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Wikner A, Sandström A, Rinnström D, Wiklund U, Christersson C, Dellborg M, Nielsen NE, Sörensson P, Thilén U, Johansson B, Sandberg C. Impaired Exercise Capacity and Mortality Risk in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease. JACC. ADVANCES 2023; 2:100422. [PMID: 38938993 PMCID: PMC11198387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Background An association between impaired exercise capacity and risk of mortality has been reported among adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Over the years, treatment methods have improved and may influence outcome. Hence, we report data from a national cohort reflecting a contemporary population. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between exercise capacity (workload) and mortality in a large registry-based cohort. Methods Data on exercise capacity using cycle ergometer were retrieved from the national registry of CHD. The association between predicted exercise capacity (%ECpred) and mortality was analyzed using Cox regression. Results In total, 3,721 adults (>18 years, 44.6% women) with CHD were included. The median age was 27.0 years (IQR: 20.8-41.0 years) and mean %ECpred was 77% ± 20%. Over a mean follow-up of 9.4 ± 6.0 years, there were 214 (5.8%) deaths. The Multivariable Cox regression model showed that moderately and severely impaired exercise capacity (50-<70 %ECpred: HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4-3.2, P < 0.001, and <50 %ECpred: HR: 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1-6.0, P < 0.001) and CHD complexity were associated with higher mortality (moderate complexity: HR: 1.9 95% CI: 1.2-3.0, P = 0.003, great complexity: HR: 2.3 95% CI: 1.3-4.2, P = 0.008) when adjusted for New York Heart Association class, physical activity, cardiovascular medication, sex, impaired systemic ventricular function, and age. Conclusions Impaired exercise capacity and CHD complexity are independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients with CHD. Exercise capacity is an easily accessible variable that may be a useful tool for risk assessment in adult patients with CHD, but this needs confirmation in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wikner
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anette Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Rinnström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Urban Wiklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Dellborg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niels Erik Nielsen
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peder Sörensson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Thilén
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Camilla Sandberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Health and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Eklund Gustafsson C, Ekström M, Ugander M, Brudin L, Carlén A, Hedman K, Lindow T. Prognostic value of peak work rate indexed by left ventricular diameter. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8806. [PMID: 37258692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular diameter (LVEDD) increases with systematic endurance training but also in various cardiac diseases. High exercise capacity associates with favorable outcomes. We hypothesized that peak work rate (Wpeak) indexed to LVEDD would carry prognostic information and aimed to evaluate the association between Wpeak/LVEDDrest and cardiovascular mortality. Wpeak/LVEDDrest (W/mm) was calculated in patients with an echocardiographic examination within 3 months of a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test. Low Wpeak/LVEDDrest was defined as a value below the sex- and age-specific 5th percentile among lower-risk subjects. The association with cardiovascular mortality was evaluated using Cox regression. In total, 3083 patients were included (8.0 [5.4-11.1] years of follow-up, 249 (8%) cardiovascular deaths). Wpeak/LVEDDrest (W/mm) was associated with cardiovascular mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.28 [0.22-0.36]), similar to Wpeak in % of predicted, with identical prognostic strength when adjusted for age and sex (C-statistics 0.87 for both). A combination of low Wpeak/LVEDDrest and low Wpeak was associated with a particularly poor prognosis (adjusted HR 6.4 [4.0-10.3]). Wpeak/LVEDDrest was associated with cardiovascular mortality but did not provide incremental prognostic value to Wpeak alone. The combination of a low Wpeak/LVEDDrest and low Wpeak was associated with a particularly poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Eklund Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Research and Development, Växjö Central Hospital, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ekström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Ugander
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Brudin
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Carlén
- Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Hedman
- Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lindow
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Research and Development, Växjö Central Hospital, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden.
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Clinical Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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VAN Rassel CR, Ajayi OO, Sales KM, Azevedo RA, Murias JM, Macinnis MJ. A "Step-Ramp-Step" Protocol to Identify Running Speed and Power Associated with the Maximal Metabolic Steady State. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:534-547. [PMID: 36251387 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A previously established Step-Ramp-Step (SRS) exercise protocol was able to accurately predict the work rate associated with the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS) in cyclists. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a modified SRS protocol could predict the running speed and power associated with the MMSS. METHODS Fifteen (8 male; 7 female) runners (V̇O 2max 54.5 [6.5] mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) were recruited for this investigation composed of four to five visits. In the first visit, runners performed a moderate intensity step (MOD), an incremental exercise test, and a heavy intensity step (HVY), on a motorized treadmill. This SRS protocol was used to predict the running speed and power associated with the MMSS (i.e., the SRS-MMSS), where running power was assessed by a wearable device (Stryd) attached to each runner's shoe. Subsequent visits were used to confirm the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) as a proxy measure of the MMSS (i.e., the MLSS-MMSS) and to validate the SRS-MMSS speed and power estimates. RESULTS The estimated SRS-MMSS running speed (7.2 [0.6] mph) was significantly lower than confirmed running speed at MLSS-MMSS (7.5 [0.8] mph; bias = 3.6%, P = 0.005); however, the estimated SRS-MMSS running power (241 [35] W) was not different than the MLSS-MMSS confirmed running power (240 [37] W; bias = -0.6%; P = 0.435). V̇O 2 at SRS-MMSS (3.22 [0.49] L·min -1 ) was not different than respiratory compensation point (3.26 [0.58] L·min -1 ; P = 0.430). Similarly, V̇O 2 at MLSS-MMSS (3.30 [0.54] L·min -1 ) was not different than respiratory compensation point ( P = 0.438). CONCLUSIONS The SRS protocol allows MMSS, as measured by MLSS, to be accurately determined using running power (Stryd), but not speed, in a single laboratory visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R VAN Rassel
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA
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Chorley A, Lamb KL. Effect of varying recovery intensities on power outputs during severe intensity intervals in trained cyclists during the Covid-19 pandemic. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 19:1-9. [PMID: 36820074 PMCID: PMC9933020 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-023-01050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The study aimed to investigate the effects of different recovery intensities on the power outputs of repeated severe intensity intervals and the implications for W' reconstitution in trained cyclists. Methods Eighteen trained cyclists (FTP 258.0 ± 42.7 W; weekly training 8.6 ± 1.7 h∙week-1) familiar with interval training, use of the Zwift® platform throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, and previously established FTP (95% of mean power output from a 20-min test), performed 5 × 3-min severe intensity efforts interspersed with 2-min recoveries. Recovery intensities were: 50 W (LOW), 50% of functional threshold power (MOD), and self-selected power output (SELF). Results Whilst power outputs declined as the session progressed, mean power outputs during the severe intervals across the conditions were not different to each other (LOW 300.1 ± 48.1 W; MOD: 296.9 ± 50.4 W; SELF: 298.8 ± 53.3 W) despite the different recovery conditions. Mean power outputs of the self-selected recovery periods were 121.7 ± 26.2 W. However, intensity varied during the self-selected recovery periods, with values in the last 15 s being greater than the first 15 s (p < 0.001) and decreasing throughout the session (128.7 ± 25.4 W to 113.9 ± 29.3 W). Conclusion Reducing recovery intensities below 50% of FTP failed to enhance subsequent severe intensity intervals, suggesting that a lower limit for optimal W' reconstitution had been reached. As self-selected recoveries were seen to adapt to maintain the severe intensity power output as the session progressed, adopting such a strategy might be preferential for interval training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chorley
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, CH1 4BJ UK
| | - Kevin L. Lamb
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, CH1 4BJ UK
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Lemus SA, Volz M, Tiozzo E, Perry A, Best TM, Travascio F. The effect of clinically elevated body mass index on physiological stress during manual lifting activities. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278858. [PMID: 36576923 PMCID: PMC9797066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) classified as obesity constitute 27.7% of U.S. workers. These individuals are more likely to experience work-related injuries. However, ergonomists still design work tasks based on the general population and normal body weight. This is particularly true for manual lifting tasks and the calculation of recommended weight limits (RWL) as per National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) guidelines. This study investigates the effects of BMI on indicators of physiological stress. It was hypothesized that, for clinically elevated BMI individuals, repeated manual lifting at RWL would produce physiological stress above safety limits. A repetitive box lifting task was designed to measure metabolic parameters: volume of carbon dioxide (VCO2) and oxygen (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), and energy expenditure rate (EER). A two-way ANOVA compared metabolic variables with BMI classification and gender, and linear regressions investigated BMI correlations. Results showed that BMI classification represented a significant effect for four parameters: VCO2 (p < 0.001), VO2 (p < 0.001), HR (p = 0.012), and EER (p < 0.001). In contrast, gender only had a significant effect on VO2 (p = 0.014) and EER (p = 0.017). Furthermore, significant positive relationships were found between BMI and VCO2 (R2 = 59.65%, p < 0.001), VO2 (R2 = 45.01%, p < 0.001), HR (R2 = 21.86%, p = 0.009), and EER (R2 = 50.83%, p < 0.001). Importantly, 80% of obese subjects exceeded the EER safety limit of 4.7 kcal/min indicated by NIOSH. Indicators of physiological stress are increased in clinically elevated BMI groups and appear capable of putting these individuals at increased risk for workplace injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Lemus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Mallory Volz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Eduard Tiozzo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FT); (ET)
| | - Arlette Perry
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Laboratory of Clinical and Applied Physiology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Francesco Travascio
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Max Biedermann Institute for Biomechanics at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FT); (ET)
