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Avelino DC, da Silva A, Chaves LO, Carraro JCC, de Carvalho Vidigal F, Bressan J. Triglyceride-glucose index is associated with poor sleep quality in apparently healthy subjects: A cross-sectional study. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 67:73-91. [PMID: 36155123 PMCID: PMC9983794 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to evaluate the association between the triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) and sleep quality and to establish a cut-off value for the TyG index based on the prevalence of subjects with insulin resistance (IR). Methods This cross-sectional study involved Brazilian health professionals (20-59 years). A total of 138 subjects answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality questionnaire to evaluate sleep quality. They were categorized into two groups: good sleep quality (global score ≤ 5 points) and poor sleep quality (global score ≥ 6 points). Also, we classified the subjects as having a high (>8.08 or >4.38) or low TyG index (≤ 8.08 or ≤4.38). Results The majority of the subjects (70%) with high TyG index values (>8.08 or >4.38) reported poor sleep quality (p ≤ 0.001). Those with poor sleep quality had a 1.44-fold higher prevalence of IR (TyG index >8.08 or >4.38) compared to those with good sleep quality, regardless of sex, total cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio, insulin, complement C3, CRP, and adiponectin (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Our data showed a positive and significant association between the TyG index and poor sleep quality. Thus, these findings support the association between poor sleep quality and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra da Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Josefina Bressan
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Stasi A, Cosola C, Caggiano G, Cimmarusti MT, Palieri R, Acquaviva PM, Rana G, Gesualdo L. Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease: Principal Mechanisms and New Approaches in Nutritional Management. Front Nutr 2022; 9:925619. [PMID: 35811945 PMCID: PMC9263700 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.925619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the epidemic of our era and its incidence is supposed to increase by more than 30% by 2030. It is commonly defined as a chronic and metabolic disease with an excessive accumulation of body fat in relation to fat-free mass, both in terms of quantity and distribution at specific points on the body. The effects of obesity have an important impact on different clinical areas, particularly endocrinology, cardiology, and nephrology. Indeed, increased rates of obesity have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, hypertension, renal diseases, and neurocognitive impairment. Obesity-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been ascribed to intrarenal fat accumulation along the proximal tubule, glomeruli, renal sinus, and around the kidney capsule, and to hemodynamic changes with hyperfiltration, albuminuria, and impaired glomerular filtration rate. In addition, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, which arise as a consequence of overweight, contribute to amplifying renal dysfunction in both the native and transplanted kidney. Overall, several mechanisms are closely related to the onset and progression of CKD in the general population, including changes in renal hemodynamics, neurohumoral pathways, renal adiposity, local and systemic inflammation, dysbiosis of microbiota, insulin resistance, and fibrotic process. Unfortunately, there are no clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with obesity-related CKD. Therefore, dietary management is based on the clinical practice guidelines for the nutritional care of adults with CKD, developed and published by the National Kidney Foundation, Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative and common recommendations for the healthy population. Optimal nutritional management of these patients should follow the guidelines of the Mediterranean diet, which is known to be associated with a lower incidence of CVD and beneficial effects on chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cognitive health. Mediterranean-style diets are often unsuccessful in promoting efficient weight loss, especially in patients with altered glucose metabolism. For this purpose, this review also discusses the use of non-classical weight loss approaches in CKD, including intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet to contrast the onset and progression of obesity-related CKD.
