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Serrano J, Meshram NN, Soundarapandian MM, Smith KR, Mason C, Brown IS, Tyrberg B, Kyriazis GA. Saccharin Stimulates Insulin Secretion Dependent on Sweet Taste Receptor-Induced Activation of PLC Signaling Axis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010120. [PMID: 35052799 PMCID: PMC8773316 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Saccharin is a common artificial sweetener and a bona fide ligand for sweet taste receptors (STR). STR can regulate insulin secretion in beta cells, so we investigated whether saccharin can stimulate insulin secretion dependent on STR and the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) signaling. Methods: We performed in vivo and in vitro approaches in mice and cells with loss-of-function of STR signaling and specifically assessed the involvement of a PLC signaling cascade using real-time biosensors and calcium imaging. Results: We found that the ingestion of a physiological amount of saccharin can potentiate insulin secretion dependent on STR. Similar to natural sweeteners, saccharin triggers the activation of the PLC signaling cascade, leading to calcium influx and the vesicular exocytosis of insulin. The effects of saccharin also partially require transient receptor potential cation channel M5 (TRPM5) activity. Conclusions: Saccharin ingestion may transiently potentiate insulin secretion through the activation of the canonical STR signaling pathway. These physiological effects provide a framework for understanding the potential health impact of saccharin use and the contribution of STR in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Serrano
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.S.); (N.N.M.); (C.M.); (I.S.B.)
| | - Nishita N. Meshram
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.S.); (N.N.M.); (C.M.); (I.S.B.)
| | | | - Kathleen R. Smith
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Lake Nona, FL 32827, USA; (M.M.S.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Carter Mason
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.S.); (N.N.M.); (C.M.); (I.S.B.)
| | - Ian S. Brown
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.S.); (N.N.M.); (C.M.); (I.S.B.)
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - George A. Kyriazis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.S.); (N.N.M.); (C.M.); (I.S.B.)
- Correspondence: or
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2
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Dalenberg JR, Patel BP, Denis R, Veldhuizen MG, Nakamura Y, Vinke PC, Luquet S, Small DM. Short-Term Consumption of Sucralose with, but Not without, Carbohydrate Impairs Neural and Metabolic Sensitivity to Sugar in Humans. Cell Metab 2020; 31:493-502.e7. [PMID: 32130881 PMCID: PMC7784207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a general consensus that overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages contributes to the prevalence of obesity and related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whether a similar relationship exists for no- or low-calorie "diet" drinks is a subject of intensive debate and controversy. Here, we demonstrate that consuming seven sucralose-sweetened beverages with, but not without, a carbohydrate over 10 days decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy human participants, an effect that correlates with reductions in midbrain, insular, and cingulate responses to sweet, but not sour, salty, or savory, taste as assessed with fMRI. Taste perception was unaltered and consuming the carbohydrate alone had no effect. These findings indicate that consumption of sucralose in the presence of a carbohydrate rapidly impairs glucose metabolism and results in longer-term decreases in brain, but not perceptual sensitivity to sweet taste, suggesting dysregulation of gut-brain control of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle R Dalenberg
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Barkha P Patel
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Raphael Denis
- Unite de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Maria G Veldhuizen
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Petra C Vinke
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroendocrinology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unite de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Dana M Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Strasse 47, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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Malbert CH, Horowitz M, Young RL. Low-calorie sweeteners augment tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in a large animal model of obesity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2380-2391. [PMID: 31338548 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Whether low-calorie sweeteners (LCS), such as sucralose and acesulfame K, can alter glucose metabolism is uncertain, particularly given the inconsistent observations relating to insulin resistance in recent human trials. We hypothesized that these discrepancies are accounted for by the surrogate tools used to evaluate insulin resistance and that PET 18FDG, given its capacity to quantify insulin sensitivity in individual organs, would be more sensitive in identifying changes in glucose metabolism. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of LCS on whole-body and organ-specific glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in a large animal model of morbid obesity. METHODS Twenty mini-pigs with morbid obesity were fed an obesogenic diet enriched with LCS (sucralose 1 mg/kg/day and acesulfame K 0.5 mg/kg/day, LCS diet group), or without LCS (control group), for 3 months. Glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity were determined for the duodenum, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and brain using dynamic PET 18FDG scanning together with direct measurement of arterial input function. Body composition was also measured using CT imaging and energy metabolism quantified with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS The LCS diet increased subcutaneous abdominal fat by ≈ 20% without causing weight gain, and reduced insulin clearance by ≈ 40%, while whole-body glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity were unchanged. In contrast, glucose uptake in the duodenum, liver and brain increased by 57, 66 and 29% relative to the control diet group (P < 0.05 for all), while insulin sensitivity increased by 53, 55 and 28% (P < 0.05 for all), respectively. In the brain, glucose uptake increased significantly only in the frontal cortex, associated with improved metabolic connectivity towards the hippocampus and the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS In miniature pigs, the combination of sucralose and acesulfame K is biologically active. While not affecting whole-body insulin resistance, it increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in specific tissues, mimicking the effects of obesity in the adipose tissue and in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Malbert
- Aniscan Unit, Department of Human Nutrition, INRA, 16, le clos, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutrition to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutrition to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australia Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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4
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Glendinning JI. Oral Post-Oral Actions of Low-Calorie Sweeteners: A Tale of Contradictions and Controversies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26 Suppl 3:S9-S17. [PMID: 30290077 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many scientists and laypeople alike have concerns about low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs). These concerns stem from both a dissatisfaction with the taste of LCSs and reports that they cause metabolic disruptions (e.g., weight gain, glucose intolerance). METHODS This article provides a critical review of the literature on LCSs from the standpoint of their taste, gastrointestinal, and metabolic effects; biological fate in the body; and impact on ingestion and glucose homeostasis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Mammals can readily discriminate between LCSs and sugars because both types of sweetener activate distinct oral and post-oral sensory pathways. LCSs differ in their ability to access post-oral tissues, but few studies have incorporated this observation into their design. It is difficult to extrapolate results between mice, rats, and humans because of interspecies differences in the taste and post-oral actions of LCSs and the fact that investigators often use different response measures in rodents and humans. There is confounding in the experimental design of some of the most widely cited studies of LCS-induced metabolic disruptions. The uncritical acceptance of these studies has generated considerable controversy. More work is needed to obtain a clearer understanding of the metabolic effects of LCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Dhillon J, Lee JY, Mattes RD. The cephalic phase insulin response to nutritive and low-calorie sweeteners in solid and beverage form. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:100-109. [PMID: 28899680 PMCID: PMC5634742 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the role of the cephalic phase insulin response (CPIR) following exposure to nutritive and low-calorie sweeteners in solid and beverage form in overweight and obese adults. In addition, the role of learning on the CPIR to nutritive and low-calorie sweetener exposure was tested. Sixty-four overweight and obese adults (age: 18-50years, BMI: 24-37kg/m2, body fat percentage>25% for men and >32% for women) were sham-fed (at 2-minute intervals for 14min) a randomly assigned test load comprised of a nutritive (sucrose) or low-calorie sweetener (sucralose) in beverage or solid form in phase 1 of the study. A 2-3ml blood sample was collected before and 2, 6, 10, 14, 61, 91 and 121min after oral exposure for serum insulin and glucose analysis. During phase 2, participants underwent a 2-week training period to facilitate associative learning between the sensory properties of test loads and their post-ingestive effects. In phase 3, participants were retested for their cephalic phase responses as in phase 1. Participants were classified as responders if they demonstrated a positive insulin response (rise of serum insulin above baseline i.e. Δ insulin) 2min post-stimulus in phase 1. Among responders exposed to the same sweetener in Phases 1 and 3, the proportion of participants that displayed a rise of insulin with oral exposure to sucralose was significantly greater when the stimulus was in the solid form compared to the beverage form. Sucralose and sucrose exposure elicited similarly significant increases in serum insulin 2min after exposure and significant decreases after 2min in responders in both food forms. The solid food form elicited greater CPIR over 2, 6 and 10min than the beverage form. There was no effect of learning on insulin responses after training. The results indicate the presence of a significant CPIR in a subset of individuals with overweight or obesity after oral exposure to sucralose, especially when present in solid food form. Future studies must confirm the reliability of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 226 Stone Hall, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Janice Y Lee
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 226 Stone Hall, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette 47907, IN, USA.
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 226 Stone Hall, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette 47907, IN, USA.