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Fu JCM, Fu PK, Cheng YY. Benefits of Cycling Wheelchair Training for Elderly with Physical Disability: A Prospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16773. [PMID: 36554652 PMCID: PMC9779290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM In order to investigate the effect of cycling wheelchair training as an exercise for aged 65+ disabled patients on cognitive function, quality of life, aerobic capacity and physiological parameters. METHODS Participants in nursing home performed cycling wheelchair training for 30 min a day, 5 days a week, for a total of 4 weeks. The main outcome measure was the short form 12 survey (SF-12). Other outcome measures included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), aero bike work rate test, resting blood pressure, and heart rate. RESULTS In this study, 41 volunteers were recruited and no participants dropped out of the study voluntarily during training, and no serious adverse effect was identified. Physical and mental component summary total scores of SF-12 were significantly higher after training with statistical significance (p = 0.001). 8 subscales also showed significant improvements after training (p = 0.025 ~ <0.001). Total MMSE score has no difference before and after training. Attention/calculation (p = 0.018), short term memory (p = 0.041), and aerobic capacity (p < 0.001) as measured by subscales of MMSE and aero bike test showed marked improvements, while resting systolic blood pressure (p = 0.931) and heart rate (p = 0.793) did not change. CONCLUSIONS Cycling wheelchair is practical for the disabled elderly to exercise, and a 4-week exercise program enhanced their quality of life and aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Chun-Ming Fu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Kuei Fu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
- College of Human Science and Social Innovation, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433304, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yang Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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Špenko M, Potočnik I, Edwards I, Potočnik N. Training History, Cardiac Autonomic Recovery from Submaximal Exercise and Associated Performance in Recreational Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9797. [PMID: 36011428 PMCID: PMC9408689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of prolonged exertion on cardiac parasympathetic (cPS) reorganization and associated aerobic performance in response to repeated short-lasting submaximal exercise bouts (SSE) performed for 7 days following prolonged exertion. In 19 recreational runners, heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) indices (lnRMSSD, lnHF, and lnLF/HF) were monitored pre- and post-submaximal graded cycling performed on consecutive days following a half-marathon (HM) and compared with the baseline, pre-HM values. Additionally, HR recovery (HRR), aerobic performance, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined. HR, HRV indices, and HRR were tested for correlation with exercise performance. A significant time effect was found in HR, HRR, and HRV indices as well as in aerobic performance and RPE during the study period. Most of the measured parameters differed from their baseline values only on the same day following HM. However, HRR and HR measured in recovery after SSE were additionally affected one day following the half-marathon yet in opposite directions to those recorded on the same day as the HM. Thus, postSSE HR and HRR exhibited a bivariate time response (postSSE HR: 102 ± 14 bpm; p < 0.001; 82 ± 11 bpm; p = 0.007 vs. 88 ± 11 bpm; HRR in 30 s after SSE cessation: 14.9 ± 4.9 bpm; p < 0.001; 30.1 ± 13.3 bpm; p = 0.006 vs. 24.4 ± 10.8 bpm), potentially indicating a cPS dysfunction phase on the same day and cPS rebound phase one day following HM reflected also in consecutive changes in aerobic power. Correlations were found between the changes in measured cardiac indices with respect to baseline and the changes in aerobic performance indices throughout the study period. The effect of exercise history on cPS reorganization is more pronounced in response to SSE than at rest. Accordingly, we conclude that SSE performed repeatedly on a daily basis following prolonged exertion offers a noninvasive tool to evaluate the impact of training history on cPS recovery and associated aerobic power output in recreational athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Špenko
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Potočnik
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ian Edwards
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nejka Potočnik
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Trinh B, Peletier M, Simonsen C, Plomgaard P, Karstoft K, Pedersen BK, van Hall G, Ellingsgaard H. Amino Acid Metabolism and Protein Turnover in Lean and Obese Humans During Exercise-Effect of IL-6 Receptor Blockade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1854-1864. [PMID: 35442403 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in skeletal muscle wasting and in regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the healthy state. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine the role of IL-6 in regulating systemic protein and amino acid metabolism during rest, exercise, and recovery in lean and obese humans. METHODS In a nonrandomized, single-blind design, 12 lean and 9 obese individuals were infused first with 0.9% saline (Saline), secondly with the IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab (Acute IL-6R ab), and 21 days later with saline while still under tocilizumab influence (Chronic IL-6R ab). Outcome measures were determined before, during, and after 90 minutes of exercise at 40% Wattmax by isotope dilution technique, using primed continuous infusion of L-[ring-D5]phenylalanine and L-[D2]tyrosine. Main outcomes measures included systemic protein turnover and plasma amino acid concentrations. RESULTS We saw no effect of acute or chronic IL-6 receptor blockade on protein turnover. In lean individuals, chronic IL-6 receptor blockade increased plasma concentrations of total amino acids (rest Δ + 186 μmol/L; 95% CI, 40-332; recovery Δ + 201 μmol/L; 95% CI, 55-347) and essential amino acids (rest Δ + 43 μmol/L; 95% CI, 12-76; recovery Δ + 45 μmol/L; 95% CI, 13-77) independently of exercise but had no such effect in obese individuals (total amino acids rest Δ + 63 μmol/L; 95% CI, -170 to 295, recovery Δ - 23 μmol/L, 95% CI, -256 to 210; essential amino acids rest Δ + 26 μmol/L; 95% CI, -21 to 73, recovery Δ + 11 μmol/L; 95% CI, -36 to 58). CONCLUSION IL-6 receptor blockade has no effect on protein turnover in fasting lean and obese humans during rest, exercise, and recovery. Chronic IL-6 receptor blockade increases total and essential amino acid concentrations only in lean individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckey Trinh
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Merel Peletier
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Casper Simonsen
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Liu QQ, Xie WQ, Luo YX, Li YD, Huang WH, Wu YX, Li YS. High Intensity Interval Training: A Potential Method for Treating Sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging 2022; 17:857-872. [PMID: 35656091 PMCID: PMC9152764 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s366245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-related disease characterized by loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, has attracted the attention of medical experts due to its severe morbidity, low living quality, high expenditure of health care, and mortality. Traditionally, persistent aerobic exercise (PAE) is considered as a valid way to attenuate muscular atrophy. However, nowadays, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a more effective and time-efficient method to replace traditional exercise modes. HIIT displays comprehensive effects on exercise capacity and skeletal muscle metabolism, and it provides a time-out for the recovery of cardiopulmonary and muscular functions without causing severe adverse effects. Studies demonstrated that compared with PAE, HIIT showed similar or even higher effects in improving muscle strength, enhancing physical performances and increasing muscle mass of elder people. Therefore, HIIT might become a promising way to cope with the age-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function. However, it is worth mentioning that no study of HIIT was conducted directly on sarcopenia patients, which is attributed to the suspicious of safety and validity. In this review, we will assess the effects of different training parameters on muscle and sarcopenia, summarize previous papers which compared the effects of HIIT and PAE in improving muscle quality and function, and evaluate the potential of HIIT to replace the status of PAE in treating old people with muscle atrophy and low modality; and point out drawbacks of temporary experiments. Our aim is to discuss the feasibility of HIIT to treat sarcopenia and provide a reference for clinical scientists who want to utilize HIIT as a new way to cope with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xuan Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Dan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hong Huang
- Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wu
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, People’s Republic of China
- Yu-Xiang Wu, Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 27 8422 6921, Email
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yu-Sheng Li, Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13975889696, Email
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Grzebisz-Zatońska N, Poprzęcki S, Stanula A, Sadowska-Krępa E, Gerasimuk D. Physiological and Somatic Principal Components Determining VO2max in the Annual Training Cycle of Endurance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073951. [PMID: 35409636 PMCID: PMC8997756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of training on the physiological variables achieved during the test effort in the macrocycle of road cyclists and their use in the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) prediction at individual training stages in the VO2max test. Nine well-trained male cyclists (age 25.6 ± 5.2 years and body weight 72.4 ± 7.35 kg) participated in the study and each phase of the macrocycle was followed by a time to exhaustion test (TTE) on the bicycle ergometer. The research showed that training loads significantly influence the maximum power (PPO), ventilation (VE) in the preparatory period (T1), time of the test (TTmax) at the start of the competition period (T2), percentage of body fat in total body weight (%FAT) and skeletal muscle mass (MMS) during the competition period (T3). Of the 16 variables taken for the analysis of the principal components (PC), the regression model determined one principal variable responsible for VO2max in the training macrocycle of cyclists, the relative value of maximum power (PPORV) and the accompanying variables in individual periods: breathing frequency (BF), delta blood lactate concentration (ΔLA), body fat (FAT) and MMS. Determining PC influencing the exercise capacity can be crucial in achieving the intended goals by athletes. Monitoring these indicators can help protect the health of professional athletes and provide guidelines in the training process, stimulate the body properly while protecting against overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Grzebisz-Zatońska
- Faculty of Cosmetology, Warsaw College of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 Street 18, 02-366 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stanisław Poprzęcki
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
| | - Dagmara Gerasimuk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
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11
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Monitoring Internal and External Load During Volleyball Competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:640-645. [PMID: 35168198 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between continuously measured internal and external load variables during volleyball competition. METHODS A total of 8 male elite volleyball athletes (Belgian Liga A and Liga B) were monitored during official competition matches. In total, 63 individual measurements are included in this study. The authors used heart-rate (HR) data as internal load and accelerometer-based activity as external load. Data were recorded at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz using wearable technology during official competition. Workload during continuous game play and individual jumps performed while serving and spiking (selected by means of video analysis) were studied using correlation analysis and dynamic time-series modeling. RESULTS Significant linear correlations were observed between peak acceleration and maximal HR of individual serves (ρ = .62; P = 1.6e-5) and spikes (ρ = .49; P = 1.2e-3) that were performed during the warm-up. These same actions performed during the match did not show significant correlations. The correlation between the mean HR and mean activity throughout the entire match was also found to be significant (ρ = .67; P = 2.0e-9). With respect to the time-series models, the mean value for the goodness of fit (RT2) between HR and activity was equal to .83 and .67 for the individual actions and the entire matches, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results show that there are strong relationships between internal and external load during volleyball competition. Second-order transfer function models are capable of explaining the main dynamics of HR (internal load) in response to accelerometer-based activity (external load). Time-series analysis of continuously measured workload is proposed for use in practice.