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Effects of weariness of life, suicide ideations and suicide attempt on HPA axis regulation in depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 131:105286. [PMID: 34090135 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The neuropathological mechanisms leading to suicidality are still unknown, which, in view of an annual toll of around 1 million completed suicides constitutes an urgent clinical and societal problem. Alterations of stress hormone (ACTH and cortisol, representing the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical, HPA axis) regulation has been repeatedly studied in context of suicidality. Following a suicide attempt, stress hormone activity seems to be blunted, while depressed patients with suicidal ideation often present with elevated HPA axis activity. METHODS We investigated the effects of different forms of suicidality on HPA axis regulation in 568 hospitalized patients of the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project. All patients had a diagnosis of a depressive disorder; 62 patients reported a recent suicide attempt, 192 patients suicide ideation, and 171 patients expressed weariness of life as the weakest form of suicidality, the latter not being analyzed in studies so far. All patients participated in the combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (dex/CRH) test for assessing HPA axis regulation shortly after admission to the hospital. RESULTS We found an increased ACTH and cortisol response following the dex/CRH-test in patients that were weary of life. In contrast, stress hormone response in suicide attempters and suicide ideators did not differ from non-suicidal patients. Further, repeated suicide attempts in patients' history were associated with more pronounced stress hormone attenuation. CONCLUSION In this so far largest study analyzing the HPA axis with respect to suicidality, we could not confirm the assumption of a general attenuation of HPA axis response in depressed suicide ideators and attempters. Conversely, HPA axis appears to be influenced by divergent effects of a specific suicidal psychopathology as well as outlasting effects of previous suicide attempts. We discuss these findings in the light of recent concepts of suicidality, pointing to multifactorial effects of acute and predisposing conditions on HPA axis reactivity in depressed patients.
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Behavior Characteristics and Risk for Metabolic Syndrome Among Women in Rural Communities in China. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2021; 37:490-498. [PMID: 34321435 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid economic growth and lifestyle changes in China have resulted in increased metabolic syndrome (MetS) rates. Few investigators have examined sex-specific risk factors and the role of menopause, stress, and sleep on MetS among women in China. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to identify the risk factors for MetS among women in rural China. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was used, and participants were recruited from rural areas in China. Female participants older than 18 years were eligible to participate. Participants had their weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting blood measured at study sites. They also completed validated questionnaires regarding sociodemographic information and MetS-related health behaviors. RESULTS A total of 646 women were included in this study. The overall prevalence of MetS was 26.2%. The MetS group had a greater number of overweight/obese women than the non-MetS group did. For premenopausal women, a higher income, being overweight/obese, and eating salty/marinated food increased their risk for MetS (odds ratio [OR], 2.56, 4.55, and 3.1, respectively). For postmenopausal women, a low level of education (OR, 0.44) and being overweight/obese (OR, 4.98) increased their risk of MetS. CONCLUSION Almost half of the women in this study were overweight/obese, and many of them did not meet the national recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, increasing their risk for MetS. Developing cultural and behavioral interventions tailored for overweight/obese women is critical in reducing MetS.
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al'Absi M. The influence of stress and early life adversity on addiction: Psychobiological mechanisms of risk and resilience. STRESS AND BRAIN HEALTH: IN CLINICAL CONDITIONS 2020; 152:71-100. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sinha R, Gu P, Hart R, Guarnaccia JB. Food craving, cortisol and ghrelin responses in modeling highly palatable snack intake in the laboratory. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112563. [PMID: 31145919 PMCID: PMC6620125 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Overeating of highly palatable (HP) foods in the ubiquitous HP food cue environment and under stress is associated with weight gain and contributes to the global obesity epidemic. However, subjective and biobehavioral processes that may increase HP overeating are not clear. Using a novel experimental approach, we examined HP food motivation and intake and neuroendocrine responses in the context of food cues, stress and a control neutral relaxing cue exposure in healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty individuals (12 M; 8F; ages 18-45) with body mass index (BMI) in the lean (LN: N = 8; 3/8 female BMI: 18-24.9) or overweight/obese (OW: N = 12; 5/12 female; BMI: 25-37) range were enrolled in a controlled, hospital-based, 3-day laboratory experiment. On each day, subjects were exposed to a brief 5-min individualized guided imagery of stress, food cue or an active neutral-relaxing control cue script, followed by a food snack test (FST), with one imagery condition per day and order of imagery exposure randomized and counterbalanced across subjects. Subjective HP food craving and caloric intake, anxiety, cortisol and total ghrelin was assessed repeatedly during each test day. RESULTS Significant condition and condition × group effects for food craving, anxiety and HP calorie intake were observed, with food cue relative to neutral condition increasing HP food craving and intake across all subjects (p < .001), but stress relative to neutral condition increased HP food craving and intake in the OW but not LN group (p < .01). Pre-snack increases in food craving after exposure to food cues and to stress predicted greater subsequent HP food intake (p's < 0.01). Furthermore, ghrelin increased in the food cue and stress conditions (p < .01), but stress-induced increases in ghrelin was associated with HP food intake only in the OW/OB condition (p < .01). Finally, cortisol increased during food cue exposure and increased cortisol responses were associated with greater HP food caving and with intake (p's < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings, while preliminary, validate a laboratory model of HP food motivation and intake and identify specific subjective and neuroendocrine responses that may play a role in HP snacking with implications for weight gain and obesity risk. (342 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajita Sinha
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT 06159, United States of America.
