Hepatocytes. Viruses 2024; 16:740. [PMID: 38793622 PMCID: PMC11126147 DOI: 10.3390/v16050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of viral infection is attributed to two folds: intrinsic cell death pathway activation due to the viral cytopathic effect, and immune-mediated extrinsic cellular injuries. The immune system, encompassing both innate and adaptive immunity, therefore acts as a double-edged sword in viral infection. Insufficient potency permits pathogens to establish lifelong persistent infection and its consequences, while excessive activation leads to organ damage beyond its mission to control viral pathogens. The innate immune response serves as the front line of defense against viral infection, which is triggered through the recognition of viral products, referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), by host cell pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs-PAMPs interaction results in the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected cells, as well as the secretion of interferons (IFNs), to establish a tissue-wide antiviral state in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Cumulative evidence suggests significant variability in the expression patterns of PRRs, the induction potency of ISGs and IFNs, and the IFN response across different cell types and species. Hence, in our understanding of viral hepatitis pathogenesis, insights gained through hepatoma cell lines or murine-based experimental systems are uncertain in precisely recapitulating the innate antiviral response of genuine human hepatocytes. Accordingly, this review article aims to extract and summarize evidence made possible with bona fide human hepatocytes-based study tools, along with their clinical relevance and implications, as well as to identify the remaining gaps in knowledge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yein Woo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Muyuan Ma
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Masashi Okawa
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- R&D Department, PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York, NY 10006, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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2
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Strnad P, Schrader C, Brunetti-Pierri N. A gene silencing-based approach to tackle fatty liver disease. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101198. [PMID: 38371609 PMCID: PMC10869297 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Schrader
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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3
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Wang X, Moore MP, Shi H, Miyata Y, Donnelly SK, Radiloff DR, Tabas I. Hepatocyte-targeted siTAZ therapy lowers liver fibrosis in NASH diet-fed chimeric mice with hepatocyte-humanized livers. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101165. [PMID: 38144682 PMCID: PMC10746533 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is emerging as the most common cause of liver disease. Although many studies in mouse NASH models have suggested therapies, translation to humans is poor, with no approved drugs for NASH. One explanation may lie in differences between mouse and human hepatocytes. We used NASH diet-fed chimeric mice reconstituted with human hepatocytes (hu-liver mice) to test a mechanism-based hepatocyte-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA), GalNAc-siTaz, shown previously to block the progression to fibrotic NASH in mice. Following ablation of endogenous hepatocytes, male mice were reconstituted with human hepatocytes from a single donor with the rs738409-C/G PNPLA3 risk variant, resulting in ∼95% human hepatocyte reconstitution. The mice were then fed a high-fat choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined diet for 6 weeks to induce NASH, followed by six weekly injections of GalNAc-siTAZ to silence hepatocyte-TAZ or control GalNAc-siRNA (GalNAc-control) while still on the NASH diet. GalNAc-siTAZ lowered human hepatic TAZ and IHH, a TAZ target that promotes NASH fibrosis. Most important, GalNAc-siTAZ decreased liver inflammation, hepatocellular injury, hepatic fibrosis, and profibrogenic mediator expression versus GalNAc-control, indicating that GalNAc-siTAZ decreased the progression of NASH in mice reconstituted with human hepatocytes. In conclusion, silencing TAZ in human hepatocytes suppresses liver fibrosis in a hu-liver model of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mary P. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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4
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Mezler M, Jones RS, Sangaraju D, Goldman DC, Hoffmann M, Heikkinen AT, Mannila J, Chang JH, Foquet L, Pusalkar S, Chothe PP, Scheer N. Analysis of the Bile Acid Composition in a Fibroblast Growth Factor 19-Expressing Liver-Humanized Mouse Model and Its Use for CYP3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1391-1402. [PMID: 37524541 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous biomedical applications have been described for liver-humanized mouse models, such as in drug metabolism or drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. However, the strong enlargement of the bile acid (BA) pool due to lack of recognition of murine intestine-derived fibroblast growth factor-15 by human hepatocytes and a resulting upregulation in the rate-controlling enzyme for BA synthesis, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1, may pose a challenge in interpreting the results obtained from such mice. To address this challenge, the human fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) gene was inserted into the Fah-/- , Rag2-/- , Il2rg-/- NOD (FRGN) mouse model, allowing repopulation with human hepatocytes capable of responding to FGF19. While a decrease in CYP7A1 expression in human hepatocytes from humanized FRGN19 mice (huFRGN19) and a concomitant reduction in BA production was previously shown, a detailed analysis of the BA pool in these animals has not been elucidated. Furthermore, there are sparse data on the use of this model to assess potential clinical DDI. In the present work, the change in BA composition in huFRGN19 compared with huFRGN control animals was systematically evaluated, and the ability of the model to recapitulate a clinically described CYP3A4-mediated DDI was assessed. In addition to a massive reduction in the total amount of BA, FGF19 expression in huFRGN19 mice resulted in significant changes in the profile of various primary, secondary, and sulfated BAs in serum and feces. Moreover, as observed clinically, administration of the pregnane X receptor agonist rifampicin reduced the oral exposure of the CYP3A4 substrate triazolam. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Transgenic expression of FGF19 normalizes the unphysiologically high level of bile acids in a chimeric liver-humanized mouse model and leads to massive changes in bile acid composition. These adaptations could overcome one of the potential impediments in the use of these mouse models for drug-drug interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mezler
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Devorah C Goldman
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Matthew Hoffmann
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Aki T Heikkinen
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Janne Mannila
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Jae H Chang
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Lander Foquet
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Sandeepraj Pusalkar
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
| | - Nico Scheer
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany (M.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (R.S.J., D.S., J.C.C.); Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (D.C.G., L.F.); Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (M.H.); Symeres Finland Oy, Oulu, Finland, operating under Admescope brand (A.T.H., J.M.); Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.P., P.P.C.); and FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany (N.S.)
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5
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Yan X, Liu X, Zhao C, Chen GQ. Applications of synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:199. [PMID: 37169742 PMCID: PMC10173249 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology aims to design or assemble existing bioparts or bio-components for useful bioproperties. During the past decades, progresses have been made to build delicate biocircuits, standardized biological building blocks and to develop various genomic/metabolic engineering tools and approaches. Medical and pharmaceutical demands have also pushed the development of synthetic biology, including integration of heterologous pathways into designer cells to efficiently produce medical agents, enhanced yields of natural products in cell growth media to equal or higher than that of the extracts from plants or fungi, constructions of novel genetic circuits for tumor targeting, controllable releases of therapeutic agents in response to specific biomarkers to fight diseases such as diabetes and cancers. Besides, new strategies are developed to treat complex immune diseases, infectious diseases and metabolic disorders that are hard to cure via traditional approaches. In general, synthetic biology brings new capabilities to medical and pharmaceutical researches. This review summarizes the timeline of synthetic biology developments, the past and present of synthetic biology for microbial productions of pharmaceutics, engineered cells equipped with synthetic DNA circuits for diagnosis and therapies, live and auto-assemblied biomaterials for medical treatments, cell-free synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields, and DNA engineering approaches with potentials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- PhaBuilder Biotech Co. Ltd., Shunyi District, Zhaoquan Ying, 101309, Beijing, China
| | - Cuihuan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- MOE Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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6
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Carbonaro M, Wang K, Huang H, Frleta D, Patel A, Pennington A, Desclaux M, Moller-Tank S, Grindley J, Altarejos J, Zhong J, Polites G, Poueymirou W, Jaspers S, Kyratsous C, Zambrowicz B, Murphy A, Lin JC, Macdonald LE, Daly C, Sleeman M, Thurston G, Li Z. IL-6-GP130 signaling protects human hepatocytes against lipid droplet accumulation in humanized liver models. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4490. [PMID: 37058568 PMCID: PMC10104468 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Liver steatosis is an increasing health issue with few therapeutic options, partly because of a paucity of experimental models. In humanized liver rodent models, abnormal lipid accumulation in transplanted human hepatocytes occurs spontaneously. Here, we demonstrate that this abnormality is associated with compromised interleukin-6 (IL-6)-glycoprotein 130 (GP130) signaling in human hepatocytes because of incompatibility between host rodent IL-6 and human IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) on donor hepatocytes. Restoration of hepatic IL-6-GP130 signaling, through ectopic expression of rodent IL-6R, constitutive activation of GP130 in human hepatocytes, or humanization of an Il6 allele in recipient mice, substantially reduced hepatosteatosis. Notably, providing human Kupffer cells via hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in humanized liver mice also corrected the abnormality. Our observations suggest an important role of IL-6-GP130 pathway in regulating lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and not only provide a method to improve humanized liver models but also suggest therapeutic potential for manipulating GP130 signaling in human liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kehui Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Hui Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Davor Frleta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Patel
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Zhong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Greg Polites
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John C. Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhe Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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7
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Abstract
Gene therapy is poised to revolutionize modern medicine, with seemingly unlimited potential for treating and curing genetic disorders. For otherwise incurable indications, including most inherited metabolic liver disorders, gene therapy provides a realistic therapeutic option. In this Review, we discuss gene supplementation and gene editing involving the use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors for the treatment of inherited liver diseases, including updates on several ongoing clinical trials that are producing promising results. Clinical testing has been essential in highlighting many key translational challenges associated with this transformative therapy. In particular, the interaction of a patient's immune system with the vector raises issues of safety and the duration of treatment efficacy. Furthermore, several serious adverse events after the administration of high doses of rAAVs suggest greater involvement of innate immune responses and pre-existing hepatic conditions than initially anticipated. Finally, permanent modification of the host genome associated with rAAV genome integration and gene editing raises concerns about the risk of oncogenicity that require careful evaluation. We summarize the main progress, challenges and pathways forward for gene therapy for liver diseases.