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12
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Cantelon JA, Giles GE. A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise. Front Psychol 2022; 12:653158. [PMID: 34975602 PMCID: PMC8716584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Cantelon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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13
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Baumgart JK, Ettema G, Griggs KE, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Leicht CA. A Reappraisal of Ventilatory Thresholds in Wheelchair Athletes With a Spinal Cord Injury: Do They Really Exist? Front Physiol 2021; 12:719341. [PMID: 34899368 PMCID: PMC8664409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.719341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventilatory threshold (VT) separates low- from moderate-intensity exercise, the respiratory compensation point (RCP) moderate- from high-intensity exercise. Both concepts assume breakpoints in respiratory data. However, the objective determination of the VT and RCP using breakpoint models during upper-body modality exercise in wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) has received little attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the fit of breakpoint models (i.e., two linear regression lines) with continuous no-breakpoint models (i.e., exponential curve/second-order polynomial) to respiratory data obtained during a graded wheelchair exercise test to exhaustion. These fits were compared employing adjusted R2, and blocked bootstrapping was used to derive estimates of a median and 95% confidence intervals (CI). V̇O2-V̇CO2 and V̇E/V̇O2-time data were assessed for the determination of the VT, and V̇CO2-V̇E and V̇E/V̇CO2-time data for the determination of the RCP. Data of 9 wheelchair athletes with tetraplegia and 8 with paraplegia were evaluated. On an overall group-level, there was an overlap in the adjusted R2 median ± 95% CI between the breakpoint and the no-breakpoint models for determining the VT (V̇O2-V̇CO2: 0.991 ± 0.003 vs. 0.990 ± 0.003; V̇E/V̇O2-time: 0.792 ± 0.101 vs. 0.782 ± 0.104, respectively) and RCP (V̇E-V̇CO2: 0.984 ± 0.004 vs. 0.984 ± 0.004; V̇E/V̇CO2-time: 0.729 ± 0.064 vs. 0.691 ± 0.063, respectively), indicating similar model fit. We offer two lines of reasoning: (1) breakpoints in these respiratory data exist but are too subtle to result in a significant difference in adjusted R2 between the investigated breakpoint and no-breakpoint models; (2) breakpoints do not exist, as has been argued previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kathrin Baumgart
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katy E Griggs
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Louise Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christof Andreas Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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14
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Rønnestad BR, Haugen OC, Dæhlin TE. Superior On-Ice Performance After Short-Interval vs. Long-Interval Training in Well-Trained Adolescent Ice Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S76-S80. [PMID: 34334774 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rønnestad, BR, Haugen, OC, and Dæhlin, TE. Superior on-ice performance after short-interval vs long-interval training in well-trained adolescent ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S76-S80, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 9 weeks with 3 weekly sessions of short intervals (SIs) against long intervals (LIs) on endurance performance in well-trained adolescent ice hockey players. Eighteen male adolescent ice hockey players volunteered to participate and were randomly allocated to perform SIs (n = 9; 3 series with 13 × 30 seconds work intervals) or LIs (n = 7; 4 series of 5 minutes work intervals). Subjects completed a skating multistage aerobic test (SMAT), maximal oxygen consumption, maximal power output, and maximal isokinetic knee-extensor strength tests before and after the intervention, and changes in performance were assessed using analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). Short intervals improved SMAT performance more from pretest to post-test than LIs (13.9 ± 8.1% vs. 3.7 ± 5.2%, respectively; p = 0.030, effect size [ES] = 1.48). No significant differences were observed between SIs and LIs in change of maximal oxygen uptake (SI: 3.8 ± 6.1% vs. LI: -0.4 ± 10.2%; p = 0.30) or 60 seconds maximal power output (SI: 1.0 ± 4.9% vs. LI: -3.7 ± 4.1%; p = 0.053). However, ESs were moderate (ES = 0.55) and large (ES = 1.07), respectively, in favor of SI for these dependent variables. There were no changes in isokinetic knee-extension strength (p > 0.05). The present SI protocol induced superior improvements in on-ice endurance performance compared with the LI protocol. Practitioners seeking to improve ice hockey players' on-ice endurance performance should consider including SI in their conditioning protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent R Rønnestad
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway; and
| | | | - Torstein E Dæhlin
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway; and.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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15
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McMorris T. The acute exercise-cognition interaction: From the catecholamines hypothesis to an interoception model. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:75-88. [PMID: 34666105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An interoception model for the acute exercise-cognition interaction is presented. During exercise following the norepinephrine threshold, interoceptive feedback induces increased tonic release of extracellular catecholamines, facilitating phasic release hence better cognitive performance of executive functions. When exercise intensity increases to maximum, the nature of task-induced norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus is dependent on interaction between motivation, perceived effort costs and perceived availability of resources. This is controlled by interaction between the rostral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula cortex. If perceived available resources are sufficient to meet predicted effort costs and reward value is high, tonic release from the locus coeruleus is attenuated thus facilitating phasic release, therefore cognition is not inhibited. However, if perceived available resources are insufficient to meet predicted effort costs or reward value is low, tonic release from the locus coeruleus is induced, attenuating phasic release. As a result, cognition is inhibited, although long-term memory and tasks that require switching to new stimuli-response couplings are probably facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
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16
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Jost L, Weishäupl A, Jansen P. Interactions between simultaneous aerobic exercise and mental rotation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile the effects of aerobic exercise during a cognitive task on the performance of said cognitive task have been extensively studied, it has not been investigated whether cognitive performance during aerobic exercise influences the physical performance. For this, it is the main goal of the study to investigate the physical and cognitive performance during a simultaneous conduction of aerobic exercise and mental rotation. Forty-one German sport students cycled at 60% intensity while simultaneously performing a mental rotation task. In a within-subject design, both physical and cognitive performances were compared with isolated cycling and mental rotation as control conditions using both objective (heart rate and pedal cadence in the cycling task, reaction time and accuracy in the mental rotation task) and subjective (RPE) cognitive and physical measures. The results analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling revealed no effect of either simultaneous cognitive tasks on objective (heart rate) or subjective (RPE) physical effort, nor of simultaneous exercise on reaction time or accuracy in cognitive performance. However, we have found lower cadence during cognitive tasks, which was also stable in time compared to an increase in cadence during exercise control. Furthermore, our results demonstrated increased cognitive effort during exercise. Our findings suggest that increased effort, both physiological and cognitive, is required during combined physical and cognitive work in support of neurological resource conflicts caused by the differing demands of exercise and executive function.