| | - Peihua Gu
- Yale University, Yale Center for Analytic Sciences, New Haven, CT 06159, United States of America
| | - Rachel Hart
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT 06159, United States of America
| | - J B Guarnaccia
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, New Haven, CT 06519, United States of America
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Holybasil (tulsi) lowers fasting glucose and improves lipid profile in adults with metabolic disease: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity. Biol Psychol 2017; 131:5-13. [PMID: 28479142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The US remains at the forefront of a global obesity epidemic with a significant negative impact on public health. While it is well known that a balance between energy intake and expenditure is homeostatically regulated to control weight, growing evidence points to multifactorial social, neurobehavioral and metabolic determinants of food intake that influence obesity risk. This review presents factors such as the ubiquitous presence of rewarding foods in the environment and increased salience of such foods that stimulate brain reward motivation and stress circuits to influence eating behaviors. These rewarding foods via conditioned and reinforcing effects stimulate not only metabolic, but also stress hormones, that, in turn, hijack the brain emotional (limbic) and motivational (striatal) pathways, to promote food craving and excessive food intake. Furthermore, the impact of high levels of stress and trauma and altered metabolic environment (e.g. higher weight, altered insulin sensitivity) on prefrontal cortical self-control processes that regulate emotional, motivational and visceral homeostatic mechanisms of food intake and obesity risk are also discussed. A heuristic framework is presented in which the interactive dynamic effects of neurobehavioral adaptations in metabolic, motivation and stress neurobiology may further support food craving, excessive food intake and weight gain in a complex feed-forward manner. Implications of such adaptations in brain addictive-motivational and stress pathways and their effects on excessive food intake and weight gain are discussed to highlight key questions that requires future research attention in order to better understand and address the growing obesity epidemic.
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Malan L, Malan NT. Emotional Stress as a Risk for Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africans: Are We Ignoring the Odds? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 956:497-510. [PMID: 27421968 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Globally most interventions focus on improving lifestyle habits and treatment regimens to combat hypertension as a non-communicable disease (NCD). However, despite these interventions and improved medical treatments, blood pressure (BP) values are still on the rise and poorly controlled in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Other factors contributing to hypertension prevalence, such as chronic emotional stress, might provide some insight for future health policy approaches.Currently, Hypertension Society guidelines do not mention emotional stress as a probable cause for hypertension. Recently the 2014 World Global Health reports, suggested that African governments should consider using World Health Organization hypertension data as a proxy indicator for social well-being. However, the possibility that a stressful life and taxing environmental factors might disturb central neural control of BP regulation has largely been ignored in SSA.Linking emotional stress to vascular dysregulation is therefore one way to investigate increased cardiometabolic challenges, neurotransmitter depletion and disturbed hemodynamics. Disruption of stress response pathways and subsequent changes in lifestyle habits as ways of coping with a stressful life, and as probable cause for hypertension prevalence in SSA, may be included in future preventive measures. We will provide an overview on emotional stress and central neural control of BP and will include also implications thereof for clinical practice in SSA cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoné Malan
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Hoffman street, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Nico T Malan
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Hoffman street, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Tomasdottir MO, Sigurdsson JA, Petursson H, Kirkengen AL, Krokstad S, McEwen B, Hetlevik I, Getz L. Self Reported Childhood Difficulties, Adult Multimorbidity and Allostatic Load. A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Norwegian HUNT Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130591. [PMID: 26086816 PMCID: PMC4472345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multimorbidity receives increasing scientific attention. So does the detrimental health impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACE). Aetiological pathways from ACE to complex disease burdens are under investigation. In this context, the concept of allostatic overload is relevant, denoting the link between chronic detrimental stress, widespread biological perturbations and disease development. This study aimed to explore associations between self-reported childhood quality, biological perturbations and multimorbidity in adulthood. Materials and Methods We included 37 612 participants, 30–69 years, from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, HUNT3 (2006–8). Twenty one chronic diseases, twelve biological parameters associated with allostatic load and four behavioural factors were analysed. Participants were categorised