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8
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Guagliano G, Volpini C, Sardelli L, Bloise N, Briatico-Vangosa F, Cornaglia AI, Dotti S, Villa R, Visai L, Petrini P. Hep3Gel: A Shape-Shifting Extracellular Matrix-Based, Three-Dimensional Liver Model Adaptable to Different Culture Systems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:211-229. [PMID: 36525369 PMCID: PMC9832437 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a leading cause of clinical trial withdrawal. Therefore, in vitro modeling the hepatic behavior and functionalities is not only crucial to better understand physiological and pathological processes but also to support drug development with reliable high-throughput platforms. Different physiological and pathological models are currently under development and are commonly implemented both within platforms for standard 2D cultures and within tailor-made chambers. This paper introduces Hep3Gel: a hybrid alginate-extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel to produce 3D in vitro models of the liver, aiming to reproduce the hepatic chemomechanical niche, with the possibility of adapting its shape to different manufacturing techniques. The ECM, extracted and powdered from porcine livers by a specifically set-up procedure, preserved its crucial biological macromolecules and was embedded within alginate hydrogels prior to crosslinking. The viscoelastic behavior of Hep3Gel was tuned, reproducing the properties of a physiological organ, according to the available knowledge about hepatic biomechanics. By finely tuning the crosslinking kinetics of Hep3Gel, its dualistic nature can be exploited either by self-spreading or adapting its shape to different culture supports or retaining the imposed fiber shape during an extrusion-based 3D-bioprinting process, thus being a shape-shifter hydrogel. The self-spreading ability of Hep3Gel was characterized by combining empirical and numerical procedures, while its use as a bioink was experimentally characterized through rheological a priori printability evaluations and 3D printing tests. The effect of the addition of the ECM was evident after 4 days, doubling the survival rate of cells embedded within control hydrogels. This study represents a proof of concept of the applicability of Hep3Gel as a tool to develop 3D in vitro models of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Guagliano
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Volpini
- Molecular
Medicine Department (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR
INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sardelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milan, Italy
| | - Nora Bloise
- Molecular
Medicine Department (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR
INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Briatico-Vangosa
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Icaro Cornaglia
- Department
of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Histology and
Embryology Unit, University of Pavia, 27100Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Dotti
- National
Reference Center for Alternative Methods, Welfare and Care of Laboratory
Animals, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale
della Lomabardia ed Emilia Romagna, 25124Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Villa
- National
Reference Center for Alternative Methods, Welfare and Care of Laboratory
Animals, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale
della Lomabardia ed Emilia Romagna, 25124Brescia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular
Medicine Department (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR
INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100Pavia, Italy,Medicina
Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100Pavia, Italy,Interuniversity
Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research
(Centro 3R), Università di Pavia
Unit, 27100Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milan, Italy,Interuniversity
Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research
(Centro 3R), Politecnico di Milano Unit, 20133Milan, Italy,
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9
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Garry MG, Caplan AL, Garry DJ. Emerging technologies and ethics-exogenic chimeric humanized organs. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2786-2790. [PMID: 36052557 PMCID: PMC10087366 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is limited due to the scarcity of donor organs. In order to expand the supply of organs for transplantation, interspecies chimeras have been examined as a potential future source of humanized organs. Recent studies using gene editing technologies in combination with somatic cell nuclear transfer technology and hiPSCs successfully engineered humanized skeletal muscle in the porcine embryo. As these technologies progress, there are ethical issues that warrant consideration and dialogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Garry
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, LLC, Eagan, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur L Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, LLC, Eagan, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Intrabiliary infusion of naked DNA vectors targets periportal hepatocytes in mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY - METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 27:352-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Guo J, Wang S, Gao Q. Can next-generation humanized mice that reconstituted with both functional human immune system and hepatocytes model the progression of viral hepatitis to hepatocarcinogenesis? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1002260. [PMID: 36213658 PMCID: PMC9537463 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1002260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infections cause liver immunopathological diseases such as hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinomas, which are difficult to treat and continue to be major health problems globally. Due to the species-specific hepato-tropism of HBV and HCV, conventional rodent models are limited in their utility for studying the infection and associated liver immunopathogenesis. Humanized mice reconstituted with both functional human immune system and hepatocytes (HIS-HuHEP mice) have been extremely instrumental for in vivo studies of HBV or HCV infection and human-specific aspects of the progression of liver immunopathogenesis. However, none of the current HIS-HuHEP mice can model the progression of viral hepatitis to hepatocarcinogenesis which may be a notorious result of HBV or HCV chronic infection in patients, suggesting that they were functionally compromised and that there is still significant space to improve and establish next-generation of HIS-HuHEP mice with more sophisticated functions. In this review, we first summarize the principal requirements to establish HIS-HuHEP mice. We then discuss the respective protocols for current HIS-HuHEP mice and their applications, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. We also raise perspectives for further improving and establishing next-generation HIS-HuHEP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyue Wang
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Kabbani M, Michailidis E, Steensels S, Fulmer CG, Luna JM, Le Pen J, Tardelli M, Razooky B, Ricardo-Lax I, Zou C, Zeck B, Stenzel AF, Quirk C, Foquet L, Ashbrook AW, Schneider WM, Belkaya S, Lalazar G, Liang Y, Pittman M, Devisscher L, Suemizu H, Theise ND, Chiriboga L, Cohen DE, Copenhaver R, Grompe M, Meuleman P, Ersoy BA, Rice CM, de Jong YP. Human hepatocyte PNPLA3-148M exacerbates rapid non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development in chimeric mice. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111321. [PMID: 36103835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly emerging global health problem associated with pre-disposing genetic polymorphisms, most strikingly an isoleucine to methionine substitution in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3-I148M). Here, we study how human hepatocytes with PNPLA3 148I and 148M variants engrafted in the livers of broadly immunodeficient chimeric mice respond to hypercaloric diets. As early as four weeks, mice developed dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and steatosis with ballooning degeneration selectively in the human graft, followed by pericellular fibrosis after eight weeks of hypercaloric feeding. Hepatocytes with the PNPLA3-148M variant, either from a homozygous 148M donor or overexpressed in a 148I donor background, developed microvesicular and severe steatosis with frequent ballooning degeneration, resulting in more active steatohepatitis than 148I hepatocytes. We conclude that PNPLA3-148M in human hepatocytes exacerbates NAFLD. These models will facilitate mechanistic studies into human genetic variant contributions to advanced fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kabbani
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sandra Steensels
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Clifton G Fulmer
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joseph M Luna
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jérémie Le Pen
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matteo Tardelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brandon Razooky
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Ricardo-Lax
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chenhui Zou
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Briana Zeck
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Ansgar F Stenzel
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corrine Quirk
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Alison W Ashbrook
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William M Schneider
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yupu Liang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meredith Pittman
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Markus Grompe
- Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, OR 97062, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Carbonaro M, Lee J, Pefanis E, Desclaux M, Wang K, Pennington A, Huang H, Mujica A, Rojas J, Ally R, Kennedy D, Brown M, Rogulin V, Moller-Tank S, Sabin L, Zambrowicz B, Thurston G, Li Z. Efficient engraftment and viral transduction of human hepatocytes in an FRG rat liver humanization model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14079. [PMID: 35982097 PMCID: PMC9388686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized liver rodent models, in which the host liver parenchyma is repopulated by human hepatocytes, have been increasingly used for drug development and disease research. Unlike the leading humanized liver mouse model in which Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase (Fah), Recombination Activating Gene (Rag)-2 and Interleukin-2 Receptor Gamma (Il2rg) genes were inactivated simultaneously, generation of similar recipient rats has been challenging. Here, using Velocigene and 1-cell-embryo-targeting technologies, we generated a rat model deficient in Fah, Rag1/2 and Il2rg genes, similar to humanized liver mice. These rats were efficiently engrafted with Fah-expressing hepatocytes from rat, mouse and human. Humanized liver rats expressed human albumin and complement proteins in serum and showed a normal liver zonation pattern. Further, approaches were developed for gene delivery through viral transduction of human hepatocytes either in vivo, or in vitro prior to engraftment, providing a novel platform to study liver disease and hepatocyte-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Lee
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kehui Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Hui Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Alejo Mujica
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jose Rojas
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Roxanne Ally
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Leah Sabin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Zhe Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
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14
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Humphreys WG. Biosynthesis using cytochrome P450 enzymes: Focus on synthesis of drug metabolites. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:177-194. [PMID: 35953155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While modern synthetic chemistry provides the ability to synthesize an incredible variety of new structures, the natural world provides unmatched chemical diversity. This diversity can be employed in the drug discovery process either through isolation of an organic molecule from a biological source as a drug candidate, usually referred to as natural product chemistry, or by providing enzymes that are capable to performing chemistry not available through synthetic chemistry approaches. Natural or engineered enzymes can be used in candidate discovery to generate chemical diversity in conjunction with synthetic efforts. As a candidate progresses into develop there is often a need to characterize metabolites, thus a need for metabolite standard synthesis. Metabolite synthesis is best accomplished with a flexible application of both chemical and biosynthetic approaches. This overview of the use of biosynthesis to aid in the drug discovery and development process will cover multiple methodologies with a focus on the use of microbes as a flexible and cost-effective resource.