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17
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Frampton J, Cobbold B, Nozdrin M, Oo HTH, Wilson H, Murphy KG, Frost G, Chambers ES. The Effect of a Single Bout of Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Glucose, Insulin and Glucagon Concentrations Compared to Resting Conditions in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2021; 51:1949-1966. [PMID: 33905087 PMCID: PMC8363558 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Elevated glucose and insulin levels are major risk factors in the development of cardiometabolic disease. Aerobic exercise is widely recommended to improve glycaemic control, yet its acute effect on glycaemia and glucoregulatory hormones has not been systematically reviewed and analysed in healthy adults. Objective To determine the effect of a single bout of continuous aerobic exercise on circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in healthy adults. Methods CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, HMIC, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to May 2020. Papers were included if they reported a randomised, crossover study measuring glucose and/or insulin and/or glucagon concentrations before and immediately after a single bout of continuous aerobic exercise (≥ 30 min) compared to a time-matched, resting control arm in healthy adults. The risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and GRADE approach, respectively. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for glucose, insulin, and glucagon. Sub-group meta-analyses and meta-regression were performed for categorical (metabolic state [postprandial or fasted], exercise mode [cycle ergometer or treadmill]) and continuous (age, body mass index, % males, maximal aerobic capacity, exercise duration, exercise intensity) covariates, respectively. Results 42 papers (51 studies) were considered eligible: glucose (45 studies, 391 participants), insulin (38 studies, 377 participants) and glucagon (5 studies, 47 participants). Acute aerobic exercise had no significant effect on glucose concentrations (mean difference: − 0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI, − 0.22 to 0.13 mmol/L; P = 0.589; I2: 91.08%, large heterogeneity; moderate-quality evidence). Acute aerobic exercise significantly decreased insulin concentrations (mean difference: − 18.07 pmol/L; 95% CI, − 30.47 to − 5.66 pmol/L; P = 0.004; I2: 95.39%, large heterogeneity; moderate-quality evidence) and significantly increased glucagon concentrations (mean difference: 24.60 ng/L; 95% CI, 16.25 to 32.95 ng/L; P < 0.001; I2: 79.36%, large heterogeneity; moderate-quality evidence). Sub-group meta-analyses identified that metabolic state modified glucose and insulin responses, in which aerobic exercise significantly decreased glucose (mean difference: − 0.27 mmol/L; 95% CI, − 0.55 to − 0.00 mmol/L; P = 0.049; I2: 89.72%, large heterogeneity) and insulin (mean difference: − 42.63 pmol/L; 95% CI, − 66.18 to − 19.09 pmol/L; P < 0.001; I2: 81.29%, large heterogeneity) concentrations in the postprandial but not fasted state. Meta-regression revealed that the glucose concentrations were also moderated by exercise duration and maximal aerobic capacity. Conclusions Acute aerobic exercise performed in the postprandial state decreases glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy adults. Acute aerobic exercise also increases glucagon concentrations irrespective of metabolic state. Therefore, aerobic exercise undertaken in the postprandial state is an effective strategy to improve acute glycaemic control in healthy adults, supporting the role of aerobic exercise in reducing cardiometabolic disease incidence. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020191345. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01473-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Frampton
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Benjamin Cobbold
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mikhail Nozdrin
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Htet T H Oo
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holly Wilson
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Brill JW, Kram R. Does the preferred walk-run transition speed on steep inclines minimize energetic cost, heart rate or neither? J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.233056. [PMID: 33408254 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As walking speed increases, humans choose to transition to a running gait at their preferred transition speed (PTS). Near that speed, it becomes metabolically cheaper to run rather than to walk and that defines the energetically optimal transition speed (EOTS). Our goals were to determine: (1) how PTS and EOTS compare across a wide range of inclines and (2) whether the EOTS can be predicted by the heart rate optimal transition speed (HROTS). Ten healthy, high-caliber, male trail/mountain runners participated. On day 1, subjects completed 0 and 15 deg trials and on day 2, they completed 5 and 10 deg trials. We calculated PTS as the average of the walk-to-run transition speed (WRTS) and the run-to-walk transition speed (RWTS) determined with an incremental protocol. We calculated EOTS and HROTS from energetic cost and heart rate data for walking and running near the expected EOTS for each incline. The intersection of the walking and running linear regression equations defined EOTS and HROTS. We found that PTS, EOTS and HROTS all were slower on steeper inclines. PTS was slower than EOTS at 0, 5 and 10 deg, but the two converged at 15 deg. Across all inclines, PTS and EOTS were only moderately correlated. Although EOTS correlated with HROTS, EOTS was not predicted accurately by heart rate on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson W Brill
- Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Rodger Kram
- Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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19
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Macdermid PW, Pearce T, Foskett A. The use of a running power-meter for performance analysis in five-a-side football. Gait Posture 2021; 83:35-43. [PMID: 33069127 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Power output considers all movement aspects of the game of football and could have meaningful impact for teams. PURPOSE & METHODS To assess inter-reliability of ten power meters designed for running; and as a descriptor of individual and team performance during a five-a-side football match. The work aimed to assess inter-device reliability of running power-meters combined with data analysis from intermittent running, along with descriptives of player work rate, gait and team performance during a small-sided game of football. METHODS 10 different running power meters inter-reliability were on a treadmill at 8, 10, 12, and 16 km h-1 for 60 s in a random order. Football players (N = 10) performed the Yo-Yo ET1 with the running power meters to determine participants' endurance capability, while assessing the ability to record metrics of gait and power output during intermittent running. Following a period of 7-days participants took part in a 20 min small-sided game of football wearing the running power meters to provide descriptors of work and gait. RESULTS Good inter-device reliability for the power meters (CV 1.67, range 1.51-1.94 %) during continuous treadmill running were found. Overall mean ± SD results for Yo-Yo ET1 power output 263 ± 36W, power:weight 3.59 ± 0.34W∙kg-1 significantly (p < 0.05) increased with successive stages, while ground-contact time 234 ± 17 ms, and vertical oscillation 90.7 ± 27 mm did not change (p > 0.05). Descriptive analysis of the small-sided game presented mean ± SD absolute and relative power outputs of 148 ± 44W and 1.98 ± 0.53W∙kg-1, equating to 54 ± 21 %Wmax and 74 ± 5%HRmax. Characteristics of gait included cadence 125 ± 22 rpm, ground contact time 266 ± 19 ms, and vertical oscillation 76.7 ± 7 mm. The winning team worked relatively harder than the losing team (53.3 ± 0.7 %Wmax vs 46.7 ± 0.4 %Wmax, p < 0.0001) with more time (398 s vs 141 s) spent above 70 %Wmax. SIGNIFICANCE As such, the use of a running power-meter is a useful tool for comparing work rate and aspects of gait between team members while more research is required to investigate relative work rate (%Wmax) within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Macdermid
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Tom Pearce
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Foskett
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, New Zealand
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20
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Ekstrom LD, Ahlqvist VH, Persson M, Magnusson C, Berglind D. The association between birth by cesarean section and adolescent cardiorespiratory fitness in a cohort of 339,451 Swedish males. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18661. [PMID: 33122786 PMCID: PMC7596509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Birth by cesarean section is increasing worldwide and associates with offspring morbidities capable of adversely impacting cardiorespiratory fitness later in life. Whether birth by cesarean section associates with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness later in life is unknown and is of interest to public health. Four Swedish national registers were linked to follow 339,451 singleton males, born between 1973–1987 until December 31 2005, for Watt-maximum achieved on a cycle ergometer test at conscription into the Swedish military. Main exposure was birth by cesarean section which was compared to vaginal birth. A sub-population of 45,999 males born between 1982–1987 was identified to explore differentiated associations between elective and non-elective cesarean section with Watt-maximum. Within-family analyses of 34,252 families with 70,632 biological male siblings, who conscripted during the study period, were performed to explore the role of familial confounding on Watt-maximum. Swedish males born by cesarean section achieved lower mean Watt-maximum (− 2.32 W, 95%C.I. − 2.90 to − 1.75) and displayed excess odds of low cardiorespiratory fitness (aOR = 1.08, 95%C.I. 1.05 to 1.11) at conscription in the eighteenth life-year compared to males born vaginally after adjusting for birth characteristics, maternal morbidities and parental socioeconomic position. In the sub-population, males born 1982–1987, there was a greater negative association of elective cesarean section with cardiorespiratory fitness (− 4.42 W, 95%C.I. − 6.27 to − 2.57, p < 0.001) than non-elective cesarean sections (− 1.96 W, 95%C.I. − 3.77 to − 0.16, p = 0.033) as compared to vaginal births. No associations between modes of cesarean delivery and cardiorespiratory fitness levels persisted in the within-family analyses where biological male siblings were compared whilst controlling for factors shared within families. Males born by cesarean section had lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness eighteen years later compared to males born vaginally. These findings appear to be largely explained by factors of familial confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Ekstrom
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Viktor H Ahlqvist
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Magnusson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Berglind
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Rodrigo-Carranza V, González-Mohíno F, Santos-Concejero J, González-Ravé JM. Influence of Shoe Mass on Performance and Running Economy in Trained Runners. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573660. [PMID: 33071828 PMCID: PMC7538857 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the effects of adding shoe mass on running economy (RE), gait characteristics, neuromuscular variables and performance in a group of trained runners. Methods Eleven trained runners (6 men and 5 women) completed four evaluation sessions separated by at least 7 days. The first session consisted of a maximal incremental test where the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and the speed associated to the VO2max (vVO2max) were calculated. In the next sessions, RE at 75, 85, and 95% of the VT2 and the time to exhaustion (TTE) at vVO2max were assessed in three different shoe mass conditions (control, +50 g and +100 g) in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design. Biomechanical and neuromuscular variables, blood lactate and energy expenditure were measured during the TTE test. Results RE worsened with the increment of shoe mass (Control vs. 100 g) at 85% (7.40%, 4.409 ± 0.29 and 4.735 ± 0.27 kJ⋅kg−1⋅km−1, p = 0.021) and 95% (10.21%, 4.298 ± 0.24 and 4.737 ± 0.45 kJ⋅kg−1⋅km−1, p = 0.005) of VT2. HR significantly increased with the addition of mass (50 g) at 75% of VT2 (p = 0.01) and at 75, 85, and 95% of VT2 (p = 0.035, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively) with the addition of 100 g. TTE was significantly longer (∼22%, ∼42 s, p = 0.002, ES = 0.149) in the Control condition vs. 100 g condition, but not between Control vs. 50 g (∼24 s, p = 0.094, ES = 0.068). Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that adding 100 g per shoe impairs running economy and performance in trained runners without changes in gait characteristics or neuromuscular variables. These findings further support the use of light footwear to optimize running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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22
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Validity of dynamical analysis to characterize heart rate and oxygen consumption during effort tests. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12420. [PMID: 32709991 PMCID: PMC7382472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance is usually assessed by simple indices stemming from cardiac and respiratory data measured during graded exercise test. The goal of this study is to characterize the indices produced by a dynamical analysis of HR and VO2 for different effort test protocols, and to estimate the construct validity of these new dynamical indices by testing their links with their standard counterparts. Therefore, two groups of 32 and 14 athletes from two different cohorts performed two different graded exercise testing before and after a period of training or deconditioning. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured. The new dynamical indices were the value without effort, the characteristic time and the amplitude (gain) of the HR and VO2 response to the effort. The gain of HR was moderately to strongly associated with other performance indices, while the gain for VO2 increased with training and decreased with deconditioning with an effect size slightly higher than VO2 max. Dynamical analysis performed on the first 2/3 of the effort tests showed similar patterns than the analysis of the entire effort tests, which could be useful to assess individuals who cannot perform full effort tests. In conclusion, the dynamical analysis of HR and VO2 obtained during effort test, especially through the estimation of the gain, provides a good characterization of physical performance, robust to less stringent effort test conditions.