according to the self-reported quality of their childhood, as reflected in one question, alternatives ranging from ‘very good’ to ‘very difficult’. The association between childhood quality, behavioural patterns, allostatic load and multimorbidity was compared between groups. Results Overall, 85.4% of participants reported a ‘good’ or ‘very good’ childhood; 10.6% average, 3.3% ‘difficult’ and 0.8% ‘very difficult’. Childhood difficulties were reported more often among women, smokers, individuals with sleep problems, less physical activity and lower education. In total, 44.8% of participants with a very good childhood had multimorbidity compared to 77.1% of those with a very difficult childhood (Odds ratio: 5.08; 95% CI: 3.63–7.11). Prevalences of individual diseases also differed significantly according to childhood quality; all but two (cancer and hypertension) showed a significantly higher prevalence (p<0.05) as childhood was categorised as more difficult. Eight of the 12 allostatic parameters differed significantly between childhood groups. Conclusions We found a general, graded association between self-reported childhood difficulties on the one hand and multimorbidity, individual disease burden and biological perturbations on the other. The finding is in accordance with previous research which conceptualises allostatic overload as an important route by which childhood adversities become biologically embodied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Olafia Tomasdottir
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Iceland and Primary Health Care of the Capital Area, Reykjavik, Iceland
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Johann Agust Sigurdsson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Iceland and Primary Health Care of the Capital Area, Reykjavik, Iceland
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Halfdan Petursson
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Luise Kirkengen
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of General Practice, UiT The Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Steinar Krokstad
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Levanger, Norway
| | - Bruce McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irene Hetlevik
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linn Getz
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Metz GAS, Ng JWY, Kovalchuk I, Olson DM. Ancestral experience as a game changer in stress vulnerability and disease outcomes. Bioessays 2015; 37:602-11. [PMID: 25759985 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress is one of the most powerful experiences to influence health and disease. Through epigenetic mechanisms, stress may generate a footprint that propagates to subsequent generations. Programming by prenatal stress or adverse experience in parents, grandparents, or earlier generations may thus be a critical determinant of lifetime health trajectories. Changes in regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) by stress may enhance the vulnerability to certain pathogenic factors. This review explores the hypothesis that miRNAs represent stress-responsive elements in epigenetic regulation that are potentially heritable. Recent findings suggest that miRNAs are key players linking adverse early environments or ancestral stress with disease risk, thus they represent useful predictive disease biomarkers. Since miRNA signatures of disease are potentially heritable, big data management platforms will be vital to harness multi-generational information and capture succinct yet potent biomarkers capable of directing preventative treatments. This feature would offer a unique window of opportunity to advance personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde A S Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jane W Y Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Corey SM, Epel E, Schembri M, Pawlowsky SB, Cole RJ, Araneta MRG, Barrett-Connor E, Kanaya AM. Effect of restorative yoga vs. stretching on diurnal cortisol dynamics and psychosocial outcomes in individuals with the metabolic syndrome: the PRYSMS randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 49:260-71. [PMID: 25127084 PMCID: PMC4174464 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic stimulation and dysregulation of the neuroendocrine system by stress may cause metabolic abnormalities. We estimated how much cortisol and psychosocial outcomes improved with a restorative yoga (relaxation) versus a low impact stretching intervention for individuals with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS We conducted a 1-year multi-center randomized controlled trial (6-month intervention and 6-month maintenance phase) of restorative yoga vs. stretching. Participants completed surveys to assess depression, social support, positive affect, and stress at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. For each assessment, we collected saliva at four points daily for three days and collected response to dexamethasone on the fourth day for analysis of diurnal cortisol dynamics. We analyzed our data using multivariate regression models, controlling for study site, medications (antidepressants, hormone therapy), body mass index, and baseline cortisol values. RESULTS Psychosocial outcome measures were available for 171 study participants at baseline, 140 at 6 months, and 132 at 1 year. Complete cortisol data were available for 136 of 171 study participants (72 in restorative yoga and 64 in stretching) and were only available at baseline and 6 months. At 6 months, the stretching group had decreased cortisol at waking and bedtime compared to the restorative yoga group. The pattern of changes in stress mirrored this improvement, with the stretching group showing reductions in chronic stress severity and perseverative thoughts about their stress. Perceived stress decreased by 1.5 points (-0.4; 3.3, p=0.11) at 6 months, and by 2.0 points (0.1; 3.9, p=0.04) at 1 year in the stretching compared to restorative yoga groups. Post hoc analyses suggest that in the stretching group only, perceived increases in social support (particularly feelings of belonging), but not changes in stress were related to improved cortisol dynamics. CONCLUSIONS We found significant decreases in salivary cortisol, chronic stress severity, and stress perception in the stretching group compared to the restorative yoga group. Group support during the interactive stretch classes may have contributed to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Corey