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15
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Zerdoug A, Le Vée M, Uehara S, Lopez B, Chesné C, Suemizu H, Fardel O. Contribution of Humanized Liver Chimeric Mice to the Study of Human Hepatic Drug Transporters: State of the Art and Perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:621-637. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Liu S, Huang F, Ru G, Wang Y, Zhang B, Chen X, Chu L. Mouse Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Classification, Advancement, and Application. Front Oncol 2022; 12:902820. [PMID: 35847898 PMCID: PMC9279915 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the subtype of liver cancer with the highest incidence, which is a heterogeneous malignancy with increasing incidence rate and high mortality. For ethical reasons, it is essential to validate medical clinical trials for HCC in animal models before further consideration on humans. Therefore, appropriate models for the study of the pathogenesis of the disease and related treatment methods are necessary. For tumor research, mouse models are the most commonly used and effective in vivo model, which is closer to the real-life environment, and the repeated experiments performed on it are closer to the real situation. Several mouse models of HCC have been developed with different mouse strains, cell lines, tumor sites, and tumor formation methods. In this review, we mainly introduce some mouse HCC models, including induced model, gene-edited model, HCC transplantation model, and other mouse HCC models, and discuss how to choose the appropriate model according to the purpose of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Ru
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Chu,
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17
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Ren J, Yu D, Wang J, Xu K, Xu Y, Sun R, An P, Li C, Feng G, Zhang Y, Dai X, Zhao H, Wang Z, Han Z, Zhu H, Ding Y, You X, Liu X, Wu M, Luo L, Li Z, Yang YG, Hu Z, Wei HJ, Ge L, Hai T, Li W. Generation of immunodeficient pig with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 and their preliminary application for humanized liver. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:26. [PMID: 35255981 PMCID: PMC8900390 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mice with humanized livers are important models to study drug toxicology testing, development of hepatitis virus treatments, and hepatocyte transplantation therapy. However, the huge difference between mouse and human in size and anatomy limited the application of humanized mice in investigating human diseases. Therefore, it is urgent to construct humanized livers in pigs to precisely investigate hepatocyte regeneration and human hepatocyte therapy. CRISPR/Cas9 system and somatic cell cloning technology were used to generate two pig models with FAH deficiency and exhibiting severe immunodeficiency (FAH/RAG1 and FAH/RAG1/IL2RG deficiency). Human primary hepatocytes were then successfully transplanted into the FG pig model and constructed two pigs with human liver. Results The constructed FAH/RAG1/IL2RG triple-knockout pig models were characterized by chronic liver injury and severe immunodeficiency. Importantly, the FG pigs transplanted with primary human hepatocytes produced human albumin in a time dependent manner as early as 1 week after transplantation. Furthermore, the colonization of human hepatocytes was confirmed by immunochemistry staining. Conclusions We successfully generated pig models with severe immunodeficiency that could construct human liver tissues. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00760-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Renren Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Peipei An
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guihai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hongye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhengzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Center of Reproductive Medicine and Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xiaoyan You
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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18
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Simultaneous measurement of mouse and human albumin in chimeric mice with humanized livers. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:267-278. [PMID: 35195037 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The degree of human hepatocyte replacement in chimeric mice with humanized liver has previously been shown to correlate with human plasma albumin measurements. However, there are no reports that directly compare the remaining endogenous mouse albumin with the newly expressed human albumin following engraftment. To better understand the disposition of serum albumin in PXB-mice, we developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to simultaneously quantitate both human and mouse albumin from plasma. Results: A robust correlation was observed between the serum human albumin levels measured by LC-MS/MS and the estimated replacement index of PXB-mice. Conclusion: All data were shown to be specific and suitable to accurately quantify both human and mouse albumin from plasma of chimeric mice with humanized livers.
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19
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Huang W, Han N, Du L, Wang M, Chen L, Tang H. A narrative review of liver regeneration-from models to molecular basis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1705. [PMID: 34988214 PMCID: PMC8667151 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the characteristics of different liver regeneration animal models, understand the activation signals and mechanisms related to liver regeneration, and obtain a more comprehensive conception of the entire liver regeneration process. Background Liver regeneration is one of the most enigmatic and fascinating phenomena of the human organism. Despite suffering significant injuries, the liver still can continue to perform its complex functions through the regeneration system. Although advanced topics on liver regeneration have been proposed; unfortunately, complete regeneration of the liver has not been achieved until now. Therefore, increasing understanding of the liver regenerative process can help improve our treatment of liver failure. It will provide a new sight for the treatment of patients with liver injury in the clinic. Methods Literatures on liver regeneration animal models and involved basic research on molecular mechanisms were retrieved to analyze the characteristics of different models and those related to molecular basis. Conclusions The process of liver regeneration is complex and intricate, consisting of various and interactive pathways. There is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that liver regeneration is similar between humans and rodents. At the same time, many of the same cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways are relevant. There are many gaps in our current knowledge. Understanding of this knowledge will provide more supportive clinical treatment strategies, including small-scale liver transplantation and high-quality regenerative process after surgical resection, and offer possible targets to treat the dysregulation of regeneration that occurs in chronic hepatic diseases and tumors. Current research work, such as the use of animal models as in vivo vectors for high-quality human hepatocytes, represents a unique and significant cutting edge in the field of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Han
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Ma J, Tan X, Kwon Y, Delgado ER, Zarnegar A, DeFrances MC, Duncan AW, Zarnegar R. A Novel Humanized Model of NASH and Its Treatment With META4, A Potent Agonist of MET. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:565-582. [PMID: 34756982 PMCID: PMC8688725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a frequent cause of hepatic dysfunction and is now a global epidemic. This ailment can progress to an advanced form called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and end-stage liver disease. Currently, the molecular basis of NASH pathogenesis is poorly understood, and no effective therapies exist to treat NASH. These shortcomings are due to the paucity of experimental NASH models directly relevant to humans. METHODS We used chimeric mice with humanized liver to investigate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a relevant model. We carried out histologic, biochemical, and molecular approaches including RNA-Seq. For comparison, we used side-by-side human NASH samples. RESULTS Herein, we describe a "humanized" model of NASH using transplantation of human hepatocytes into fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient mice. Once fed a high-fat diet, these mice develop NAFLD faithfully, recapitulating human NASH at the histologic, cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels. Our RNA-Seq analyses uncovered that a variety of important signaling pathways that govern liver homeostasis are profoundly deregulated in both humanized and human NASH livers. Notably, we made the novel discovery that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) function is compromised in human and humanized NASH at several levels including a significant increase in the expression of the HGF antagonists known as NK1/NK2 and marked decrease in HGF activator. Based on these observations, we generated a potent, human-specific, and stable agonist of human MET that we have named META4 (Metaphor) and used it in the humanized NASH model to restore HGF function. CONCLUSIONS Our studies revealed that the humanized NASH model recapitulates human NASH and uncovered that HGF-MET function is impaired in this disease. We show that restoring HGF-MET function by META4 therapy ameliorates NASH and reinstates normal liver function in the humanized NASH model. Our results show that the HGF-MET signaling pathway is a dominant regulator of hepatic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Ma
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Xinping Tan
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yongkook Kwon
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Evan R. Delgado
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Arman Zarnegar
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Marie C. DeFrances
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Reza Zarnegar
- The Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Prof Reza Zarnegar, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261. tel: (412) 648-8657; fax: (412) 648-1916.