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23
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Wanner P, Cheng FH, Steib S. Effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on motor memory encoding and consolidation: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:365-381. [PMID: 32565171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that acute bouts of cardiovascular exercise promote motor memory formation. In this preregistered meta-analysis (CRD42018106288) we synthesize data from 22 studies published until February 2020, including a total of 862 participants. We calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) to assess exercise effects on motor memory encoding and consolidation, respectively. The pooled data indicate that exercise mainly benefits the consolidation of memories, with exercise prior to motor practice improving early non-sleep consolidation (SMD, 0.58; 95 % CI, 0.30-0.86; p < 0.001), and post-practice exercise facilitating sleep-dependent consolidation (SMD, 0.62; 95 % CI, 0.34-0.90; p < 0.001). Strongest effects exist for high exercise intensities, and motor task nature appears to be another relevant modulator. We demonstrate that acute cardiovascular exercise particularly promotes the consolidation of acquired motor memories, and exercise timing, and intensity as well as motor task nature seem to critically modulate this relationship. These findings are discussed within currently proposed models of motor memory formation and considering molecular and systemic mechanisms of neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wanner
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Division of Exercise and Health, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fei-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Division of Exercise and Health, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Division of Exercise and Health, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Chair of Human Movement Science, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/ 62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
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24
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Karow MC, Rogers RR, Pederson JA, Williams TD, Marshall MR, Ballmann CG. Effects of Preferred and Nonpreferred Warm-Up Music on Exercise Performance. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:912-924. [PMID: 32493179 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520928244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of preferred and non-preferred warm-up music listening conditions on subsequent exercise performance. A total of 12 physically active male and female participants engaged in a crossover, counterbalanced research design in which they completed exercise trials after 3 different warm-up experiences of (a) no music (NM), (b) preferred music (PREF), and (c) nonpreferred music (NON-PREF). Participants began warming up by rowing at 50% of of age-predicted heart rate maximum (HRmax) for 5 minutes while exposed to the three music conditions. Immediately following the warm-up and cessation of any music, participants completed a 2000-m rowing time trial as fast as possible. Relative power output, trial time, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and motivation were analyzed. Results indicated that, compared with NM, relative power output was significantly higher (p = .018), trial time was significantly lower (p = .044), and heart rate was significantly higher (p = .032) during the PREF but not the NON-PREF condition. Rating of perceived exertion was not altered, regardless of music condition (p > .05). Motivation to exercise was higher during the PREF condition versus the NM (p = .001) and NON-PREF (p < .001) conditions. Listening to preferred warm-up music improved subsequent exercise performance compared with no music, while nonpreferred music did not impart ergogenic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C Karow
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mallory R Marshall
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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25
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Cerezuela-Espejo V, Hernández-Belmonte A, Courel-Ibáñez J, Conesa-Ros E, Mora-Rodríguez R, Pallarés JG. Are we ready to measure running power? Repeatability and concurrent validity of five commercial technologies. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:341-350. [PMID: 32212955 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1748117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Training prescription in running activities have benefited from power output (PW) data obtained by new technologies. Nevertheless, to date, the suitability of PW data provided by these tools is still uncertain. The present study aimed to: (i) analyze the repeatability of five commercially available technologies for running PW estimation, and (ii) examine the concurrent validity through the relationship between each technology PW and oxygen uptake (VO2). On two occasions (test-retest), twelve endurance-trained male athletes performed on a treadmill (indoor) and an athletic track (outdoor) three submaximal running protocols with manipulations in speed, body weight and slope. PW was simultaneously registered by the commercial technologies StrydApp, StrydWatch, RunScribe, GarminRP and PolarV, while VO2 was monitored by a metabolic cart. Test-retest data from the environments (indoor and outdoor) and conditions (speed, body weight and slope) were used for repeatability analysis, which included the standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A linear regression analysis and the standard error of estimate (SEE) were used to examine the relationship between PW and VO2. Stryd device was found as the most repeatable technology for all environments and conditions (SEM ≤ 12.5 W, CV ≤ 4.3%, ICC ≥ 0.980), besides the best concurrent validity to the VO2 (r ≥ 0.911, SEE ≤ 7.3%). On the contrary, although the PolarV, GarminRP and RunScribe technologies maintain a certain relationship with VO2, their low repeatability questions their suitability. The Stryd can be considered as the most recommended tool, among the analyzed, for PW measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Cerezuela-Espejo
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Conesa-Ros
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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26
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Sládečková B, Botek M, Krejčí J, Lehnert M. Assessment of the body response to specific fatigue exercise protocol SAFT90 in U16 soccer players. ACTA GYMNICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2019.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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27
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Mølmen KS, Øfsteng SJ, Rønnestad BR. Block periodization of endurance training - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med 2019; 10:145-160. [PMID: 31802956 PMCID: PMC6802561 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s180408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Block periodization (BP) has been proposed as an alternative to traditional (TRAD) organization of the annual training plan for endurance athletes. Objective To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the effect BP of endurance training on endurance performance and factors determinative for endurance performance in trained- to well-trained athletes. Methods The PubMed, SPORTdiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to August 2019. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: 1) the study examined a block-periodized endurance training intervention; 2) the study had a one-, two or multiple group-, crossover- or case-study design; 3) the study assessed at least one key endurance variable before and after the intervention period. A total of 2905 studies were screened, where 20 records met the eligibility criteria. Methodological quality for each study was assessed using the PEDro scale. Six studies were pooled to perform meta-analysis for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal power output (Wmax) during an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. Due to a lower number of studies and heterogenous measurements, other performance measures were systematically reviewed. Results The meta-analyses revealed small favorable effects for BP compared to TRAD regarding changes in VO2max (standardized mean difference, 0.40; 95% CI=0.02, 0.79) and Wmax (standardized mean difference, 0.28; 95% CI=0.01, 0.54). For changes in endurance performance and workload at different exercise thresholds BP generally revealed moderate- to large-effect sizes compared to TRAD. Conclusion BP is an adequate, alternative training strategy to TRAD as evidenced by superior training effects on VO2max and Wmax in athletes. The reviewed studies show promising effects for BP of endurance training; however, these results must be considered with some caution due to small studies with generally low methodological quality (mean PEDro score =3.7/10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Sindre Mølmen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Sjur Johansen Øfsteng
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
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28
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Reckman GAR, Navis GJ, Krijnen WP, Vonk RJ, Jager-Wittenaar H, van der Schans CP. Aerobic exercise increases post-exercise exogenous protein oxidation in healthy young males. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225803. [PMID: 31765432 PMCID: PMC6876877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity to utilize ingested protein for optimal support of protein synthesis and lean body mass is described within the paradigm of anabolic competence. Protein synthesis can be stimulated by physical exercise, however, it is not known if physical exercise affects post-exercise protein oxidation. Characterization of the driving forces behind protein oxidation, such as exercise, can contribute to improved understanding of whole body protein metabolism. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of two levels of aerobic exercise intensity on immediate post-exercise exogenous protein oxidation. Sixteen healthy males with a mean (SD) age of 24 (4) years participated. The subjects' VO2-max was estimated with the Åstrand cycling test. Habitual dietary intake was assessed with a three-day food diary. Exogenous protein oxidation was measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. These measurements were initiated after the ingestion of a 30 g 13C-milk protein test drink that was followed by 330 minutes breath sample collection. On three different days with at least one week in between, exogenous protein oxidation was measured: 1) during rest, 2) after 15 minutes of aerobic exercise at 30% of VO2-max (moderate intensity), and 3) after 15 minutes of aerobic exercise at 60% of VO2-max (vigorous intensity). After vigorous intensity aerobic exercise, 31.8%±8.0 of the 30 g 13C-milk protein was oxidized compared to 26.2%±7.1 during resting condition (p = 0.012), and 25.4%±7.6 after moderate intensity aerobic exercise compared to resting (p = 0.711). In conclusion, exogenous protein oxidation is increased after vigorous intensity aerobic exercise which could be the result of an increased protein turnover rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlof A. R. Reckman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Centre of Expertise Healthy Ageing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J. Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim P. Krijnen
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Centre of Expertise Healthy Ageing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roel J. Vonk
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harriët Jager-Wittenaar
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Centre of Expertise Healthy Ageing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cees P. van der Schans
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Centre of Expertise Healthy Ageing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Moreau D, Chou E. The Acute Effect of High-Intensity Exercise on Executive Function: A Meta-Analysis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:734-764. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691619850568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity exercise has recently emerged as a potent alternative to aerobic regimens, with ramifications for health and brain function. As part of this trend, single sessions of intense exercise have been proposed as powerful, noninvasive means for transiently enhancing cognition. However, findings in this field remain mixed, and a thorough synthesis of the evidence is lacking. Here, we synthesized the literature in a meta-analysis of the acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function. We included a total of 1,177 participants and 147 effect sizes across 28 studies and found a small facilitating effect ( d = 0.24) of high-intensity exercise on executive function. However, this effect was significant only compared with rest ( d = 0.34); it was not significant when high-intensity exercise was compared with low-to-moderate intensity exercise ( d = 0.07). This suggests that intense and moderate exercise affect executive function in a comparable manner. We tested a number of moderators that together explained a significant proportion of the between-studies variance. Overall, our findings indicate that high-intensity cardiovascular exercise might be a viable alternative for eliciting acute cognitive gains. We discuss the potential of this line of research, identify a number of challenges and limitations it faces, and propose applications to individuals, society, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreau
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland
| | - Edward Chou
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland
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30