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
| | - Elissa Epel
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | | | | | - Roger J Cole
- Synchrony Applied Health Sciences, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA
| | | | | | - Alka M Kanaya
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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Marković VM, Čupić Ž, Maćešić S, Stanojević A, Vukojević V, Kolar-Anić L. Modelling cholesterol effects on the dynamics of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2014; 33:1-28. [DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Larkey LK, Vega-López S, Keller C, McClain D, Ainsworth B, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Smith L, Jeong M. A biobehavioral model of weight loss associated with meditative movement practice among breast cancer survivors. Health Psychol Open 2014; 1:2055102914565495. [PMID: 28070347 PMCID: PMC5193257 DOI: 10.1177/2055102914565495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with breast cancer often experience weight gain during and after treatment, significantly increasing risk for recurrence as well as all-cause mortality. Based on a growing body of evidence, meditative movement practices may be effective for weight management. First, we describe the effects of stress on factors associated with weight gain for breast cancer survivors. Then, a model is proposed that utilizes existing evidence to suggest how meditative movement supports behavioral, psychological, and neurohormonal changes that may explain weight loss. Application of the model suggests how a novel "mindful-body-wisdom" approach may work to help reduce weight for this at-risk group.
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Renoir T, Hasebe K, Gray L. Mind and body: how the health of the body impacts on neuropsychiatry. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:158. [PMID: 24385966 PMCID: PMC3866391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been established in traditional forms of medicine and in anecdotal knowledge that the health of the body and the mind are inextricably linked. Strong and continually developing evidence now suggests a link between disorders which involve Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA) dysregulation and the risk of developing psychiatric disease. For instance, adverse or excessive responses to stressful experiences are built into the diagnostic criteria for several psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders. Interestingly, peripheral disorders such as metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases are also associated with HPA changes. Furthermore, many other systemic disorders associated with a higher incidence of psychiatric disease involve a significant inflammatory component. In fact, inflammatory and endocrine pathways seem to interact in both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) to potentiate states of psychiatric dysfunction. This review synthesizes clinical and animal data looking at interactions between peripheral and central factors, developing an understanding at the molecular and cellular level of how processes in the entire body can impact on mental state and psychiatric health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Renoir
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kyoko Hasebe
- School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Gray
- School of Medicine, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
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Tyrka AR, Burgers DE, Philip NS, Price LH, Carpenter LL. The neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and implications for treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 128:434-47. [PMID: 23662634 PMCID: PMC4467688 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article provides an overview of research on the neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and a selective review of treatment implications. METHOD Findings from a broad array of human and animal studies of early adversity were reviewed. RESULTS Topics reviewed include neuroendocrine, neurotrophic, neuroimaging, and cognitive effects of adversity, as well as genetic and epigenetic influences. Effects of early-life stress on treatment outcome are considered, and development of treatments designed to address the neurobiological abnormalities is discussed. CONCLUSION Early adversity is associated with abnormalities of several neurobiological systems that are implicated in the development of psychopathology and other medical conditions. Early-life stress negatively impacts treatment outcome, and individuals may require treatments that are specific to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Tyrka
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Address Correspondence to: Audrey R. Tyrka, M.D., Ph.D., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906. TEL: (401) 455-6520. FAX: (401) 455-6534.