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21
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Zhang L, Ge J, Zheng Y, Sun Z, Wang C, Peng Z, Wu B, Fang M, Furuya K, Ma X, Shao Y, Ohkohchi N, Oda T, Fan J, Pan G, Li D, Hui L. Survival-Assured Liver Injury Preconditioning (SALIC) Enables Robust Expansion of Human Hepatocytes in Fah -/- Rag2 -/- IL2rg -/- Rats. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101188. [PMID: 34382351 PMCID: PMC8498896 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although liver-humanized animals are desirable tools for drug development and expansion of human hepatocytes in large quantities, their development is restricted to mice. In animals larger than mice, a precondition for efficient liver humanization remains preliminary because of different xeno-repopulation kinetics in livers of larger sizes. Since rats are ten times larger than mice and widely used in pharmacological studies, liver-humanized rats are more preferable. Here, Fah-/- Rag2-/- IL2rg-/- (FRG) rats are generated by CRISPR/Cas9, showing accelerated liver failure and lagged liver xeno-repopulation compared to FRG mice. A survival-assured liver injury preconditioning (SALIC) protocol, which consists of retrorsine pretreatment and cycling 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) administration by defined concentrations and time intervals, is developed to reduce the mortality of FRG rats and induce a regenerative microenvironment for xeno-repopulation. Human hepatocyte repopulation is boosted to 31 ± 4% in rat livers at 7 months after transplantation, equivalent to approximately a 1200-fold expansion. Human liver features of transcriptome and zonation are reproduced in humanized rats. Remarkably, they provide sufficient samples for the pharmacokinetic profiling of human-specific metabolites. This model is thus preferred for pharmacological studies and human hepatocyte production. SALIC may also be informative to hepatocyte transplantation in other large-sized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Jian‐Yun Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for BiomedicineSchool of Biotechnology and Heath SciencesWuyi UniversityJiangmenGuangdong529020China
| | - Yun‐Wen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for BiomedicineSchool of Biotechnology and Heath SciencesWuyi UniversityJiangmenGuangdong529020China
- Institute of Regenerative MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu212001China
- Yokohama City University School of MedicineYokohamaKanagawa234‐0006Japan
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Chenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Zhaoliang Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Baihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Mei Fang
- Institute of Regenerative MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu212001China
| | - Kinji Furuya
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
| | - Yanjiao Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for BiomedicineSchool of Biotechnology and Heath SciencesWuyi UniversityJiangmenGuangdong529020China
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of MedicineInterdisciplinary Graduate School of MedicineUniversity of YamanashiShimokatoYamanashi409‐3898Japan
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceShanghai200031China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhou310024China
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Bio‐Research Innovation CenterShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologySuzhouJiangsu215121China
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22
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Merrell AJ, Peng T, Li J, Sun K, Li B, Katsuda T, Grompe M, Tan K, Stanger BZ. Dynamic Transcriptional and Epigenetic Changes Drive Cellular Plasticity in the Liver. Hepatology 2021; 74:444-457. [PMID: 33423324 PMCID: PMC8271088 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following liver injury, a fraction of hepatocytes adopt features of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in a process known as biliary reprogramming. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular events accompanying this dramatic shift in cellular identity. APPROACH AND RESULTS We applied the techniques of bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), single-cell RNA-seq, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing to define the epigenetic and transcriptional changes associated with biliary reprogramming. In addition, we examined the role of TGF-β signaling by profiling cells undergoing reprogramming in mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion in the downstream TGF-β signaling component mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4). Biliary reprogramming followed a stereotyped pattern of altered gene expression consisting of robust induction of biliary genes and weaker repression of hepatocyte genes. These changes in gene expression were accompanied by corresponding modifications at the chromatin level. Although some reprogrammed cells had molecular features of "fully differentiated" BECs, most lacked some biliary characteristics and retained some hepatocyte characteristics. Surprisingly, single-cell analysis of Smad4 mutant mice revealed a dramatic increase in reprogramming. CONCLUSION Hepatocytes undergo widespread chromatin and transcriptional changes during biliary reprogramming, resulting in epigenetic and gene expression profiles that are similar to, but distinct from, native BECs. Reprogramming involves a progressive accumulation of biliary molecular features without discrete intermediates. Paradoxically, canonical TGF-β signaling through Smad4 appears to constrain biliary reprogramming, indicating that TGF-β can either promote or inhibit biliary differentiation depending on which downstream components of the pathway are engaged. This work has implications for the formation of BECs and bile ducts in the adult liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson J Merrell
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn Sun
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Takeshi Katsuda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben Z. Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Singh P, Kairuz D, Arbuthnot P, Bloom K. Silencing hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA: The potential of an epigenetic therapy approach. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3182-3207. [PMID: 34163105 PMCID: PMC8218364 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global prophylactic vaccination programmes have helped to curb new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. However, it is estimated that nearly 300 million people are chronically infected and have a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. As such, HBV remains a serious health priority and the development of novel curative therapeutics is urgently needed. Chronic HBV infection has been attributed to the persistence of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) which establishes itself as a minichromosome in the nucleus of hepatocytes. As the viral transcription intermediate, the cccDNA is responsible for producing new virions and perpetuating infection. HBV is dependent on various host factors for cccDNA formation and the minichromosome is amenable to epigenetic modifications. Two HBV proteins, X (HBx) and core (HBc) promote viral replication by modulating the cccDNA epigenome and regulating host cell responses. This includes viral and host gene expression, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, the antiviral immune response, apoptosis, and ubiquitination. Elimination of the cccDNA minichromosome would result in a sterilizing cure; however, this may be difficult to achieve. Epigenetic therapies could permanently silence the cccDNA minichromosome and promote a functional cure. This review explores the cccDNA epigenome, how host and viral factors influence transcription, and the recent epigenetic therapies and epigenome engineering approaches that have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashika Singh
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dylan Kairuz
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
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24
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Sari G, van Oord GW, van de Garde MDB, Voermans JJC, Boonstra A, Vanwolleghem T. Sexual Dimorphism in Hepatocyte Xenograft Models. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211006132. [PMID: 33938243 PMCID: PMC8114754 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211006132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized liver mouse models are crucial tools in liver research, specifically in the fields of liver cell biology, viral hepatitis and drug metabolism. The livers of these humanized mouse models are repopulated by 3-dimensional islands of fully functional primary human hepatocytes (PHH), which are notoriously difficult to maintain in vitro. As low efficiency and high cost hamper widespread use, optimization is of great importance. In the present study, we analyzed experimental factors associated with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and PHH engraftment in 2 xenograft systems on a Nod-SCID-IL2Ry-/- background: the alb-urokinase plasminogen activator mouse model (uPA-NOG, n=399); and the alb-HSV thymidine kinase model (TK-NOG, n = 198). In a first analysis, HEV fecal shedding in liver humanized uPA-NOG and TK-NOG mice with comparable human albumin levels was found to be similar irrespective of the mouse genetic background. In a second analysis, sex, mouse age at transplantation and hepatocyte donor were the most determinant factors for xenograft success in both models. The sexual imbalance for xenograft success was related to higher baseline ALT levels and lower thresholds for ganciclovir induced liver morbidity and mortality in males. These data call for sexual standardization of human hepatocyte xenograft models, but also provide a platform for further studies on mechanisms behind sexual dimorphism in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulce Sari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertine W van Oord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J C Voermans
- Department of Viroscience, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium, Netherlands
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25
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Colón-Thillet R, Jerome KR, Stone D. Optimization of AAV vectors to target persistent viral reservoirs. Virol J 2021; 18:85. [PMID: 33892762 PMCID: PMC8067653 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery of antiviral therapeutics to anatomical sites where viruses accumulate and persist is a promising approach for the next generation of antiviral therapies. Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are one of the leading vectors for gene therapy applications that deliver gene-editing enzymes, antibodies, and RNA interference molecules to eliminate viral reservoirs that fuel persistent infections. As long-lived viral DNA within specific cellular reservoirs is responsible for persistent hepatitis B virus, Herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections, the discovery of AAV vectors with strong tropism for hepatocytes, sensory neurons and T cells, respectively, is of particular interest. Identification of natural isolates from various tissues in humans and non-human primates has generated an extensive catalog of AAV vectors with diverse tropisms and transduction efficiencies, which has been further expanded through molecular genetic approaches. The AAV capsid protein, which forms the virions' outer shell, is the primary determinant of tissue tropism, transduction efficiency, and immunogenicity. Thus, over the past few decades, extensive efforts to optimize AAV vectors for gene therapy applications have focused on capsid engineering with approaches such as directed evolution and rational design. These approaches are being used to identify variants with improved transduction efficiencies, alternate tropisms, reduced sequestration in non-target organs, and reduced immunogenicity, and have produced AAV capsids that are currently under evaluation in pre-clinical and clinical trials. This review will summarize the most recent strategies to identify AAV vectors with enhanced tropism and transduction in cell types that harbor viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Colón-Thillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Stone
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, USA.