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Olher RR, Sales MM, Sousa CV, Sotero RC, Madrid B, Cunha RR, Moraes MR, Simões HG. Heart rate cost of running in track estimates velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake. Physiol Behav 2019; 205:33-38. [PMID: 30802508 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) is a parameter widely used for exercise prescription and is related to endurance performance. However, the vVO2max determination usually requires a maximal effort test and equipped laboratory for expired gas analysis, what make difficulty its assessment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the validity of a simple method of vVO2max prediction through the heart rate cost of running (HRC) in a submaximal 6-min running test, both in treadmill and in a 400-meter track. METHODS Male recreational runners (n = 16; 30.3 ± 8.0 years; VO2max of 46.2 ± 3.2 ml·kg-1·min-1) randomly underwent an incremental test in treadmill with gas analysis, and a 3000-m time trial in a track, to determine vVO2max. Before every maximal test, participants also performed a submaximal 6-min running (~85% HRmax), both in the treadmill and in a track, to assess HRC (bpm-1m·min-1) by dividing the submaximal running velocity by its respective HR. The vVO2max (km·h-1) was predicted by dividing the HRmax (bpm)/HRC (bpm-1m·min-1). RESULTS No differences were verified (p > .05) among vVO2max determined both in the treadmill (13.8 ± 0.9 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 0.9 km·h-1) to those predicted by the HRC method both in treadmill (13.5 ± 0.8 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 1.0 km·h-1). The vVO2max measured directly with expired gas analysis was highly correlated with vVO2max estimated through HRC in treadmill and track (p < .05). Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman technique revealed good agreement and reliability classified with substantial agreement [ICC = 0.673 (95% CI 0.064-0.886; p = .019)] and almost perfect agreement [ICC = 0.870 (95% CI 0.628-0.955 p = .0001)] between methods to identify vVO2max, respectively. CONCLUSION A submaximal 6-min exercise test protocol to assess HRC of running was considered valid to estimate vVO2max of recreational runners both in treadmill and outdoor track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Reis Olher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | | | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rafael Costa Sotero
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Bibiano Madrid
- Centro Universitário Luterano de Palmas (CEULP/ULBRA), Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Cunha
- Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Centro Universitário e Faculdade Projeção, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Milton Rocha Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Herbert Gustavo Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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31
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van de Sande DAJP, Hoogsteen J, Doevendans PA, Kemps HMC. The influence of LV geometry on the occurrence of abnormal exercise tests in athletes. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:6. [PMID: 30612547 PMCID: PMC6322237 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies revealed a high rate of abnormal exercise test (ET) results in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic athletes. The physiological background of this phenomenon is not well established. In particular, it is unclear whether sports-induced morphological cardiac adaptations are determinants of abnormal ET results. The main objective of this study was to investigate if healthy asymptomatic recreational and competitive athletes with abnormal ET results without obstructive CAD have a higher LV mass when compared with athletes with normal ET results. METHODS Seventy-three athletes with abnormal ET results without presence of obstructive CAD underwent echocardiographic assessment of LV mass, systolic and diastolic measurements. These data were compared with data from 73 athletes with normal ET results, matched for gender, age, body composition, sports characteristics and exercise capacity. RESULTS No significant increase in LV mass (161.9 ± 39 g vs. 166.9 ± 42.1 g, p = 0.461) was found between groups. Athletes with abnormal ET results had a significant thicker IVSd (9.7 ± 1.8 mm vs. 9.0 ± 1.7 mm, p = 0.014), higher IVSd/PWTd ratio (1.08 ± 0.20 vs. 1.00 ± 0.12, p = 0.011) and deceleration time (DT) was prolonged ((225.14 ± 55.08 vs. 199.96 ± 34.65, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Athletes with abnormal ET result did not show a higher in LV mass when compared to athletes with a normal ET result. However, a pattern of asymmetric cardiac remodeling, together with altered diastolic function is present. Due to small differences, cardiac remodeling only plays a limited role in the occurrence of positive ET results in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Hoogsteen
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hareld M. C. Kemps
- Department of Cardiology, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
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Willems MET, Parktin N, Widjaja W, Ajjimaporn A. Effect of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Physiological Responses at Rest and during Brisk Walking in Southeast Asian Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111732. [PMID: 30424482 PMCID: PMC6266587 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract affects cardiovascular and metabolic responses during rest and exercise in Caucasian men. Ethnicity and nutritional habits may affect responses to nutritional ergogenic aids. We examined the effects of NZBC extract on cardiovascular, metabolic, and physiological responses during seated rest and moderate-intensity exercise in Southeast Asian men. Seventeen healthy Thai men (age: 22 ± 3 years; body mass index (BMI): 21.8 ± 1.1 kg·m-2) participated. Resting metabolic equivalent (1-MET) was measured (Oxycon™ mobile, Germany), and an incremental walking protocol was completed to establish the relationship between walking speed and MET. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, cardiovascular (Physioflow, n = 12) and physiological responses (Oxycon, n = 17) were measured during both seated rest and a 30-min treadmill walk at five metabolic equivalent (5-MET), with either a seven-day intake of placebo (PL) or two capsules of NZBC extract (each 300 mg capsule contains 35% blackcurrant extract) with a 14-day washout. Paired t-tests were used with significance accepted at p < 0.05 and a trend for 0.05 > p ≤ 0.10. During 30 min of treadmill walking at 5-MET, no differences were observed for heart rate and substrate oxidation. With intake of NZBC during treadmill walking, there was a trend for increased stroke volume by 12% (PL: 83.2 ± 25.1; NZBC: 93.0 ± 24.3 mL; p = 0.072) and cardiac output increased by 12% (PL: 9.2 ± 2.6; NZBC: 10.3 ± 2.8 L·min-1; p = 0.057). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 10% (PL: 779 ± 267; NZBC: 697 ± 245 dyn·s·cm-5; p = 0.048). NZBC extract had no effect on metabolic, physiological, and cardiovascular parameters during seated rest and exercise-induced fat oxidation in Thai men, in contrast to observations in Caucasian men. During treadmill walking, Thai men showed cardiovascular response, indicating vasodilatory effects during moderate-intensity exercise with the intake of NZBC extract. Our findings suggest that the ergogenic responses to anthocyanin intake from New Zealand blackcurrant may be ethnicity-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisakorn Parktin
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Waree Widjaja
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Amornpan Ajjimaporn
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Acute physiological responses to low-intensity blood flow restriction cycling. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:969-974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Buhl R, Carstensen H, Hesselkilde EZ, Klein BZ, Hougaard KM, Ravn KB, Loft-Andersen AV, Fenner MF, Pipper C, Jespersen T. Effect of induced chronic atrial fibrillation on exercise performance in Standardbred trotters. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1410-1419. [PMID: 29749082 PMCID: PMC6060327 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia affecting performance in horses. However, no previous studies have quantified the performance reduction in horses suffering from AF. Objectives To quantify the effect of AF on maximum velocity (Vmax), maximum heart rate (HRmax), heart rate recovery (T100), hematologic parameters and development of abnormal QRS complexes. Animals Nine Standardbred trotters. Methods Two‐arm controlled trial. Six horses had AF induced by means of a pacemaker and 3 served as sham‐operated controls. All horses were subjected to an exercise test to fatigue before (SET1) and after (SET2) 2 months of AF or sham. The Vmax and HRmax were assessed using a linear mixed normal model. Abnormal QRS complexes were counted manually on surface ECGs. Results Atrial fibrillation resulted in a 1.56 m/sec decrease in Vmax (P < .0001). In the AF group, HRmax ± SD increased from 226 ± 11 bpm at SET1 to 311 ± 27 bpm at SET 2. The AF group had higher HRmax at SET2 compared with controls (P < .0001), whereas no difference between the control and AF groups was observed at SET1 (P = .96). Several episodes of wide complex tachycardia were observed during exercise in 3 of the AF horses during SET2. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Atrial fibrillation resulted in a significant reduction in performance, an increase in HR and development of abnormal QRS complexes during exercise, which may be a risk factor for collapse or sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Buhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Carstensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Zander Hesselkilde
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørg Zinkernagel Klein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Margrethe Hougaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Bomberg Ravn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Merle Friederike Fenner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Pipper
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Höchsmann C, Meister S, Gehrig D, Gordon E, Li Y, Nussbaumer M, Rossmeissl A, Schäfer J, Hanssen H, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Effect of E-Bike Versus Bike Commuting on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overweight Adults: A 4-Week Randomized Pilot Study. Clin J Sport Med 2018; 28:255-265. [PMID: 29095201 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if active commuting with an electrically assisted bicycle (e-bike) during a 4-week period can induce increases in cardiorespiratory fitness measured as peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) in untrained, overweight individuals, and if these changes are comparable with those induced by a conventional bicycle. DESIGN Four-week randomized pilot study. SETTING Controlled laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-two volunteers (28 men) participated. Seventeen {median age 37 years [interquartile range (IQR) 34, 45], median body mass index [BMI] 29 kg/m [IQR 27, 31]} were randomized to the E-Bike group and 15 [median age 43 years (IQR 38, 45), median BMI 28 kg/m (IQR 26, 29)] to the Bike group. INTERVENTIONS Participants in both groups were instructed to use the bicycle allocated to them (e-bike or conventional bicycle) for an active commute to work in the Basel (Switzerland) area at a self-chosen speed on at least 3 days per week during the 4-week intervention period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak was assessed before and after the intervention in an all-out exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. RESULTS V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak increased by an average of 3.6 mL/(kg·min) [SD 3.6 mL/(kg·min)] in the E-Bike group and by 2.2 mL/(kg·min) [SD 3.5 mL/(kg·min)] in the Bike group, with an adjusted difference between the 2 groups of 1.4 mL/(kg·min) [95% confidence interval, -1.4-4.1; P = 0.327]. CONCLUSIONS E-bikes may have the potential to improve cardiorespiratory fitness similar to conventional bicycles despite the available power assist, as they enable higher biking speeds and greater elevation gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Höchsmann
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Meister
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damiana Gehrig
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Gordon
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yanlei Li
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Monique Nussbaumer
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Rossmeissl
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Schäfer
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Palumbo MC, Morettini M, Tieri P, Diele F, Sacchetti M, Castiglione F. Personalizing physical exercise in a computational model of fuel homeostasis. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006073. [PMID: 29698395 PMCID: PMC5919631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical activity for the prevention and management of several chronic diseases are widely recognized. Mathematical modeling of the effects of physical exercise in body metabolism and in particular its influence on the control of glucose homeostasis is of primary importance in the development of eHealth monitoring devices for a personalized medicine. Nonetheless, to date only a few mathematical models have been aiming at this specific purpose. We have developed a whole-body computational model of the effects on metabolic homeostasis of a bout of physical exercise. Built upon an existing model, it allows to detail better both subjects' characteristics and physical exercise, thus determining to a greater extent the dynamics of the hormones and the metabolites considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Palumbo
- Institute for Applied Computing (IAC) “Mauro Picone”, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Tieri
- Institute for Applied Computing (IAC) “Mauro Picone”, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Fasma Diele