| | - Darcy E. Burgers
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Noah S. Philip
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Lawrence H. Price
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Linda L. Carpenter
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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17
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Yau YHC, Potenza MN. Stress and eating behaviors. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2013; 38:255-267. [PMID: 24126546 PMCID: PMC4214609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogeneous construct that, despite multiple and diverse attempts, has been difficult to treat. One conceptualization gaining media and research attention in recent years is that foods, particularly hyperpalatable (e.g., high-fat, high sugar) ones, may possess addictive qualities. Stress is an important factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse, and may contribute to an increased risk for obesity and other metabolic diseases. Uncontrollable stress changes eating patterns and the salience and consumption of hyperpalatable foods; over time, this could lead to changes in allostatic load and trigger neurobiological adaptations that promote increasingly compulsive behavior. This association may be mediated by alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and other appetite-related hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides. At a neurocircuitry level, chronic stress may affect the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and other brain regions involved in stress/motivation circuits. Together, these may synergistically potentiate reward sensitivity, food preference, and the wanting and seeking of hyperpalatable foods, as well as induce metabolic changes that promote weight and body fat mass. Individual differences in susceptibility to obesity and types of stressors may further moderate this process. Understanding the associations and interactions between stress, neurobiological adaptations, and obesity is important in the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H C Yau
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA -
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18
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Schilling TM, Ferreira de Sá DS, Westerhausen R, Strelzyk F, Larra MF, Hallschmid M, Savaskan E, Oitzl MS, Busch HP, Naumann E, Schächinger H. Intranasal insulin increases regional cerebral blood flow in the insular cortex in men independently of cortisol manipulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:1944-56. [PMID: 23907764 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and cortisol play a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, appetite, and satiety. Little is known about the action and interaction of both hormones in brain structures controlling food intake and the processing of neurovisceral signals from the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we assessed the impact of single and combined application of insulin and cortisol on resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the insular cortex. After standardized periods of food restriction, 48 male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either 40 IU intranasal insulin, 30 mg oral cortisol, both, or neither (placebo). Continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) sequences were acquired before and after pharmacological treatment. We observed a bilateral, locally distinct rCBF increase after insulin administration in the insular cortex and the putamen. Insulin effects on rCBF were present regardless of whether participants had received cortisol or not. Our results indicate that insulin, but not cortisol, affects blood flow in human brain structures involved in the regulation of eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Schilling
- Institute of Psychobiology, Division of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:827-35. [PMID: 23541000 PMCID: PMC3658316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with obesity, and the neurobiology of stress overlaps significantly with that of appetite and energy regulation. This review will discuss stress, allostasis, the neurobiology of stress and its overlap with neural regulation of appetite, and energy homeostasis. Stress is a key risk factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse. High levels of stress changes eating patterns and augments consumption of highly palatable (HP) foods, which in turn increases incentive salience of HP foods and allostatic load. The neurobiological mechanisms by which stress affects reward pathways to potentiate motivation and consumption of HP foods as well as addictive drugs is discussed. With enhanced incentive salience of HP foods and overconsumption of these foods, there are adaptations in stress and reward circuits that promote stress-related and HP food-related motivation as well as concomitant metabolic adaptations, including alterations in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and other hormones related to energy homeostasis. These metabolic changes in turn might also affect dopaminergic activity to influence food motivation and intake of HP foods. An integrative heuristic model is proposed, wherein repeated high levels of stress alter the biology of stress and appetite/energy regulation, with both components directly affecting neural mechanisms contributing to stress-induced and food cue-induced HP food motivation and engagement in overeating of such foods to enhance risk of weight gain and obesity. Future directions in research are identified to increase understanding of the mechanisms by which stress might increase risk of weight gain and obesity.
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