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26
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Michailidis E, de Jong YP. Primary human hepatocyte gene editing: Prometheus' chains are loosening. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1666-1667. [PMID: 33891863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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27
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Martinov T, McKenna KM, Tan WH, Collins EJ, Kehret AR, Linton JD, Olsen TM, Shobaki N, Rongvaux A. Building the Next Generation of Humanized Hemato-Lymphoid System Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643852. [PMID: 33692812 PMCID: PMC7938325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, mice have been repopulated with human hematopoietic cells to study the fundamental biology of human hematopoiesis and immunity, as well as a broad range of human diseases in vivo. Multiple mouse recipient strains have been developed and protocols optimized to efficiently generate these “humanized” mice. Here, we review three guiding principles that have been applied to the development of the currently available models: (1) establishing tolerance of the mouse host for the human graft; (2) opening hematopoietic niches so that they can be occupied by human cells; and (3) providing necessary support for human hematopoiesis. We then discuss four remaining challenges: (1) human hematopoietic lineages that poorly develop in mice; (2) limited antigen-specific adaptive immunity; (3) absent tolerance of the human immune system for its mouse host; and (4) sub-functional interactions between human immune effectors and target mouse tissues. While major advances are still needed, the current models can already be used to answer specific, clinically-relevant questions and hopefully inform the development of new, life-saving therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelly M McKenna
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wei Hong Tan
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emily J Collins
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allie R Kehret
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan D Linton
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nour Shobaki
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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28
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Lai F, Wee CYY, Chen Q. Establishment of Humanized Mice for the Study of HBV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638447. [PMID: 33679796 PMCID: PMC7933441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis particularly Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is still an ongoing health issue worldwide. Despite the vast technological advancements in research and development, only HBV vaccines, typically given during early years, are currently available as a preventive measure against acquiring the disease from a secondary source. In general, HBV can be cleared naturally by the human immune system if detected at low levels early. However, long term circulation of HBV in the peripheral blood may be detrimental to the human liver, specifically targeting human hepatocytes for cccDNA integration which inevitably supports HBV life cycle for the purpose of reinfection in healthy cells. Although there is some success in using nucleoside analogs or polyclonal antibodies targeting HBV surface antigens (HBsAg) in patients with acute or chronic HBV+ (CHB), majority of them would either respond only partially or succumb to the disease entirely unless they undergo liver transplants from a fully matched healthy donor and even so may not necessarily guarantee a 100% chance of survival. Indeed, in vitro/ex vivo cultures and various transgenic animal models have already provided us with a good understanding of HBV but they primarily lack human specificity or virus-host interactions in the presence of human immune surveillance. Therefore, the demand of utilizing humanized mice has increased over the last decade as a pre-clinical platform for investigating human-specific immune responses against HBV as well as identifying potential immunotherapeutic strategies in eradicating the virus. Basically, this review covers some of the recent developments and key advantages of humanized mouse models over other conventional transgenic mice platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cherry Yong Yi Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Garry DJ, Caplan AL, Garry MG. Chimeric Humanized Vasculature and Blood: The Intersection of Science and Ethics. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 14:538-540. [PMID: 32294412 PMCID: PMC7160389 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The only curative therapy for diseases such as organ failure is orthotopic organ transplantation. Organ transplantation has been limited due to the shortage of donor organs. The huge disparity between those who need and those who receive transplantation therapy drives the pursuit of alternative treatments. Therefore, novel therapies are warranted. Recent studies support the feasibility of generating human-porcine chimeras that one day would provide humanized vasculature and blood for transplantation and serve as important research models. The ethical issues they raise require open discussion and dialog lest promising lines of inquiry flounder due to unfounded fears or compromised public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) Street SE (CCRB 4-146), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Arthur L Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) Street SE (CCRB 4-146), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Jin M, Yi X, Liao W, Chen Q, Yang W, Li Y, Li S, Gao Y, Peng Q, Zhou S. Advancements in stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cell models for hepatotoxicity testing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33494782 PMCID: PMC7836452 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of clinical trial failures and high drug attrition rates. Currently, the commonly used hepatocyte models include primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), animal models, and hepatic cell lines. However, these models have disadvantages that include species-specific differences or inconvenient cell extraction methods. Therefore, a novel, inexpensive, efficient, and accurate model that can be applied to drug screening is urgently needed. Owing to their self-renewable ability, source abundance, and multipotent competence, stem cells are stable sources of drug hepatotoxicity screening models. Because 3D culture can mimic the in vivo microenvironment more accurately than can 2D culture, the former is commonly used for hepatocyte culture and drug screening. In this review, we introduce the different sources of stem cells used to generate hepatocyte-like cells and the models for hepatotoxicity testing that use stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wanren Yang
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shao Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Gao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Peng
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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31
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Qian R, Xiao B, Li J, Xiao X. Directed Evolution of AAV Serotype 5 for Increased Hepatocyte Transduction and Retained Low Humoral Seroreactivity. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 20:122-132. [PMID: 33426144 PMCID: PMC7773954 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids utilized in liver gene therapy have significant levels of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the human population. These neutralizing factors limit the patient pools eligible for receiving AAV-mediated therapies. AAV serotype 5 (AAV5) does not face the same barrier of humoral immunity as most AAV serotypes due to its low seroprevalence. However, AAV5 can only facilitate a low level of transgene expression in the liver, constraining its application to a small number of liver diseases. To improve the liver transduction of AAV5 while retaining its low seroprevalence, we constructed a library of AAV5 mutants via random mutagenesis and screened in Huh7 cells. Two molecularly evolved AAV5 variants, MV50 and MV53, demonstrated significantly increased transduction efficiency in Huh7 cells (∼12×) and primary human hepatocytes (∼10×). All variants had retained low seroreactivity toward pooled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) when compared to AAV5, which was significantly less seroreactive than AAV9. Functional characterization of the mutants also revealed insights into the functions of various domains, especially the VR-I, in the AAV5 capsid. The result is AAV5 variant capsids with much enhanced human hepatocyte transduction, potentially useful for liver-directed gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph Qian
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Bin Xiao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Juan Li
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
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32
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Biswas M, Marsic D, Li N, Zou C, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Zolotukhin I, Kumar SRP, Rana J, Butterfield JSS, Kondratov O, de Jong YP, Herzog RW, Zolotukhin S. Engineering and In Vitro Selection of a Novel AAV3B Variant with High Hepatocyte Tropism and Reduced Seroreactivity. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:347-361. [PMID: 33145371 PMCID: PMC7591349 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Limitations to successful gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) can comprise pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to the vector capsid that can block cellular entry, or inefficient transduction of target cells that can lead to sub-optimal expression of the therapeutic transgene. Recombinant serotype 3 AAV (AAV3) is an emerging candidate for liver-directed gene therapy. In this study, we integrated rational design by using a combinatorial library derived from AAV3B capsids with directed evolution by in vitro selection for liver-targeted AAV variants. The AAV3B-DE5 variant described herein was undetectable in the original viral library but gained a selective advantage upon in vitro passaging in human hepatocarcinoma spheroid cultures. AAV3B-DE5 contains 24 capsid amino acid substitutions compared with AAV3B, distributed among all five variable regions, with strong selective pressure on VR-IV, VR-V, and VR-VII. In vivo, AAV3B-DE5 demonstrated improved human hepatocyte tropism in a liver chimeric mouse model. Importantly, this variant exhibited reduced seroreactivity to human intravenous immunoglobulin (i.v. Ig), as well as individual serum samples from 100 healthy human donors. Therefore, molecular evolution using a combinatorial library platform generated a viral capsid with high hepatocyte tropism and enhanced evasion of pre-existing AAV neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Damien Marsic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Porton Biologics, Building 3, Ascendas Park, No. 388 Xinping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Ning Li
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chenhui Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Irene Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sandeep R P Kumar
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - John S S Butterfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kondratov
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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33
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Ramli MNB, Lim YS, Koe CT, Demircioglu D, Tng W, Gonzales KAU, Tan CP, Szczerbinska I, Liang H, Soe EL, Lu Z, Ariyachet C, Yu KM, Koh SH, Yaw LP, Jumat NHB, Lim JSY, Wright G, Shabbir A, Dan YY, Ng HH, Chan YS. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids as Models of Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1471-1486.e12. [PMID: 32553762 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There are few in vitro models for studying the 3-dimensional interactions among different liver cell types during organogenesis or disease development. We aimed to generate hepatic organoids that comprise different parenchymal liver cell types and have structural features of the liver, using human pluripotent stem cells. METHODS We cultured H1 human embryonic stem cells (WA-01, passage 27-40) and induced pluripotent stem cells (GM23338) with a series of chemically defined and serum-free media to induce formation of posterior foregut cells, which were differentiated in 3 dimensions into hepatic endoderm spheroids and stepwise into hepatoblast spheroids. Hepatoblast spheroids were reseeded in a high-throughput format and induced to form hepatic organoids; development of functional bile canaliculi was imaged live. Levels of albumin and apolipoprotein B were measured in cell culture supernatants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase were measured in cholangiocytes. Organoids were incubated with troglitazone for varying periods and bile transport and accumulation were visualized by live-imaging microscopy. Organoids were incubated with oleic and palmitic acid, and formation of lipid droplets was visualized by staining. We compared gene expression profiles of organoids incubated with free fatty acids or without. We also compared gene expression profiles between liver tissue samples from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) versus without. We quantified hepatocyte and cholangiocyte populations in organoids using immunostaining and flow cytometry; cholangiocyte proliferation of cholangiocytes was measured. We compared the bile canaliculi network in the organoids incubated with versus without free fatty acids by live imaging. RESULTS Cells in organoids differentiated into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, based on the expression of albumin and cytokeratin 7. Hepatocytes were functional, based on secretion of albumin and apolipoprotein B and cytochrome P450 activity; cholangiocytes were functional, based on gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activity and proliferative responses to secretin. The organoids organized a functional bile canaliculi system, which was disrupted by cholestasis-inducing drugs such as troglitazone. Organoids incubated with free fatty acids had gene expression signatures similar to those of liver tissues from patients with NASH. Incubation of organoids with free fatty acid-enriched media resulted in structural changes associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, such as decay of bile canaliculi network and ductular reactions. CONCLUSIONS We developed a hepatic organoid platform with human cells that can be used to model complex liver diseases, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yee Siang Lim
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Tat Koe
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deniz Demircioglu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiquan Tng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Andrew Uy Gonzales
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York
| | - Cheng Peow Tan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iwona Szczerbinska
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongqing Liang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Einsi Lynn Soe
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiping Lu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ka Man Yu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Hui Koh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lai Ping Yaw
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Halisah Binte Jumat
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Soon Yew Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Graham Wright
- Institute of Medical Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yun-Shen Chan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.