- Institute for Applied Computing (IAC) “Mauro Picone”, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Computing (IAC) “Mauro Picone”, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Limonta E, Brighenti A, Rampichini S, Cè E, Schena F, Esposito F. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during indoor climbing and laboratory cycling exercise in advanced and élite climbers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:371-379. [PMID: 29234917 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate heart rate (f H) as an effective indicator of the aerobic demands of climbing, the f H vs oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) relationship determined during cycling exercise and climbing on a circular climbing treadwall was compared. Possible differences in maximum aerobic characteristics between advanced and élite climbers were also assessed. METHODS Seven advanced and six élite climbers performed a discontinuous incremental test on a cycle ergometer and a similar test on a climbing treadwall. Cardiorespiratory and gas exchange parameters were collected at rest and during exercise. RESULTS The f H vs [Formula: see text] relationship was steeper during cycling than climbing at submaximal exercise for both groups and during climbing in the élite climbers as compared to the advanced. At peak exercise, [Formula: see text] was similar during both cycling and climbing (3332 ± 115 and 3193 ± 129 ml/min, respectively). Despite similar [Formula: see text], the élite climbers had a higher peak workload during climbing (11.8 ± 0.8 vs 9.2 ± 0.3 m/min in élite and advanced climbers, respectively; P = .024) but not during cycling (291 ± 13 and 270 ± 12 W in élite and advanced climbers, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that care should be taken when energy expenditure during climbing is estimated from the f H vs [Formula: see text] relationship determined in the laboratory. The level of climbing experience significantly affects the energy cost of exercise. Last, the similar aerobic demands of cycling and climbing at peak exercise, suggest that maximum [Formula: see text]may play an important role in climbing performance. Specific training methodologies should be implemented to improve aerobic power in climbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Brighenti
- Centre of Sport Health and Mountain (CeRiSM), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Centre of Sport Health and Mountain (CeRiSM), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
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JanssenDuijghuijsen LM, Mensink M, Lenaerts K, Fiedorowicz E, van Dartel DAM, Mes JJ, Luiking YC, Keijer J, Wichers HJ, Witkamp RF, van Norren K. The effect of endurance exercise on intestinal integrity in well-trained healthy men. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/20/e12994. [PMID: 27798350 PMCID: PMC5099959 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is one of the external factors associated with impairment of intestinal integrity, possibly leading to increased permeability and altered absorption. Here, we aimed to examine to what extent endurance exercise in the glycogen‐depleted state can affect intestinal permeability toward small molecules and protein‐derived peptides in relation to markers of intestinal function. Eleven well‐trained male volunteers (27 ± 4 years) ingested 40 g of casein protein and a lactulose/rhamnose (L/R) solution after an overnight fast in resting conditions (control) and after completing a dual – glycogen depletion and endurance – exercise protocol (first protocol execution). The entire procedure was repeated 1 week later (second protocol execution). Intestinal permeability was measured as L/R ratio in 5 h urine and 1 h plasma. Five‐hour urine excretion of betacasomorphin‐7 (BCM7), postprandial plasma amino acid levels, plasma fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP‐2), serum pre‐haptoglobin 2 (preHP2), plasma glucagon‐like peptide 2 (GLP2), serum calprotectin, and dipeptidylpeptidase‐4 (DPP4) activity were studied as markers for excretion, intestinal functioning and recovery, inflammation, and BCM7 breakdown activity, respectively. BCM7 levels in urine were increased following the dual exercise protocol, in the first as well as the second protocol execution, whereas 1 h‐plasma L/R ratio was increased only following the first exercise protocol execution. FABP2, preHP2, and GLP2 were not changed after exercise, whereas calprotectin increased. Plasma citrulline levels following casein ingestion (iAUC) did not increase after exercise, as opposed to resting conditions. Endurance exercise in the glycogen depleted state resulted in a clear increase of BCM7 accumulation in urine, independent of DPP4 activity and intestinal permeability. Therefore, strenuous exercise could have an effect on the amount of food‐derived bioactive peptides crossing the epithelial barrier. The health consequence of increased passage needs more in depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke M JanssenDuijghuijsen
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands .,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Fiedorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Dorien A M van Dartel
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Browne SE, Flynn MJ, O'Neill BV, Howatson G, Bell PG, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Effects of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals: A systematic review. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 234:161-187. [PMID: 29031462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity exercise is generally considered to have detrimental effects on cognition. However, high fitness levels are suggested to alleviate this effect. OBJECTIVES The specific objective of this review was to evaluate the literature on the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals. METHODS Studies were sourced through electronic databases, reference lists of retrieved articles, and manual searches of relevant reviews. Included studies examined trained participants, included a high-intensity exercise bout, used a control or comparison group/condition, and assessed cognitive performance via general laboratory tasks during or ≤10min following exercise cessation. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals is dependent on the specific cognitive domain being assessed. Generally, simple tasks were not affected, while the results on complex tasks remain ambiguous. Accuracy showed little tendency to be influenced by high-intensity exercise compared to measures of speed. CONCLUSION Multiple factors influence the acute exercise-cognition relationship and thus future research should be highly specific when outlining criteria such as fitness levels, exercise intensity, and exercise mode. Furthermore, greater research is needed assessing more cognitive domains, greater exercise durations/types, and trained populations at high intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Browne
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Flynn
- GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Phillip G Bell
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
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A system model of the effects of exercise on plasma Interleukin-6 dynamics in healthy individuals: Role of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181224. [PMID: 28704555 PMCID: PMC5507524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been recently shown to play a central role in glucose homeostasis, since it stimulates the production and secretion of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) from intestinal L-cells and pancreas, leading to an enhanced insulin response. In resting conditions, IL-6 is mainly produced by the adipose tissue whereas, during exercise, skeletal muscle contractions stimulate a marked IL-6 secretion as well. Available mathematical models describing the effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis, however, do not account for this IL-6 contribution. This study aimed at developing and validating a system model of exercise’s effects on plasma IL-6 dynamics in healthy humans, combining the contributions of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. A two-compartment description was adopted to model plasma IL-6 changes in response to oxygen uptake’s variation during an exercise bout. The free parameters of the model were estimated by means of a cross-validation procedure performed on four different datasets. A low coefficient of variation (<10%) was found for each parameter and the physiologically meaningful parameters were all consistent with literature data. Moreover, plasma IL-6 dynamics during exercise and post-exercise were consistent with literature data from exercise protocols differing in intensity, duration and modality. The model successfully emulated the physiological effects of exercise on plasma IL-6 levels and provided a reliable description of the role of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue on the dynamics of plasma IL-6. The system model here proposed is suitable to simulate IL-6 response to different exercise modalities. Its future integration with existing models of GLP-1-induced insulin secretion might provide a more reliable description of exercise’s effects on glucose homeostasis and hence support the definition of more tailored interventions for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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The FitTrack Index as fitness indicator: A pilot study. Health SA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hsag.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Schapschröer M, Lemez S, Baker J, Schorer J. Physical Load Affects Perceptual-Cognitive Performance of Skilled Athletes: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2016; 2:37. [PMID: 27747792 PMCID: PMC5020134 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Many researchers have considered the impact of physical exercise on perceptual-cognitive performance. There have also been a substantial number of studies that have examined how perceptual-cognitive skills differ between elite athletes and non-athletes. However, the knowledge on how physical exercise interacts with perceptual-cognitive skill is limited. This systematic review aims to provide detailed information on how athletes’ perceptual-cognitive performance is influenced by acute physical exercise load and whether these effects differ between elite athletes and lesser skilled groups. Methods A systematic review was conducted using different combinations of the keywords physical load, acute, exercise, perception, cognition, perceptual, cognitive, sport, and athlete with the PubMed and SportDiscus databases. Additional articles were found through screening the references of these papers. Articles had to (a) be full journal articles written in English, (b) include an athlete sample, (c) examine acute effects of physical exercise, and (d) measure a perceptual-cognitive task as the dependent variable. Results Twenty-six articles matched the inclusion criteria. Results suggested the impact of acute physical exercise on perceptual-cognitive performances of athletes depends on the specificity of the induced exercise and perceptual-cognitive task. Additionally, speed and accuracy were influenced differently by physical exercise. Furthermore, skilled athletes seem to be more positively influenced by acute physical exercise than novices. Conclusion Since many factors influence perceptual-cognitive expertise, future research should be highly precise (e.g., regarding the definition of variables, the intensity of the physical exercise) and specific (e.g., regarding the tasks used, the type of the physical exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schapschröer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - S Lemez
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Schorer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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Costa VP, Guglielmo LGA, Paton CD. Validity and Reliability of the PowerCal Device for Estimating Power Output During Cycling Time Trials. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:227-232. [PMID: 27135471 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Costa, VP, Guglielmo, LGA, and Paton, CD. Validity and reliability of the PowerCal device for estimating power output during cycling time trials. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 227-232, 2017-This study assessed the validity and reproducibility of the PowerCal device for estimating power output (PO) during cycling hilly time trials (TTs). Twenty-one well-trained men cyclists performed an incremental exercise test and three 20-km TTs (34.1 ± 10.6 years; 73.2 ± 3.2 kg, 176.8 ± 6.2 cm; maximal PO, 334 ± 31 W; maximal oxygen uptake, 61.0 ± 4.2 ml·kg·min). The first TT was used for familiarization, and the tests were separated by at least 72 hours. Mean PO over the 20-km TT was significantly greater for the Velotron (282 ± 27 W) than for the PowerCal (242 ± 28 W). The mean power over each kilometer of the trial ranged from 5.8 to 23.4% greater on the Velotron than on the PowerCal. High within-subject variation between the trials was substantially greater for the PowerCal (4.9%) than for the Velotron (1.8%). High coefficients of variation scores for the Velotron test-retest were found to be concentrated in the beginning and final meters of the TT (∼6.0%), whereas the scores were lower in the middle of the trials (∼3.0%). In contrast, the PowerCal test-retest achieved a high coefficient of variation (∼6.0%) in each km over the TT. Thus, the PowerCal device should be used with caution during cycling activities because it is not reliable and underestimates PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor P Costa
- 1Center for Health and Sport Science, Department of Physical Education, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil; 2Physical Effort Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; and 3Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Sport, Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Zealand
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Preisser AM, Zhou L, Velasco Garrido M, Harth V. Measured by the oxygen uptake in the field, the work of refuse collectors is particularly hard work: Are the limit values for physical endurance workload too low? Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 89:211-20. [PMID: 26088744 PMCID: PMC4724371 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Collecting waste is regarded as a benchmark for “particularly heavy” work. This study aims to determine and compare the workload of refuse workers in the field. We examined heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake as parameters of workload during their daily work.