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6
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Miles-Chan JL, Charrière N, Grasser EK, Montani JP, Dulloo AG. The thermic effect of sugar-free Red Bull: do the non-caffeine bioactive ingredients in energy drinks play a role? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:16-9. [PMID: 25294090 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consumption of energy drinks is increasing amongst athletes and the general public. By virtue of their bioactive ingredients (including caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, and B-group vitamins) and paucity of calories, sugar-free "diet" versions of these drinks could be a useful aid for weight maintenance. Yet little is known about the acute influence of these drinks, and specifically the role of the cocktail of non-caffeine ingredients, on resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation. Therefore, the metabolic impact of sugar-free Red Bull (sfRB) to a comparable amount of caffeine was compared. METHODS REE and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured in eight healthy young men by ventilated-hood indirect calorimetry for 30 min baseline and 2 h following ingestion of 355 ml of either: sfRB + placebo, water + 120 mg caffeine, or water + placebo, according to a randomized cross-over design. RESULTS sfRB and water + caffeine both increased REE to the same degree (+4%). Additionally, sfRB briefly increased RQ. Water + caffeine had no effect on RQ relative to water + placebo. CONCLUSIONS sfRB enhanced thermogenesis and marginally shifted RQ to favor carbohydrate oxidation. The stimulatory effects of sfRB on REE are mimicked by water + caffeine, indicating that the auxiliary ingredients do not influence this thermic effect. The metabolic effects of sfRB are primarily due to caffeine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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7
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Fowler SP, Williams K, Resendez RG, Hunt KJ, Hazuda HP, Stern MP. Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1894-900. [PMID: 18535548 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the relationship between artificially sweetened beverage (ASB) consumption and long-term weight gain in the San Antonio Heart Study. From 1979 to 1988, height, weight, and ASB consumption were measured among 5,158 adult residents of San Antonio, Texas. Seven to eight years later, 3,682 participants (74% of survivors) were re-examined. Outcome measures were incidence of overweight/obesity (OW/OB(inc)) and obesity (OB(inc)) (BMI > or = 25 and > or = 30 kg/m(2), respectively), and BMI change by follow-up (DeltaBMI, kg/m(2)). A significant positive dose-response relationship emerged between baseline ASB consumption and all outcome measures, adjusted for baseline BMI and demographic/behavioral characteristics. Consuming >21 ASBs/week (vs. none) was associated with almost-doubled risk of OW/OB (odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, P = 0.007) among 1,250 baseline normal-weight (NW) individuals, and doubled risk of obesity (OR = 2.03, P = 0.0005) among 2,571 individuals with baseline BMIs <30 kg/m(2). Compared with nonusers (+1.01 kg/m(2)), DeltaBMIs were significantly higher for ASB quartiles 2-4: +1.46 (P = 0.003), +1.50 (P = 0.002), and +1.78 kg/m(2) (P < 0.0001), respectively. Overall, adjusted DeltaBMIs were 47% greater among artificial sweetener (AS) users than nonusers (+1.48 kg/m(2) vs. +1.01 kg/m(2), respectively, P < 0.0001). In separate analyses--stratified by gender; ethnicity; baseline weight category, dieting, or diabetes status; or exercise-change category--DeltaBMIs were consistently greater among AS users. These differences, though not significant among exercise increasers, or those with baseline diabetes or BMI >30 kg/m(2) (P = 0.069), were significant in all 13 remaining strata. These findings raise the question whether AS use might be fueling--rather than fighting--our escalating obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon P Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
A potentially important new drug for treating type 2 diabetes, tagatose, is now in phase 3 clinical trial. The history, development, additional health benefits, mechanisms of action and the potential for the drug are presented in context with a review of the rapidly growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes and treatments for it. An epimer of fructose, the natural hexose tagatose was originally developed by Spherix Incorporated (formerly Biospherics Inc.) as a low-calorie sugar substitute. Only 20% of orally ingested tagatose is fully metabolized, principally in the liver, following a metabolic pathway identical to that of fructose. Following a decade of studies, tagatose became generally recognized as safe for use in foods and beverages under US FDA regulation. The simple sugar is commercially produced by isomerization of galactose, which is prepared from lactose. Early human studies suggested tagatose as a potential antidiabetic drug through its beneficial effects on postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. A subsequent 14-month trial confirmed its potential for treating type 2 diabetes, and tagatose showed promise for inducing weight loss and raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, both important to the control of diabetes and constituting benefits independent of the disease. Furthermore, tagatose was shown to be an antioxidant and a prebiotic, both properties cited in the maintenance and promotion of health. No current therapies for type 2 diabetes provide these multiple health benefits. The predominant side effects of tagatose are gastrointestinal disturbances associated with excessive consumption, generally accommodated within 1- to 2-week period. The health and use potentials for tagatose (branded Naturlose((R)) for this use) are given with respect to current type 2 diabetes drugs and markets. Under an FDA-affirmed protocol, Spherix is currently conducting a phase 3 trial to evaluate a placebo-subtracted treatment effect based on a decrease in HbA(1c) levels. Side effects, contraindications and possibly beneficial new findings will be carefully monitored. It is hoped that early results of the trial may become available by mid-2008. If a subsequent NDA is successful, tagatose may fill a major health need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Spherix Incorporated, 12051 Indian Creek Court, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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9