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34
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Zou C, Vercauteren KO, Michailidis E, Kabbani M, Zoluthkin I, Quirk C, Chiriboga L, Yazicioglu M, Anguela XM, Meuleman P, High KA, Herzog RW, de Jong YP. Experimental Variables that Affect Human Hepatocyte AAV Transduction in Liver Chimeric Mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:189-198. [PMID: 32637450 PMCID: PMC7326722 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector serotypes vary in their ability to transduce hepatocytes from different species. Chimeric mouse models harboring human hepatocytes have shown translational promise for liver-directed gene therapies. However, many variables that influence human hepatocyte transduction and transgene expression in such models remain poorly defined. Here, we aimed to test whether three experimental conditions influence AAV transgene expression in immunodeficient, fumaryl-acetoactetate-hydrolase-deficient (Fah -/-) chimeric mice repopulated with primary human hepatocytes. We examined the effects of the murine liver injury cycle, human donor variability, and vector doses on hepatocyte transduction with various AAV serotypes expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP). We determined that the timing of AAV vector challenge in the liver injury cycle resulted in up to 7-fold differences in the percentage of GFP expressing human hepatocytes. The GFP+ hepatocyte frequency varied 7-fold between human donors without, however, changing the relative transduction efficiency between serotypes for an individual donor. There was also a clear relationship between AAV vector doses and human hepatocyte transduction and transgene expression. We conclude that several experimental variables substantially affect human hepatocyte transduction in the Fah -/- chimera model, attention to which may improve reproducibility between findings from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Koen O.A. Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammad Kabbani
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irene Zoluthkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Corrine Quirk
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ype P. de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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35
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Nicolas CT, Kaiser RA, Hickey RD, Allen KL, Du Z, VanLith CJ, Guthman RM, Amiot B, Suksanpaisan L, Han B, Francipane MG, Cheikhi A, Jiang H, Bansal A, Pandey MK, Garg I, Lowe V, Bhagwate A, O’Brien D, Kocher JPA, DeGrado TR, Nyberg SL, Lagasse E, Lillegard JB. Ex Vivo Cell Therapy by Ectopic Hepatocyte Transplantation Treats the Porcine Tyrosinemia Model of Acute Liver Failure. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:738-750. [PMID: 32913881 PMCID: PMC7452193 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of cell-based therapies to treat liver failure is often limited by the diseased liver environment. Here, we provide preclinical proof of concept for hepatocyte transplantation into lymph nodes as a cure for liver failure in a large-animal model with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), a metabolic liver disease caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) enzyme. Autologous porcine hepatocytes were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector carrying the pig Fah gene and transplanted into mesenteric lymph nodes. Hepatocytes showed early (6 h) and durable (8 months) engraftment in lymph nodes, with reproduction of vascular and hepatic microarchitecture. Subsequently, hepatocytes migrated to and repopulated the native diseased liver. The corrected cells generated sufficient liver mass to clinically ameliorate the acute liver failure and HT1 disease as early as 97 days post-transplantation. Integration site analysis defined the corrected hepatocytes in the liver as a subpopulation of hepatocytes from lymph nodes, indicating that the lymph nodes served as a source for healthy hepatocytes to repopulate a diseased liver. Therefore, ectopic transplantation of healthy hepatocytes cures this pig model of liver failure and presents a promising approach for the development of cures for liver disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Nicolas
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert A. Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kari L. Allen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zeji Du
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rebekah M. Guthman
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Wausau, WI, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Bing Han
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Giovanna Francipane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amin Cheikhi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huailei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bansal
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ishan Garg
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bhagwate
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre A. Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph B. Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Associates, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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36
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Minniti ME, Pedrelli M, Vedin L, Delbès A, Denis RG, Öörni K, Sala C, Pirazzini C, Thiagarajan D, Nurmi HJ, Grompe M, Mills K, Garagnani P, Ellis EC, Strom SC, Luquet SH, Wilson EM, Bial J, Steffensen KR, Parini P. Insights From Liver-Humanized Mice on Cholesterol Lipoprotein Metabolism and LXR-Agonist Pharmacodynamics in Humans. Hepatology 2020; 72:656-670. [PMID: 31785104 PMCID: PMC7496592 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetically modified mice have been used extensively to study human disease. However, the data gained are not always translatable to humans because of major species differences. Liver-humanized mice (LHM) are considered a promising model to study human hepatic and systemic metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to further explore their lipoprotein metabolism and to characterize key hepatic species-related, physiological differences. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fah-/- , Rag2-/- , and Il2rg-/- knockout mice on the nonobese diabetic (FRGN) background were repopulated with primary human hepatocytes from different donors. Cholesterol lipoprotein profiles of LHM showed a human-like pattern, characterized by a high ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein, and dependency on the human donor. This pattern was determined by a higher level of apolipoprotein B100 in circulation, as a result of lower hepatic mRNA editing and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression, and higher levels of circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. As a consequence, LHM lipoproteins bind to human aortic proteoglycans in a pattern similar to human lipoproteins. Unexpectedly, cholesteryl ester transfer protein was not required to determine the human-like cholesterol lipoprotein profile. Moreover, LHM treated with GW3965 mimicked the negative lipid outcomes of the first human trial of liver X receptor stimulation (i.e., a dramatic increase of cholesterol and triglycerides in circulation). Innovatively, LHM allowed the characterization of these effects at a molecular level. CONCLUSIONS LHM represent an interesting translatable model of human hepatic and lipoprotein metabolism. Because several metabolic parameters displayed donor dependency, LHM may also be used in studies for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko E. Minniti
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Lise‐Lotte Vedin
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Anne‐Sophie Delbès
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Raphaël G.P. Denis
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Divya Thiagarajan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Research CenterKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Harri J. Nurmi
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland,Center of Excellence in Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicum HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of PediatricsOregon Stem Cell CenterOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOR,Yecuris CorporationTualatinOR
| | - Kevin Mills
- Center for Inborn Errors of MetabolismUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, and “L. Galvani” Interdepartmental Research CenterUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Ewa C.S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and TechnologyDivision of SurgeryKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Serge H. Luquet
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | | | | | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of MedicineMetabolism UnitKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden,Patient Area Nephrology and Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection ThemeKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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37
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Kunst RF, Niemeijer M, van der Laan LJW, Spee B, van de Graaf SFJ. From fatty hepatocytes to impaired bile flow: Matching model systems for liver biology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114173. [PMID: 32717228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of model systems are used in hepatobiliary research. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of established and emerging models for specific research questions. We specifically discuss the value and limitations of these models for research on metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), (previously named non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH)) and cholestasis-related diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The entire range of models is discussed varying from immortalized cell lines, mature or pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids/spheroids, to animal models and human ex vivo models such as normothermic machine perfusion of livers and living liver slices. Finally, the pros and cons of each model are discussed as well as the need in the scientific community for continuous innovation in model development to better mimic the human (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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38
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Anselmi G, Helft J, Guermonprez P. Development and function of human dendritic cells in humanized mice models. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:151-161. [PMID: 32688117 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinel cells of the immune system arising from hematopoietic stem cells. DCs play a key role in the regulation of both adaptive and innate lymphocyte responses. As such, experimental models enabling a thorough analysis of human DCs development and function are needed. Humanized mice models (termed collectively as HIS mice, or human immune system mice models) provide unique opportunities to model human hematopoiesis and tackle the function of human immune cell types in vivo. Here, we review experimental approaches enabling to recapitulate the ontogeny of DC subsets in HIS mice and discuss studies addressing the biology of human DC subsets implementing HIS mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Anselmi
- King's College London, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Helft
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Immunity and Cancer department, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- King's College London, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, United Kingdom; Université de Paris, Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM 1149, Hopital Bichat Claude Bernard, France.