Methods Sixty-five refuse collectors from three task-specific groups (residual and organic waste collection, and street sweeping) of the municipal sanitation department in Hamburg, Germany, were included. Performance was determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) under laboratory conditions. Additionally, the oxygen uptake (VO2) and HR under field conditions (1-h morning shift) were recorded with a portable spiroergometry system and a pulse belt. Results There was a substantial correlation of both absolute HR and VO2 during CPX [HR/VO2R 0.89 (SD 0.07)] as well as during field measurement [R 0.78 (0.19)]. Compared to reference limits for heavy work, 44 % of the total sample had shift values above 30 % heart rate reserve (HRR); 34 % of the individuals had mean HR during work (HRsh) values that were above the HR corresponding to 30 % of individual maximum oxygen uptake (VO2,max). All individuals had a mean oxygen uptake (VO2,1h) above 30 % of VO2,max. Conclusion HR as well as the measurement of VO2 can be valuable tools for investigating physiological workload, not only under laboratory conditions but also under normal working conditions in the field. Both in terms of absolute and relative HR and oxygen consumption, employment as a refuse collector should be classified in the upper range of defined heavy work. The limit of heavy work at about 33 % of the individual maximum load at continuous work should be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Preisser
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Seewartenstrasse 10, 20459, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Linfei Zhou
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Seewartenstrasse 10, 20459, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcial Velasco Garrido
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Seewartenstrasse 10, 20459, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Seewartenstrasse 10, 20459, Hamburg, Germany
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McMorris T, Hale BJ, Corbett J, Robertson K, Hodgson CI. Does acute exercise affect the performance of whole-body, psychomotor skills in an inverted-U fashion? A meta-analytic investigation. Physiol Behav 2015; 141:180-9. [PMID: 25582516 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytical measures, whether research into the performance of whole-body, psychomotor tasks following moderate and heavy exercise demonstrates an inverted-U effect. A secondary purpose was to compare the effects of acute exercise on tasks requiring static maintenance of posture versus dynamic, ballistic skills. Moderate intensity exercise was determined as being between 40% and 79% maximum power output (ẆMAX) or equivalent, while ≥80% ẆMAX was considered to be heavy. There was a significant difference (Zdiff=4.29, p=0.001, R(2)=0.42) between the mean effect size for moderate intensity exercise (g=0.15) and that for heavy exercise size (g=-0.86). These data suggest a catastrophe effect during heavy exercise. Mean effect size for static tasks (g=-1.24) was significantly different (Zdiff=3.24, p=0.001, R(2)=0.90) to those for dynamic/ballistic tasks (g=-0.30). The result for the static versus dynamic tasks moderating variables point to perception being more of an issue than peripheral fatigue for maintenance of static posture. The difference between this result and those found in meta-analyses examining the effects of acute exercise on cognition shows that, when perception and action are combined, the complexity of the interaction induces different effects to when cognition is detached from motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2BF, United Kingdom.
| | - Beverley J Hale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2BF, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Hodgson
- Department of Adventure Education, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
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46
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van Breda E, Benders J, Kuipers H. Little soldiers in their cardboard cells. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 77:580-1. [PMID: 23772979 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric van Breda
- High Performance Sports Expertise & Innovation Centre, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
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47
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Kraemer WJ, Fragala MS, van Henegouwen WRHB, Gordon SE, Bush JA, Volek JS, Triplett NT, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Szivak TK, Flanagan SD, Hooper DR, Luk HY, Mastro AM. Responses of proenkephalin Peptide F to aerobic exercise stress in the plasma and white blood cell biocompartments. Peptides 2013; 42:118-24. [PMID: 23395721 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Proenkephalin Peptide F [107-140] is an enkephalin-containing peptide found predominantly within the adrenal medulla, co-packaged with epinephrine within the chromaffin granules. In vivo studies indicate that Peptide F has classic opioid analgesia effects; in vitro studies suggest potential immune cell interactions. In this investigation we examined patterns of Peptide F concentrations in different bio-compartments of the blood at rest and following sub-maximal cycle exercise to determine if Peptide F interacts with the white blood cell (WBC) bio-compartment during aerobic exercise. Eight physically active men (n=8) performed sub-maximal (80-85% V˙O2peak) cycle ergometer exercise for 30 min. Plasma Peptide F and WBC Peptide F immunoreactivity were examined pre-exercise, mid-exercise and immediately post-, 5-min post-, 15-min post-, 30-min post- and 60-min post-exercise and at similar time-points during a control condition (30 min rest). Peptide F concentrations significantly (p<0.05) increased at 5 and 60 min post-exercise, compared to pre-exercise concentrations. No significant increases in Peptide F concentrations in the WBC fraction were observed during or after exercise. However, a significant decrease was observed at 30 min post-exercise. An ultradian pattern of Peptide F distribution was apparent during rest. Furthermore, concentrations of T cells, B cells, NK cells, and total WBCs demonstrated significant changes in response to aerobic exercise. Data indicated that Peptide F was bound in significant molar concentrations in the WBC fraction and that this biocompartment may be one of the tissue targets for binding interactions. These data indicate that Peptide F is involved with immune cell modulation in the white blood circulatory biocompartment of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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48
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Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: A meta-analytical investigation. Brain Cogn 2012; 80:338-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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49
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Zuniga JM, Housh TJ, Camic CL, Bergstrom HC, Traylor DA, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Metabolic parameters for ramp versus step incremental cycle ergometer tests. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:1110-7. [PMID: 22963385 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine mean differences and the patterns of responses for oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O(2)), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for ramp (15 W·min(-1)) versus step (30 W increments every 2 min) incremental cycle ergometer tests. Fourteen subjects (age and body mass of 23.2 ± 3.1 (mean ± SD ) years and 71.1 ± 10.1 kg, respectively) visited the laboratory on separate occasions. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs with appropriate follow-up procedures, as well as paired t tests, were used to analyze the data. In addition, polynomial regression analyses were used to determine the patterns of responses for each dependent variable for the ramp and step tests. The ramp protocol resulted in lower mean [Formula: see text]O(2) and HR values at the common power outputs than the step protocol with no differences in RPE. The increased amount of work performed during the step (total work = 75.83 kJ) versus ramp (total work = 65.60 kJ) tests at the common power outputs may have contributed to the greater [Formula: see text]O(2) and HR values. The polynomial regression analyses showed that most subjects had the same patterns of responses for the ramp and step incremental tests for HR (86%) and RPE (93%) but different patterns for [Formula: see text]O(2) (71%). The findings from the present study suggested that the protocol selection for an incremental cycle ergometer test can affect the mean values for [Formula: see text]O(2) and HR, as well as the [Formula: see text]O(2) - power output relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Zuniga
- Department of Exercise Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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50
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Haddad M, Chaouachi A, Castagna C, Wong DP, Chamari K. The Convergent Validity between Two Objective Methods for Quantifying Training Load in Young Taekwondo Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:206-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31821ef7e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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