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Peri I, Mamrud-Brains H, Rodin S, Krizhanovsky V, Shai Y, Nir S, Naim M. Rapid entry of bitter and sweet tastants into liposomes and taste cells: implications for signal transduction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278:C17-25. [PMID: 10644507 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.1.c17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some amphipathic bitter tastants and non-sugar sweeteners are direct activators of G proteins and stimulate transduction pathways in cells not related to taste. We demonstrate that the amphipathic bitter tastants quinine and cyclo(Leu-Trp) and the non-sugar sweetener saccharin translocate rapidly through multilamellar liposomes. Furthermore, when rat circumvallate (CV) taste buds were incubated with the above tastants for 30 s, their intracellular concentrations increased by 3.5- to 7-fold relative to their extracellular concentrations. The time course of this dramatic accumulation was also monitored in situ in rat single CV taste buds under a confocal laser-scanning microscope. Tastants were clearly localized to the taste cell cytosol. It is proposed that, due to their rapid permeation into taste cells, these amphipathic tastants may be available for activation of signal transduction components (e. g., G proteins) directly within the time course of taste sensation. Such activation may occur in addition to the action of these tastants on putative G protein-coupled receptors. This phenomenon may be related to the slow taste onset and lingering aftertaste typically produced by many bitter tastants and non-sugar sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peri
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science, and Nutrition, Rehovot 76-100, Israel
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10
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DeSimone JA. Focus on "rapid entry of bitter and sweet tastants into liposomes and taste cells: implications for signal transduction". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278:C13-6. [PMID: 10644506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.1.c13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Liang Y, Luo S, Cincotta AH. Long-term infusion of norepinephrine plus serotonin into the ventromedial hypothalamus impairs pancreatic islet function. Metabolism 1999; 48:1287-9. [PMID: 10535392 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To examine the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between enhanced monoamine content in the ventromedial hypothalamus ([VMH] a characteristic of hyperinsulinemic and insulin-resistant animals) and islet dysfunction, we infused norepinephrine ([NE] 25 nmol/h) and/or serotonin ([5-HT] 2.5 nmol/h) into the VMH of normal hamsters for 5 weeks and then examined insulin release from the isolated pancreatic islets. VMH infusion of NE + 5-HT, but not of either neurotransmitter alone, produced a marked leftward shift in the dose-response curve of glucose-induced insulin release (twofold to sixfold increase at 5 to 7.5 mmol/L glucose v vehicle-treated animals). In addition, the islet responsiveness to 1 micromol/L NE and 10 micromol/L acetylcholine was abolished in these NE + 5-HT VMH-infused hamsters. These findings indicate that an increase of NE and 5-HT content in the VMH can induce dysregulation of islet insulin release in response to glucose and neurotransmitters. Inasmuch as VMH NE and 5-HT levels are elevated in hyperinsulinemic and insulin-resistant animals, the present findings suggest that an endogenous increase in these hypothalamic monoamines may contribute to islet dysfunction, which is one of the characteristics of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Pre-clinical Research Laboratory, Ergo Science, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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12
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Malaisse WJ, Vanonderbergen A, Louchami K, Jijakli H, Malaisse-Lagae F. Effects of artificial sweeteners on insulin release and cationic fluxes in rat pancreatic islets. Cell Signal 1998; 10:727-33. [PMID: 9884024 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(98)00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta-L-glucose pentaacetate, but not alpha-D-galactose pentaacetate, was recently reported to taste bitter and to stimulate insulin release. This finding led, in the present study, to the investigation of the effects of both bitter and non-bitter artificial sweeteners on insulin release and cationic fluxes in isolated rat pancreatic islets. Sodium saccharin (1.0-10.0 mM), sodium cyclamate (5.0-10.0 mM), stevioside (1.0 mM) and acesulfame-K (1.0-15.0 mM), all of which display a bitter taste, augmented insulin release from islets incubated in the presence of 7.0 mM D-glucose. In contrast, aspartame (1.0-10.0 mM), which is devoid of bitter taste, failed to affect insulin secretion. A positive secretory response to acesulfame-K was still observed when the extracellular K+ concentration was adjusted to the same value as that in control media. No major changes in 86Rb and 45Ca outflow from pre-labelled perifused islets could be attributed to the saccharin, cyclamic or acesulfame anions. It is proposed that the insulinotropic action of some artificial sweeteners and, possibly, that of selected hexose pentaacetate esters may require G-protein-coupled receptors similar to those operative in the recognition of bitter compounds by taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Malaisse