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39
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Sanoh S, Naritomi Y, Kitamura S, Shinagawa A, Kakuni M, Tateno C, Ohta S. Predictability of human pharmacokinetics of drugs that undergo hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated transport using single-species allometric scaling in chimeric mice with humanized liver: integration with hepatic drug metabolism. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1370-1379. [PMID: 32401667 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1769229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a prediction method for human pharmacokinetics (PK) using single species allometric scaling (SSS) and the complex Dedrick plot in chimeric mice with humanized liver to predict the total clearance (CLt), distribution volumes in steady state (Vdss) and plasma concentration-time profiles of several drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450) and non-P450 enzymes. In the present study, we examined eight compounds (bosentan, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, repaglinide, rosuvastatin, valsartan) as typical organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) substrates and six compounds metabolized by P450 and non-P450 enzymes to evaluate the predictability of CLt, Vdss and plasma concentration-time profiles after intravenous administration to chimeric mice. The predicted CLt and Vdss of drugs that undergo OATP-mediated uptake and P450/non-P450-mediated metabolism reflected the observed data from humans within a threefold error range. We also examined the possibility of predicting plasma concentration-time profiles of drugs that undergo OATP-mediated uptake using the complex Dedrick plot in chimeric mice. Most profiles could be superimposed with observed profiles from humans within a two- to threefold error range. PK prediction using SSS and the complex Dedrick plot in chimeric mice can be useful for evaluating drugs that undergo both OATP-mediated uptake and P450/non-P450-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoichi Naritomi
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitamura
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shinagawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Chise Tateno
- R&D Dept, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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40
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Tricot T, De Boeck J, Verfaillie C. Alternative Cell Sources for Liver Parenchyma Repopulation: Where Do We Stand? Cells 2020; 9:E566. [PMID: 32121068 PMCID: PMC7140465 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic liver failure is a highly prevalent medical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, the therapy is orthotopic liver transplantation. However, in some instances, chiefly in the setting of metabolic diseases, transplantation of individual cells, specifically functional hepatocytes, can be an acceptable alternative. The gold standard for this therapy is the use of primary human hepatocytes, isolated from livers that are not suitable for whole organ transplantations. Unfortunately, primary human hepatocytes are scarcely available, which has led to the evaluation of alternative sources of functional hepatocytes. In this review, we will compare the ability of most of these candidate alternative cell sources to engraft and repopulate the liver of preclinical animal models with the repopulation ability found with primary human hepatocytes. We will discuss the current shortcomings of the different cell types, and some of the next steps that we believe need to be taken to create alternative hepatocyte progeny capable of regenerating the failing liver.
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41
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Sayed IM, Meuleman P. Updates in Hepatitis E virus (HEV) field; lessons learned from human liver chimeric mice. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2086. [PMID: 31835277 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis globally, and it is an emerging pathogen in developed countries. In vivo studies of HEV have long been hindered due to the lack of an efficient small animal model. Recently, human liver chimeric mice were described as an elegant model to study chronic HEV infection. HEV infection was established in mice with humanized liver that were challenged with stool preparations containing HEV genotype (gt)1 and/or gt3. An increase in viral load and the level of HEV Ag in mouse samples were markers of active infection. Plasma-derived HEV preparations were less infectious. The kinetics of HEV ORF2 Ag during HEV infection and its impact on HEV diagnosis were described in this model. In addition, the nature of HEV particles and HEV ORF2 Ag were characterized. Moreover, humanized mice were used to study the impact of HEV infection on the hepatic innate transcriptome and evaluation of anti-HEV therapies. This review highlights recent advances in the HEV field gathered from well-established experimental mouse models, with an emphasis on this model as a tool for elucidating the course of HEV infection, the study of the HEV life cycle, the interaction of the virus with the host, and the evaluation of new anti-HEV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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42
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Srinivasan RC, Zabulica M, Hammarstedt C, Wu T, Gramignoli R, Kannisto K, Ellis E, Karadagi A, Fingerhut R, Allegri G, Rüfenacht V, Thöny B, Häberle J, Nuoffer JM, Strom SC. A liver-humanized mouse model of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1-deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1054-1063. [PMID: 30843237 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A liver-humanized mouse model for CPS1-deficiency was generated by the high-level repopulation of the mouse liver with CPS1-deficient human hepatocytes. When compared with mice that are highly repopulated with CPS1-proficient human hepatocytes, mice that are repopulated with CPS1-deficient human hepatocytes exhibited characteristic symptoms of human CPS1 deficiency including an 80% reduction in CPS1 metabolic activity, delayed clearance of an ammonium chloride infusion, elevated glutamine and glutamate levels, and impaired metabolism of [15 N]ammonium chloride into urea, with no other obvious phenotypic differences. Because most metabolic liver diseases result from mutations that alter critical pathways in hepatocytes, a model that incorporates actual disease-affected, mutant human hepatocytes is useful for the investigation of the molecular, biochemical, and phenotypic differences induced by that mutation. The model is also expected to be useful for investigations of modified RNA, gene, and cellular and small molecule therapies for CPS1-deficiency. Liver-humanized models for this and other monogenic liver diseases afford the ability to assess the therapy on actual disease-affected human hepatocytes, in vivo, for long periods of time and will provide data that are highly relevant for investigations of the safety and efficacy of gene-editing technologies directed to human hepatocytes and the translation of gene-editing technology to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuraman C Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Zabulica
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Hammarstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Karadagi
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and, Neuroscience Centre Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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A human liver cell atlas reveals heterogeneity and epithelial progenitors. Nature 2019; 572:199-204. [PMID: 31292543 PMCID: PMC6687507 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human liver is an essential multifunctional organ. The incidence of liver diseases is rising and there are limited treatment options. However, the cellular composition of the liver remains poorly understood. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of about 10,000 cells from normal liver tissue from nine human donors to construct a human liver cell atlas. Our analysis identified previously unknown subtypes of endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes, with transcriptome-wide zonation of some of these populations. We show that the EPCAM+ population is heterogeneous, comprising hepatocyte-biased and cholangiocyte populations as well as a TROP2int progenitor population with strong potential to form bipotent liver organoids. As a proof-of-principle, we used our atlas to unravel the phenotypic changes that occur in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and in human hepatocytes and liver endothelial cells engrafted into a mouse liver. Our human liver cell atlas provides a powerful resource to enable the discovery of previously unknown cell types in normal and diseased livers.
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44
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Yamaguchi T, Matsuzaki J, Katsuda T, Saito Y, Saito H, Ochiya T. Generation of functional human hepatocytes in vitro: current status and future prospects. Inflamm Regen 2019; 39:13. [PMID: 31308858 PMCID: PMC6604181 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-019-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver and hepatocyte transplantation are the only effective therapies for late-stage liver diseases, in which the liver loses its regenerative capacity. However, there is a shortage of donors. As a potential alternative approach, functional hepatocytes were recently generated from various cell sources. Analysis of drug metabolism in the human liver is important for drug development. Consequently, cells that metabolize drugs similar to human primary hepatocytes are required. This review discusses the current challenges and future perspectives concerning hepatocytes and hepatic progenitor cells that have been reprogrammed from various cell types, focusing on their functions in transplantation models and their ability to metabolize drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamaguchi
- 1Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512 Japan.,2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Juntaro Matsuzaki
- 2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan.,3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Takeshi Katsuda
- 2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Saito
- 1Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512 Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Saito
- 1Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- 2Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan.,4Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402 Japan
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45
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Iansante V, Chandrashekran A, Dhawan A. Cell-based liver therapies: past, present and future. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0229. [PMID: 29786563 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation represents the standard treatment for people with an end-stage liver disease and some liver-based metabolic disorders; however, shortage of liver donor tissues limits its availability. Furthermore, whole liver replacement eliminates the possibility of using native liver as a possible target for future gene therapy in case of liver-based metabolic defects. Cell therapy has emerged as a potential alternative, as cells can provide the hepatic functions and engraft in the liver parenchyma. Various options have been proposed, including human or other species hepatocytes, hepatocyte-like cells derived from stem cells or more futuristic alternatives, such as combination therapies with different cell types, organoids and cell-biomaterial combinations. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the cell therapies developed so far, highlighting preclinical and/or clinical achievements as well as the limitations that need to be overcome to make them fully effective and safe for clinical applications.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iansante
- Dhawan Lab, Paediatric Liver GI and Nutrition Center and MowatLabs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London at King's College Hospital, London SE5 9PJ, UK
| | - Anil Chandrashekran
- Dhawan Lab, Paediatric Liver GI and Nutrition Center and MowatLabs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London at King's College Hospital, London SE5 9PJ, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Dhawan Lab, Paediatric Liver GI and Nutrition Center and MowatLabs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London at King's College Hospital, London SE5 9PJ, UK
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46
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Sharma Y, Liu J, Kristian KE, Follenzi A, Gupta S. In Atp7b-/- Mice Modeling Wilson's Disease Liver Repopulation With Bone Marrow-Derived Myofibroblasts or Inflammatory Cells and Not Hepatocytes Is Deleterious. Gene Expr 2018; 19:15-24. [PMID: 30029699 PMCID: PMC6290324 DOI: 10.3727/105221618x15320123457380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Wilson's disease, Atp7b mutations impair copper excretion with liver or brain damage. Healthy transplanted hepatocytes repopulate the liver, excrete copper, and reverse hepatic damage in animal models of Wilson's disease. In Fah-/- mice with tyrosinemia and α-1 antitrypsin mutant mice, liver disease is resolved by expansions of healthy hepatocytes derived from transplanted healthy bone marrow stem cells. This potential of stem cells has not been defined for Wilson's disease. In diseased Atp7b-/- mice, we reconstituted bone marrow with donor cells expressing green fluorescent protein reporter from healthy transgenic mice. Mature hepatocytes originating from donor bone marrow were identified by immunostaining for green fluorescence protein and bile canalicular marker, dipeptidylpeptidase-4. Mesenchymal and inflammatory cell markers were used for other cells from donor bone marrow cells. Gene expression, liver tests, and tissues were analyzed for outcomes in Atp7b-/- mice. After bone marrow transplantation in Atp7b-/- mice, donor-derived hepatocytes containing bile canaliculi appeared within weeks. Despite this maturity, donor-derived hepatocytes neither divided nor expanded. The liver of Atp7b-/- mice was not repopulated by donor-derived hepatocytes: Atp7b mRNA remained undetectable; liver tests, copper content, and fibrosis actually worsened. Restriction of proliferation in hepatocytes accompanied oxidative DNA damage. By contrast, donor-derived mesenchymal and inflammatory cells extensively proliferated. These contributed to fibrogenesis through greater expression of inflammatory cytokines. In Wilson's disease, donor bone marrow-derived cells underwent different fates: hepatocytes failed to proliferate; inflammatory cells proliferated to worsen disease outcomes. This will help guide stem cell therapies for conditions with proinflammatory or profibrogenic microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwar Sharma
- *Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jinghua Liu
- †Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Antonia Follenzi
- §Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- ¶Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- *Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- §Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- #Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Cancer Center, and Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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47
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Oldani G, Peloso A, Vijgen S, Wilson EM, Slits F, Gex Q, Morel P, Delaune V, Orci LA, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi T, Rubbia-Brandt L, Nakauchi H, Lacotte S, Toso C. Chimeric liver transplantation reveals interspecific graft remodelling. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1025-1036. [PMID: 30031887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A major limitation in the field of liver transplantation is the shortage of transplantable organs. Chimeric animals carrying human tissue have the potential to solve this problem. However, currently available chimeric organs retain a high level of xenogeneic cells, and the transplantation of impure organs needs to be tested. METHODS We created chimeric livers by injecting Lewis rat hepatocytes into C57Bl/6Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mice, and further transplanted them into newly weaned Lewis rats (45 ± 3 g) with or without suboptimal immunosuppression (tacrolimus 0.6 mg/kg/day for 56 or 112 days). Control donors included wild-type C57Bl/6 mice (xenogeneic) and Lewis rats (syngeneic). RESULTS Without immunosuppression, recipients of chimeric livers experienced acute rejection, and died within 8 to 11 days. With immunosuppression, they all survived for >112 days with normal weight gain compared to syngeneic controls, while all xenogeneic controls died within 98 days due to rejection with Banff scores >6 (p = 0.0014). The chimeric grafts underwent post-transplant remodelling, growing by 670% on average. Rat hepatocytes fully replaced mouse hepatocytes starting from day 56 (absence of detectable mouse serum albumin, histological clearance of mouse hepatocytes). In addition, rat albumin levels reached those of syngeneic recipients. Four months after transplantation of chimeric livers, we observed the development of diffuse mature rat bile ducts through transdifferentiation of hepatocytes (up to 72% of cholangiocytes), and patchy areas of portal endothelium originating from the host (seen in one out of five recipients). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate the efficacy of transplanting rat-to-mouse chimeric livers into rats, with a high potential for post-transplant recipient-oriented graft remodelling. Validation in a large animal model is still needed. LAY SUMMARY Chimeric animals are composed of cells from different species. Chimeric animals carrying human tissue have the potential to increase the availability of transplantable organs. We transplanted rat-to-mouse liver grafts into newly weaned rats. The chimeric grafts underwent post-transplant remodelling with rat hepatocytes replacing all mouse hepatocytes within 56 days. In addition, we observed the post-transplant development of diffuse mature rat bile ducts through the transformation of hepatocytes, and patchy areas of portal endothelium originating from the host. These data demonstrate the efficacy of transplanting rat-to-mouse chimeric livers into rats, with a high potential for post-transplant graft remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Oldani
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Vijgen
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Slits
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Gex
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Morel
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vaihere Delaune
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo A Orci
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stéphanie Lacotte
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Smith RL, Cohen SM, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Hecht SS, Guengerich FP, Rietjens IMCM, Bastaki M, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:618-646. [PMID: 30090611 PMCID: PMC6062396 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Smith
- Molecular Toxicology , Imperial College School of Medicine , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Centre , 983135 Nebraska Medical Centre , Omaha , NE 68198-3135 , USA
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Centre , 2445 Hirasawa , Hadano , Kanagawa 257-0015 , Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College of Science , Sir Alexander Fleming Building , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Centre and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Minnesota , Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building , 2231 6th St , SE , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , 638B Robinson Research Building , 2200 Pierce Avenue , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University , Tuinlaan 5 , 6703 HE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Margaret M McGowen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
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49
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Papazyan R, Liu X, Liu J, Dong B, Plummer EM, Lewis RD, Roth JD, Young MA. FXR activation by obeticholic acid or nonsteroidal agonists induces a human-like lipoprotein cholesterol change in mice with humanized chimeric liver. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:982-993. [PMID: 29559521 PMCID: PMC5983391 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist that regulates bile acid and lipid metabolism. FXR activation induces distinct changes in circulating cholesterol among animal models and humans. The mechanistic basis of these effects has been elusive because of difficulties in studying lipoprotein homeostasis in mice, which predominantly package circulating cholesterol in HDLs. Here, we tested the effects of OCA in chimeric mice whose livers are mostly composed (≥80%) of human hepatocytes. Chimeric mice exhibited a human-like ratio of serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) at baseline. OCA treatment in chimeric mice increased circulating LDL-C and decreased circulating HDL-C levels, demonstrating that these mice closely model the cholesterol effects of FXR activation in humans. Mechanistically, OCA treatment increased hepatic cholesterol in chimeric mice but not in control mice. This increase correlated with decreased SREBP-2 activity and target gene expression, including a significant reduction in LDL receptor protein. Cotreatment with atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol, rescued LDL receptor protein levels, and normalized serum LDL-C. Treatment with two clinically relevant nonsteroidal FXR agonists elicited similar lipoprotein and hepatic changes in chimeric mice, suggesting that the increase in circulating LDL-C is a class effect of FXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121.
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50
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Angarita SAK, Truong B, Khoja S, Nitzahn M, Rajbhandari AK, Zhuravka I, Duarte S, Lin MG, Lam AK, Cederbaum SD, Lipshutz GS. Human hepatocyte transplantation corrects the inherited metabolic liver disorder arginase deficiency in mice. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 124:114-123. [PMID: 29724658 PMCID: PMC5976549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation, engraftment, and expansion of primary hepatocytes have the potential to be an effective therapy for metabolic disorders of the liver including those of nitrogen metabolism. To date, such methods for the treatment of urea cycle disorders in murine models has only been minimally explored. Arginase deficiency, an inherited disorder of nitrogen metabolism that presents in the first two years of life, has the potential to be treated by such methods. To explore the potential of this approach, we mated the conditional arginase deficient mouse with a mouse model deficient in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) and with Rag2 and IL2-Rγ mutations to give a selective advantage to transplanted (normal) human hepatocytes. On day -1, a uroplasminogen-expressing adenoviral vector was administered intravenously followed the next day with the transplantation of 1 × 106 human hepatocytes (or vehicle alone) by intrasplenic injection. As the initial number of administered hepatocytes would be too low to prevent hepatotoxicity-induced mortality, NTBC cycling was performed to allow for hepatocyte expansion and repopulation. While all control mice died, all except one human hepatocyte transplanted mice survived. Four months after hepatocyte transplantation, 2 × 1011 genome copies of AAV-TBG-Cre recombinase was administered IV to disrupt endogenous hepatic arginase expression. While all control mice died within the first month, human hepatocyte transplanted mice did well. Ammonia and amino acids, analyzed in both groups before and after disruption of endogenous arginase expression, while well-controlled in the transplanted group, were markedly abnormal in the controls. Ammonium challenging further demonstrated the durability and functionality of the human repopulated liver. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that human hepatocyte repopulation in the murine liver can result in effective treatment of arginase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A K Angarita
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian Truong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suhail Khoja
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Nitzahn
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Abha K Rajbhandari
- Behavioral Testing Core Facility, Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irina Zhuravka
- Behavioral Testing Core Facility, Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sergio Duarte
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael G Lin
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alex K Lam
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen D Cederbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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