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Brussels Free University, Belgium
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13
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Liang Y, Lubkin M, Sheng H, Scislowski PW, Cincotta AH. Dopamine agonist treatment ameliorates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and the elevated basal insulin release from islets of ob/ob mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1405:1-13. [PMID: 9784590 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the characteristics of obesity-associated diabetes is an elevated fasting plasma insulin concentration with a weak insulin secretory response to subsequent glucose stimulation. Evidence suggests that hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia may contribute to the initiation and progression of this disordered islet glucose sensing. It has been proposed that reducing hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia per se may improve islet glucose sensing. Here we studied glucose-dependent insulin release in islets isolated from ob/ob mice treated with dopamine agonists (bromocriptine and SKF38393, BC/SKF) which significantly reduced circulating glucose and lipid levels of ob/ob mice. Islets from BC/SKF-treated mice showed a marked decrease of the elevated basal insulin release to levels similar to lean mice. Such treatment also induced a higher secretory response to glucose stimulation compared with that in ob/ob mice with sustained hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Similarly, when islets from untreated ob/ob mice were cultured for 7 days in 11 mM glucose in the absence of free fatty acid, the basal insulin release was significantly decreased and high glucose stimulated insulin release increased compared with that from islets cultured in medium containing 30 mM glucose and 2 mM oleate. The BC/SKF-induced reduction of elevated basal insulin release was associated with decreased hexokinase activity and basal cyclic AMP content in islet tissue. Our results demonstrate that dopamine agonist treatment improves basal insulin release in ob/ob mice and this effect may be mediated, in part, by a reduction of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Ergoscience, Pre-clinical Research laboratory, 100 First Ave., 4th Floor, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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14
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Naim M, Striem BJ, Tal M. Cellular signal transduction of sweetener-induced taste. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 1998; 42:211-43. [PMID: 9597728 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Naim
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel
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Bertorelli AM, Czarnowski-Hill JV. Review of present and future use of nonnutritive sweeteners. DIABETES EDUCATOR 1990; 16:415-22. [PMID: 2202574 DOI: 10.1177/014572179001600515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to growing consumer demand for better tasting, low-calorie, sugar-free food products, the number of food items containing nonnutritive sweeteners has grown markedly in recent years. In this paper, present sweetener consumption is reviewed; the history, properties, uses, advantages, and safety of approved sweeteners such as saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame-K are presented, as well as those of sweeteners such as cyclamate, sucralose, and alitame that are awaiting FDA approval; the role of sweeteners in the dietary management of persons with diabetes is discussed; and counseling guidelines for safe consumption are given.
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Rogers PJ, Blundell JE. Separating the actions of sweetness and calories: effects of saccharin and carbohydrates on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Physiol Behav 1989; 45:1093-9. [PMID: 2813533 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was made of the effects on hunger and food intake of consuming preloads varying in sweetness and energy content. The preloads were a plain (unsweetened) yogurt, and the same yogurt sweetened to equal intensity with saccharin or glucose, or supplemented with starch. This balanced design made it possible to assess the consequences of adding sweetness to food as well as the consequences of substituting a nonnutritive sweetener for a caloric sweetener. Subjects (N = 24, repeated measures design) ate the preload at midday and returned one hour later for a sandwich lunch. Food intake in this meal was measured directly, and intake during the remaining part of the day was monitored using home recording in diaries. Hunger was assessed using subjective ratings of motivation to eat. Food intake at lunchtime was significantly greater following the saccharin compared with the plain preload, and parallel effects were revealed by the motivational ratings. Saccharin also stimulated further increases in intake after lunch. Food intake was lowest following the high-energy preloads, with the starch supplemented yogurt producing somewhat the largest suppression of intake. The results confirm and extend previous findings showing that intense sweeteners do not possess the same satiating capacity as glucose and sucrose. The stimulation of appetite by saccharin may be due to its sweet taste and also to effects on postingestive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Rogers
- Psychology Department, University of Leeds, UK
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